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Nigeria Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism

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Nigeria Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Nigeria Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses 2019 to Terrorism European Union © Cover photos: OCHA/Ivo Brandau (Woman and child); UN Photo/Tobin Jones (Nigeria Police - lineup) UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime European Union Nigeria Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism The Nigeria Training Module on Gender dimensions of the criminal justice responses to terrorism is an initiative funded by the European Union Instrument for Stability Disclaimers © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), August 2019. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNODC takes no responsibility for the content of any external website. This handbook is a technical tool that has been developed for training purposes to support national practitioners to enhance their skills and knowledge on gender dimensions of criminal justice responses to terrorism in Nigeria. The publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its content is the sole responsibility of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Design & Print: UNON Publishing Services Section, United Nations Office at Nairobi. ii Nigeria Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism Table of Contents Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................vi Preface ........................................................................................................................................................viii Background, Aims and Methodology of the Training Modules ..............................................................xii Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................xiv 1 Mainstreaming Gender into Counter-Terrorism, Preventing Violent Extremism, and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism .................................................................1 1.1 The gender mainstreaming approach ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Mainstreaming gender into counter-terrorism and prevention of violent extremism .................................... 4 1.3 Mainstreaming gender into criminal justice responses to terrorism .............................................................. 7 1.4 Gender equality as a human rights obligation ........................................................................................... 10 1.5 Self-assessment questions .......................................................................................................................... 15 2 Gender Aspects of Terrorism Offences .............................................................................................17 2.1 Gender roles in terrorist groups in Nigeria .................................................................................................. 18 2.1.1 Women in support roles................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.2 Women involved in violent acts ..................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Gender Aspects of offences under the Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 2011 and Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act, 2013 .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Selected support offences .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Female suicide bombers ................................................................................................................ 24 2.2.3 Sentences ...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Alternatives to prosecution, availability of lesser sentences upon conviction and mitigating circumstances ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.1 Alternatives to prosecution and dismissal of charges .................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Availability of lesser sentences upon conviction and mitigating circumstances ............................. 30 2.3.3 Duress ............................................................................................................................................ 31 2.3.4 Non-punishment of victims of trafficking in persons ..................................................................... 31 2.4 Self-assessment questions .......................................................................................................................... 32 3 Gender Dimensions of the Investigation and Prosecution of Terrorism Offences ......................35 3.1 Gender aspects of search and seizure powers ............................................................................................. 35 3.1.1 Constitutional rights ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.1.2 Personal searches ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.1.3 Searches of houses and places ...................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Interviewing female victims, witnesses and suspects .................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Interviewing female witnesses ...................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Interviewing female suspects ........................................................................................................ 39 iii Preliminaries 3.3 Establishing gender-sensitive witness and victim protection measures ...................................................... 40 3.3.1 Gender sensitive witness and victim protection mechanisms ........................................................ 41 3.3.2 Witness protection during the investigation and pre-trial stages .................................................. 42 3.3.3 Witness protection at trial ............................................................................................................. 42 3.3.4 Fundamental principles for the psychological protection of victims and witnesses ....................... 44 3.4 Self-assessment questions .......................................................................................................................... 46 4 Gender Dimensions of Imprisonment and Other Forms of Deprivation of Liberty .....................49 4.1 Applicable legal frameworks ....................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Gender-sensitive prison management and conditions of detention ............................................................ 52 4.2.1 The need for gender-sensitive prison management and conditions of detention ........................... 52 4.2.2 Admission and registration ............................................................................................................ 53 4.2.3 Separation and classification of prisoners ..................................................................................... 53 4.2.4 Healthcare and hygiene ................................................................................................................. 54 4.2.5 Pregnant women and mothers with children in prison .................................................................. 54 4.2.6 Contact with outside world/visits .................................................................................................. 55 4.2.7 Access to legal counsel .................................................................................................................. 55 4.2.8 Personnel and training ................................................................................................................... 55 4.3 Prison-based disengagement, rehabilitation and social reintegration measures for violent extremist prisoners .......................................................................................................................... 56 4.4 Preventing torture, inhuman and degrading treatment of people deprived of their liberty ......................... 57 4.4.1 Nigeria’s obligations to prevent and address torture in contexts of imprisonment and other forms of deprivation of liberty ................................................................ 57 4.4.2 Security, disciplinary and healthcare measures .............................................................................. 61 4.4.3 Personnel and training ..................................................................................................................
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