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Studying the Real World Today's Topics
Studying the real world Today's topics Free and open source software (FOSS) What is it, who uses it, history Making the most of other people's software Learning from, using, and contributing Learning about your own system Using tools to understand software without source Free and open source software Access to source code Free = freedom to use, modify, copy Some potential benefits Can build for different platforms and needs Development driven by community Different perspectives and ideas More people looking at the code for bugs/security issues Structure Volunteers, sponsored by companies Generally anyone can propose ideas and submit code Different structures in charge of what features/code gets in Free and open source software Tons of FOSS out there Nearly everything on myth Desktop applications (Firefox, Chromium, LibreOffice) Programming tools (compilers, libraries, IDEs) Servers (Apache web server, MySQL) Many companies contribute to FOSS Android core Apple Darwin Microsoft .NET A brief history of FOSS 1960s: Software distributed with hardware Source included, users could fix bugs 1970s: Start of software licensing 1974: Software is copyrightable 1975: First license for UNIX sold 1980s: Popularity of closed-source software Software valued independent of hardware Richard Stallman Started the free software movement (1983) The GNU project GNU = GNU's Not Unix An operating system with unix-like interface GNU General Public License Free software: users have access to source, can modify and redistribute Must share modifications under same -
“The Future Is Open” for Composition Studies: a New
THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “THE FUTURE IS OPEN” FOR COMPOSITION STUDIES: A NEW INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MODEL IN THE DIGITAL AGE By CHARLES LOWE A Dissertation submitted to the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Summer Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Charles Lowe All Rights Reserved The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Charles Lowe defended on May 25, 2006. ______________________________ John Fenstermaker Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________________ Ernest Rehder Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Eric Walker Committee Member ______________________________ Deborah Coxwell-Teague Committee Member Approved: ______________________________ Hunt Hawkins, Chair, Department of English The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This text is dedicated to Wendy Bishop, John Lovas, Candace Spigelman, and Richard Straub, four teachers and researchers in the field of composition studies with whom it was my pleasure to work. I only wish I could have the opportunity again. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 The Future Is Open............................................................................................................. -
The Internet Archive: an Interview with Brewster Kahle Brewster Kahle and Ana Parejo Vadillo
The Internet Archive: An Interview with Brewster Kahle Brewster Kahle and Ana Parejo Vadillo Rumour has it that one of the candidates for Librarian of Congress is Brewster Kahle, the founder and director of the non-profit digital library Internet Archive.1 That he may be considered for the post is a testament to Kahle’s commitment to mass digitization, the cornerstone of modern librarianship. A visionary of the digital preservation of knowledge and an outspo- ken advocate of the open access movement (the memorial for the Internet activist Aaron Swartz was held at the Internet Archive’s headquarters in San Francisco), Kahle has been part of the many ventures that have created our cyber age. At MIT, he was on the project team of Thinking Machines, a precursor of the World Wide Web. In 1989 he created WAIS (Wide Area Information Server), the first electronic publishing system, which was designed to search and make information available. He left Thinking Machines to focus on his newly founded company, WAIS, Inc., which was sold to AOL two years later for a reported $15 million. In 1996 he co- founded Alexa Internet, which was built on the principles of collecting Web traffic data and analysis.2 The company was named after the Library of Alexandria, the largest repository of knowledge in the ancient world, to highlight the potential of the Internet to become such a custodian. It was sold for c. $250 million in stock to Amazon, which uses it for data mining. Alongside Alexa Internet, in 1996 Kahle founded the Internet Archive to archive Web culture (Fig. -
The BRIDGE Linking Engin Ee Ring and Soci E T Y
Spring 2010 THE ELECTRICITY GRID The BRIDGE LINKING ENGIN ee RING AND SOCI E TY The Impact of Renewable Resources on the Performance and Reliability of the Electricity Grid Vijay Vittal Securing the Electricity Grid S. Massoud Amin New Products and Services for the Electric Power Industry Clark W. Gellings Energy Independence: Can the U.S. Finally Get It Right? John F. Caskey Educating the Workforce for the Modern Electric Power System: University–Industry Collaboration B. Don Russell The Smart Grid: A Bridge between Emerging Technologies, Society, and the Environment Richard E. Schuler Promoting the technological welfare of the nation by marshalling the knowledge and insights of eminent members of the engineering profession. The BRIDGE NatiOnaL AcaDemY OF Engineering Irwin M. Jacobs, Chair Charles M. Vest, President Maxine L. Savitz, Vice President Thomas F. Budinger, Home Secretary George Bugliarello, Foreign Secretary C.D. (Dan) Mote Jr., Treasurer Editor in Chief (interim): George Bugliarello Managing Editor: Carol R. Arenberg Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Aca- demy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 40, No. 1, Spring 2010 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and time- liness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. © 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. -
