Page No. 1 Project Brief/Background 1 2 Project Brief/Background 1 Nutrient Indexing Survey Report of Major Sugarcane Growing Districts of 3 1 Pakistan an overview 3.1 Determine site specific micronutrients and potash fertilizer requirements 2 Explore Efficient Integrated Nutrient Package for Optimizing Sugarcane 4 2 Yield and Quality 4.1 Educational programs and technology transfer 2 5 Methodology of Nutrient Indexing Survey 2 6 Results of Nutrient Indexing Surveys 3 6.1 District Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab Province) 3 Geo-statistics of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Rahim Yar Khan 6.1.1 3 District Soils Punjab Spatial Distribution of Nutrient in Rahim Yar Khan (Site Specific Nutrient 6.1.2 5 Disorder) 6.2 District Sargodha (Punjab Province) 7 Geo-statistics of physico-chemical characteristics of District Sargodha soils, 6.2.1 7 Punjab Geo-statistical Analysis and Digital Mapping of Nutrients status of 6.2.2 8 Sargodha Soils, Punjab Nutrient Composition of Sugarcane Plant Tissue Samples Collected from 6.2.3 9 Sargodha Areas of Punjab 6.3 District Charsadda and Mardan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 10 Spatial Variability of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil of District 6.3.1 10 Charsadda and Mardan Geostatistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of District Charsadda Khyber 6.3.2 12 Pakhtunkhwa Geostatistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of District Mardan Khyber 6.3.3 16 Pakhtunkhwa 6.4 District Shaheed Benazirabad, (Sindh, Province) 16 Spatial variability of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil of District 6.4.1 16 Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh Geostatistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of District Shaheed Benazirabad, 6.4.2 19 Sindh Chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Water Samples of 7 22 Surveyed Areas of Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples Appendix-I 22 collected from District Rahimyar Khan Punjab Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples Appendix-II 23 collected from District Sargodha, Punjab Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples Appendix-III 25 collected from District Charsadda and Mardan KPK Appendix-IV Chemical characteristics and nutrient stataus of water samples of 26 District Sahaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh Explore Efficient Integrated Nutrient Package for Optimizing Sugarcane 8 27 Yield and Quality 8.1 Materials and Methods 27 8.1.1 Site selection and soil sampling 27 8.1.2 Sites and Varieties 27 8.1.3 Field Experimentation 27 8.1.4 Fertilizer Treatments 27 8.2 Results of Field Experimentation 28 8.2.1 Sakrand, Shaheed Benazir Abad District (Sindh Province) 28 8.2.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the soil 28 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.1.2 28 B application 8.2.1.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 29 8.2.2 Tando Allah Yar District (Sindh Province) 29 8.2.2.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 29 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.2.2 30 B application 8.2.2.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 30 8.2.3 Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan District (Punjab Province) 31 8.2.3.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 31 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.3.2 32 B application 8.2.3.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 32 Ayyub Agricultural Research Institute Sugarcane Sub Station Khanpur, 8.2.4 32 Rahim Yar Khan District (Punjab Province) 8.2.4.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 32 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B 8.2.4.2 33 application 8.2.4.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 34 8.2.5 Shakar Ganj Sugar Mill, Jahang District (Punjab Province) 35 8.2.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 35 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B 8.2.5.2 35 application 8.2.5.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 35 8.2.6 Shahbaz Kalay, Mardan District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 36 8.2.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 36 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.6.2 36 B application 8.2.6.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 37 8.2.7 Khan Mahi Kalay, Charsadda District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 38 8.2.7.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 38 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.7.2 38 B application 8.2.7.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 38 8.2.8 ZakiabadKalay, Charsadda District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 40 8.2.8.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 40 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.8.2 40 B application 8.2.8.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 40 8.2.9 Shorekot, Dera Ismaeel Khan District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 41 8.2.9.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 41 Nutrient composition of sugarcane plant tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and 8.2.9.2 42 B application 8.2.9.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients 42 References 44 Pictorial Presentation 45

List of Tables Page No. Table 1 Geo statistics of soils physico-chemical properties surveyed areas of District 4 Rahimyar Khan Table 2 Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in 5 surface and subsurface soil of District Rahimyar Khan Punjab. Table 3 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District 8 Sargodha Punjab Table 4 Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in 9 surface and subsurface soil at District Sargodha Punjab Table 5 Sapatial Variability analysis for the sugarcane Plant Samples of District 10 Sargodha Punjab Table 6 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District 13 Charsadda and Mardan Table 7 Parameters related to Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant 14 available nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Charsadda KPK Table 8 Parameters related to Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant 16 available nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Mardan KPK Table 9 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District 19 Shaheed Benazirabad Sindh Table 10 Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in 20 surface and subsurface soil at District Shaheed Benazirabad Table 1 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experimental site. 29 Table 1a Macro and Micro-Nutrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected by K, 29 Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions at Sakrand (Sindh) farmer field. Table 1b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 30 application under field conditions on farmer field at Sakrand Table 2 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Tando Allah Yar 30 site on sugarcane. Table 2a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected by K, 31 Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions. Table 2b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 31 under field conditions on farmer field at Tando Allah Yar (Sindh) Table 3 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Khanpur Farmer 32 site. Table 3a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected by K, 33 Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions. Table 3b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 33 under field conditions on farmer field at Khanpur (Punjab) Table 4 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at KhanpurAARI Sub 33 R. Station site on sugarcane. Table 4a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe 34 and B application under field conditions at SMLJhang (Punjab) Table 4b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 34 under field conditions AARI research sub-station Khanpur (Punjab) Table 5 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at SMLJahang site 35 on sugarcane. Table 5a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe 36 and B application under field conditions at Shakarganj Sugar mill (Ltd) Jhang (Punjab) Table 5b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 36 under field conditions at Shakar Ganj Sugar Mill Jhang (Panjab) Table 6 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Shahbaz Kalay 37 Mardan site on sugarcane. Table 6a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe 37 and B application under field conditions at Shahbaz Kalay Mardan (KPK) Table 6b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 38 under field conditions on farmer field at SahahbazKalay (KPK) Table 7 SoilPhysico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Khan Mahi Kalay 38 Charsadda site on sugarcane. Table 7a Macro and Micro-Nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, 39 Fe and B application under field conditions Table 7b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 39 under field conditions on farmer field at Khan Mahi Kalay (KPK) Table 8 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at 40 ZakiabadKalayCharsadda site. Table 8a Macro and Micro-Nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, 41 Fe and B application under field conditions at ZakiabadKalay farmer field Table 8b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 41 application under field conditions on farmer field at Zakiabad Table 9 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Shorekot DI. 41 Khan (KPK) site Table 9a Macro and Micro-Nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, 42 Fe and B application under field conditions at Shorekot Table 9b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron 43 application under field conditions on farmer field at Shore Kot

List of Figures Page No. Fig. 1 Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Pakistan (b) Surveyed district 6 Rahimyar Khan Fig. 2a Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at RahimYar 6 Khan District of Punjab Fig. 2b Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 6 RahimYar Khan District of Punjab Fig. 3a Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at 6 RahimYar Khan District of Punjab Fig. 3b Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 6 RahimYar Khan District of Punjab Fig. 4a Spatial distribution of K in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at RahimYar Khan 6 District of Punjab Fig. 4b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at RahimYar Khan 6 District of Punjab Fig. 5 Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Pakistan (b) Surveyed district 11 Sargodha Fig. 6a Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Sargodha 11 District of Punjab Fig. 6b Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 11 Sargodha District of Punjab Fig. 7a Spatial distribution of pant available P in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at 11 Sargodha District of Punjab Fig. 7b Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 11 Sargodha District of Punjab Fig. 8a Spatial distribution of K in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Sargodha District of 11 Punjab Fig. 8b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Sargodha 11 District of Punjab Fig. 9 Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Pakistan (b) Surveyed district 15 Charsadda Fig. 10a Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Charsadda 15 District of KPK Fig. 10b Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Charsadda 15 District of KPK Fig. 11a Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at 15 Charsadda District of KPK Fig-11b Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 15 Charsadda District of KPK Fig-12a Spatial distribution of K in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Charsadda District of 15 KPK Fig-12b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Charsadda 15 District of KPK Fig. 13 Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Pakistan (b) Surveyed district 17 Mardan Fig. 14a Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Mardan 17 District of KPK Fig. 14b Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 17 Mardan District of KPK Fig. 15a Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at 17 Mardan District of KPK Fig. 15b Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 17 Mardan District of KPK Fig. 16a Spatial distribution of K in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Mardan District of 17 KPK Fig.16b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Mardan 17 District of KPK Fig. 17 Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Pakistan (b) Surveyed district 21 Shaheed Benazir Abad Fig.18a Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Shaheed 21 Benazir Abad District of Sindh Fig.18b Spatial distribution of Nitrate-Nin sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at 21 Shaheed Benazir Abad District of Sindh Fig.19a Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at 21 Shaheed Benazir Abad of Sindh Fig.19b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Mardan 21 District of KPK Fig.20a Spatial distribution of K in surface layer (0-30cm) of soil at Shaheed Benazir 21 Abad District of Sindh Fig.20b Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface layer (30-45cm) of soil at Shaheed 21 Benazir Abad District of Sindh

Foreword

The crop yields in Pakistan are low. however, there is a considerable achievable yield gap to be narrowed with improved crop husbandry and proper nutritional management. Pakistan is at a reasonable level of fertilizer use; nevertheless, the nutrient ratio is imbalanced. Achieving economical crop yield requires an adequate and balanced use of nutrients. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) in collaboration with Research Institution, Extension Departments, and private sector, conducted research and demonstrations across the country to promote the balanced fertilizers use in Pakistan for obtaining high and quality sugarcane yield. The Government of Pakistan undertook a policy decision for boosting the sugarcane yield at farm level and subsidizing input costs.

There is a wide gap between progressive and traditional farmers. Cane yield in Pakistan is low buthigh yield is also not uncommon. Paying a proper attention to the components of production technology could reduce the difference. The elements are well known; planting seed of approved variety, maintaining plant population, adequate and balanced use of nutrients particularly, K and micronutrients along with N and P, protection against pest and disease and adoption of innovative technology.

This monograph is an attempt to present an updated information on the use of potash and micronutrients in Pakistan, particularly the highlight of the project, which we hope will be a useful guide for the agronomist and agricultural extension, personnel, and sugar industry in the country. Dr. M. Zameer Khan, Project Incharge and Dr. Abdul Ghafoor, National Project Director, PSDP, PESC, deserve our science gratitude for providing their expert guidance and managing the project so successfully. We also extend our sincere thanks to PSDP, PESC, Govt. of Pakistan for funding the project.

(Dr. Abdul Ghafoor)

National Project Director

PSDP, PESC

June 2021

Prime Minister’s Agricultural Emergency Program on Productivity Enhancement of Sugarcane (PESC)

Nutrient Indexing and Explore Efficient Integrated Nutrient Package for Optimizing Sugarcane Yield and Quality Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI), NARC/PARC Sub-Component-5 1. PROJECT BRIEF/BACKGROUND Fertilizer use is at an advanced stage in Pakistan, with average nutrient use level being about -1 144.3 kgha of N, P2O5 and K2O. However, fertilizer use is highly imbalanced and skewed towards N as -1 -1 116 kgha is being used, followed by 28 kg P2O5 and 1 kgha (NFDC, 2017). Thus, the use of K and micronutrients is almost negligible. This has resulted not only in stagnation of crop yields but also has hampered quality of the crop produce badly. Also soil quality is being progressively degraded because of continual nutrient mining from soils by cropping (Akhtar and Khan, 2002). Previous national level studies have shown that crop yields can be enhanced significantly when balanced fertilizers were applied to sugarcane. The quality of sugar crops produce was also improved with balanced fertilization. The sugarcane response to potash and micronutrients especially Fe, Zn, Mn and B fertilization is variable, and it cannot be generalized like N and P; it is rather more crop and site specific (Akhtar et al., 2002, 2003). This is because of differences in nutrient requirement of crop species, their varieties, nature of soil parent material, type and size of soil clay minerals, soil texture, etc (Awan et aI., 1998a, b). Hence, there is a need to investigate and demonstrate the role of K and micronutrient fertilizer in balance nutrient management in high yield agriculture, particularly in high K requiring crops like sugarcane grown in specific areas of Pakistan. 2. OBJECTIVES/MAJOR ACTIVITIES:  To investigate the extent and severity of micronutrients and K deficiency in soils of sugarcane crop grown areas of Pakistan.  To determine site specific micronutrients and potash fertilizer requirement for optimizing crop yield, produce quality and formulate recommendations.  To evaluate the impact of applied nutrients on yield and quality of sugarcane crop in the main production areas in Pakistan. 3. NUTRIENT INDEXING SURVEY REPORT OF MAJOR SUGARCANE GROWING DISTRICTS OF PAKISTAN An overview Nutrient indexing survey of major sugarcane growing Districts of three provinces was conducted. The diagnostic plant parts at grand growth stage (e.g. 4th fully developed leaf from top of sugarcane) and the associated soils (0-30 and 30-45 cm depths) were sampled from randomly selected sites/farmers. The sampling sites were marked on maps using geographical positioning system (GPS). Soil and plant samples were properly processed and analyzed considering standard procedures. The following determinations were made for soil samples: pH, ECe, OM, CaCO3, Ca+Mg, CO3, HCO3, N, P, K, Zn, Fe, B and Cl. The diagnostic sugarcane plant parts (leaf sheath & leaf blades) sampled at recommended growth stages, and analyzed for salient nutrients N, P, K, Zn, Fe, B. Simultaneously during survey tube-wells and canals water samples were collected, preserved and analyzed for pH, EC, Ca+Mg, CO3, HCO3, Na, K and Cl.Data were used for determining the extent and severity of various nutrients disorders as well as for mapping spatial variability of nutrient status. 3.1. Determine site specific micronutrients and potash fertilizer requirements Advisory services were provided to provincial Agricultural Extension departments by analyzing soil, plant and water samples for nutrients and other fertility/salinity related as well as to determine site specific micronutrients and potash fertilizer requirements of demonstration plot sites. It helpedto use only specific crop nutrient for optimizing crop yield, produce quality and to reduce cost of production. 4. EXPLORE EFFICIENT INTEGRATED NUTRIENT PACKAGE FOR OPTIMIZING SUGARCANE YIELD AND QUALITY Field Experimentation was conducted in major sugarcane growing districts of all the three provinces commencing from the first year of the project after survey on neglected deficient nutrients especially micronutrients, diagnosed during nutrient indexing survey in collaboration with Department of Agriculture Extension and sugar mills. 4.1 Educational programs and technology transfer I. Educational programs were undertaken to disseminate available information through bringing out technical services for the extension workers, public and private sectors, and for progressive farmers. II. Organizing "field days" and field demonstrations in collaboration with provincial agriculture department. III. Organized training workshops, group discussions, seminars, and corner meetings. 5. METHODOLOGY OF NUTRIENT INDEXING SURVEY Nutrient Indexing survey was conducted to investigate the extent and severity of N, P, K, Fe, Zn and B deficiency in soils of major sugarcane growing areas in District Rahimyar Khan and Sargodha of Punjab, Mardan and Charsadda Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Shaheed Benazirabad District of Sindh, Pakistan. The samples were collected from forty-two (42) selected union councils (UCs) from Rahimyar Khan District, 50 UCs from Sargodha District (Punjab), 52 UCs from Mardan and Charsadda Districts and 39 UCs form Shaheed Benazirabad District (maps of 5 distt. a,b,c,d,e). Soil sampling was done from two depths i.e. 0-30 cm and 30-45 cm form the cultivated fields. Simultaneously, plant tissue samples were collected from the respective farmer fields for leaf blade and sheath. Also the irrigation water samples were sampled. Soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, organic matter contents, electrical conductivity, calcium plus magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, lime contents, chlorides, pH, N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and B. The details and descriptive statistics are given in following paragraphs. Similarly, irrigation water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, NO3-N, P and K in water. The plant tissue samples collected were processed to determine N, P, K, Fe, Zn and B concentration in leaf blade and leaf sheath separately. The data were put in Statistics. 8.1 software package for descriptive statistics analysis and spatial variability characteristics. The collected soil, water and plant tissue samples were brought to soil and plant nutrient program’s Lab. LRRI, NARC, Islamabad. The plant samples were washed with distilled water and dried in oven at 65-70°C. Plant samples were ground in a Wiley mill to a fine powder and digested with di-acid mixture of HNO3:HCIO4 (2:1). Phosphorus, K, Zn, Fe and B were determined in the digest. Plant tissue N was estimated through wet digestion, distillation and titration method on automatic kjaldahltech apparatus (Van Schouwenberg and Walinge, 1973). The soil samples collected from the surveyed area were dried, ground and sieved through 2mm sieve. The processed samples were analysed for EC, pH, organic matter, and CaCO3, available N, P, K, Fe, and Zn by AB-DTPA extraction method (Soltanpour, 1985). Boron was determined colorimetrically using azomethine-H (Bingham, 1982). Besides the irrigation water samples were also analysed for pH, EC, NO3- N, P and K by the following standard protocols. Obtained spatial data were used to geo-rectify the maps and to create base maps. Geo- statistical analysis was carried out to examine the spatial dependences. Nutrients indicating medium to strong spatial dependence were mapped using appropriate technique i.e., kriging. Nugget to sill ratio was used as an indicator for grouping the bioavailable nutrients (variables) to determine the extent of spatial dependence (Cambardella, 1994; Attar et al., 2012). However, mean absolute error, mean error, and mean square root error were used as a comparative indicator for various methods. 6. RESULTS OF NUTRIENT INDEXING SURVEYS 6.1. District RahimYar Khan (Punjab Province province) 6.1.1. Geo-statistics of physico-chemical Characteristicsof District Rahim Yar Khan soils, Punjab. The maps were generated by kriging method (selected due to its flexibility and higher precision for interpolation). Interpolated maps indicated that plant available P contents ranged from 0.85 to 1.29 mgkg-1 in southwestern (Lamma, Sadiqabad, Roshan Baith, Ahmadpur, Nawazabad, Dandi, Goth Jagroo, Jangarpur) and north eastern (Kotla Pathan, Jatha Botha, Dinpur Sahrif, Mohammad Daha) areas.Information regarding soilphysico-chemicalproperties of soil samples collected from 42 union councils of District is summarized in Table 1. Dominant textural class found in the surface soils of surveyed area was silt loam as 90.5% of analyzed samples were categorized in this class, while 7.1% of the total analyzed soil samples were categorized in silt and 2.4% in loam soils. Sand content in the surface soils (0-30 cm) ranged from 6 to 44 % with the mean value of 23.7±1.8. The silt content in the surface soils (0-30 cm) ranged from 46 to 92% with the mean value of 67.24±1.76.Similarly,Clay content ranged from 2 to 18% with the mean value of 9±0.715. In spatial variability the soil characteristics having CV% values < 15% were grouped as least variable whereas those having CV between 15 to 35% were categorized as moderately variable. Co- efficient of variance value more than 35% indicated high variability (Wilding, 1985). Sand content in the surface and subsurface depths were found to be heterogeneous as the co-efficient variance value was found to be >35%. Silt content at the surface soils was moderately variable with the CV level 16.93% while clay content was highly variable with CV level of 51.3%. Soil pH ranged between 7.3 to 9.2 for depth 0-30 and 7.2 to 8.71 for depth 30-45cm with the mean values of 8.24±0.04 and 7.94±0.1 respectively categorized as moderately alkaline in reaction (pH). Similarly, the organic matter contents ranged between 0.2-0.9 % for soil depth of 0-30cm whereas, less for 30-45cm depthit ranged between 0.04 to 0.73 % with the mean vales of 0.5±0.03 and 0.34±0.03 showing low organic matter contents.

