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Arundo Donax): Biology, Identification, and Management1 D SS AGR 301 Giant Reed (Arundo donax): Biology, Identification, and Management1 D. C. Odero and J. Ferrell2 Introduction also used for sugarcane production, have been proposed for potential giant reed production. However, giant reed has Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) (Figure 1) is a tall peren- been reported as having a high invasive potential in Florida nial grass native to Asia and widespread throughout based on the widespread distribution of its propagules the Mediterranean region. It has been cultivated for use and inherent weedy characteristics. Although giant reed as building material, erosion control, and windbreak has been present in parts of Florida for many years, it has throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean region for not become a problem species in south Florida where it is thousands of years, and is currently widespread in southern nonnative. However, because of giant reed’s growth char- Europe, Northern Africa, the Middle East, Australia, South acteristics, competitive ability, and potential risk of future America, and North America. The majority of commer- invasions, it should be monitored closely if introduced as a cially produced giant reed is grown in the Mediterranean to bioenergy crop. make reeds for musical instruments. In the 1820s, it was introduced in California for erosion control, but has since escaped and become a major invasive weed problem in California and Texas watersheds. Giant reed can be found throughout the southern United States and as far north as Maryland, but the date and location of its initial introduction in the eastern United States is unknown. With renewed interest in bioenergy production in the United States and throughout the world, giant reed is receiving considerable attention because of its ability to quickly accumulate high amounts of biomass. In Florida, mineral soils in the southern part of the state, which are Figure 1. Giant reed growing near Belle Glade, FL. Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS 1. This document is SS AGR 301, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date March 2008. Revised April 2011 and September 2018. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. D. C. Odero, associate professor, Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center; and J. Ferrell, professor, Agronomy Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer’s label. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. Biology and Identification Giant reed is a large, clumping, perennial grass with hollow stems that are 1/4 to 2 inches thick (Figure 2). The stems have a cane-like (Figure 3) appearance that is similar to bamboo. Mature stands are typically 12 to 16 feet in height, but stands over 20 feet high have been reported. Leaves typically have a stiff or erect habit, are alternate, and, at maturity, are about 2 inches wide and 24 to 36 inches long. Leaves have smooth surfaces, are rounded at the base, and taper to a long point (Figure 4). The ligules are large and papery with small hairs along the margin. Leaf color is typically blue-green, but in some clones the immature leaves range from variegated to almost complete white (Figure 5). The underground portion of giant reed consists of an extensive network of rhizomes and fibrous tap roots. Rhizomes and root masses are light brown in color (Figure 6). The inflorescence is an erect feathery spike 1 to 2 feet long ranging from whitish to brown in color depending on maturity (Figure 7). Spikelets are stalked and solitary and the flowers have long silky awns. Although giant reed can Figure 3. Cane-like stem of mature giant reed. produce seed under some conditions, there is no evidence Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS that the seeds are viable. Consequently, reproduction is strictly from stalk and rhizome pieces. Giant reed can grow from rhizome fragments as small as 1 inch. Figure 2. Hollow stem of giant reed. Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS Common reed (Phragmites australis) (Figure 8) may be mistaken for giant reed but is typically smaller in stature and has a looser silvery-tan inflorescence. Figure 4. Giant reed leaf. Giant reed prefers wet conditions but can be found in areas Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS ranging from moist, well-drained soils to areas with a water table near the surface. It is also commonly found along roadsides and stream banks. Once established in wetland and riparian habitats, giant reed produces monotypic stands that displace native species. Dead and dry stands can pose a fire hazard. Giant reed also interferes with rivers and lakes by increasing sedimentation and narrowing water channels, which leads to flooding and erosion. Giant Reed (Arundo donax): Biology, Identification, and Management 2 Figure 5. Leaves of variegated giant reed. Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS Figure 8. Common reed. Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS Management Giant reed growth can be greatly suppressed by repeated close mowing. To prevent regrowth, mown plant material should be removed from the site. Repeated tillage can also be used to deplete root and rhizome masses, but care Figure 6. Rhizomes from giant reed. should be taken to avoid spreading rhizomes to uninfested Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS areas. The key to eradicating established populations of gi- ant reed is killing the root and rhizome mass. This requires treating the plant with a systemic herbicide at appropriate times of the year to ensure translocation to the roots and rhizomes. Glyphosate (2 to 5% solution) applied to leaves after the crop has flowered has been effective in California. Additionally, applications of imazapyr (Arsenal, and others) at 2% or imazapyr 0.5% + glyphosate at 2% may also be effective. Regardless of which herbicide is used, repeat applications will likely be necessary. Cut-stem treatments can be effective if glyphosate is applied within minutes of cutting the stem. When controlling giant reed with herbicides in aquatic areas, make sure that the product is registered for this use. In the sugarcane production region of south Florida, where giant reed has a high invasive potential, currently labeled sugarcane grass herbicides (asulam and trifloxysulfuron) will not provide complete control of potential escapes in the crop. This indicates that selective control and containment of established or aggressively spreading giant reed with currently available sugarcane grass herbicides will not be an option. Figure 7. Large plume-like inflorescence of giant reed. Credits: Calvin Odero, UF/IFAS Giant Reed (Arundo donax): Biology, Identification, and Management 3 Bibliography Bell, G. P. 1997. “Ecology and Management of Arundo donax, and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in Southern California.” In Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe, edited by J. H. Brock, M. Wade, P. Pysek and D. Green, 103–113. Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. Benton, N., G. Bell, and J. M. Swearingen. 2005. “Fact Sheet: Giant Reed.” Plant Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant Working Group. Accessed September 15, 2018. https://www. invasive.org/alien/fact/pdf/ardo1.pdf. Boose, A. B., and J. S. Holt. 1999. “Environmental effects on asexual reproduction in Arundo donax.” Weed Research 39: 117–127. Christou, M. “Giant reed in Europe.” In Volume II 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, Proceedings of the Conference held in Sevilla, Spain, 5–9 June 2000, edited by S. Kyritsis, A. A. C. M. Beenackers, P. Helm, A. Grassi, and D. Chiaramonti, 2089–2091. London, UK: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd, 2001. Else, J. A. 1996. “Post flood establishment of native woody species and an exotic, Arundo donax, in a Southern Califor- nian riparian system.” MS Thesis, 73 p. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University. Global Invasive Species Database. 2015. “Species profile Arundo donax.” Global Invasive Species Database. Accessed September 15, 2018. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species. php?sc=112. Gordon, D. R., K. J. Tancig, D. A. Onderdonk and C. A. Gantz. 2011. “Assessing the invasive potential of biofuel species proposed for Florida and the United States using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment.” Biomass Bioenergy 35: 74–79. Marianil, C., R. Cabrinil, and A. Danin. 2010. “Origin, dif- fusion, and reproduction of the giant reed (Arundo donax L.): a promising weedy energy crop.” Annals of Applied Biology 157: 191–202. Odero, D. C. and R. A. Gilbert. 2012. “Response of giant reed (Arundo donax) to asulam and trifloxysulfuron.” Weed Technology 26: 71–76. Giant Reed (Arundo donax): Biology, Identification, and Management 4.
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