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Monitorização E Medidas De Gestão De Auchenorrhyncha Em Pomares De Prunóideas Na Beira Interior: Estudo De Caso De

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Monitorização E Medidas De Gestão De Auchenorrhyncha Em Pomares De Prunóideas Na Beira Interior: Estudo De Caso De UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Monitorização e medidas de gestão de Auchenorrhyncha em pomares de prunóideas na Beira Interior: estudo de caso de Asymmetrasca decedens Vera Lúcia Duarte Guerreiro Mestrado em Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental Dissertação orientada por: Professora Maria Teresa Rebelo (FCUL) 2020 Agradecimentos à Professora Teresa Rebelo pela orientação, disponibilidade e ajuda na identificação de exemplares e na construção do presente documento; à Mestre e Amiga Carina Neto pela ajuda na identificação dos insectos, na análise estatística e por toda a paciência ao longo deste ano; a Joaquim Martins Duarte & Filhos, Lda por ter permitido a colocação das placas nos seus pomares para a amostragem e construção do presente trabalho e pela visita aos seus pomares; à Engenheira Anabela Barateiro pela recolha e envio das amostras; disponibilização de informação dos pomares e dados meteorológicos da região; e pela visita guiada aos pomares; ao Professor José Pereira Coutinho pelo envio das amostras, pela visita aos pomares e disponibilização de fotografias e informação; à Unidade de Microscopia da FCUL que faz parte da Plataforma Portuguesa de Bioimaging (PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122) por ter disponibilizado o equipamento necessário para aquisição de imagens dos insectos; aos meus pais, o agradecimento que merecem por todo o apoio; ao meu namorado, o apoio incondicional e a paciência; às minhas amigas Ganna Popova e Marta Fonseca pela partilha desta fase académica. i Resumo Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) é uma cigarrinha-verde considerada como praga em prunóideas, na região Mediterrânica, pelas lesões provocadas através da alimentação, podendo transmitir fitoplasmas. A resistência a alguns insecticidas é conhecida e a sua fenologia variável, dependendo o número de gerações anuais do clima regional. Em 2013, A. decedens foi detectada em pomares de pessegueiros da Beira Interior (Portugal), onde tem provocado danos nos últimos anos. Entre os inimigos do pessegueiro, encontra-se também Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., bactéria fitopatogénica transmitida por insectos detectada recentemente em Portugal. Procurou-se conhecer a fenologia de A. decedens em pomares de pessegueiros da Beira Interior, avaliando o efeito das condições ambientais na sua abundância e discutindo possíveis medidas de gestão e caracterizar a comunidade de Auchenorrhyncha, identificando potenciais vectores de X. fastidiosa. Entre as 33 espécies de Auchenorrhyncha identificadas, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus), Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) e Cercopis intermedia Kirschbaum são potenciais vectores de X. fastidiosa. Registou-se, pela primeira vez em Portugal Continental, a ocorrência de Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura), uma espécie invasora no Hawaii. As espécies dominantes e mais frequentes foram A. decedens (em maior densidade) e Empoasca solani (Curtis). Empoasca solani colonizou inicialmente os pomares, ocorrendo ao longo do período de amostragem, e atingiu o seu máximo populacional a 29 de Junho de 2018. Pouco depois, seguiu-se o aparecimento regular de A. decedens, que até 15 de Junho ocorreu pontualmente, concentrando-se 87% das capturas entre 3 de Agosto e 14 de Setembro, data em que atingiu o seu máximo populacional. A determinação das dinâmicas populacionais das cigarrinhas verdes permitiu confirmar a associação de A. decedens aos danos observados nos pessegueiros e identificar os períodos óptimos para a aplicação de insecticidas no controlo dos adultos. A presença de vectores competentes de X. fastidiosa confirma o risco de disseminação natural da bactéria nos pomares, caso se expanda para a região. Palavras-chave: Empoasca; Fenologia; Gestão integrada de pragas; Pessegueiro; Xylella fastidiosa. ii Abstract Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) is a polyphagous leafhopper, mainly distributed in Mediterranean region, where it is regarded as a pest of stone fruits, due to damage caused through feeding or its role as a vector of phytoplasma-associated diseases. In 2013, A. decedens was detected in Beira Interior (Portugal), causing damage in peach orchards. Being resistant to several pesticides, it is essential to understand A. decedens ecology and local population dynamics to develop adapted management measures. Peach trees are also susceptible hosts to Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., an emergent phytopathogenic bacterium in Europe, recently detected in Portugal, which is naturally transmitted by xylem-feeding insects. The population dynamics of A. decedens in peach orchards of Beira Interior and the influence of some environmental factors were studied as well as the remaining Auchenorrhyncha community for the identification of potential vectors of X. fastidiosa. Three potential vectors of X. fastidiosa, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus), Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) and Cercopis intermedia Kirschbaum were collected among 33 Auchenorrhyncha identified species. Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura), a known pest in Hawaii, was detected for the first time in mainland Portugal. Asymmetrasca decedens and Empoasca solani (Curtis) were the dominant and most frequent collected species. Empoasca solani was the first to colonize the orchards, but occurred throughout all sampling period, reaching its highest abundance on 29 June 2018. Asymmetrasca decedens started to occur regularly around 15 June, but 87% of collected individuals were captured between 3 August and 14 September, when the species reached a population peak. Analysis of green leafhoppers population dynamics confirmed the association of A. decedens to observed damage in peach trees and allowed the identification of the best periods for adult chemical control. The presence of two confirmed vectors of X. fastidiosa shows there is a real risk of natural disease spread, if the bacterium expands to the region. Key-words: Empoasca; Integrated pest management; Peach; Phenology; Xylella fastidiosa. iii - O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação foi desenvolvido no âmbito do "Grupo Operacional PrunusFito" (PDR2020-101-031707). - Parte dos dados obtidos foram divulgados à comunidade científica: Neto AC, Guerreiro V, Nascimento P e Rebelo MT (2019). Protecção das Prunóideas: cigarrinhas verdes (e outros Auchenorrhyncha). II Jornadas Técnicas das Prunóideas, UBI-Covilhã, 20Nov. Neto AC, Mateus C, de Andrade E, Barateiro A, Bigolin M, Chaves M, Guerreiro V, Pereira F, Soares C, Tomé D, Coutinho JP, Franco JC, Rebelo MT (submetido). First record of Sophonia orientalis in mainland Portugal, an invasive leafhopper and eventual potential vector of Xylella fastidiosa. [Manuscrito submetido para publicação ao Journal of Pest Science] - A autora escreve de acordo com o antigo Acordo Ortográfico. iv Índice Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................................ i Resumo .................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. iii Lista de tabelas ...................................................................................................................................... vii Lista de figuras ....................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introdução ........................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1. Inimigos das culturas .................................................................................................................. 11 1.2. Morfologia e distribuição de Asymmetrasca decedens ............................................................... 12 1.3. Fenologia ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1. Ciclo de vida ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.2. Alimentação e danos associados ......................................................................................... 14 1.3.3. Transmissão de fitoplasmas ................................................................................................. 15 1.4. Controlo de Asymmetrasca decedens .......................................................................................... 16 1.5. Pessegueiro e sua importância económica .................................................................................. 17 1.6. Objectivos ................................................................................................................................... 18 2. Material e Métodos .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1. Caracterização dos pomares ........................................................................................................ 19 2.2. Recolha de exemplares ................................................................................................................ 21 2.3. Triagem dos indivíduos ............................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Identificação do grupo Auchenorrhyncha ..................................................................................
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