Table 1 Geo statistics of soils physico-chemical properties surveyed areas of District Rahimyar Khan Soil Soil Depth Mean Min. Max. SD CV% Skewness Kurtosis SEM Property (cm)

Sand 0-30 23.71 6 44.00 11.5 48.5 -0.23 -0.833 1.8

Silt 0-30 67.24 46 92 11.4 16.93 0.1355 -0.527 1.76

Clay 0-30 9.05 2 18 4.64 51.3 0.08 -1 0.715

CaCO3 0-30 6.44 2.7 12 2.01 31.2 0.37 0.08 0.31

30-45 6.31 3.7 20 3.04 48.2 2.71 8.8 0.5 pH 0-30 8.24 7.3 9.2 0.26 3.18 -0.32 5.9 0.04

30-45 7.94 7.2 8.71 0.33 4.11 -0.3 0.02 0.1

OM 0-30 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.2 36.31 0.5 -0.2 0.03

30-45 0.34 0.04 0.73 0.2 50.06 0.24 -0.55 0.03

EC 0-30 511.74 211 2290 425.1 83.08 2.7 7.28 65.61

30-45 471.7 134 2210 380.6 80.7 3.1 10.3 58.73

N 0-30 1.3552 1.036 1.905 0.196 14.512 1.081 0.631 0.030

30-45 1.436 1.181 2.153 0.208 14.483 1.780 2.850 0.032

P 0-30 6.605 1.552 12.899 2.878 43.578 0.188 -0.811 0.444

30-45 .632 0.851 4.272 0.705 43.228 1.869 4.030 0.108

K 0-30 124.02 54.00 298.00 47.559 38.348 1.474 2.995 7.338

30-45 105.14 18.00 340.00 56.044 53.303 2.395 7.137 8.647

HCO3 0-30 2.4762 1.333 5.000 0.839 33.916 1.312 1.270 0.129

30-45 2.29 1.333 5.667 0.718 31.320 2.405 9.699 0.110

Cl 0-30 1.404 0.667 3.667 0.558 39.756 2.019 5.778 0.086

30-45 1.233 0.467 2.000 0.393 31.861 0.465 0.548 0.060

Fe 0-30 0.34 0.01 1.440 0.501 147.0 1.16 -0.51 0.501

30-45 0.28 0.01 1.190 0.421 149.6 1.18 -0.46 0.42

Zn 0-30 0.43 0.004 1.51 0.57 132.42 0.886 -1.079 0.088

30-45 0.34 0.002 1.2 0.46 133.52 0.885 -1.075 0.0716 B 0-30 1.18 0.63 9.81 1.39 117.67 5.89 34.13 1.39

30-45 0.99 0.67 1.47 0.23 23.61 0.32 -1.05 0.23

In case of electrical conductivity, it was ranged between 0.21 to 2.29 dSm-1 and 0.13 to 2.21 dSm-1 with the mean values of 0.51±0.065 and 0.47±0.051 for both the depths, showing in the safe

range for raising crop. The soil No3-N and available P contents showed that the both low to marginal -1 -1 range as NO3-N was 1.036 to 1.915 mg kg for depth 0-30 whereas, 1.18 to 2.153 mg kg for depth 30- 45 with the mean values 1.35±0.03 and 1.43±0.032. In case of P it ranged between 1.55 to 12.89 for depth 0-30 cm and 0.85 to 4.27 for sub surface soil (30-45cm) showing mean values of 6.6±0.44 and 0.63±0.1. The soil K ranged between 54 to 298 mg kg-1 and 18 to 340 mg kg-1 for both depths respectively with mean values of 124.02±7.33 and 105.14±8.64 showing it between marginal to adequate range for crop cultivation. The soil micronutrients Fe, Zn and B ranged between 0.01 to 1.440, 0.004 to 1.51 and 0.63 to 9.81 mgkg-1 for 0-30 cm depth with mean values of 0.34±0.501, 0.43±0.088 and 1.18±1.39 respectively, whereas, for 30-45 cm depth the Fe, Zn and B ranged between 0.01 to 1.190, 0.002 to 1.2 and 0.67 to 1.47 mgkg-1 with mean values of 0.28±0.42, 0.34 to 0.0716 and 0.99±0.23

respectively. Beside this the HCO3 and Cl ranged between 1.33 to 5 and 0.66 to 3.66 meq liter-1 respectively at depth 0-30 whereas, 1.33 to 5.6 and 0.46 to 2 meq liter-1 respectively at depth 30-45cm.

6.1.2.Spatial Distribution of Nutrient in Rahim Yar Khan(Site Specific Nutrient Disorder)

Spatial structure of plant available nutrients NO3-N, P and K at the surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-45 cm) was best described by Spherical model in district Rahimyar Khan (Fig.1a,1b).

Whereas the spatial structure of plant available nutrients NO3-N, P and K was best described by exponential and J Bessel model at surface soil in district Charsadda and Mardan respectively. In the

subsurface soils the spatial structure of plant available nutrients (NO3-N, P and K) was best described by the spherical model in both districts Charsadda and Mardan. Kriging was used as interpolation techniques to describe the differential nutritional status of soils for site-specific nutrient management in the surveyed districts.The maps generated by kriging method (selected due to its flexibility and higher precision for interpolation). The interpolation models used for N at depths 0-30 and 30-45 cm were Rational and Tetra spherical whereas, Pent aspherical for P, Gaussian and Circular and Exponential for K at respective depths were used according to best fit method (Table 2). The ordinary kriging indicated that P was extremely deficient in soils of whole district specially in north and southeastern region of the district.The extent of deficiency decreased in the Northwestern region of district. The map generated indicated a scope for site specific nutrient management in the surveyed area to enhance and sustain sugarcane productivity. Table 2 Semi-variogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in surfaceand subsurface soil of District Rahimyar Khan Punjab Nutrient Depth (cm) Model Nugget/Sill (%) MEa RMSSEb ASEc RMSEd

NO3-N 0-30 Rationale 25.5 0.002 1.16 0.21 0.25 30-45 Tetra spherical 24.9 0.007 1.12 0.28 0.33 P 0-30 Penta-spherical 32.4 0.001 0.96 1.57 1.64 30-45 Gaussian 21.0 0.026 0.95 1.34 1.45 K 0-30 Circular 22.2 0.138 1.02 22.3 23.9 30-45 Exponential 18.6 0.233 1.01 57.6 59.8 aMean Error bRoot mean standardized error c Average standardized error dRoot mean square error

Spatial structure of plant available nutrients NO3-N, P and K at the surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-45 cm) was best described by Spherical model in District Rahimyar Khan (Fig 2a, 2b, 3a,

3b, 4a, 4b). Whereas the spatial structure of plant available nutrients NO3-N, P and K was best described by exponential and J Bessel model at surface soil in district Charsadda and Mardan respectively.

The NO3-N was deficient in surface and subsurface soils of surveyed and interpolated area of surveyed district. In the Daha Nawan Kot Jajja Abbasian, Gukka, Allabad and Jampur Union Councils region. Phosphorus content ranged from 1.29 to 2.38 mg kg-1 in southwestern and northern region of district.Interpolated maps indicated extreme deficiency of P in above mentioned regions. The Highest P content 2.38 to 4.27 mg kg-1 was observed in northeastern side of surveyed district. Higher P content were observed in the subsurface soils as compared to that of the surface soils of surveyed area. Phosphorus content ranged from 1.55 to 6.2 mg kg-1 in patches of the southeastern and southwestern region of surveyed areas of Districts. Bio-available P ranged from 6.2 to 10.11 mg kg-1 in the surface soils of northeastern, southwestern, and northwestern region of surveyed areas of district. Interpolated maps

Map Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fig. 9- Geographical location of surveyed area (a)Pakistan(b)District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab

Fig. 10a- Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface soil layer Fig. 10b- Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface soil layer of of District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab DistrictRahim Yar Khan, Punjab

Fig. 11a- Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface Fig-11b. Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub-surface Soil layer of DistrictRahim Yar Khan, Punjab Soil layer of at DistrictRahim Yar Khan, Punjab

Fig-12a. Spatial distribution of K in surface Soil layer of Fig-12b. Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface Soil layer of DistrictRahim Yar Khan, Punjab DistrictRahim Yar Khan, Punjab indicated that highest P content (10.11 to 12.9 mg kg-1) were observed the central region of district to northeastern region of district Rahim Yarkhan. Potassium content ranged from 54to 107.34 mg kg-1 in northwestern region of interpolated area. Higher content of plant available K were observed in all other surveyed areas. Interpolated maps indicated a decreasing trend of plant available K content in the subsurface soils. 6.2. District Sargodha (Punjab Province) 6.2.1. Geo-statistics of physico-chemical characteristics of District Sargodha soils, Punjab Fifty (50) UCs were selected from District Sargodha of Punjab for nutrient indexing survey of Sugarcane. Analysis of soils for different physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient status showed a considerable variation based on spatial variability analysis (Wilding, 1985). Results showed that the dominant textural class found in the surface soils of surveyed area was sandy clay loam as 89% of analyzed soil sample were categorized in this class, while 11% of the total analyzed soil samples were categorized as sandy. Sand content in the surface soils (0-30 cm) ranged from 57 to 81 % with the mean value of 66.06±6.40. In the second soil depth (30-45 cm) it ranged from 57 to 81% with the mean value of 67.09±7.42. Mean silt content in the surface soils (0-30 cm) ranged from 8 to 27% with the mean value of 17.98±4.87. In the subsurface soils silt content ranged 12.50 to 28.0% with the mean value of 21.49 ±3.12. Clay content ranged from 9 to 22% with the mean value of 14.92±2.95 in the surface soils, while in the subsurface soils clay content ranged from 10 to 32% with the mean value of 11.92±2.10. According to spatial variability analysis sand content in the surface and subsurface were found to be least variable as the co-efficient variance value was found to be ˂15%. Silt content at the surface (0-30 cm) soils were also categorized as least variable (CV=14.5%) while moderately variable at the subsurface (30-45cm). Clay content at two depths were categorized as moderately variable. Textural classes of the whole surveyed area indicated that soils of the surveyed area are suitable for growing sugarcane. The results indicated that soils of surveyed area were found moderate to strongly calcareous as

CaCO3 content ranged from 1.55 to 23.25 with the mean value of 9.41±4.03 in the surface soils while in the subsurface soils it ranged from 2.5 to 25% with the mean value of 11.22±3.95. The soil pH of both depths of surveyed areas were alkaline to strongly alkaline as soil pH in the surface layer(0-30) cm ranged from 7.88 to 8.60 with the mean value of 8.24±0.14 whereas, in second depth 30-45 cm soils samples it ranged from 7.90 to 8.65 with the mean value of 8.33±0.13. Soil organic matter contents were found to be deficient in the 90% of the total analyzed samples of the surface soils (0-30 cm) while hundred percent of the total analyzed soil samples were considered as deficient in organic matter content in the subsurface (30-45) soil. In surface soils, organic matter content ranged from 0.32 to 0.96% with the mean value of 0.65±0.14 while in the subsurface, it ranged from 0.22 to 0.92% with the mean value of 0.52±0.10. Similarly, electrical conductivity of surface soil samples ranged between 0.2- 0.99 dSm-1 with the mean value 0.44±0.05 at surface soil and 0.18 to 1.03 with the mean value of 0.42±0.05 at subsurface (30-45cm) and showed high variability with CV as 44% and 48% for the respective depths.

The nutrient status of soil showed that NO3-N content in the surface soils ranged from 1.14 to 2.38 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 1.35±0.17 while in the subsurface soil it ranged from 1.07 to 1.72 with the mean value of 1.27±0.12 (Table 3). The plant available P content in the surface soil ranged from 0.55 to 7.91 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 3.99±1.63 and in the subsurface soils it ranged from 0.31 to 6.92 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 3.26±1.55. The plant available K content in the surface soil ranged from 68 to 280 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 159.3±46.32 while in the subsurface soil it ranged from -1 58 to 256 mg kg with the mean value of 139.5 ±42.51. Spatial variability analysis showed that the NO3- N content was found to be least variable at the subsurface soils while moderately variable at the surface soil. Similarly, plant available P content in the surface and subsurface was found highly variable however the available K content was found medium heterogeneous. Table 3 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District SargodhaPunjab Soil Property Soil Depth (cm) Mean Min. Max. SD CV% Skewness Kurtosis SEM

Sand 0-30 33.98 16 52 13.44 39.57 -0.106 -1.741 1.902

Silt 0-30 50.22 40 59 5.99 11.92 -0.185 -1.332 0.847

Clay 0-30 15.82 6.0 27 8.128 51.38 0.150 -1.845 1.149

CaCO3 0-30 9.41 3.55 23.25 4.03 42.42 0.23 0.97 0.662

30-45 11.22 2.5 25 3.95 35.23 0.25 0.95 0.656 pH 0-30 8.24 7.88 8.6 0.14 1.65 0.32 0.32 0.016

30-45 8.33 7.9 8.65 0.13 1.58 -0.17 0.85 0.015

OM 0-30 0.65 0.32 0.96 0.14 22.83 0.01 -0.65 0.024

30-45 0.52 0.22 0.92 0.1 20.35 -0.02 1.3 0.016

EC 0-30 0.22 0.110 0.440 0.084 37.78 0.486 -0.211 0.011 30-45 0.460 0.230 0.650 0.106 23.07 -0.312 0.739 0.015

NO3-N 0-30 1.35 1.14 2.38 0.17 2.64 11.29 23.25 0.035

30-45 1.27 1.07 1.72 0.12 0.73 11.22 9.18 0.018

P 0-30 3.99 0.55 7.91 1.63 0.18 -0.16 40.95 0.191

30-45 3.26 0.31 6.92 1.55 0.16 -0.41 47.31 0.190

0-30 159.3 68 280 46.32 0.32 -0.22 29.07 6.26

K 30-45 139.5 58 256 42.51 0.31 -0.13 30.48 5.768

Zn 0-30 0.83 0.044 3.77 0.64 1.39 3.66 77.23 0.081

30-45 0.68 0.042 2.35 0.54 1.12 0.81 79.84 0.073

0-30 3.656 1.43 5.82 0.732 20.01 -0.179 1.563 0.103

Fe 30-45 2.707 1.23 4.92 0.834 30.82 0.244 -0.036 0.118

B 0-30 0.621 0.220 1.40 0.227 37.50 1.002 1.705 0.032

30-45 0.339 0.120 0.670 0.163 48.21 0.574 -0.741 0.023

The micronutrients availability to plants is concerned, B content in surface soils ranged from 0.26 to 3.81 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 1.14±0.61 while, in subsurface soil it ranged from 0.11 to 3.59 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 0.88±0.57 (Table 3). The Zn content in the surface soil (0-30 cm) ranged from 0.044 to 3.76 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 0.83 ±1.63 while in subsurface soils (30-45 cm) it ranged from 0.042 to 2.34 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 0.68±0.54 (Table 4). The results revealed that the available Zn content were found highly heterogeneous in the surface and subsurface. Similarly, coefficient of variance values observed plant available boron content in the surface and subsurface indicated that it was highly variable as CV value was greater than 35 % for both. 6.2.2. Geo-statistical Analysis and Digital Mapping of Nutrients Status of Sargodha Soils

Spatial structure of NO3-N, P and K was best described by Spherical, Gaussian, and Exponential

models at two soil depths (0-30, 30-45 cm). Spatial ratio indicated that NO3-N content were moderately spatial dependent at the surface and subsurface soils (Table 4). Spatial structure of plant available P content was found moderately spatial dependent at the surface soils while strongly spatial dependent at the subsurface. Plant available K was found strongly spatial dependent at respective depths. Mean error

observed for plant available NO3-N content was 0.003 at both depths which indicated precise and accurate fitness of the model (Table 4). Similarly, root mean square standardized error values of 1.06

and 1.00 indicated ordinary kriging as a best interpolation technique for preparing digital maps of NO3-N content at two depths. Similarly, very close values of average standardized error and root mean square error for surface (0.19 and 0.21), subsurface (0.12 and 0.12) indicated a strong spatial dependence of

NO3-N content in the kriged maps (Table 4). Moderate spatial dependence of NO3-N content in the

surface and subsurface soils indicated that NO3-N content in the surface and subsurface soils were influenced by anthropogenic activities. It might be the regular application of nitrogenous fertilizer to sugarcane fields. Mean error values observed for plant available P content were 0.071 and 0.019 at two depths which indicated successful fitness of the Gaussian model for semi-variogram analysis (Fig 5a, 5b). Similarly, root mean square standardized error values of 0.98 and 1.00 again indicated ordinary kriging as a best interpolation technique for preparing digital maps of plant available P content at two soil depths. Similarly, very close values of average standardized error and root mean square error for surface (1.67 and 1.64) and subsurface (1.49 and 1.49) soil depth indicated a strong spatial dependence of P content in the kriged maps of whole surveyed area. Table 4 Semi-variogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Sargodha Punjab

Nutrient Depth Model Nugget/Sill MEa RMSSEb ASEc RMSEd (cm) (%) NO3-N 0-30 Spherical 27.5 0.003 1.06 0.19 0.21 30-60 Spherical 27.2 0.003 1.00 0.12 0.12 P 0-30 Gaussian 36.4 0.071 0.980 1.67 1.64 30-60 Gaussian 24.9 0.019 1.00 1.49 1.49 K 0-30 Exponential 23.2 0.538 1.06 44.3 46.9 30-60 Exponential 31.9 0.521 1.03 42.4 43.9 aMean Error bRoot mean standardized errorc Average standardized error dRoot mean square error Very small mean error values were observed in case of plant available K content i.e., 0.538 and 0.521 at two depths which indicated successful fitness of the Exponential model for semi variogram. Analysis (Table 4). Similarly, root mean square standardized error values of 1.06 and 1.03 again indicated ordinary kriging as a best interpolation technique for preparing digital maps of plant available K content at two soil depths. Similarly, very close values of average standardized error and root mean square error for surface (44.3) and subsurface (46.9) soil depth (37.6 and 39.8) indicated a strong spatial dependence of K content in the kriged maps of whole surveyed area (Table 4) (Fig 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b).