GNU Octave Beginner's Guide
GNU Octave Beginner's Guide Become a profcient Octave user by learning this high-level scientfc numerical tool from the ground up Jesper Schmidt Hansen BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI GNU Octave Beginner's Guide Copyright © 2011 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited in any form or by any means, without the prior writen permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotatons embedded in critcal artcles or reviews. Every efort has been made in the preparaton of this book to ensure the accuracy of the informaton presented. However, the informaton contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, its dealers, and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark informaton about all of the companies and products mentoned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this informaton. First published: June 2011 Producton Reference: 2150611 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-849513-32-6 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by John Quick ([email protected]) Credits Author Project Coordinator Jesper Schmidt Hansen Joel Goveya Reviewers Proofreaders Piotr Gawron Lesley Harrison Kenneth Geisshirt Clyde Jenkins Jordi Gutérrez Hermoso Lynda Sliwoski Acquisiton Editor Indexers Usha Iyer Hemangini Bari Tejal Daruwale Development Editor Monica Ajmera Mehta Roger D'souza Graphics Technical Editor Nilesh R. -
The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
Policy Governing Access to and Use of Copyrighted Works
Academic Affairs – Academic Policies 5.4012.1 Policy Governing Access to and Use of Copyrighted Works In an era increasingly defined by exponential advances in technology by which intellectual property may be disseminated with increasing ease, the County College of Morris (“CCM” or “the College”) expects its students, faculty and staff to restrict use of copyrighted works to uses and applications permissible in an academic setting. The College maximizes the utility of web-based technologies to advance instruction and study both in the classroom and through remote learning opportunities. However, students and faculty must remain mindful that improper use or dissemination of copyrighted work can lead to substantial liability. Accordingly, the College requires that all faculty, administrators, students, employees and members of the CCM family maintain a good faith observance of the principles of copyright law and adhere to the requirements of the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101- 810 (the “Act”). BlackBoard Compliance Declaration: By accessing Blackboard, I certify that I am a CCM student, instructor, faculty member, employee or other user authorized by CCM to access Blackboard. I acknowledge and agree that my access to Blackboard, including any posting or downloading of content is governed by federal copyright law and the terms of this Declaration. Any copyrighted material(s) that I upload to, download from, or otherwise access or make available on Blackboard, whether visual, audio-visual, or audial in nature, shall be for use solely by CCM students, faculty or other authorized users. My use shall be for purposes directly related to a regularly scheduled CCM course of study and may not be used or disseminated for any other purpose. -
Free Software Foundation, Inc
Comment Regarding a Proposed Exemption Under 17 U.S.C. 1201 Item 1. Commenter Information Donald Robertson, III Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 [email protected] This comment is filed by the Free Software Foundation, a charitable corporation founded in 1985. The Foundation is the largest single contributor to the GNU operating system (used widely today in its GNU/Linux variant). The Foundation's GNU General Public License is the most widely used free software license, covering major components of the GNU operating system and tens of thousands of other computer programs used on hundreds of millions of computers around the world. Item 2. Proposed Class Addressed Class 7: 7(a) Motion Pictures—Text and Data Mining 7(b) Literary Works—Text and Data Mining Item 3. Statement Regarding Proposed Exemption The GNU/Linux operating system has become one of the most widely used operating systems on the planet. The GNU System and the kernel Linux are called free software because users are free to study, share, and improve the software. Those who promote free software believe that controlling one’s own computing should be a universal right. Digital restrictions interfere with the ability to enjoy these freedoms. Circumventing such restrictions for any use should not come with the threat of legal sanction. The process of continually applying for exemptions under 17 U.S.C. 1201 is onerous and instead any circumvention for a non-infringing purpose should be permitted. However, where exemptions are used to safeguard the public from these laws, it must be the case that exemptions should cover the sharing and distribution of software and instructions for circumventing access control technologies. -
Université De Montréal Context-Aware