6.2.3. Nutrient Composition of Sugarcane Plant Tissue Samples Collected from Sargodha Areas of Punjab

The nutrient analysis of sugarcane plant tissue samples for leaf blade and leaf sheath showed that N, P and K contents in leaf blade varied between 0.567 to 1.87 percent, 0.034 to 0.467 percent and 0.650 to 2.670 percent with the mean values of 1.309±0.042, 0.249±0.014 and 1.816±0.068 respectively whereas, in leaf sheath of sugarcane samples ranged between 0.221 to 0.611, 0.021 to 0.550 and 0.560 to 5.160 percent with the mean values of 0.429±0.013, 0.142±0.017 and 2.982±0.160 respectively. The skewness and kurtosis recorded for N, P and K in leaf blade -0.709 and 0.078, 0.390 and -0.519 and 0.227 and -0.840 respectively, while for leaf sheath -0.307 and -0.353, 1.586 and 2.168 and -0.427 and - 0.260 for the N, P and K contents, respectively. The CV value for N contents in leaf blade and leaf sheath was found 23.16 and 21.61 percent showing it moderately variable whereas, P as 42.21 and 85.19 percent revealed it as highly variable and for K contents as 26.76 percent in leafblade and 38.71 percent in leaf sheath proving it as moderately and highly variable respectively (Table 5). The Fe, Zn and B contents ranged between 5.1 to 33.23 mgkg-1, 5.40 to 43.02 and 15. 23 to 63.45 mgkg-1 with the mean values 11.62±0.93, 17.11±1.20 and 36.14±1.662 in leaf blade while in leaf sheath varied between 6.2 to 134, 5.34 to 214 and 15.23 to 53.45 mgkg-1 showing mean values 39.36±3.88, 51.86±5.39 and 31.24±1.438, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis were found 1.50 and 1.73, 0.78 and 0.35, 0.192 and -0.618 in leaf blade whereas, in leaf sheath the values of skewness and kurtosis were recorded as 1.27 and 1.69, 1.73 and 4.75, 0.485 and -0.778 for the Zn, Fe and B respectively. The CV value for Fe and Zn in both plant tissues (leaf blade and leaf sheath) were found highly variable whereas, for B in the respective plant tissues were found moderately variable. Table 5 Spatial Variability analysis for the sugarcane Plant Samples of District Sargodha Punjab CV Nutrient Soil Depth (cm) Mean Min. Max. SD Skewness Kurtosis SEM %

N Leaf Blade 1.309 0.567 1.876 0.303 23.16 -0.709 0.078 0.042

Leaf Sheath 0.429 0.221 0.611 0.092 21.61 -0.307 -0.353 0.013

P Leaf Blade 0.249 0.034 0.467 0.105 42.21 0.390 -0.519 0.014

Leaf Sheath 0.142 0.021 0.550 0.121 85.19 1.586 2.168 0.017

K Leaf Blade 1.816 0.650 2.670 0.486 26.76 0.227 -0.840 0.068

Leaf Sheath 2.928 0.560 5.160 1.133 38.71 -0.427 -0.260 0.160

Fe Leaf Blade 11.62 5.1 33.23 6.64 57.14 1.50 1.73 0.93

Leaf Sheath 39.36 6.2 134 27.49 69.83 1.27 1.69 3.88

Zn Leaf Blade 17.11 5.40 43.02 8.53 49.84 0.78 0.35 1.20

Leaf Sheath 51.860 5.34 214 38.14 73.55 1.73 4.75 5.39

B Leaf Blade 36.14 15.23 63.45 11.75 32.53 0.192 -0.618 1.662

6.3. District Charsadda and Mardan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 6.3.1. Spatial Variability of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil of District Charsadda and Mardan Results regarding physico- chemical characteristics of soil samples collected from 52 union councils (UCs) of Districts Charasdda and Mardan are presented in the Table 6 showed that the dominant textural class found was silt loam as 82% of sample were categorized in this class, along with 7.6% loam and silt both. The sand content varied between 1.2 to 45.2% with the mean value of 24.6±1.4 and the silt content ranged between 44 to 90% with the mean value of 66.7±1.54 whereas, clay contents ranged between 0.8 to 18.8% with the mean value of 8.7±0.63 (Table 6). The spatial variability analysis (Wilding, 1985) showed high variability for sand and clay with the CV 41.1 and 52.5 % respectively, whereas moderate

Map Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fig. 9- Geographical location of surveyed area (a)Pakistan(b)District Sargodha Punjab

Fig. 10a- Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface soil layer Fig. 10b- Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface soil layer of of District Sargodha Punjab DistrictSargodha Punjab

Fig. 11a- Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface Soil Fig-11b. Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub- layer of DistrictSargodha Punjab surface Soil layer of at DistrictSargodha Punjab

Fig-12a. Spatial distribution of K in surface Soil layer of Fig-12b. Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface Soil layer of DistrictSargodha Punjab DistrictSargodha Punjab variability for silt contents showing CV as 16.7%. The soil pH of the samples analyzed ranged between 7.3 to 8.3 for depth 0-30 and 7 to 8.91 for depth 30-45cm with the mean values of 8.02±0.02 and 7.95±0.02 respectively categorized as 100% moderately alkaline for 0-30cm whereas, 5.7% strongly alkaline and 94.3% moderately alkaline for depth 30-45cm.Similarly, the organic matter contents of the soil samples collected from Charsadda and Mardan varied 0.03 to 0.51 % for depth 0-30 and 0.03 to 0.62 % for depth 30-45 cm with the average 0.29±0.02 and 0.24±0.02 for both depths respectively recorded as low soil organic matter. The electrical conductivity (ECe µScm-1),ranged between 186 to 633 µScm-1 with the average 347.73±13.34 for depth 0-30cm and 173 to 601 µscm-1 exhibiting 303.23±12.35 average ECe for depth 30-45cm. The soil No3-N contents determined in soil samples ranged between 1.5 to 9.24 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 5±0.2 and 1.23 to 10.31 mg kg-1 with the average 4.5±0.25 for both depths (0-30 and 30-45 cm) respectively,categorized as deficient in N. The soil P contents varied between 0.91 to 5.52 mg kg-1 and 0.93 to 4.9 mg kg-1 with the mean values of 2.6±0.13 and 1.97±0.12 for the depths 0-30cm and 30-45cm respectively showing 9.6% sample population marginal and others deficient. The soil K contents ranged between 40 to 256 mg kg-1 for depth 0-30cm and 40 to 390 mg kg-1 for the depth 30-45cm with the mean values 97.7±5.14 and 90.2±6.7 respectively representing 96% samples under marginal and 15.3% in adequate range for 0-30cm depth whereas, 88.4% marginal and rest of samples as adequate. The micronutrients Zn and Fe ranged between 5.90 to 23.2 and 15.9 to 56.8 mgkg-1 for 0-30 cm soil depth with mean values of 12.95±0.74 and 38.60±1.45 respectively while for 30-45 cm depth the Zn and Fe ranged between 2.5 to 8.5 and 12.2 to 42.6 mgkg-1 with mean values of - 4.96±0.23 and 26.14±0.97 respectively. Similarly, bicarbonates (HCO3 ), chloride (Cl) and boron (B), ranged between 1.33 to 16.7, 0.7 to 2.33 and 0.5 to 0.83 meq L-1 with the mean values of 2.3±0.3, 1.2±0.06 and 0.62±0.01 respectively at soil depth of 0-30cm whereas, 1.33 to 3, 0.7 to 2 and 0.6 to 1.1 meq L-1 and means of 2.12±0.05, 1.2±0.05 and 0.7±0.01 respectively for depth 30-45cm. 6.3.2. Geostatistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of District Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The maps generated for Charsadda KPK by kriging as best fit method the interpolation models _ used were spherical for NO3 N and exponential for K at both depths whereas, spherical and J-Bessel for P at the depths 0-30 and 30-45 cm respectively (Table 7). The nugget to sill ratio was 29.92 and 21.53 percent for N, 35.38 and 24.76 percent for P and 552 and 28.125 percent for K with mean errors -0.023 and 0.022, -0.063 and -0.058, 0.058 and -0.051 for the three respective nutrients at two depths respectively showing it best fit method for the respective nutrients. The maps generated by kriging method interpolated that the plant available P (Fig 11a) in surface soil ranged from 1.18 to 2.85 mgkg-1 in Southeastern region UCs of Khanmahi, Dargai, Mohammad Nari, Razzar II, Dusara, Turangzai, Sarki, Razzar I and Sarki Tiltara, north eastern region in UCs of Bahlola, Mandni, Dakki, Chindro Dag, Maira Umarzai and Harichand, and in the north western region in union councils of Gandira, Hisara Nehri and Umarzai. The P content ranged from 2.85 to 3.25 mgkg-1 in northern region of the distrct of Kozbehram Dehri and Showdog, the northwestern region Abazai, Sherpao and Mirza Dher and in the southwestern region of UCs Umarzai, Hisara Yasinzai and Hassan Zai areas (Fig 9a, 9b). The northwestern region in UC Matta Mughal Khel, it ranged between 3.25 to 4.35 mgkg-1. In the subsurface soil it ranged between 0.94 to 1.56 mg kg-1 in the southeastern region, in the UCs of Dousara Razzar II and Razzar I. In most of the areas in northeastern, northwestern and southeastern regions in the UCs Showdog, Hrichand, Mandani,Dakki, Behlola, Chindrodag, Maira Umarzai, Koz Behram Dehri, Gandira, Hisara Nehir Ziam, Khan Mahi, Mohammad Nari, Dargai, Turangzai, Shekhu, Nissata, Dusara, Maira Parang and Dheri Zarbad Khan the plant avaialble P in soil ranged between 1.56 to 2.85 mgkg-1. Almost whole of the southwestern region in UCs of Umarzai, Tarnab, Hisara and a small strip in northwestern region in UCs Sherpao, Mirza Dher and Abazai; the available P was found to be deficient and varied between 2.85 to 4.62 mgkg-1.The maps interpolated revealed extreme deficiency of P in these regions in surface and

subsurface soil. In the surface soil the NO3-N was deficient in surface and subsurface soils of surveyed area of the district charsadda. It ranged between 3.17 to 4.55 mgkg-1 in small patches of northern, southeastern, north western and south western regions in the UCs of Koz Behram Dehri, Dheri Zarda Khan, Abazai and Hassanzai. Table 6 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District Charsada and Mardan Soil Soil Depth Mean Min. Max. SD CV Skewness Kurtosis SEM Property (cm) %

Sand 0-30 24.6 1.2 45.2 10.12 41.1 -0.15 -0.05 1.4

Silt 0-30 66.7 44 90 11.12 16.7 -0.02 -0.18 1.54

Clay 0-30 8.7 0.8 18.8 4.6 52.5 0.26 -0.9 0.63

CaCO3 0-30 3.28 0.7 5.7 1 29 0.32 0.9 0.13

30-45 3.45 1.7 26.7 3.4 98 6.42 41.7 0.47 pH 0-30 8.02 7.8 8.3 0.13 1.7 0.4 -0.33 0.02

30-45 7.95 7 8.91 10.04 108 7 46.9 0.02

OM 0-30 0.29 0.03 0.51 0.2 58.1 -0.25 -1.5 0.02

30-45 0.24 0.03 0.62 0.15 62.7 0.4 -0.8 0.02

EC 0-30 347.73 186 633 96.2 27.7 1.17 1.4 13.34

30-45 303.23 173 601 89.05 29.4 1.31 2.11 12.35

N 0-30 5.0 1.5 9.24 1.34 26.8 0.44 1.1 0.2

30-45 4.5 1.23 10.31 1.83 41 1.04 1.7 0.25

P 0-30 2.6 0.91 5.52 1 38.4 0.84 0.6 0.13

30-45 1.97 0.93 4.9 0.84 42.8 1.51 2.41 0.12

K 0-30 97.7 40 256 37.1 38 2.22 6.7 5.14

30-45 90.2 40 390 48.26 53.5 4.8 27.01 6.7

HCO3 0-30 2.30 1.33 16.7 2.06 89.5 6.71 44.4 0.3

30-45 2.12 1.33 3 0.35 16.5 -0.2 -0.12 0.05

Cl 0-30 1.2 0.7 2.33 0.41 35.1 0.8 0.12 0.06

30-45 1.2 0.7 2 0.4 30.4 0.5 -0.4 0.05 Zn 0-30 12.95 5.90 23.2 5.24 40.48 0.54 -1.15 0.74

30-45 4.96 2.5 8.5 1.64 33.2 0.50 -0.59 0.23

Fe 0-30 38.60 15.9 56.8 10.29 26.66 0.25 -0.61 1.45

30-45 26.14 12.2 42.6 6.91 26.43 0.20 -0.17 0.97

B 0-30 0.62 0.5 0.83 0.08 12.2 1.14 0.93 0.01

30-45 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.1 14.7 1.25 2.31 0.01

In most of the area in the northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern regions the plant available N (Fig 10a, 10b) varied between 4.55 to 4.85 mgkg-1 while, most of the southeastern region -1 ranged between 4.85 to 6.91 mgkg showing N deficient. In the subsurface soil the NO3-N ranged between 1.34 to 3.78 mgkg-1 in the in the northeastern region in UCs of Harichand, Koz Behram Behri and Showdag, southeastern region in the UCs of Behlola and Sarki Titara, and in south central region in UCs of Matta Mughal Khel, Batgram and Hassan Zai. The rest of the surveyed area in the subsrface soil -1 NO3-N ranged between 3.78 to 4.39 mgkg except central region for UC of Chindro Dag, southeastern region for UCs of Dheri Zardad Khan, Dousara, Nassatta, Sheikhu, Maira Parang and Ghunda Karkana where it ranged from 4.39-6.35 mgkg-1. Plant available nitrogen in surface and subsurface soil was extremly deficient in the whole interpolated area. Potassium content (Fig 12a) in surface soil varied between 54 to 106 mgkg-1 in the northern, north western and western regions in the UCs of Koz Behram Bheri, Shodag, Gandira, Harichand, Mandnai, Dakki, Chindrodag, Maira,Umarzai, Behlola, Mohammad Nari, Khan Mahi, Turangzai, Razzar II, Razzar I, Dusara, Katuzai, Matta Mughal Khel, Hassan Zai and Batgram. In the UCs Deri Zardada Khan, Nissatta of the southeastern region, Hisarayasirzai, Tarnab in south western region, and a strip in north western region in UCs Mirza Dher, Abazai and Sherpao, the K contents varied between 106 to 125 mgkg-1 and were falling under marginal range of plant available form in the soil. The K contents in surface soil were adequate for plant growth in Dheri Zarda Khan on outer boundry towards next district (125 to 390 mgkg-1) in the east western region (Fig 12a). Table 7 Parameters related to Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Charsadda KPK Nutrient Depth Model Nugget/Sill MEa RMSSEb ASEc RMSEd (cm) (%) NO3-N 0-30 Spherical 29.92 -0.023 1.058 1.13 1.199 30-60 Spherical 21.53 0.022 1.208 1.14 1.20 P 0-30 Spherical 35.38 -0.063 0.972 0.928 0.901 30-60 J-Bessel 24.76 -.0.058 0.977 0.889 0.915 K 0-30 Exponential 5.52 0.058 1.390 41.18 53.798 30-60 Exponential 28.125 -0.051 0.992 78.318 77.51 aMean ErrorbRoot mean standardized error c Average standardized error dRoot mean square error In the subsurface soil K contents were lower than that of surface soil ranging between 69 to 88 mgkg-1 in the northeastern region (Harichan, Showdaf, Koz Behram Dheri), the southeastern region (Ghunda Karkana, Razar-I, Tournagzai), south western region (Batgram, Hassan Zai, Tarnab) and north western region (Matta Mughal Khail, Kutuzai, Mirza Dher, Sherpao) were caracterized as deficient available K contents (Fig 12b). It ranged between 88-215 mgkg-1 in most of the UCs of Dargai, Dousara, Khan Mahi, Razzar-II, Dheri Zardad Khan (southeastern region), Maira Umar Zai, Chindrodag (northeastern region) and Gandira, Hisara Nehri (northwestern region) undermarginal to adequate range. The suficient K contents were found (215-256 mgkg-1) in a part of Maira Umarzai and Sarki Titara in the central easternregion of the surveyed district. Interpolated maps overall indicated a decreasing trend in the plant available K content from the surface to the subsurface soils. In case of subsurface soil samples most of the southwestern region and a small area in the southern region ranged between 40 to 78.99 mgkg-1 including UCs of Babiani, Hathian, Parkhodari, Makori, Pirsaddo, Saroshah, Ghala Dair and Touru. The reamaining area ranged between 78.99 to 168 mg kg-1 showing as marginal to adquate range of available K in soils. Interpolated maps indicated N and P in defficient range wheras, K in the marginal range in entire sugarcane croped area of Mardan District.

Map Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fig. 9- Geographical location of surveyed area (a) Diustrict Mardan (b) District Charsadda

Fig. 10a- Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface soil layer of Fig. 10b- Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface soil layer Charsadda District, KPK of Charsadda District, KPK

Fig. 11a- Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface Soil Fig-11b. Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub- layer of Charsadda District, KPK surface Soil layer of at Charsadda District, KPK

Fig-12a. Spatial distribution of K in surface Soil layer of Fig-12b. Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface Soil layer of Charsadda District, KPK Charsadda District, KPK

6.3.3. Geo-statistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of District Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa According to best fit method for GIS mapping of District Mardan Gaussian, J-Bessel and K-Bessel models were used for the interpolation of plant available NO3-N, P and in soil (Fig13a, 13b). The nugget to sill ratio percentage was found 31.82 and 3.22 percent for N, 47.73 and 13.01 percent for P, 17.42 and 26.03 percent for K at respective depths (Table 8). Surveyed area of Mardan showed that plant -1 available N (NO3) contents ranged 1.23 to 9.24 mgkg in in deficient range in both surface and subsurface soil (Fig 14a, 14b). In case of plant available P in surface area soil (0-30 cm) it ranged between 0.92 to 2.25 mg kg-1 in deficient range in the northeastern and southeasternBakhshali, Mohabatabad, Balagari, Shahbaz Gari, Shamatpur, Gumat, Kandar and Gari Ismaeil Zai (Fig 15a). Most of the northwestern and southwestern region ranged between 2.25 to 5.53 mgkg-1. The subsurface area (30- 45 cm) soil showed that plant available P was extremely deficient in Northwestern and eastern regions of the Mardan District ranging between 1.08 to 1.61 mgkg-1 in the UCs Pirsaddo, Jalal, Bazar, Rustam, Charguli, Katakhat, Mohabatabad, Guryala, Bakhshali and Shahabz Gari (15b). The rest of the area ranged between 1.61 to 4.88 mgkg-1 slightly marginal range. The soil k contents varied between 40-95 mg kg-1 in the eastern and western regions UCs (Bazar, Machal, Pirsaddo, Mandaybaba,) and in northwestern region UCs; (Kasmi, Kharki, Mian Issa) while most of the remaining area ranged between 95 to 222 mgkg-1 for the surface soil samples (Fig 16a). In case of subsurface soil samples most of the southwestern region and a small area in the southern region ranged between 40 to 78.99 mg kg-1 including UCs Babiani, Hathian, Parkhodari, Makori, Pirsaddo, Saroshah, Ghala Dair and Touru. Potash in the rest of the area ranged between 78.99 to 168 mgkg-1 showing K as marginal to adequate range (Fig 16b). Interpolated maps indicated N and P in defficient range whereas, K in the marginal range in the entire crop area of Mardan District. Table 8 Parameters related to Semivariogram models and interpolation of plantavailable nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Mardan KPK Nutrient Depth (cm) Model Nugget/Sill (%) MEa RMSSEb ASEc RMSEd

NO3-N 0-30 Gaussian 31.82 0.031 0.985 25.627 1.476 30-60 Gaussian 3.22 -0.007 1.023 2.145 2.199 P 0-30 J-Bessel 47.73 0.017 0.877 1.203 1.037 30-60 J-Bessel 13.01 0.023 0.847 0.927 0.769 K 0-30 K-Bessel 17.42 0.024 1.046 33.51 35.09 30-60 K-Bessel 26.03 0.595 0.998 25.627 25.295

a Mean Error bRoot mean standardized error c Average standardized error dRoot mean square error 6.4. District Shaheed Benazir Abad, (Sindh, Province) 6.4.1. Spatial variability of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil of District Shaheed Benazir Abad Results presented (Table 9) regarding spatial variability analysis of soil physico- chemical characteristics for the soil samples collected from 39 union councils (UCs) of Districts Shaheed Benazir Abad District Sindh. Results depicted that in the total samples collected dominant soil class was recorded silt loam with 30.77 % sample followed by silty clay loam and loam as 23 % each whereas, clay loam samples were recorded as 20.5 % and 2.5 % as silty clayey. The mean value for sand was found 24.4±1.82 which varied between 2.4 to 46.41 % with high variability (CV=47.33%) according to spatial variability analysis (Wilding, 1985)

Map Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fig. 9- Geographical location of surveyed area District Mardan

Fig. 10a- Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface soil layer Fig. 10b- Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface soil layer of of Mardan District, KPK Mardan District, KPK

Fig. 11a- Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface Fig-11b. Spatial distribution of plant available P in sub- Soil layer of Mardan District, KPK surface Soil layer of at Mardan District, KPK

Fig-12a. Spatial distribution of K in surface Soil layer of Fig-12b. Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface Soil layer of Mardan District, KPK Mardan District, KPK

showed. Similarly, silt contents were recorded 48.41±1.55 mean and ranging between 28 to 80 % but moderately variable (CV=20%). The clay contents varied between 5.6 to 43.6 % with the mean value of 27.55±1.37 and moderately variable (CV=31.05%).

Lime contents of soil (CaCO3) ranged between 4.9 to 10.1 % and 5.7 to 9.8 % with the mean values of 8.01±0.19 and 7.61±0.19 for the depths 0-30cm and 30-45cm respectively and found moderately variable (CV=15.4%). Similarly, the soil pH of samples collected from 39 UCs for both the depths i.e., 0-30 and 30-45 cm ranged between 7.64 to 8.6 and 7.45 to 8.6 with the mean values of 8.23±0.03 and 8.20±0.04 and was least variable with CV=2.28% and 2.94 % respectively. Data showed that 7.6 % samples found as strongly alkaline and rest of the samples moderately alkaline for depth 0-30 whereas, 10.3 % for depth 30-45 cm strongly alkaline and rest of the samples as moderately alkaline. The organic matter contents for both depths ranged between 0.14 to 0.7 and 0.04 to 0.6 % with the average of 0.43±0.02 and 0.023±0.02. According to spatial variability analysis organic matter for depth 0-30 was moderately variable (CV=27.81%) whereas, for 30-45 it was highly variable (CV=63.71%). Also, the electrical conductivity (ECe dSm-1) ranged between 0.3 to 1.83 dSm-1 with the mean value of 0.62±0.06 for the depth 0-30 cm while for depth 30-45 cm 0.2 to 2.18 dSm-1 with the mean value of 0.6±0.06 showing high variability i.e., CV= 62.41% and 66.83% for both depths respectively. The Nitrate-Ncontents of soil ranged between 1.34 to 4.36 mg kg-1 with the mean value of 2.16±0.09 and 1 to 2.45 mg kg-1 with the average 1.6±0.05 for the depths 0-30 and 30-45cm respectively and moderately variable categorized as low N soils.Similarly, soil available P contents varied between 1.6 to 15 mg kg-1 and 1.34 to 6.43 mg kg-1 with the mean values of 4.14±0.41 and 2.36±0.15 resulted 33% marginal, 10.3% adequate and 5.1% marginal and rest of soil samples low for 0-30 and 30-45cmdepths, respectively. In case of K contents in soil ranged between 82 to 190 mg kg-1 for depth 0-30cm and 132 to 232 mg kg-1 for the depth 30-45cm with the mean values 197.74±8.1 and 248.51±8.08 respectively representing all samples under adequate range. The micronutrients Zn and Fe ranged between 0.02 to 1.890 and 0.01 to 0.164 mgkg-1 for 0-30 cm depth with mean values of 0.433±0.08 and 0.078±0.004 whereas, for 30-45 cm depth Zn and Fe ranged between 0.04 to 3.780 and 0.01 to 0.128 mgkg-1 with mean values of 0.866±0.16 and 0.058±0.004 showing high variability in Zn (CV= 130.5%) for both depths and in Fe for both depths it ranged highly variable (CV= 43.5 and 53.9%). The boron (B) in soil ranged between 0.4 to 1.4 mg kg-1 and 0.35 to 5.4 mg kg-1 with mean value of 0.64±0.03 and moderately variable (CV=30.6%) for the depth 0- 30 whereas, it varied between 0.35 to 5.4 mg kg-1 and mean value of 0.83 mg kg-1 however, it was found highly variable (CV=92.5%) for the depth 30-45cm. Also, the soli chloride (Cl) meqliter-1 ranged between 0.7 to 9.7 and 0.7 to 8.33 meqliter-1 with the mean values of 2.3±0.33 and 2.24±0.3 and highly variable -1 as CV 90 and 82 % for the depths 0-30 and 30-45cm respectively. In case of HCO3, meqL of soil samples revealed that it varied between 0.67 to 3.0 meqL-1 averaged as 1.86±0.09 and 1.75±0.09 and moderately variable showing CV=32.25 and 32.56% respectively for the respective depths. The soil Ca+Mg ranged between 2.3 to 54.6 and 3 to 46.67meqL-1 and mean values as 7.23±1.31 and 8.08±1.5 for bothdepths, respectively. However, the Ca+Mg of the soil samples was found highly variable i.e., CV=113 and 117 % for both the depths, respectively.

Table 9 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples surveyed from District Shaheed Benazir Abad Sindh Soil Soil Depth Mean Min. Max. SD CV% Skewness Kurtosis SEM Property (cm) Sand 0-30 24.04 2.4 46.41 11.37 47.33 0.07 0.66 1.82 Silt 0-30 48.41 28 80 9.7 20.04 0.77 1.69 1.55 Clay 0-30 27.55 5.6 43.6 8.55 31.05 0.11 0.29 1.37

CaCO3 0-30 8.01 4.9 10.1 1.24 15.43 -0.32 0.32 0.19 30-45 7.61 5.7 9.8 1.18 15.47 0.18 0.85 0.19 pH 0-30 8.23 7.64 8.60 0.18 2.28 -0.5 1.09 0.03 30-45 8.20 7.45 8.6 0.24 2.94 -1.17 2 0.04 OM 0-30 0.43 0.14 0.7 0.11 27.81 -0.43 0.15 0.02 30-45 0.23 0.04 0.6 0.15 63.71 0.6 -0.38 0.02 EC 0-30 0.62 0.3 1.83 0.38 62.41 1.8 2.62 0.06 30-45 0.60 0.2 2.18 0.40 66.83 2.11 4.93 0.06 N 0-30 2.16 1.34 4.36 0.6 26.9 1.65 3.73 0.09 30-45 1.6 1 2.45 0.31 20.05 1 0.94 0.05 P 0-30 4.14 1.6 15 2.54 61.5 2.35 6.8 0.41 30-45 2.36 1.34 6.43 1 40.38 2.9 8.7 0.15 K 0-30 197.74 82 290 50.6 25.6 -0.3 -0.27 8.1 30-45 248.51 132 332 50.44 20.3 -0.2 -0.8 8.08 Zn 0-30 0.433 0.02 1.890 0.56 130.5 1.047 -0.4872 0.08 30-45 0.866 0.04 3.780 1.13 130.5 1.0474 -0.4872 0.16 Fe 0-30 0.078 0.01 0.164 0.03 43.4 0.2676 -0.3852 0.004 30-45 0.058 0.01 0.128 0.03 53.9 0.3043 -0.9526 0.004 B 0-30 0.64 0.4 1.4 0.2 30.6 1.63 3.83 0.03 30-45 0.83 0.35 5.4 0.8 92.51 5.4 29.33 0.12 Cl 0-30 2.3 0.7 9.7 2.06 90 2.52 5.7 0.33 30-45 2.24 0.7 8.33 1.84 81.9 1.65 2.22 0.3

HCO3 0-30 1.86 0.67 3.0 0.6 32.25 -0.02 0.68 0.09 30-45 1.75 0.67 3.0 0.57 32.56 0.016 0.32 0.09 Ca+Mg 0-30 7.23 2.3 54.6 8.2 113.3 5.14 27.26 1.31 30-45 8.08 3.0 46.67 9.38 117.3 3.09 8.76 1.50

6.4.2. Geo-statistical Analysis and GIS-Mapping of Nutrients Status of District Shaheed Benazir Abad The maps generated following the kriging method (selected due to its flexibility and higher precision for interpolation) Shaheed Benazir Abad soil surveyed samples according to tetra spherical model for N at two depths (Table 10), Pentaspherical for P at depth 0-30 cm, circular at 30-45 cm depth, for K spherical at 0-30 cm and exponential at 30-45 cm showed nugget to sill value 31.76 and 22.24 percent for NO3-N, 18.19 and 2.05 percent for P and 26.70 and 20.50 percent for K at depths 0-30 and 30-45 cm respectively. The mean error and root mean square error recorded were 0.049 and 1.036, 22.24 and 0.017 for N, whereas P showed 0.008 and 0.935, -0.007 and 1.125 and K as -0.018 and 0.973, - 0.023 and 1.065 at two depths (0-30 and 30-45cm) respectively depicting it best fit method. The plant available P in surface soil (Fig. 19a)varied between 1.55 to 3.05 mgkg-1 in the north eastern region for UC, Joro khan Shar and southern region including UCs Khadar, Sakrand II, Karam Jamali, Hamal Faqir, Marvi, Mehrabpur and Kambleema while it veried between 3.05 to 7.08 mgkg-1 in most of the surveyed area classified in marginal range of availability to sugarcane except north western central line in the UC Jamal Shah (7.08 to 14.98 mgkg-1)which was in adequate range. In subsurface soil available P (Fig. 19b) ranged between 1.34 to 1.95 mgkg-1in thenortheastern region of Jhoro khan Shar UC, southeasternregion in UCs Jam Sahib, Rais Muhammad IK Brohi and Ghandtar, southwestern region Bhura and Mirza Bagh areas. It ranged between 1.95 to 3.53 mgkg-1 in the rest of UCs of the district except central region (Bucheri) and southwestern region (Marvi) which ranged between 3.53 to 6.44 -1 -1 mgkg . The NO3-N contents in surface soil ranged between 1.0 to 2.44 mgkg and in subsurface soil it varied between 1.34 to 4.36 mgkg-1 found to extremelydeficient in the soil all over the surveyed district (Fig 18a, 18b). In case of K contents, it was found recorded in marginal range in UC Sawari in the north southern region and the rest of the area was found sufficient in soil K contents as ranging between 150 to 290 mg kg-1 in the surface soil (Fig. 20a). In the subsurface soil almost northeastern region (UCs; Jhorokhan Shar, Amarjee, Obari Sawari, Suhello), southeastern region (Jam Sahib) and north southern region (Bandhi) soil K contents ranged between 132 to 235 mg kg-1 (Fig. 20b). The rest of the UCs showed 235 to 332 mg kg-1 soil K contents showing sufficient K for sugarcane crop cultivation. Table 10 Semivariogram models and interpolation of plant available nutrients in surface and subsurface soil at District Shaheed Benazirabad

Nutrient Depth (cm) Model Nugget/Sill (%) MEa RMSSEb ASEc RMSEd

NO3-N 0-30 Tetra spherical 31.76 0.049 1.036 0.618 0.641 30-60 Tetra spherical 22.24 0.017 0.971 0.322 0.318 P 0-30 Penta spherical 18.19 0.008 0.935 2.741 2.515 30-60 Circular 2.05 -.0.007 1.125 0.883 1.035 K 0-30 Spherical 26.70 -0.018 0.973 52.011 50.06 30-60 Exponential 20.50 -0.023 1.065 54.019 58.40

aMean Error bRoot mean standardized error c Average standardized error dRoot mean square error

Map Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fig. 9- Geographical location of surveyed area Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh

Fig. 10a- Spatial distribution of Nitrate-N in surface soil layer Fig. 10b- Spatial distribution of N in sub-surface soil layer of of DistrictShaheed Benazir Abad,Sindh District Shaheed Benazir Abad,Sindh

Fig. 11a- Spatial distribution of plant available P in surface Fig-11b. Spatial distribution of plant available P in Soil layer of District Shaheed Benazir Abad subsurface Soil layer of at District Shaheed Benazir Abad

Fig-12a. Spatial distribution of K in surface Soil layer Fig-12b. Spatial distribution of K in sub-surface Soil layer

7. Chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Water Samples of Surveyed Areas of Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The water samples collected from different union councils of the surveyed districts i.e. Rahimyar Khan; Appendix-I, Sargodha;Appendix-II (Punjab), Charsadda and Mardan;Appendix-III (KPK), Shaheed Benazir Abad; appendix-IV (Sindh) were analyzed for their chemical characteristics and nutrients status. -1 -1 -1 The parameters determined were pH, electrical conductivity (µScm ), NO3-N (mgkg ), P (mgkg ), K (mgkg-1), Na (mgkg-1), Ca+Mg (meqliter-1), bi-carbonates (meqliter-1) and chloride (meqliter-1). Results revealed that pH ranged between 6.09 to 7.54, 7.11 to 7.71, 6.2 to 7.56 and 7.11 to 7.71 with the average values of 6.95, 7.37, 6.88 and 7.44 for the districts i.e. Rahimyar Khan, Sargodha, Charsadda and Mardan and Shaheed Benazir Abad. Similarly, EC varied between 218 to 5340, 225 to 3321, 76 to 1083 and 277 to 1375 µScm-1 with average values of 1161.50, 804.34, 239.52 and 650.68 µScm-1 for the respective four districts. The N, P and K concentrations in Rahimyar Khan, ranged between 0.39 to 0.94 with the average of 0.54, 0.58 to 2.79 and average of 0.92, 13 to 46 with the average 25.25 mgkg-1 respectively. The chemical characteristics showed that Na, Ca+Mg, Bicarbonates and Chlorides were found ranging between 27 to 398 with the average 176.26 mgkg-1, 2.33 to 27.67 with the average 6.37 meqliter-1, 1.0 to 6.67 and average of 3.11 meqLiter-1,1.0 to 12.0 and average of 3.04 meqLiter- 1,respectively. The water samples of district Sargodha showed that the N, P and K concentrations ranged between 0.45 to 5.42, 0.66 to 1.22 and 4 to 35 with the average values i.e., 2.67, 0.95 and 10.3 mgkg-1 - whereas, HCO3 , Cl, Ca+Mg ranged between 1 to 8.67, 0.67 to 8.33 and 2.67 to 26.67 with the average of 4.89, 2.65 and 5.39 meqliter-1 respectively. Districts Mardan and Charasadda the N, P and K contents ranged between 0.33 to 3.39, 0.37 to 1.26 and 29 to 87 with the averages of 1.36, 0.70 and 56.85 mgkg-1 - respectively. The Ca+Mg, HCO3 and Cl varied between 1.33 to 5, 0.67 to 7.33 and 0.67 to 16.67 with the average values i.e., 2.95, 2.15 and 1.97 meqliter-1 respectively. In case Shaheed Benazir Abad districts of Sindh N, P and K ranged between 1.22 to 8.468, 0.139 to 1.097 and 13 to 28 with the mean values of -1 - 3.50, 0.650 and 16.5 mgkg respectively whereas, Ca+Mg, HCO3 and Cl ranged between 1.67 to 7.33, 1 to 4.67 and 1 to 3.67 with the average values of 3.80, 2.53 and 1.76 meqliter-1 respectively. Appendix-I: Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples collectedfromDistrict Rahimyar Khan Punjab.

S.No. Union council pH EC 1: 1 N P K Na Ca+Mg HCO3 Cl µScm-1 (mg kg-1) m eq. Liter-1 1 Jangi 7.37 623 0.45 0.78 16.00 64.00 4.00 1.67 1.00 2 Bagwailla 7.30 659 0.71 0.89 19.00 67.00 3.67 2.00 1.67 3 Sonar 7.30 1163 0.71 0.89 19.00 67.00 3.67 2.00 1.67 4 Bhagwailla 6.95 525 0.67 1.08 19.00 170.00 4.33 3.33 2.67 5 Jallapur 7.24 680 0.51 1.03 19.00 123.00 3.00 3.67 1.33 6 Jallapur 6.97 680 0.44 0.91 13.00 120.00 4.33 4.33 1.33 7 Butey Wahan 6.96 580 0.83 0.69 16.00 135.00 4.00 4.00 1.67 8 Shahbazpur 7.12 831 0.43 0.76 22.00 138.00 3.67 4.33 2.00 9 Muhammadpur 6.97 1312 0.44 0.74 28.00 228.00 7.00 3.00 4.67 10 Kamil Lar 6.89 1230 0.44 0.74 24.00 176.00 6.67 1.33 2.67 11 Ferozpur 6.89 1230 0.55 0.77 24.00 176.00 6.67 1.33 2.67 12 Feroza 7.08 2640 0.45 0.80 26.00 355.00 15.33 2.67 8.33 13 Mudha 6.86 2650 0.48 0.86 31.00 349.00 16.00 2.67 12.00 14 Muhammad Daha 7.10 2500 0.77 0.72 38.00 365.00 17.00 2.00 7.33 15 Matilla 6.91 5340 0.75 0.78 41.00 386.00 27.67 2.00 6.33 16 Ghooka 7.01 2020 0.72 1.17 33.00 241.00 14.33 1.67 4.67 17 Chak-26 7.12 708 0.39 0.83 32.00 134.00 3.00 1.00 1.67 18 Dinpur Sharif 7.02 996 0.63 0.90 21.00 86.00 6.00 2.67 2.67 19 Kotla Pathan 7.14 753 0.41 0.79 19.00 65.00 4.00 2.33 2.33 20 Malikpur 7.54 352 0.41 0.79 23.00 83.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 21 Kotla Madhu 7.54 352 0.42 0.79 23.00 83.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 22 Jajja Abbasian 6.67 691 0.42 0.79 20.00 72.50 4.33 3.33 2.67 23 Khaikhairshah 6.67 691 0.44 1.12 20.00 72.00 4.33 3.33 2.67 24 Zahir Peer 6.81 603 0.71 0.72 22.00 97.00 3.00 2.33 1.67 25 Chandia 6.44 609 0.60 0.75 22.00 118.00 2.67 4.00 1.33 26 Ghouspur 6.81 717 0.42 0.84 25.00 217.00 2.33 4.67 1.67 27 Fatehpur Kamal 7.06 766 0.69 2.79 24.00 74.00 3.33 4.33 2.00 28 Mianwali 7.02 536 0.94 0.86 20.00 58.00 4.33 1.67 1.67 29 Kotla Murad 6.09 368 0.43 0.72 22.00 93.00 3.00 2.33 2.00 30 Lanjiwar 6.99 353 0.44 0.72 23.00 95.00 3.67 3.33 1.33 31 Smoka 6.83 620 0.44 0.75 18.00 27.00 3.33 2.67 3.00 32 Smoka Chandia 6.67 218 0.40 1.84 24.00 198.00 2.67 2.00 1.00 33 Fatehpur Kamal 7.11 903 0.46 0.72 28.00 177.00 3.00 3.00 1.67 34 Ghazibrar 6.88 1272 0.46 0.72 46.00 398.00 7.67 4.33 4.33 35 Jathabotha 6.88 1272 0.46 0.58 46.00 398.00 7.67 4.33 4.33 36 Monithal 6.93 2040 0.41 0.69 24.00 398.00 7.67 4.33 4.33 37 Bhadarpur 6.81 669 0.42 0.77 23.00 142.00 6.00 6.00 1.33 38 Shahkot 6.97 787 0.41 0.91 25.00 170.00 4.67 6.67 2.00 39 Ranjay Khan 6.82 770 0.46 0.75 28.00 115.00 2.67 5.00 2.33 40 Roshan Baith 6.79 1115 0.51 0.76 25.00 183.00 4.33 1.67 4.00 41 Kot Kamu Shah 6.79 795 0.81 0.66 30.00 301.00 4.67 2.67 1.67 42 Kot Jaib Shah 7.02 1929 0.39 0.86 31.00 316.00 4.67 3.00 1.00 Appendix-II: Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples collected fromDistrict Sargodha, Punjab.

S. No. Union council pH EC 1:1 N P K HCO3 Cl Ca+Mg µScm-1 (mg kg-1) m eq. Liter-1 1 Sikandarpur 7.61 423 4.68 0.98 13 5.00 8.33 6.67 2 Jamiatpur 7.4 277 3.84 0.97 10 4.67 4.33 4.00 3 Kot Choghatta 7.56 633 4.97 1.10 7 5.33 3.00 3.67 4 Azmatwala 7.45 255 0.87 1.06 9 8.00 2.33 3.33 5 Bgan Adda 7.11 265 4.39 1.08 10 4.67 3.33 4.33 6 Hindwal 7.32 462 2.85 1.04 7 8.33 2.00 6.00 7 Ghaniwala 7.45 355 4.20 1.05 10 4.67 2.33 2.67 8 Kot Mussa Khan 7.2 364 3.15 0.97 8 7.33 2.33 3.33 9 Majoka 7.2 735 2.69 0.99 10 5.33 2.00 2.67 10 Jahanian Shah 7.21 2252 5.10 1.00 10 5.00 2.33 4.33 11 Norway Wala 7.11 554 0.60 1.09 9 8.67 3.00 4.00 12 Dhareema 7.56 635 2.30 1.06 8 2.00 1.33 3.33 13 Malikwala, 7.45 2262 3.44 1.03 9 2.33 2.00 8.00 14 Aaqal Shah, 7.44 1156 0.95 1.22 10 1.67 1.33 4.33 15 Aaqal Shah 7.23 355 3.73 0.99 10 5.00 3.00 8.67 16 Ameenabad, 7.11 646 4.65 0.97 8 5.67 1.33 7.00 17 Jori Pindi, 7.26 853 0.47 1.08 7 3.67 1.00 4.00 18 Sahbwal Chakrhi 7.14 962 1.28 0.96 8 2.33 1.00 26.67 19 Dhullarh 7.2 553 0.52 1.07 24 5.00 2.33 7.67 20 Bhakar Bar 7.34 3321 2.60 0.91 6 3.67 3.00 8.00 21 Shahpur Rural 7.6 244 2.34 0.97 8 4.33 3.00 6.67 22 Kot Pehlwan 7.55 635 3.72 0.99 8 4.67 3.67 5.00 23 Kot Bai Khan 7.6 722 4.42 1.05 11 4.00 1.00 6.67 24 Mrhmadtull Kalra 7.44 1142 3.82 1.22 9 6.00 3.33 6.00 25 Kalra 7.3 355 3.40 1.14 10 3.33 2.67 3.67 26 Chak-21 Salala 7.32 935 0.47 1.09 10 4.00 2.33 4.67 27 NB-23 Chak 7.33 936 2.37 1.20 11 1.67 1.67 6.33 28 Machiana 7.55 225 3.49 1.10 6 2.67 0.67 4.33 29 Salam-4-NB 7.7 536 3.05 0.87 7 4.33 2.33 5.33 30 13-NB 7.71 1763 0.87 0.84 11 7.33 4.67 8.33 31 Chak-2 7.32 225 3.17 0.86 9 7.67 3.33 3.00 32 Gakhiani 7.6 935 0.45 0.91 9 7.00 2.33 4.33 33 Chak Misran 7.7 1151 2.14 0.91 6 1.00 3.00 5.33 34 Jawa 7.71 344 0.51 0.96 8 2.33 1.33 4.33 35 Noonpur Noon 7.21 773 1.74 0.73 6 1.67 1.00 3.67 36 Chak Mubarak 7.34 908 0.57 0.85 7 1.00 2.33 5.33 37 UC-Dhal 7.11 344 5.10 0.72 4 7.00 1.67 7.33 38 Turti Pur 7.65 2273 3.95 0.75 7 5.00 5.00 4.33 39 Pindi Kot Alipur 7.21 365 3.37 0.77 13 2.67 4.67 7.33 40 33-NB 7.32 784 1.82 0.91 8 4.33 2.00 4.67 41 31-NB 7.11 266 1.84 1.06 7 4.00 1.67 4.33 42 Tanguwali 7.54 996 3.91 0.98 17 5.33 2.67 3.67 43 12-Chak Southern 7.34 365 1.37 0.76 9 6.67 2.00 3.00 44 Kot Momin Town 7.22 375 5.42 0.75 12 5.67 4.33 3.33 45 Derra Hadwana 7.7 1087 2.99 0.72 30 7.33 5.00 4.67 46 Chak 21-SB 7.3 1165 3.27 0.72 16 8.67 1.67 4.00 47 Mateela 7.11 376 3.42 0.72 35 6.00 2.33 3.33 48 UC-Choki 7.2 946 0.91 0.73 16 6.33 4.00 3.67 49 N-25 chak 7.55 553 1.44 0.72 5 5.67 2.33 4.33 50 Dinpur 7.3 1175 0.94 0.66 7 8.33 3.00 5.67

Appendix-III: Chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of water samples collected fromDistrict Charsadda and Mardan KPK.