UNIVERSITE´ DE MONTREAL´ CONTEXT-AWARE SOURCE CODE IDENTIFIER SPLITTING AND EXPANSION FOR SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE LATIFA GUERROUJ DEPARTEMENT´ DE GENIE´ INFORMATIQUE ET GENIE´ LOGICIEL ECOLE´ POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL´ THESE` PRESENT´ EE´ EN VUE DE L'OBTENTION DU DIPLOME^ DE PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR (GENIE´ INFORMATIQUE) JUILLET 2013 ⃝c Latifa Guerrouj, 2013. UNIVERSITE´ DE MONTREAL´ ECOLE´ POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL´ Cette th`ese intitul´ee: CONTEXT-AWARE SOURCE CODE IDENTIFIER SPLITTING AND EXPANSION FOR SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE pr´esent´eepar: GUERROUJ Latifa en vue de l'obtention du dipl^ome de: Philosophiæ Doctor a ´et´ed^ument accept´eepar le jury d'examen constitu´ede: Mme BOUCHENEB Hanifa, Doctorat, pr´esidente M. ANTONIOL Giuliano, Ph.D., membre et directeur de recherche M. GUEH´ ENEUC´ Yann-Ga¨el, Ph.D., membre et codirecteur de recherche M. DESMARAIS Michel, Ph.D., membre Mme LAWRIE Dawn, Ph.D., membre iii This dissertation is dedicated to my parents. For their endless love, support and encouragement. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to both Giulio and Yann for their support, encouragement, and intel- lectual input. I worked with you for four years or even less, but what I learned from you will last forever. Giulio, your passion about research was a source of inspiration and motivation for me. Also, your mentoring and support have been instrumental in achieving my goals. Yann, your enthusiasm and guidance have always been a strength for me to keep moving forward. Research would not be as much fun without students and researchers to collaborate with. It has been a real pleasure and great privilege working with Massimiliano Di Penta (University of Sannio), Denys Poshyvanyk (College of William and Mary), and their teams. -
Nancy Wolff, Et Al., Best Practices in Rights Clearance
BEST PRACTICES IN RIGHTS CLEARANCE SELECTION OF RESOURCES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR VISUAL ARTISTS I. INTRODUCTION This document summarizes tips and resources for rights clearance and licensing of copyrighted works suggested by participants in the Best Practices in Rights Clearance – Visual Arts Symposium held at Scalia Law School, George Mason University on January 18, 2018. It is not intended as a comprehensive guide, but rather a more user-friendly tool for finding key information shared by participants than the transcripts of the sessions themselves. A. What is Copyrightable? Copyright law is meant to encourage creativity and the development of new works such as songs, photographs, poems, etc. Facts and ideas are not copyrightable, only the creative expression of the author. Types of works that can be protected are listed in the Copyright Act.1 ➢ The rights to create derivative works, or works that adapt, modify or transform the original, are also the property of the copyright owner. For example, if an author writes a book, that author is the only person who has the right to permit the book to be adapted into a movie. There are also limits on the scope of copyright. Therefore not every use needs to be cleared. For instance: ➢ The “scenes-a-faire” doctrine limits copyrights in commonly used themes or subjects in works. Such elements of works are not copyrightable, because they are the language or building blocks of creative works. ➢ The “merger” doctrine is the concept that if a copyrightable part of a work and a non-copyrightable part of a work are closely linked together and can’t be separated, they merge and become non-copyrightable. -
Annex I Definitions
Annex I Definitions Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): Software whose source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees. Open source code evolves through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers and users as well as very large companies. Some examples of open source initiatives are GNU/Linux, Eclipse, Apache, Mozilla, and various projects hosted on SourceForge1 and Savannah2 Web sites. Proprietary software -- Software that is distributed under commercial licence agreements, usually for a fee. The main difference between the proprietary software licence and the open source licence is that the recipient does not normally receive the right to copy, modify, redistribute the software without fees or royalty obligations. Something proprietary is something exclusively owned by someone, often with connotations that it is exclusive and cannot be used by other parties without negotiations. It may specifically mean that the item is covered by one or more patents, as in proprietary technology. Proprietary software means that some individual or company holds the exclusive copyrights on a piece of software, at the same time denying others access to the software’s source code and the right to copy, modify and study the software. Open standards -- Software interfaces, protocols, or electronic formats that are openly documented and have been accepted in the industry through either formal or de facto processes, which are freely available for adoption by the industry. The open source community has been a leader in promoting and adopting open standards. Some of the success of open source software is due to the availability of worldwide standards for exchanging information, standards that have been implemented in browsers, email systems, file sharing applications and many other tools. -
Best Practices for Open Sourcing Government Code Housekeeping
Best Practices for Open Sourcing Government Code Housekeeping ● Compliance Engineer and In-house Counsel ● Former technology manager and IT architect at University of Connecticut ● Practicing Free Software Law for 5 years Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS Housekeeping 1. I am an attorney, but I am not your attorney 2. This is not legal advice Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS Housekeeping 1. Jargon ○ Free Software vs. Open Source Software ○ FOSS, FLOSS, & OSS Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS Overview 1. What Is Open Source 2. Government Policy 3. Publishing Code 4. Encouraging a Community 5. Contributing 6. Evaluating FOSS Projects 7. Vendor Management Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS What is Open Source? What Is Open Source? Practical definition of a FOSS License ● A license that allows anyone to use, modify, and redistribute software with few restrictions. Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS What Is Open Source? Licenses Restrictions ● “These are the limits of the rights I give you permission to use ....” ● “You can’t use the software unless you …” Drupal GovCon | Open Sourcing Government Code | Marc Jones | @marcturnerjones | @CIVICACTIONS What Is Open Source? When do FOSS restrictions apply? ● Doesn’t restrict use ● Doesn’t restrict copying