S. No. Union council pH EC 1: 1 N P K Ca+Mg HCO3 Cl µScm-1 mgkg-1 m eq. Liter-1 1 Khazana Dheri 6.20 141 0.49 0.75 87 4.33 2.00 1.00 2 Chamtar 6.31 204 0.60 0.93 60 3.00 2.67 0.67 3 Naray 6.46 115 1.79 0.75 68 2.33 1.00 1.00 4 Madhay Baba 6.36 82 0.75 0.63 41 2.33 1.00 3.33 5 Tourdhair 6.34 77 0.52 0.69 72 2.33 1.67 1.00 6 Pir Saddi 6.26 92 0.77 0.67 52 1.67 1.00 1.33 7 Bandha Pir Saddi 6.31 81 0.61 0.67 43 2.00 1.00 0.67 8 Parkho Dhairi 6.21 110 2.03 0.65 32 1.67 1.33 1.33 9 Takht Bai 6.57 196 0.39 0.84 79 1.33 2.33 1.00 10 Maho Dhairi 6.55 126 1.68 0.64 55 2.00 1.67 1.67 11 Sarho Shah 6.59 104 0.64 0.60 65 1.67 1.33 1.33 12 Mardan 6.50 119 0.85 0.66 29 2.33 1.33 1.67 13 Sawaldhairi 6.52 151 2.23 0.89 75 2.33 1.00 1.67 14 Lundkhor 6.50 123 1.86 0.75 46 2.00 1.00 1.00 15 Sheroo 6.66 83 2.65 0.77 51 2.00 1.67 1.00 16 Katlung 7.10 723 0.86 0.71 81 1.33 1.67 1.33 17 Siri Bahlool 6.65 76 3.39 0.62 60 2.33 2.00 1.00 18 Babeni Nehr 6.46 124 0.77 0.71 46 2.33 1.00 1.33 19 Khazana Dhairi 6.54 114 2.68 0.96 55 4.33 2.33 1.33 20 Doserra 6.69 504 0.34 0.64 70 2.33 1.67 1.67 21 Wahidabad 6.90 104 0.76 0.63 52 2.33 1.67 1.00 22 Dargai 6.80 464 1.19 0.61 57 4.00 5.00 1.00 23 Manga 6.70 175 1.68 0.61 53 5.00 5.00 2.00 24 Umaray 7.10 723 2.10 0.65 55 3.33 1.00 1.33 25 Khan Mahi 7.33 1083 1.66 0.79 72 4.33 1.00 1.00 26 Ikram Khan Kalay 7.31 417 1.55 0.63 53 2.33 1.67 1.00 27 Torangzai 7.56 737 1.70 0.67 47 5.00 3.00 1.00 28 Samiullah Mian Kalay 7.07 86 0.65 0.67 77 3.67 1.67 1.33 29 Saribahlool Taktbai 6.88 91 1.63 0.72 57 3.00 2.00 1.00 30 Jhangirabad 7.00 122 2.84 0.67 60 5.00 1.00 1.00 31 Shakgazey 7.24 388 0.71 0.65 64 4.67 0.67 3.00 32 Narai 7.40 746 0.62 0.48 66 4.33 1.33 1.00 33 Hajiabad 6.80 149 0.63 0.61 56 2.33 1.67 3.00 34 Garho shah 6.82 132 0.82 0.83 55 3.00 1.67 1.00 35 Mandani 7.30 120 1.23 0.63 57 3.00 1.33 1.33 36 Harichan 7.10 141 1.25 0.38 61 3.67 1.67 1.00 37 Gerralla 7.40 83 0.77 0.67 39 3.33 2.33 2.67 38 Shergarh 7.50 92 0.33 0.70 35 2.33 4.00 1.67 39 Kodray Kalay 6.90 108 2.41 0.63 45 3.67 1.67 2.00 40 SMF SCRI 7.20 161 1.22 0.96 44 2.33 1.33 1.00 41 Akodhairi 7.10 107 0.55 0.64 53 2.33 1.67 1.00 42 Gulabad 7.40 647 0.48 0.67 66 3.00 7.33 3.00 43 Sari Bahlool Takhtbai 7.40 102 3.24 0.37 62 4.33 2.00 1.00 44 Bahloola 7.30 102 0.50 0.70 58 2.33 2.67 1.00 45 Shakh-5 7.10 126 1.48 1.26 73 1.67 2.00 1.67 46 Balool-2 6.90 121 2.38 0.66 43 2.33 2.33 1.00 47 Utmanzai 7.20 228 0.60 0.61 61 3.00 4.00 1.33 48 Rajjarh 7.10 144 3.27 0.92 55 4.33 2.00 16.67 49 Rajjar-2 7.20 108 1.27 0.73 39 3.33 3.00 1.33 50 Nagar Bagh 7.10 144 1.75 0.64 58 3.67 5.67 1.33 51 Shaikhoo 6.20 76 0.33 0.37 29 1.33 0.67 0.67 52 SCRI Mardan 7.56 1083 3.39 1.26 87 5.00 7.33 16.67 Appendix-IV: Chemical characteristics and nutrient status of water samples of DistrictSahaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh.

S. pH EC 1:1 N P K Ca+Mg HCO3 Cl Union council No. µScm-1 (mg kg-1) m eq. Liter-1 1 Jam Sahb Dourh 7.71 1375 1.22 0.547 15 4.67 2.33 2.67 2 Chak-53 Dourh 7.4 885 3.60 0.671 17 6.00 1.33 2.33 3 UC-61 Bandhi 7.3 548 3.24 0.795 28 3.67 2.00 2.33 4 Kot Lalu Bandhi 7.4 358 2.20 0.671 14 3.33 2.00 1.33 5 Punnal Rajper 7.11 380 2.13 0.476 17 4.00 2.33 1.00 6 UC-83 7.7 1075 8.48 0.707 13 3.00 1.33 1.00 7 UC- Jamal Shah 7.5 277 1.79 0.441 16 3.33 3.33 1.33 8 UC- Maharho Qaziahmad 7.4 308 1.26 0.139 13 3.33 2.33 1.00 9 Nawabshah-04 7.4 310 2.75 0.724 14 3.00 2.33 2.00 10 Buchary 7.52 873 4.68 0.920 16 7.33 3.67 1.67 11 UC-Fatehpur 7.3 816 3.01 0.600 19 5.67 3.33 2.00 12 UC-Dhalail Dhairo 7.57 825 7.11 0.671 14 4.67 2.33 1.67 13 Mehrabpur 7.6 1174 6.237 1.097 23 3.67 1.67 1.67 14 UC-Punnal Khan Chandio 7.6 294 2.476 0.600 13 1.67 2.67 1.00 15 Bhoora 7.3 295 2.667 0.671 13 3.33 2.33 1.33 16 UC-Sukhimonijo 7.3 326 1.860 0.636 13 3.67 2.67 2.00 17 Chak-6 7.4 340 6.237 0.654 15 3.67 3.33 2.00 18 Khar 7.5 526 3.602 0.583 17 3.00 3.33 1.67 19 Sawari 7.4 503 1.711 0.600 13 4.00 3.00 2.67 20 Asif 7.16 577 1.732 0.600 25 2.67 4.67 3.67 21 Nalka 7.5 1213 5.366 0.583 15 2.33 2.33 1.33 22 Ashiq 7.55 1037 3.623 0.902 20 3.67 1.00 1.00

8. EXPLORE EFFICIENT INTEGRATED NUTRIENT PACKAGE FOR OPTIMIZING SUGARCANE YIELD AND QUALITY 8.1 Materials and Methods 8.1.1 Site selection and soil sampling The soil sampling was done from sugarcane fields during 2019-2020 for the determination of macro and micronutrients and fertility status of different districts of Punjab, Sindh and KPK. The soil samples were taken from two relative depths (0-30 and 30-45cm) by auger for analysis through drying, grinding with wooden mortar and pestle, and then sieved. 8.1.2 Sites and Varieties 1) Sakrand (SPF-676) 2) Tando Allah Yar (CP-246) 3) Khanpur Farmer F (Jhang-59) 4) Khanpur AARI Sub R. Station (CPF-250) 5) Shakar Ganj Sugar Mill (Ltd) SML Jhang 6) Shahbaz Kalay Mardan (Mardan-93) (SLS-1283) 7) Khan Mahi Charsadda (CP-77400) 8) Zakiabad Charsadda (CP-77400) 9) Shorekot, DI. Khan 72/58/2 Soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, organic matter contents, electrical conductivity, chloride, pH, N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and B. Each site has its own variety. From each site the plant tissues (leaf blade and leaf sheath) were also collected for determination of nutritional impact. Plant tissues were prepared after drying in oven at 65-70OC and grinding through plant grinder. The plant tissue samples were collected for the determination of N, P, K, Fe, Zn and B concentration in leaf blade and leaf sheath separately. Also, the irrigation water samples were collected,and analyzed for EC, pH, N, P and K forthe irrigation of same field. 8.1.3 Field Experimentation Field experiment was conducted at different sites (Sakrand, Tando Allah Yar, Khanpur Farmer Fields, Khanpur AARI Res. Sub Station, Shakarganj Mills Ltd. Jhang, Shahbaz Kalay Mardan, Khan Mahi, Zakiabad Charsadda and Shore Kot (DI. Khan) at farmer fields as well as government farms. Pre-plantation soil sampling was done to determine soil fertility status at different sites. The land was prepared by tractor using the moldboard plow and ridger etc. Planting was done manually. Farmerpractice for fertilizer treatment was followed as; fertilizers P and K were applied at time of seeding while N was applied in three split dozes; at the Seeding, tillering stage and at grand growth stage. The experiment was carried out following Randomized Complete Block Design having three (3) replications and five (5) treatments. 8.1.4 Fertilizer Treatments T1 Farmer practice N P @ 200 & 100 kg ha-1

T2 N, P & K (200,100 & 150 kg ha-1)

T3 N, P & K (200,100 & 150 kg ha-1) + Zn (0.1%)- 3 Foliar Spray

T4 N, P & K (200, 100 & 150 kg ha-1) + Fe (0.1%)- 3 Foliar Spray

T5 N, P & K (200, 100 & 150 kg ha-1) + B (0.1%)- 3 Foliar Spray

Plant tissue samples for determination of nutrient status were taken at grand growth stage in the July, August and September. Three foliar sprays of micronutrients (Fe, Zn and B) were applied as foliar spray at tillering, 3 feet height and in July. Data regarding Brix contents of sugarcane was recorded in months of November. Yield and yield component data was recorded at time of harvest from each treatment. Other quality parameters were got analyzed from different research institute and sugar mills of the relevant areas working on the sugarcane production. Data were compiled and tabulated in tables shape. 8.2 Results of Field Experimentation The results of field experiment regarding yield and quality parameters are given site wise. As mentioned in material and methods that it was multi-locational trial conducted all over the country, especially in Sindh, KPK and Punjab. The research and demonstrations were at farmers as well as Govt- farms and it was collaborative study to evaluate the response of sugarcane to potash and micronutrients under variable soils in major sugarcane growing areas of Pakistan. Soil analysis of experimental sites revealed high variability in properties among the sites. The organic material (OM) was low in all the sites, N was deficient in all the soils under investigation. The P was in deficient to marginal range and K ranged from 97 to316 mgkg-1. The micronutrients: Zn ranged from 0.35 to 0.83, Fe, 1.43 to 2.04 and B, 0.52 to 1.37 mgkg-1 in the soil, which are categorized as deficient. The response of sugarcaneto applied potash and micronutrients site wise is described in the followingparagraphs. 8.2.1 Sakrand, Shaheed Benazir Abad District. (Sindh Province) 8.2.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the soil The soil samples were taken from two depths (0-30 and 30-45cm), the surface soil was silt loam in texture having pH 8.28, electrical conductivity (EC) was 353 µScm-1, while organic matter (OM) was low (0.6%). The plants available NO3-N and P were at marginal ranges however K was adequate at 0-30 cm soil depth. The micronutrients such as Fe, Zn and B having 6.4, 0.5 and 0.7 mgkg-1 respectively at the -1 same depth. The lower depth (30-45cm) had pH 8.25; EC 276 µScm ; OM 0.4%; P 5.85; NO3-N 0.76; K 284; Fe 2.5; Zn 0.7 and B 0.6 mgkg-1soil. 8.2.1.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application The data presented (Table-1a) reveals that N content in leaf blade ranges from 1.86 to 2.22 mgkg-1 and in sheath it ranged from 0.726 to 0.752 mgkg-1. The P contents in leaf blade were in the range of 0.209 to 0.239 mgkg-1 and in sheath 0.113 to 0.132 mgkg-1, while K ranged from 2.36 to 2.57 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 1.23 to 1.58 mgkg-1in sheath. The concentration of macronutrients was more in leaf blade as compared to leaf sheath. Data indicated that the N increase in leaf tissue with use of K and micronutrients and it was in adequate range as per criteria of nutrients sufficiency for sugarcane, as well as P and K concentration in the leaf tissues. A slight increase in the nutrient concentration was recorded with application of Potash and micronutrients. The Zn concentration in the leaf blade and sheath were marginal and need to apply to realize potential yield. The Fe concentration ranged from marginal to adequate range, while in blade and in sheath except control treatment, it was adequate. The Boron concentration was adequate, it was more in the Potash and micronutrients treatment over NP treatments and over all other treatments.

Table 1 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experimental site.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B

0.7 0.6 4.2

Leaf 2.63 3.46 3.86 3.70 3.57

sheath

revealed revealed 0.5 0.7 (mg/kg) Sugar

B Contents Contents B Leaf 2.86 4.36 4.76 5.75 5.56 4.66 Blade Recovery (%) Recovery

6.4 2.5

) 1 -

Leaf 8.46

sheath 147.47 153.58 210.47 174.47 138.89 316 284 in the surface soil.surface the in

1 (%)

- (mgkg POL POL

. About 15% increase was

1 (mg/kg) - Fe Content Fe 4.9 Leaf 5.85 significant differencebetween Blade - 152.49 210.58 238.47 243.39 234.58 215.90

(%) Brix

Leaf 16.58 19.38 21.47 21.48 20.74 19.93 0.81 0.76 Sheath t t 981.8 kgha

(mg/kg)

) Zn ContentZn 1 Leaf - 17.38 22.47 25.38 27.48 26.48 23.83 Blade rients rients about one percent over NPK treatment. 0.6 0.4 (%)

Sakrand treatments treatments and non

Leaf 1.23 1.52 1.54 1.57 1.58 1.49 sheath Cane Yield Yield Cane (mds acre (mds

353 276

over over NP treatmen

, Fe 4.6, Zn 0.4, while, B was 0.6 kg 0.6 was B while, 0.4, Zn4.6, Fe , 1 (µS/cm) (g/100g) 1 - - K Content K Leaf 2.36 2.44 2.46 2.51 2.57 2.47 blade

8.2 8.28 Leaf 0.13 utrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected byK, Zn, FeZn, byK, affectedas leaf sugarcaneof concentration utrients 0.132 0.113 0.123 0.127 0.131 sheath (cm) n under field conditions at Sakrand at farmer (Sindh) conditions field. underfield

Cane Girth Girth Cane (SindhProvince)

t (g/100g)

P Content P icro -- Leaf 0.23 0.209 0.212 0.232 0.235 0.239 Blade

Silt loam Silt

Distric

N 0.96, K as 256 mgkg as K 256 0.96, N significant between micronutrients sprayed treatments. Cane yield was recorded , , (OM) was low 0.3%. Nutrient status in soil of Tando Allah Yar site was - -

Leaf 3 0.74 - 0.752 0.726 0.729 0.739 0.751 Sheath with with applied K @150kgha 45 (cm)

- 1 -

NO - chemical characteristics ofsoil characteristics chemical

0 - 30 (g/100g) Cane Height Height Cane MacroandM application andB Content N 2.17 2.19 2.22 Leaf 1.86 2.16 Sugarcane Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron andBoron application at field onfarmer conditions field under 2.12 Blade

r NPKTreatments. r

The The analysis soil showed that it was silt loam in texture. The pH was ranged from 8.31 to 8.16, The The brix contents increased by 10% and it was about 12% when micronutrients were applied Cane height and girth was increased with potash and micronutrients over NP treatment. There

Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash andmicronutrients affected potash byas andQualityparameters Yield

Tando Allah Yar Yar Allah Tando 1 Physico 1

Sakrand

2 2.

(Sindh)

.2. .2.

(EC) was 391 µScm 4.08,was P that 1b Table The The increase in sugar recovery was 0.2, 0.5 and 1.2% with Zn, Fe and B application over NPK treatment. Fe). and (Zn another micronutrient to compared as more was B to Hereresponse 8 8 16.5, 17.9 and 18% over NP and foliar feeding of Zn increased yield by 3% and Fe by 5.5% micronutrients bymicronutrients Fe 5.5% and 3% by yield increased Zn feedingfoliarof NPand 18%over and 17.9 16.5, ove B) (Fe, foliar spray that was super imposing on recovery plant was about 6% treated higher with with K use and NPK micronut soil applied treatment. The sugar and micronutrients at Sakrand. The data presented(Table 1b), clearly indicated that caneyield increased that atclearlyindicated Sakrand. 1b), Thepresented(Tabledata micronutrients and with Potash application over NP treatment. There was significant difference between the NP and NPK treatments and non 1102.5 mdsacre recorded with K application. Superimposing of foliar Zn, Fe and B application increased cane yield by 8.2.1.3 was significantdifference between the NP and NPK micronutrients sprayed treatments. Yield and quality parameters of sugarcane were affected by Potash Table 1a Table NPK+Zn NPK+Fe NPK+B Average Treatments NP NPK NP 215.52 8.46 981.80 18.20 15.95 9.52

NPK 248.48 9.35 1102.50 19.41 16.37 10.39

NPK+Zn 251.20 9.47 1136.41 19.53 16.56 10.41

NPK+Fe 252.15 9.54 1163.74 19.42 16.61 10.44

NPK+B 254.42 9.53 1167.69 19.70 16.64 10.51

Average 244.35 9.27 1110.43 19.25 16.43 10.3

CV 5.35 8.97 12.86 14.17 9.05 13.54

LSD value 24.617 NS NS NS NS NS

Table 2. Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Tando Allah Yar site on sugarcane.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B

Tando Tando Allah -1 Yar(Sindh) cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------0-30 Silt loam 8.31 391 0.31 4.08 0.96 256 4.6 0.4 0.6

30-45 -- 8.16 264 0.3 4.7 0.85 271 1.4 0.6 0.7

8.2.2.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and Bapplication The data of Tando Allah Yar site was indicated that the N contents were increased in leaf blade (1.90 to 2.19mgkg-1) with the application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients over NP treatments (control). The N contents in leaf sheath ranged from 0.55 to 0.59 mgkg-1with applied potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients. The P contents ranged 0.23 to 0.32 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 0.13 to 0.15 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. The K contents were also showed a positive response with application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients. The concentration of macronutrients (N, P) was increased in leaf blade as compared to K, in leaf sheath, K was ranged from 2.88 to 2.97 mgkg-1. All the macronutrients concentration increases with the application of potash and micronutrients in all treatments. The Zn concentration was ranked as marginal in blade and sheath while Fe concentration recorded as 123.57 to 216.47 mg kg-1 in leaf blade and 56.47 to 83.47 mg kg-1 in leaf sheath. The Fe concentration was recorded as marginal to adequate ranges with applied potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients. On the other hand, the B concentration was recorded as adequate in leaf blade and leaf sheath in all treatments over NP treatment indicating no response of sugarcane improvement to applied B (Table-2a). 8.2.2.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients At Tando Allah Yar District of Sindh, a bumper crop was observed. The data (Table-2b) revealed that cane height and girth improved and increased with use of Potash and micronutrients over NP treatment. Cane yield was maximum in the NPK and B spray (1037.5mds acre-1) followed by NPK+ Zn (1036mds acre-1) and minimum in NP (899.8 mds acre- 1) treatment. Yield increase with K over NP treatment was 7.6%. The difference was significant statistically over NP and non-significant between micronutrients foliar spray treatments. The quality parameters were also affected with the K and micronutrients application (Table-2b). The difference between NP and NPK treatments was more prominent than that of between micronutrient foliar spray treatment. Sugar recovery was 1.2% while with micronutrients spray over NPK; 1% with Zn and no yield increase was observed with Fe and B. The sugar recovery was also affected with K and micronutrients application. A slight change in polarity was recorded with micronutrients over NPK treatment and minimal change in yield was recorded with micronutrients. Table 2a Macro and micro-Nutrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions. N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.90 0.55 0.23 0.13 1.72 2.88 15.47 12.35 123.57 56.47 1.85 1.25 NPK 2.17 0.57 0.24 0.14 2.00 2.93 25.57 22.74 137.47 64.47 3.37 1.75 NPK+Zn 2.18 0.59 0.31 0.15 2.26 2.94 42.46 27.46 216.47 74.47 3.98 2.85 NPK+Fe 2.18 0.58 0.32 0.15 2.31 2.96 31.46 25.47 202.58 82.58 4.04 2.18 NPK+B 2.19 0.59 0.32 0.15 2.36 2.97 30.46 24.74 203.48 83.47 4.05 3.46 Average 2.124 0.58 0.28 0.14 2.13 2.94 29.084 22.55 176.71 72.29 3.46 2.3 8.2.3 Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan District (Punjab Province) 8.2.3.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil The physico-chemical characteristics of Farmer field of Khanpur revealed that the soil was silt loam in texture with pH8.2, and EC 512 µScm-1. The OM showed decreasing trend with increasing depth -1 of soil (Table-3). The NO3-N was found 0.78, P 3.2 mg kg , and K was adequate on surface soil. Micronutrient contents i.e., Fe, Zn and B were 6.7, 0.4 and 1.05 mg kg-1 respectively in the surface soil. Table 2b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by K, Zn, Fe andB under field conditions on farmer field at Tando Allah Yar (Sindh)

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar Reco. -1 cm (cm) (mnds acre ) (%) (%) (%)

NP 173.94 8.49 899.83 19.44 16.8 10.23

NPK 187.28 9.56 1007.89 19.68 17.1 10.59

NPK+Zn 193.48 9.71 1036.59 20.15 17.2 10.63

NPK+Fe 195.12 9.35 1026.97 20.28 17.4 10.71

NPK+B 192.05 9.75 1037.56 20.22 17.4 10.64

Average 188.37 9.37 1001.77 19.95 17.18 10.56

CV 3.95 7.12 4.93 10.36 6.62 7.07

LSD Value 14.011 NS 92.931 NS NS NS

Table 3.Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at KhanpurFarmersite.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B -1

Khanpur

cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------

Farmer

Field 0-30 Silt loam 8.2 512 0.7 3.2 0.78 99 6.70 0.40 1.05

30-45 -- 8.5 410 0.4 4.6 0.77 102 5.03 0.60 1.30

8.2.3.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application The data(Table-3a) revealed that the macro and micronutrients in composition of leaf tissues (leaf blade and leaf sheath)was affected with the use of potash and micronutrients under field conditions. Their concentration was improved by applying foliar sprays of Zn, Fe and B. The N contents in leaf blade was ranged from 1.28 to 1.51 mgkg-1 and in leaf sheath it ranged from 0.58 to 0.66%. The P contents in leaf blade was ranged from 0.91 to 0.26 mgkg-1 and in sheath it was ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 mgkg-1 while K contents were 1.32 to 1.53 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 3.24 to 3.33 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. A slight increase in nutrients concentration was noted with application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients in all treatments over NP treatment. The concentration of Zn was marginal in both leaf blade and sheath in all treatments. So the marginal range of Zn to be used for checking the yield enhancement. The recorded Fe concentration in leaf blade was 168.47 to 287.58 mg kg-1 while, low concentration was recorded in leaf sheath. All the macro and micronutrients application showed an increasing trend in leaf blade and sheath. The B concentration was recorded as adequate and more with the application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients over NP treatment. 8.2.3.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients The data (Table-3b) clearly indicated that the cane height and girth increased with applied potash and micronutrients over NP treatment. The cane yield was maximum in the NPK+ B spray (1076.05 mds acre-1) treatment followed by NPK+ Fe spray (1063.4 mds acre-1) and minimum in NP (946.7mds acre-1) treatment. Cane yield increased with K application by 8.4% over NP treatment. The brix contents increased to the maximum with the application of NPK (T2) and also with foliar feeding of micronutrients (Zn, Fe and B). Sugar recovery was 11% whole yield increase 1 to 2% with micronutrients. The recovery of sugar was less affected with K and micronutrients application. Among all treatments, here the NPK + B treatment seem to be the best treatment to obtain cane quality with good cane yield. Same was true for sugar recovery and no change was observed with Fe use under field condition. The response of sugarcane to applied K was less because available K was adequate, and Zn was deficient, and crop did not suffered deficiency. 8.2.4 Ayyub Agricultural Research Institute Sugarcane Sub Station Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab Province) 8.2.4.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil The soil of Khanpur Sub Station of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute was silt loam in texture. The pH noted 8.04, (EC) 123 µScm-1, while the OM was low (0.10%). The soil was low in N (3.9 mgkg-1) and P (1.4 mgkg-1) whereas K (206mgkg-1) was in adequate quantity. The Fe was 5.5, Zn 0.5 and B 1.01 -1 -1 mg kg . Similarly, the lower soil depth had pH 8.1; EC 569 µScm ; OM 0.07%; P 4.4; NO3-N 0.6; K 218; Fe 3.4; Zn 0.6 and B 1.4 mg kg-1soil (Table-4). Table 3a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane leaf as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions. N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.28 0.58 0.19 0.11 1.32 3.24 23.36 24.05 168.47 137.76 1.66 1.04 NPK 1.46 0.62 0.23 0.15 1.47 3.28 29.48 30.47 267.48 157.47 2.65 1.34 NPK+Zn 1.48 0.63 0.24 0.16 1.48 3.29 31.47 33.07 272.47 167.48 3.38 2.10 NPK+Fe 1.49 0.64 0.25 0.16 1.53 3.32 33.47 33.47 287.58 207.58 3.04 2.25 NPK+B 1.51 0.66 0.26 0.17 1.53 3.33 32.47 34.48 281.47 177.47 5.76 2.65 Average 1.44 0.63 0.23 0.15 1.47 3.29 30.05 31.108 255.49 169.55 3.29 2.91 Table 3b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron andBoron under field conditions on farmer field at Khanpur (Punjab)

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar -1 (cm) (cm) (mounds acre ) (%) (%) Recovery %

NP 299.15 7.7 946.76 15.75 12.9 10.28

NPK 324.27 8.43 1045.08 17.49 14.6 10.83

NPK+Zn 330.82 8.6 1055.54 17.79 14.7 10.94

NPK+Fe 328.49 8.91 1063.42 17.67 14.7 10.88

NPK+B 337.48 8.93 1076.05 17.99 14.8 11.03

Average 324.04 8.51 1037.37 17.34 14.37 10.79

CV 4.80 6.62 5.71 9.25 9.38 10.07

LSD Value 29.259 1.0607 111.53 NS NS 0.62

Table 4 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Khanpur AARISub R. Station site on sugarcane.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B -1

Khanpur AARI S.S cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------0-30 Silt loam 8.04 123 0.10 3.9 1.4 206 5.5 0.5 1.01

30-45 -- 8.1 569 0.07 4.4 1.6 218 3.4 0.6 1.4

8.2.4.2Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and Bapplication At Khanpur site, (Table-4a) showed that the concentration of macro and micronutrients of leaf tissue was improved with use of potash and micronutrients. The N contents were ranged from 1.65 to 1.77 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 0.73 to 0.98 mgkg-1 in sheath, while P contents of leaf blade were ranged between 0.24 to 0.43 mgkg-1 and in sheath were ranged between 0.12 to 0.15 mgkg-1. The K was recorded 2.29 to 2.47 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 2.31 to 2.67 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. The Zn concentration was in marginal range in leaf blade and sheath, so need to apply zinc fertilizer for realizing potential yield on sustainable basis. The Fe concentration ranged between 14.66 to 373.63 mg kg-1 in leaf blade and 13.75 to 206.48mg kg-1 in leaf sheath. The B concentration was ranged between 1.05 to 3.75 mg kg-1 in leaf blade and 0.95 to 2.17 mg kg-1 in sheath with applied potash as foliar sprays of micronutrients. 8.2.4.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients The data of Table-4b revealed that the cane height was maximum in NPK+Fe and minimum in NP treatment. The cane girth was recorded maximum in NPK+ZN followed by NPK+B treatment. The cane yield was the maximum in NPK+Fe and followed by NPK+Zn and NPK+B. Cane height and girth were improved with K and micronutrients application variably. Cane height increased by 7% with K use and 2.0, 3.9 and 1.2% by Zn, Fe and B spray over NPK treatment (Table-9). Similarly, cane girth enhanced by 8, 5.6, 2.2 and 5.5% with K, Zn, Fe and B application, respectively. Table 4a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions at AARI substation Khanpur (Punjab)

N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.65 0.73 0.242 0.123 2.29 2.31 16.47 14.38 14.66 13.75 1.05 0.95 NPK 1.74 0.75 0.43 0.14 2.41 2.62 27.87 20.48 272.47 176.45 3.37 2.02 NPK+Zn 1.75 0.88 0.28 0.15 2.46 2.67 33.75 23.47 183.47 165.37 3.48 2.03 NPK+Fe 1.76 0.82 0.25 0.10 2.47 2.67 37.48 21.47 373.63 206.48 3.75 2.17 NPK+B 1.77 0.98 0.24 0.12 2.46 2.66 33.38 24.57 199.47 172.37 3.47 2.15 Average 1.73 0.83 0.3 0.13 2.42 2.59 29.79 20.87 208.74 146.88 3.02 1.86 Cane yield increased by 7.8% with applied K over NP treatment and use of Zn, Fe and B increased the cane yield as 1.7, 2.9 and 0.98% respectively. Brix contents increased by 2.36% over control with applied K and with Zn (0.32%), Fe (0.20%) and with B (0.52%) over NPK treatment. Polarity of cane was improved by 8.7% with K treatment over NP and Zn, Fe and B increased by 0.4, 0.2 and 1.3% respectively over NPK treatment. Sugar recovery increased by 1.2% with K over NP treatment and Zn, Fe and B application increased the sugar recovery as 0.5, 1.8 and 0.98% respectively. Table 4b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron andBoronunder field conditions AARI research sub-station Khanpur (Punjab)

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar -1 (cm) (cm) (munds acre ) (%) (%) Recovery (%)

NP 305.65 8.10 980.37 15.33 12.8 10.93

NPK 329.77 8.79 1066.44 17.69 14.9 11.09

NPK+Zn 336.32 9.27 1084.78 18.01 14.9 11.14

NPK+Fe 342.98 8.95 1097.41 17.88 14.9 11.29 NPK+B 333.99 9.28 1076.89 18.21 15.1 11.199

Average 329.74 8.88 1061.18 17.42 14.52 11.13

CV 4.71 6.35 5.58 9.20 9.27 9.82

LSD value 29.25 1.06 111.53 NS NS NS

8.2.5 Shakar Ganj Sugar Mill, Jhang District (Punjab Province) 8.2.5.1Physico-chemical characteristics of soil Soil of the Shakar Gang Sugar mill limited (SML) Jhang site was Silt loam in texture with pH of 8.5 and EC was 488µScm-1 in surface soil. The OM showed decreasing trend with increasing the depth of -1 soil and low at both depths. The soils contain NO3-N 0.64, P 4.4 and K was 198mg kg . Micronutrient contents were 7.04 Fe, 0.6 Zn, and B was 0.5mg kg-1 (Table-5). 8.2.5.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and Bapplication The potash and micronutrients composition of sugarcane plant tissue indicated that the N contents of leaf blade ranged between 1.88 to 1.94 mgkg-1 and in sheath it ranged from 0.62 to 0.742 mgkg-1. The phosphorus contents of leaf blade ranged between 0.323 to 0.423 mgkg-1 and in sheath it ranged between 0.140 to 0.165 mgkg-1 while, the K in leaf blade ranged between 2.92 to 3.36 mgkg-1and in sheath it ranged between 2.04 to 2.137 mgkg-1. The concentration of macronutrients (N, K) was more in the treatments with application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients over NP treatment whereas, the P contents in leaf blade and sheath were recorded low with applied potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients over NP treatment. The P contents in leaf blade were recorded lower with application of potash and foliar sprays of Fe and B over NP treatment. The Zn concentration in the leaf blade and sheath were marginal and need to apply to realize the potential yield. The Fe concentration in leaf blade ranged between119.48 to 167.47mg kg-1 while, its concentration was low in leaf sheath.The micronutrients composition was also influenced with the use of potash and micronutrients to variable extents. The concentration of Zn, Fe and B increased with their use in different treatments and their concentration was more in the treatments where they were used as foliar feeding (Table-5a). The marginal range of Zn to be used for checking the yield enhancement. Table 5 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at SML Jhang site on sugarcane.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B -1

cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------

Jahang

SML 0-30 Silt loam 8.5 488 1.2 4.4 0.64 198 7.04 0.6 0.5

30-45 -- 8.6 119 0.96 4.1 0.55 116 1.2 0.7 0.7

8.2.5.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients At this site, the cane yield recorded was maximum (1072mds acre-1) in NPK+ Zn and NPK + Fe treatments along with Potash application over NP treatment. A small change was observed in quality parameters with applied K and micronutrients in all treatments over NP. The maximum brix contents were observed in NPK + B treatment. The maximum sugar recovery was recorded in NPK + Fe treatment while, the minimum in applied NP @ 200 & 90 kg ha-1 without application of K and micronutrients (Table-5b). The Cane height and girth increased with K and micronutrients application. The application of K increased cane height by 8%. The foliar spray of Zn increased height by 1.5% and Fe by 5% while B spray did not affect cane height. Similar trend of result was observed regarding cane girth. The cane yield was increased by spray of micronutrients. The B spray increased yield by 1.4% over K application. The brix contents were also improved with K, Zn, Fe application and it increased by 1.2, 1.0 and 2.4% respectively. Sugar recovery increased with K application by 5% over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B by 0.22, 0.29 and 0.15% respectively over NPK treatment. Table 5a Macro and micro-nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions at Shakarganj Sugar mill (Ltd) Jhang N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.88 0.62 0.323 0.163 2.92 2.04 19.47 10.47 119.48 16.66 1.05 0.95 NPK 1.90 0.74 0.417 0.165 3.32 2.12 21.47 14.48 125.46 36.38 2.27 1.47 NPK+Zn 1.94 0.74 0.423 0.140 3.35 2.14 29.47 18.75 163.47 41.36 2.07 1.88 NPK+Fe 1.92 0.74 0.346 0.141 3.36 2.136 24.47 19.48 167.47 54.48 2.65 2.02 NPK+B 1.94 0.74 0.367 0.156 3.32 2.137 26.37 21.37 145.73 56.47 3.17 2.18 Average 1.91 0.72 0.38 0.15 3.25 2.12 24.25 16.9 144.32 41.07 2.24 1.7 8.2.6 Shahbaz Kalay, Mardan District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 8.2.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil The soil texture of Shahbaz Kalay Mardan site was Silt. The pH noted was 8.22 at 0-30cm depth. -1 The EC of the site was 414 µScm at. The OM was observed 0.3% in surface soil depth. The NO3-N was 2.60, Phosphate, 3.9 and Potash was 168 mg kg-1. Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, B) concentrations were found 6.5, 0.6 and 0.61 mg kg-1 in surface soil (Table-6). Table 5b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron andBoron under field conditions at Shakar Ganj Sugar Mill Jhang

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar Recovery -1 (cm) (cm) (mds acre ) (%) (%) (%)

NP 247.12 6.83 986.84 21.41 18.6 11.76

NPK 269.31 7.71 1053.28 22.48 20.5 13.34

NPK+Zn 273.15 8.43 1072.98 22.75 20.7 13.37

NPK+Fe 283.28 8.61 1072.52 22.71 20.8 13.38

NPK+B 271.18 8.22 1068.82 23.02 20.7 13.36

Average 268.81 7.96 1050.890 22.47 20.26 13.04

CV 3.83 6.32 7.68 7.19 9.42 8.98 LSD value 19.361 0.9469 NS NS NS NS

8.2.6.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application At Shahbaz Kalay, Mardan KPK site, in leaf blade N contents showed a slight increase with K and micronutrients application and, same trend of results was noted in sheath with the application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients. The nitrogen contents ranged between 1.64 to 1.76 mgkg-1in leaf blade and 0.73 to 0.78 mgkg-1in sheath (Table 6a). The P contents of leaf blade ranged 0.18 to 0.26 mgkg-1and 0.19 to 0.23 mgkg-1in sheath, while the K contents were ranged between 1.54 to 1.77 mgkg- 1and in sheath 1.38 to 1.95 mgkg-1. The concentration of micronutrients was changed with the applied potash and foliar spray of micronutrients. The Zn concentration was noted at marginal range in leaf blade and in sheath indicating no response to applied foliar sprays of micronutrients. The Fe concentration was ranged between 121.65 to 148.47 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 128.37 to 159.37 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. The B concentration was ranged between 2.55 to 4.75 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 0.46 to 3.08 mgkg-1 in sheath with applied potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients. 8.2.6.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients The data in Table-6b clearly indicated that the cane height was recorded maximum in T5 with applied K and foliar sprays of micronutrient (B) on NP treatment. The cane girth of the site was showed a little difference on application of macro and micro-nutrients. The cane yield was recorded maximum in T4 and minimum in T1 treatment. The brix contents were the maximum in T5 and minimum in T1. The recovery of sugar showed a little change in all treatments. The data presented in Table-6b indicated that cane height and girth were improved with K and micronutrients application. An increase of 9.7% cane height was observed with K over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B it was 1.6, 3.2 and 5.2% over NPK treatments. Similar trend of results regarding cane girth were observed. Cane yield was increased by 10% with K treatment over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B and an increase of 1.0, 1.9 and 1.4% was recorded, respectively. The brix contents were increased by 7.3% with K application over NP treatment and Zn, Fe and B were increased by 0.6, 0.34 and 3.3% respectively. The sugar recovery was increased by 1.7% with K use over NP treatment whereas with Zn, Fe and B by 0.23, 2.13 and 2.2% over NPK treatment. Table 6 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments at Shahbaz KalayMardan site on sugarcane.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B -1

Shahbaz Shahbaz Mardan cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------

Kalay 0-30 Silt 8.22 414 0.3 3.9 2.6 168 6.5 0.6 0.61

30-45 -- 8.18 885 0.20 1.3 2.4 198 3.4 0.7 0.6

Table 6a Macro and micronutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application under field conditions at Shahbaz Kalay Mardan (KPK)

N Content P Content K Conten- Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.64 0.73 0.18 0.19 1.54 1.38 14.47 12.48 121.65 128.37 2.55 0.46 NPK 1.74 0.75 0.23 0.21 1.72 1.89 32.47 25.47 141.64 146.46 3.47 2.48 NPK+Zn 1.75 0.78 0.25 0.21 1.76 1.93 35.54 32.48 143.47 157.74 4.65 2.65 NPK+Fe 1.76 0.78 0.26 0.22 1.77 1.95 35.38 27.48 148.47 157.47 3.86 2.74 NPK+B 1.76 0.78 0.24 0.23 1.76 1.94 35.48 24.47 145.64 159.37 4.75 3.08 Average 1.73 0.76 0.23 0.21 1.71 1.82 30.67 24.48 140.17 149.88 3.86 2.28

Table 6bSugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by Potash, Zinc, Iron and Boron under field conditions on farmer field at Sahahbaz Kalay (KPK)

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL SugarRecovery -1 (cm) (cm) (moundsacre ) (%) (%) (%)

NP 227.03 6.77 775.2 19.24 16.8 12.91

NPK 249.15 7.37 853.45 20.65 18.3 13.13

NPK+Zn 253.28 7.21 860.62 20.78 18.6 13.16

NPK+Fe 257.49 7.44 869.24 20.72 18.3 13.41

NPK+B 261.71 7.71 865.65 21.33 18.9 13.42

Average 249.73 7.3 844.83 20.54 18.18 13.21

CV 3.80 5.04 5.27 10.21 8.55 8.36

LSD value 16.730 0.66 73.186 NS NS 1.96

8.2.7 Khan Mahi Kalay,Charsadda District(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province) 8.2.7.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil The soil texture of Khan Mahi Kalay area of Dist. Charsadda was Silt loam. The pH was 8.19, EC 235 µScm-1, OM 0.5% in surface soil. Nutrient profile for soil, depicted that Khan Mahi Kalay Charsadda -1 -1 soils were containedNO3-N 0.9, P 0.8 and K 102 mg kg . The Fe (5.8), Zn (0.6), while B was 0.5(mg kg ) in surface soil (Table-7). Table 7 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments atKhan MahiKalay Charsadda site on sugarcane.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B

Khan MahiKhan Charsadda cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg-1)------

Kalay Kalay 0-30 Silt loam 8.19 235 0.5 0.8 0.9 102 5.8 0.6 0.5 30-45 -- 8.15 255 0.2 1.3 0.8 112 3.2 0.8 0.6

8.2.7.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application The data presented in Table-7a was indicated that the N contents in leaf blade were ranged between 1.25 to 1.33 mgkg-1and 0.24 to 0.25 mgkg-1in leaf sheath at Shabaz Kalay Mardan site. The application of K and Zn was showed the same results over NP treatment, as well as Fe and B were showed same results in leaf blade whereas, in leaf sheath, the applied potash and micronutrients were showed same results over NP treatment. The P contents in leaf blade were ranged between 0.29 to 0.30 mgkg-1 and 0.20 to 0.27 mgkg-1while K contents ranged between 1.09 to 1.14 mgkg-1in leaf blade and in sheath ranged between1.89 to 2.12 mgkg-1.The macronutrients N and P concentration was noted more in leaf blade whereas K was more in leaf sheath. The Zn concentration was noted 26.04 to 40.47 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 15.07 to 24.48 mgkg-1in leaf sheath. The Fe was recorded in leaf blade between 130.47 to 183.73 mgkg-1 and 118.47 to 134.47 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. The B was ranged from 2.96 to 4.74 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 1.76 to 3.18 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath. 8.2.7.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients The data presented in the Table-7b of Khan Mahi Kalay (KPK) site, indicated that the cane height was maximum in NPK+Zn treatment, with foliar spray of Zn (0.1%) along with potash over NP and the minimum was recorded in NP treatment. The maximum cane girth was recorded in NPK+Fe treatment along with foliar spray of micronutrient (Fe, 0.1% solution) over NP. The maximum cane yield was recorded in NPK+Fe and NPK+B along with applied K and foliar sprays of micronutrients (Fe and B) over NP. The brix contents were increased to the maximum with the application of Zn, Fe and B along with NPK fertilizers applied as soil amendment. The sugarcane recovery was maximum with applied K and Zn+Fe foliar sprays as 0.1% over NP. Table 7a Macro and Micro-nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn, FeandB application under field conditions N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.25 0.24 0.29 0.266 1.09 1.89 26.04 15.07 130.47 118.47 2.96 1.76 NPK 1.32 0.25 0.28 0.25 1.12 2.05 32.47 20.47 168.47 131.36 4.37 2.64 NPK+Zn 1.32 0.25 0.29 0.21 1.13 2.10 39.46 23.49 178.47 133.37 4.74 3.03 NPK+Fe 1.33 0.25 0.28 0.23 1.13 2.12 40.47 24.48 183.36 134.47 4.24 3.15 NPK+B 1.33 0.25 0.30 0.20 1.14 2.11 38.48 24.05 183.73 133.47 4.34 3.18 Average 1.31 0.25 0.29 0.23 1.12 2.05 35.38 21.51 168.9 130.23 4.30 2.75 At Khan Mahi village, cane height and girth were improved with potash and micronutrients application. Applied K was increased cane height by 9% over NP treatment. The application of Zn, Fe and B was increased height by 4.3, 1.3 and 1.3% respectively. The cane girth was increased by K (12%), Zn (3.5%), Fe (4.9%) and B (2.5%) over NPK treatment. Cane yield was increased by 9% with K application over NP treatment and use of foliar Zn, Fe and B spray increased yield by 2, 2.8 and 2.7% respectively. Brix contents were increased by 1.9, 2 and 2.4% respectively over NPK treatments. Polarity was increased by 5.4, 1.07, 2 and 4.9% respectively with K, Zn, Fe and B application. Sugar recovery increased by 2.2% with K application and Zn application did not change sugar recovery. The use of foliar Fe and B increased sugar recovery by 0.29 and 0.9% respectively. Table 7b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B under field conditions on farmer field at Khan Mahi Kalay (KPK)

Cane Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar Recovery Treat. Height (cm) (cm) (Monds acer-1) (%) (%) (%) NP 214.81 7.04 647.9 16.54 14.3 9.93

NPK 234.61 7.93 700.9 17.67 15.0 10.15

NPK+Zn 244.08 8.21 715.6 18.01 16.9 10.16

NPK+Fe 237.49 8.32 720.5 18.10 16.1 10.18

NPK+B 227.83 8.13 720.1 18.17 15.8 10.24

Average 231.76 7.93 701.0 17.69 15.6 10.13

CV 3.30 4.68 3.97 9.99 11.18 7.32

LSD value 14.391 0.69 52.46 NS NS NS

8.2.8 Zakiabad Kalay, Charsadda District (KPK) 8.2.8.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil Soil texture of Zakiabad Kalay Charsadda was Silt loam with pH 8.3, EC 247 µScm-1. The OM was -1 varied from 0.4 to 0.24% at both depths. The NO3-N 0.54, P,1.4 and K was 97 mgkg .Micronutrients Fe, Zn, & B concentrations were 5.9, 0.4 and 0.6 mgkg-1 in soil respectively (Table 8). Table 8 Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments atZakiabad KalayCharsadda site.

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B

Charsadda Zakiabad cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg-1)------

Kalay 0-30 Silt loam 8.3 247 0.4 1.4 0.54 97 5.9 0.4 0.6 30-45 -- 8.04 289 0.2 1.41 0.48 108 2.04 0.6 0.7

8.2.8.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application The data presented in Table-8awas showed that N contents in leaf blade were ranged from 1.34 to 1.62 mgkg-1while in sheath its range was lied between 0.59 and 0.67 mgkg-1. The P contents of sugarcane plant tissue were ranged from 0.31 to 0.34 mgkg-1in leaf blade while in sheath it was 0.23 to 0.26 mgkg-1. The K contents in leaf blade were 1.32 to 1.42 mgkg-1 and in sheath it was ranged2.24 to 2.37 mgkg-1. The N concentration in the leaf tissues was increased with the use of potash by 17 % over control and with micronutrients (Table-5). The P contents were more in NPK treatment over control and no significant difference was noted in all other treatments over Kpractice. Similarly, the K concentration in plant was increased with application of K but slight increase was observed with micronutrient application over K treatments. The Zn concentration in the leaf blade was recorded between 16.75 to 27.47 mg kg-1 and in sheath it was 13.65 to 21.58 mg kg-1 while, Fe contents in leaf blade and sheath were increased with the applied K and foliar sprays of Fe and Zn, whereas with the application of B foliar sprays, the concentration reduced over NP treatment. The B concentration was noted in adequate range. It was more in the potash and micronutrients application over NP treatment. 8.2.8.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients At Zakiabad Kalay Charsadda, district of KPK, the data revealed that the maximum cane height was recorded in NPK+Fe treatment followed by NPK+B while, the minimum was recorded in NP treatment. In case of cane girth, maximum was in NPK+Fe followed by NPK + B over NP treatment. The data revealed that use of K increased cane height by12.9% over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B spray by 11, 20 and 16% respectively. Similarly, cane girth improved, and cane girth was 8.5, 4.5, 6.5 and 1% with K, Zn, Fe and B application respectively. Cane yield was increased by 7.6% over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B by 1.8, 1.5 and 0.44% over NPK treatment, respectively. Polarity of sugarcane juice was increased by 8.5% with K applied to sugarcane and 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5% with Zn, Fe and B application over NKP treatment. A little difference was noted in quality parameters with application of potash and foliar sprays of micronutrients over NP treatment (Table 8b). Sugar recovery was increased with K application by 3% over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B by 0.2, 1.2 and 1.14% over NPK treatment. Table 8a Macro and Micro-nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn,Fe and B application under field conditions at Zakiabad Kalay farmer field.

N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.34 0.587 0.32 0.263 1.32 2.24 16.75 13.65 13.38 10.36 1.76 0.96 NPK 1.57 0.63 0.33 0.23 1.37 2.36 21.48 17.47 114.37 75.58 2.33 1.45 NPK+Zn 1.59 0.64 0.34 0.23 1.40 2.37 25.85 19.48 107.47 83.47 2.41 1.49 NPK+Fe 1.62 0.67 0.34 0.23 1.41 2.37 27.47 20.03 153.47 110.47 2.44 1.53 NPK+B 1.62 0.66 0.31 0.23 1.42 2.37 25.58 21.58 98.46 56.47 2.58 1.58 Average 1.55 0.64 0.32 0.24 1.38 2.34 23.43 18.44 97.43 67.27 2.30 1.40 8.2.9 Shorekot, Dera Ismaeel Khan District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 8.2.9.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil Soil texture of Shorekot DI. Khan was Silt loam with pH 8.65, EC 610 µScm-1. The OM was varied from 0.3 to 0.5% at both depths. The NO3-N 0.64, P,4.11 and K was 107 mg kg-1. Micronutrients Fe, Zn, & B concentrations were found 7.11, 0.57 and 1.3 mg kg-1 in soil respectively (Table-9). Table8b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B applicationunder field conditions on farmer field at Zakiabad Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar Recov.

(cm) (cm) (monds acre-1) (%) (%) (%)

NP 147.78 6.75 615.83 17.46 15.2 10.4

NPK 166.42 7.33 662.98 18.04 16.5 10.5

NPK+Zn 185.42 7.65 674.09 18.37 16.6 10.5

NPK+Fe 202.45 7.81 681.14 18.32 16.6 10.6

NPK+B 197.48 7.41 677.21 18.12 16.7 10.6 Average 179.91 7.39 662.25 18.06 16.32 10.52

CV 4.44 8.00 5.87 10.42 8.54 9.93

LSD value 15.047 NS NS NS NS NS

Table9Soil Physico-chemical characteristics of field experiments atShorekot DIKhan (KPK)site

Location Depth Texture pH EC OM NO3-N P K Fe Zn B

Shorekot -1

DI Khan cm 1:1 µS/cm (%) ------(mg kg )------0-30 Silt loam 8.11 610 0.5 0.64 3.04 94 7.11 0.41 1.13

30-45 -- 8.65 512 0.3 0.59 4.11 107 6.34 0.57 1.33

8.2.9.2 Nutrient composition of sugarcane leaf tissue as affected by K, Zn, Fe and B application The data presented in Table-9awas indicated that the N contents in leaf blade were ranged 1.65 to 1.83 mgkg-1 and 0.73 to 0.77 mgkg-1 in leaf sheath at Shore Kot D. I. Khan. The application of K and micronutrients was showed the slight N increase over NP treatment, also the applied foliar sprays of Fe and B were showed same results in leaf blade whereas, in leaf sheath, the applied potash and micronutrients were showed same result of N contents over NP treatment. The P contents in leaf blade were ranged 0.19 to 0.25 mgkg-1 and 0.22 to 0.25 mgkg- 1 while K contents were ranged from 1.66 to 1.73 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and in sheath were ranged between 1.60 to 2.04 mgkg-1.The macronutrients N and P concentration was noted more in leaf blade while K was more in leaf sheath. The Zn concentration was noted 24.65 to 35.05 mgkg-1 in leaf blade and 14.74 to 55.76 mg kg-1 in leaf sheath. The Fe recorded in leaf blade ranged from 122.48 to 179.47 mg kg-1 and 109.47 to 138.46 mg kg-1 in leaf sheath. The B was ranged from 1.11 to 2.88 mg kg-1 in leaf blade and 0.67 to 2.55 mg kg-1 in leaf sheath. 8.2.9.3 Yield and Quality parameters as affected by potash and micronutrients The Table-9b was presented that, at Shore Kot. DI. Khan site, the recorded cane height was showed a little change with application of potash and micronutrients (Fe and B) in foliar form. The maximum height was recorded in both NPK+Fe and NPK+B treatments. The cane yield was the minimum in NP and the maximum was recorded in NPK+Zn which was followed by NPK+Fe and NPK+B with applied potash as soil amendment and foliar sprays of (Fe and B) over NPK. Table 9a Macro and Micro-nutrients concentration of sugarcane as affected by K, Zn,FeandB application under field conditions at Shorekot

N Content P Content K Content Zn Content Fe Content B Contents Treatments (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Blade Sheath Blade sheath blade sheath Blade Sheath Blade sheath Blade sheath NP 1.65 0.73 0.19 0.221 1.66 1.60 24.65 14.74 122.48 109.47 1.11 0.67 NPK 1.77 0.75 0.23 0.24 1.69 1.79 31.47 26.56 136.47 116.49 2.36 2.07 NPK+Zn 1.81 0.77 0.23 0.25 1.71 2.04 33.04 55.76 167.44 125.46 2.85 2.25 NPK+Fe 1.83 0.77 0.23 0.25 1.73 2.04 35.05 28.47 179.47 135.48 2.88 2.55 NPK+B 1.83 0.77 0.25 0.23 1.73 2.03 33.46 30.47 172.47 138.46 2.87 2.54 Average 1.78 0.76 0.23 0.24 1.70 1.9 31.53 31.2 155.67 125.07 2.41 2.02 The results of the study (Table- 9b) showed that cane height and girth was increased with use of K over NP treatment by 7.8 and 10% respectively. The height was increased with Zn, Fe and B as 4.6, 5.7 and 5.5% respectively and girth by 2.6, 3.9 and 0.87% over NPK treatment. The cane yield was increased with K application by 7.9% over NP treatment and yield increased by 0.77, 0.78 and 0.5% with Zn, Fe and B application over NPK treatments. Brix contents were increased with K use by 2.2% over NP treatment. The foliar spray of Zn, Fe and B were increased brix contents by 1.4, 1.8 and 0.6% over NPK treatment. Polarity was increased by 6.1% with K and Zn, Fe and B by 1.1, 1.11 and 1.2% respectively. Sugar recovery was increased with K by 2.0% over NP treatment and with Zn, Fe and B by 0.16, 0.26 and 0.36% respectively over NPK treatment. Table 9b Sugarcane yield and quality traits as affected by K, Zn, Fe andB application under field conditions on farmer field at Shore Kot

Cane Height Cane Girth Cane Yield Brix POL Sugar Recovery -1 (cm) (cm) (mds / acre ) (%) (%) (%)

NP 179.16 6.52 703 17.87 15.2 10.96 NPK 193.49 7.18 789 18.27 16.2 11.18 NPK+Zn 201.83 7.36 796 18.53 16.3 11.199 NPK+Fe 204.46 7.46 795 18.61 16.4 11.21 NPK+B 203.06 7.24 793 18.38 16.4 11.22 Average 196.40 7.15 775.2 18.33 16.1 11.15 CV 5.51 6.14 5.03 10.80 6.99 9.50 LSD value 20.380 0.8267 73.327 NS NS NS

9REFERENCES Akhtar, M. E., M.Z. Khan, Zaheer Ahsan and S.W. Manzoor. 2002. Effect of applied potash on yield and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus). J. Potass. Res. India 18 (4) 68-74. Attar, A., A. Jafarnejadi, G. Sayyad and A. Gholami. 2012. Spatial variability of iron and zinc concentrations in the soils of wheat farms. Adv. Environ. Biol. 6: 1620–1625. Awan, Z. A., M. Arshad and M. S. Akhtar.1998. Potassium fixation in relation to soil parent material and weathering stage in Pakistan. Pak. J. Soil Sci. 15: 94-105. Awan, Z. A., M. Arshad and M. S. Akhtar.1998. Potassium fixation in relation to soil parent material and weathering stage in Pakistan. Pak. J. Soil Sci. 15: 106-115. Bingham, F. T. 1982. Boron, p. 431 -448. In A. L. Page (ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: Chemical and mineralogical properties. Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI, USA. Cambardella, C. A. , Moorman, T. B., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Novak, J. M., Turco, R. F., Konopka, A. 1994. Field-Scale Variability of Soil Properties in Central Iowa Soils.58 (5);pp1501. National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC).1917. Fertilizer statistics of Pakistan. National Fertilizer Development Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Soltanpour, P.N. 1985. Use of AB-DTPA soil test to evaluate elemental availability and toxicity. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 16: 323–338. Van Schouwenberg, J. CH., and I. Walinge. 1973. Methods of analysis for plant material. Agric. Univ., Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wilding, L.P. 1985. Spatial variability: It's documentation, accommodation and implication to soil surveys. p. 166–194. In: Soil Spatial Variablility. D.R. Nielsen, and J. Bouma (eds.), Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherland.

Project Activity Report

1) Conducted Nutrient Indexing Survey of main sugarcane growing areas (Distt.) of three provinces, details are as under: Punjab KPK Sindh Rahimyar Khan (45-UC) Charsadda (24-UC) Shaheed Benazir Abad Sargodha (50-UC) Mardan (30-UC) UC = Union council

Plantation of Sugarcane field experimentation at Fertilizer application at Farmer field Khanpur Khanpur Farmer field(feb-2020)

Sowing at Khanpur Farmer field Micronutrients foliar spray to field experiment at SML Jhang

Field experiment at SML Jhang Sakrand field experiment plant tissue sampling Conducted and monitored field experiments on selected sites of three provinces, detail is as under Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 4 ExperimentsPunjab: 3 ExperimentSindh: 2 Experiments

Field experiment at Farmer field Iron deficiency at SML Jhang

Tando Allah Yar

Field experiment at Farmer field Harvesting of field experiment at

Sakrand Sindh Sakrand Sindh

Field experiment at SML Jhang Harvesting at Harnai Balochistan

Provided Advisory Services to Farmers either directly or through Extension and research organization. Soil, Plant Tissue and Water samples collected from farmers and through extension and research organizations and analyzed; Details as follow. 308Soil samples analyzed for EC, pH, N, P, K, Zn, B, and OM, 364 plant samples for N, P, K, Fe, Zn, B and 183 irrigation water samples for EC, pH, N, P, K

DirectorAARI. Faisalabad Director Agri.Ext. Lahore

Additional Dir. Agri Ext.Shaheed Benazirabad Director Agri. Extension Sariab Road, Quetta

Director Agri. Ext. Sargodha (Faiz. M. Kundi) DG. Agri Ext. Sindh

DG. SML Jhang (A, Ali Chatha) DG. BARDC Quetta

Coordination: Had number of meeting with national scientists, involved in sugarcane, regarding PESC and also with chairman PARC, DG. NARC, DG. Agri. EXT and Research KPK. Moreover, several time had meeting with coordination sugarcane, PARC, member PSD and Member NR PARC regarding sugarcane project, details are as given below:

• Agriculture Research and Extension • Sugar mills 6 Departments 8-10 • Sugarcane growers 45 • Farmer corner meetings 12

Nutrients deficiency identification at Identification of micronutrients deficiency in Sugarcane Harnai Balochistan

The worthy Chairman PARC is Distributing Certificates to Participants in Concluding ceremony of sugarcane travelling seminar Disseminated Potash and Micronutrient Technology for sugarcane to farming community Organized field Day at Mardan KPK on October 27 2020, Seminar at Harnai, Balochistan on Nov. 10, 2020 and more than 30 farmer meeting

Dir. SCRI, Member NRD-PARC. Nat. Coordinator Speech by Chief Guest on PESC. PARC and Sugarcane Grower Farmer Field Day

Technical session by Dr. Noora Jan SRO. Technical session by Dr. M. Tahir-SRO

Views by Farmers at Shahbaz Kalay Mardan Technical session by Dr. M. Zameer Khan

Field visit at Shahbaz Kalay Mardan on Recitation from Holy Quran in

Farmer Field Day Farmer Field Day

Field visit by Chief Guest and participant of farmer field day

Stalls visit by participants of farmer field day Field visit by chief guest and Nat. Coordinator PESC

Group photo of participants Question/Answer Session of FFD

Farmers meeting at Harnai Balochistan Farmer corner meeting at Sargodha

Group photo of planning meeting at NARC Dr. Azeem, Chairman PARC, Chairing the Annual planning Meeting of Sugarcane at NARC

During session of planning meeting Farmer Field Day SCRI Mardan

Appendix-I Characteristics of Soil Samples collected from different union councils of District Rahimyar Khan (Punjab)

Name of De Sa Si Cl Text N- Zn Fe S Union pth nd lt ay ure EC O CaC Ca+ HC No . Council pH e M O3 Mg O3 Cl 3 P K B # dS (c (%) m- (%) meq liter-1 mg kg-1 m) 1 1 0. 9 1. 0- 8 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.1 5.3 0.0 0.0 Jangi 12 4 silty 5 9.2 2.67 4. 0 30 4 11 37 0 33 3 3 40 74 2 8 4 0. 1 1. 30- 7. 0.5 2.3 1. 1.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 3 8.5 3.67 1 0 45 64 03 3 67 2 8 34 70 8 2 3 2 0. 2 1. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.3 10. 2.3 1. 1.2 12. 0.0 0.0 Bagwailla 40 6 6 6.33 2 2 30 4 loam 13 64 4 3 67 7 90 34 50 5 8 6 0. 1 1. 30- 7. 0.2 1.3 1. 1.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 5 9.8 7.33 2 0 45 79 26 3 00 8 7 30 32 2 6 3 3 0. 1. 0- 5 silt 0.2 10. 1.6 1. 1.2 7.6 9 1.0 1.0 Sonar 40 10 8 3 3.00 2 30 0 loam 63 4 7 33 8 7 2 14 12 5 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.1 2.3 1. 1.2 1.2 9 0.9 0.9 2 9.6 4.67 0 45 97 99 3 67 5 3 2 44 90 1 5 4 0. 1 1. Bhagwaill 0- 6 silt 8. 0.3 12.0 2.3 1. 1.2 9.8 0.1 0.0 24 10 5 7.6 1 4 a 30 6 loam 22 45 0 3 67 5 0 74 20 5 6 2 0. 1. 30- 0.3 1.6 1. 1.2 2.5 7 0.1 0.0 8 4 7.6 4.67 2 45 75 7 00 6 3 2 24 14 1 6 5 0. 1 9. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.1 9.0 1.2 0.0 Jallapur 16 12 4 7.2 9.00 2 8 30 2 loam 3 04 0 33 4 3 92 34 5 4 2 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.3 1.6 1.2 0.0 3 6.6 4.67 0 2 45 24 39 7 00 2 8 34 30 5 6 0 6 0. 1 0. 0- 6 silt 8. 0.2 10. 2.6 0. 1.2 5.9 0.0 1.4 Jallapur 28 8 5 9.33 4 9 30 4 loam 4 97 7 7 67 4 3 18 40 2 4 7 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.2 10. 1.6 0. 1.4 1.6 0.0 1.0 3 4.00 0 0 45 71 92 3 7 67 0 6 14 70 8 4 5 7 0. 1 0. Butey 0- 6 silt 8. 0.4 2.6 1. 1.3 7.8 1.2 0.0 32 4 5 8.6 6.33 2 6 Wahan 30 4 loam 31 47 7 00 8 0 76 50 2 0 3 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 1.3 1. 1.4 1.9 8 0.8 0.0 3 8.1 7.67 6 45 11 02 3 00 4 6 8 74 30 5 9 8 Shahbazp 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 0. 10. 2.0 1. 1.7 6.0 1 0.0 0.0 1. 16 14 6.67 ur 30 0 loam 31 1 4 5 0 33 0 6 4 48 52 2 2 2 6 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.3 1.6 1. 1.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 2 9.3 6.00 4 2 45 21 52 7 00 4 8 24 30 8 2 2 9 0. 1 0. Muhamm 0- 6 silt 0.8 3.0 3. 1.4 5.5 0.2 0.0 16 16 8 2 8.2 6.67 1 6 adpur 30 8 loam 09 0 00 2 0 58 70 7 2 6 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.6 2.3 1. 1.4 1.5 7 0.2 0.0 1 7.7 5.00 3 45 96 24 3 67 0 3 0 12 50 4 9 1 0. 1 0. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.2 10. 0.0 1.2 0 Kamil Lar 20 10 3 8.7 4.67 0 7 30 0 loam 19 71 0 00 6 60 12 70 1 6 3 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.5 3.6 8 0.0 0.8 1 9.1 6.67 7 45 01 37 0 00 2 3 8 10 50 7 1 1 0. 2 0. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.2 1.3 1. 1.3 8.1 1.4 0.0 1 Ferozpur 36 8 8 9.9 9.00 2 7 30 6 loam 23 12 3 00 7 0 98 38 6 2 2 0. 0. 30- 7. 0.1 1.3 1. 1.4 2.1 1 0.8 0.0 7 9.0 6.33 8 45 7 9 3 00 0 3 8 90 12 3 0 1 0. 1 0. 0- 4 1.1 10. 3.3 1. 1.3 9.5 0.0 0.0 2 Feroza 40 12 loam 8 5 8.33 2 6 30 8 53 7 3 00 5 8 62 14 5 0 3 0. 2 0. 30- 7. 0.9 14.3 3.0 2. 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 4 7.5 7 7 45 72 84 3 0 00 7 5 36 12 1 2 6 1 0. 0. 0- 6 silt 8. 0.5 3.3 1. 1.5 5.2 8 0.0 0.0 3 Mudha 32 4 3 8.9 8.67 6 30 4 loam 23 91 3 67 7 1 4 34 52 8 9 0. 1 0. 30- 7. 0.4 2.3 1. 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 2 8.0 8.67 0 7 45 84 71 3 33 7 8 30 32 4 4 1 1 0. 1 1. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.4 3.0 2. 1.2 9.8 1.3 0.0 4 M. Daha 16 6 3 8.2 7.67 1 0 30 8 loam 18 99 0 00 8 0 02 34 1 2 4 0. 0. 30- 7. 1.6 20.0 5.6 0. 1.3 2.0 9 0.8 0.0 1 6.1 8 45 56 41 0 7 47 5 0 2 90 30 7 8 1 0. 1 1. 0- 9 8. 1.2 3.6 1. 1.2 8.9 0.0 1.3 5 Matilla 8 2 silt 5 7.3 9.33 6 2 30 0 15 6 7 67 7 9 82 92 2 4 1 0. 1 0. 30- 7. 0.7 3.0 1. 1.7 1.4 0.0 1.1 3 6.6 5.00 0 7 45 96 96 0 67 5 9 70 10 8 6 2 1 0. 1 0. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.7 2.0 1. 1.2 6.1 1.4 0.0 6 Ghooka 18 8 7 7.1 9.33 3 8 30 4 loam 07 95 0 00 0 8 62 74 6 2 6 0. 1 1. 30- 7. 0.7 2.6 1. 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0 6 6.5 5.00 5 0 45 96 12 7 67 3 8 16 54 2 8 0 1 0. 1. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.3 10. 2.0 1. 1.3 9.7 9 0.0 0.0 7 Chak-26 36 14 1 5.00 0 30 0 loam 16 11 1 0 33 1 5 6 18 58 7 5 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0 9.3 5.00 0 2 45 15 52 7 00 9 3 10 50 4 8 1 1 0. 1 0. Dinpur 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.9 5.0 0.0 1.0 8 26 2 4 8.7 5.67 6 7 Sharif 30 2 loam 35 84 0 33 1 8 36 56 8 8 2 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.5 2.3 1. 1.3 1.1 7 0.0 0.9 3 7.5 3.67 7 45 36 15 3 67 8 3 8 30 90 5 0 1 0. 1 0. Kotla 0- 6 silt 8. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.2 10. 0.0 0.0 9 32 6 3 6.6 4.67 8 6 Pathan 30 2 loam 23 81 7 33 9 18 22 74 1 2 9 0. 1. 30- 8. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.3 0.9 4 0.0 0.0 1 5.7 4.67 0 45 14 93 7 33 1 4 4 12 58 7 8 2 0. 1. 0- 7 silt 9. 1.8 4.3 2. 1.1 5.5 9 1.0 0.0 0 Malikpur 20 4 6 7.5 6.67 1 30 6 loam 16 12 3 00 8 5 4 78 78 2 3 0. 1. 30- 8. 0.6 3.3 1. 1.4 0.8 9 0.9 0.0 4 6.9 5.67 0 45 53 65 3 67 1 5 0 90 70 8 5 2 0. 1 0. Kotla 0- 7 silt 8. 2.2 5.0 3. 1.5 8.1 1.0 0.0 1 16 14 8 8.1 9.33 0 8 Madhu 30 0 loam 57 9 0 67 2 0 98 54 6 0 5 0. 1 0. 30- 8. 2.2 2.3 0. 1.3 2.7 1.0 0.0 6 6.3 4.33 0 8 45 36 1 3 67 4 6 10 50 9 2 3 2 0. 1 1. Jajja 0- 7 silt 8. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.2 2.9 0.0 1.1 2 14 16 5 9.7 6.00 6 5 Abbasian 30 0 loam 46 28 7 00 9 5 76 98 8 2 4 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.3 2.3 1. 1.3 1.6 0.0 1.0 4 8.0 3.67 9 3 45 09 63 3 00 5 2 56 70 5 6 1 2 0. 1 0. Khaikhairs 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.6 10. 0.1 0.0 3 8 18 4 6.0 5.67 0 7 hah 30 4 loam 24 13 0 00 9 14 18 32 1 4 0 0. 1 1. 30- 7. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 6 5.8 8.67 5 2 45 95 97 7 00 2 4 76 10 2 4 5 2 0. 1 0. 0- 8 silt 8. 0.8 3.3 1. 1.3 5.0 0.0 0.0 4 Zahir Peer 0 18 6 6.0 6.33 0 6 30 2 loam 1 76 3 33 2 8 52 16 5 0 9 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.6 10.6 2.6 2. 1.2 1.0 6 0.0 0.0 3 5.3 9 45 08 71 7 7 00 3 6 2 50 12 5 7 2 0. 0. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.4 5.1 6 1.2 1.0 5 Chandia 30 12 3 7.3 3.67 6 30 8 loam 33 9 0 33 5 2 0 16 76 1 6 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.4 2.3 1. 1.2 0.9 5 1.0 1.0 1 7.0 4.00 7 45 14 3 3 33 5 6 0 10 50 7 2 2 0. 1 0. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.3 1.6 1. 1.2 5.2 0.0 0.0 6 Ghouspur 32 10 5 7.1 7.00 6 9 30 8 loam 33 21 7 67 3 9 98 32 5 4 2 0. 3 1. 30- 8. 0.2 2.3 1. 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 4 6.0 4.67 4 0 45 05 82 3 33 5 0 60 24 8 0 2 2 0. 0. FatehpurK 0- 7 silt 8. 0.4 2.0 1. 1.3 2.9 7 0.0 0.0 7 20 2 3 7.6 8.00 9 amal 30 8 loam 46 53 0 67 5 1 8 54 30 1 4 30- 8. 0.3 0. 7.2 6.33 2.0 1. 2.1 1.2 1 0.0 0.0 0. 45 23 88 4 0 00 5 1 0 50 20 9 5 4 6 2 0. 0. 0- 5 silt 8. 0.3 2.3 0. 1.2 6.6 9 0.0 1.0 8 Mianwali 34 14 6 6.3 6.33 8 30 2 loam 3 41 3 67 6 1 2 38 12 5 0 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 2.6 1. 1.3 1.4 6 0.0 0.8 4 5.7 7.67 7 45 15 79 7 00 4 9 6 32 54 5 1 2 0. 1 1. Kotla 0- 6 silt 8. 0.4 3.0 1. 1.2 1.5 0.1 0.1 9 28 10 3 6.0 5.67 0 0 Murad 30 2 loam 23 59 0 67 9 5 00 14 1 2 5 0. 1 1. 30- 8. 0.5 2.0 1. 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 2 5.7 6.67 0 2 45 05 71 0 33 2 6 70 78 1 6 6 3 0. 1 0. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.3 2.6 1. 1.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 0 Lanjiwar 16 10 5 6.3 6.00 3 8 30 4 loam 21 88 7 00 5 7 04 32 5 4 7 0. 1 0. 30- 8. 0.3 2.3 1. 1.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 6 5.0 8.67 2 8 45 18 52 3 00 7 6 02 22 2 2 0 0. 1. 0- 6 silt 8. 0.4 3.0 1. 1.7 3.2 5 0.0 0.0 Smoka 32 8 5 6.0 6.33 7 30 0 loam 28 59 0 67 1 5 4 06 56 2 2 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.4 2.3 1. 1.9 1.5 6 0.0 0.0 1 3 4.9 9.33 0 45 27 14 3 33 1 9 2 04 50 8 5 0. 1 0. Smoka 0- 5 silt 8. 0.2 2.0 1. 1.2 4.1 1.5 0.0 44 4 2 7.4 5.67 1 7 handia 30 2 loam 22 54 0 00 4 9 14 74 1 2 2 3 0. 0. 30- 7. 0.2 2.6 1. 1.3 1.5 6 0.8 0.0 2 0 6.6 4.33 6 45 93 7 7 00 2 5 0 50 72 4 8 0. 1 1. FatehpurK 0- 6 8. 0.3 1.6 1. 1.3 7.8 0.0 1.0 32 2 loam 2 7.7 4.00 3 0 amal 30 6 48 97 7 33 5 8 20 14 7 6 5 3 0. 1 0. 30- 7. 0.3 2.3 1. 1.2 1.6 0.0 0.8 3 1 6.6 6.33 1 9 45 15 93 3 00 2 2 10 50 4 2 4 0. 0. 0- 6 silt 7. 0.4 2.0 1. 1.0 2.7 8 1.0 0.0 Ghazibrar 26 10 3 6.6 3.00 7 30 4 loam 3 08 0 67 4 8 8 60 12 1 9 3 0. 1 0. 30- 7. 0.2 2.3 2. 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.0 4 1 5.7 4.33 0 7 45 89 81 3 00 9 3 70 10 7 4 7 0. 2 1. Jathaboth 0- 4 silt 8. 3.3 1. 1.3 12. 0.0 0.0 40 14 0.8 4 8.2 7.67 9 2 a 30 6 loam 11 3 00 9 13 76 36 1 8 6 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.6 2.0 1. 1.6 1.8 8 0.0 0.0 5 2 7.7 4.33 4 45 64 55 0 00 4 7 6 70 30 8 7 0. 1 1. 0- 7 silt 8. 0.2 4.6 1. 1.2 4.0 0.1 0.0 Monithal 16 8 5 9.4 6.00 5 1 30 6 loam 36 8 7 67 1 2 02 76 8 8 9 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.3 2.6 2. 1.3 1.0 7 0.0 0.0 6 4 8.0 4.67 3 45 6 36 7 00 3 6 6 90 70 8 7 0- 6 silt 8. 0.2 0. 10. 2.0 1. 1.4 9.8 1 0.0 0.0 1. Bhadarpur 32 4 5.00 30 4 loam 4 74 5 7 0 00 1 8 2 74 20 2 9 8 2 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.2 2.3 1. 1.3 2.4 9 0.0 0.0 7 4 9.0 6.00 4 45 47 4 3 00 8 4 4 54 16 2 3 0. 1 1. 0- 8 8. 0.3 2.0 1. 1.2 6.4 1.3 1.2 Shahkot 8 12 silt 4 6.3 5.67 4 3 30 0 36 25 0 00 4 4 18 32 1 6 4 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.3 2.3 1. 1.1 0.9 7 1.1 1.1 8 4 5.7 5.00 0 45 46 45 3 00 8 1 4 90 90 5 5 0. 1 1. Ranjay 0- 8 silt 8. 0.2 2.0 1. 1.7 5.9 0.0 0.0 2 14 3 6.6 4.67 2 0 Khan 30 6 loam 28 53 0 33 9 3 56 60 8 0 5 3 0. 1. 30- 7. 0.1 2.0 1. 1.3 1.4 7 0.0 0.0 9 2 6.5 5.67 2 45 58 96 0 33 4 0 0 32 52 8 9 0. 0. Roshan 0- 9 silt 8. 0.3 2.3 0. 1.1 2.7 6 0.0 1.0 6 2 3 9.0 4.33 9 Baith 30 2 loam 39 66 3 67 6 8 2 18 74 1 4 4 0. 0. 30- 7. 0.3 2.6 1. 1.3 1.3 8 0.0 0.6 0 1 8.9 5.33 8 45 53 67 7 00 2 8 6 10 30 7 6 0. 0. Kot Kamu 0- 6 silt 8. 0.2 2.3 1. 1.7 2.3 7 1.4 0.0 32 8 2 9.7 7.00 7 hah 30 0 loam 24 62 3 67 3 6 6 06 90 0 7 4 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.2 3.0 0. 1.4 1.2 9 1.1 0.0 1 1 8.4 7.00 7 45 12 69 0 67 6 1 8 10 70 0 5 0. 0. Kot Jaib 0- 6 silt 7. 0.2 1.6 1. 1.0 6.6 8 0.0 0.0 22 10 4 9.3 6.33 8 Shah 30 8 loam 63 11 7 33 8 9 2 12 32 1 0 4 0. 1 0. 30- 8. 0.1 1.6 1. 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 2 3 8.7 4.67 2 8 45 2 34 7 33 7 0 10 22 1 2 4

Appendix-2 Nutrient contents in sugarcane plantsamples collected from different union councils of District Rahimyar Khan

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Iron Zinc Boron Name of Sr ------(g 100g-1)------(mgkg-1)------union .# ------council Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

Leaf Sheat Blad Sheat Leaf Sheat Blade Sheat Blade Sheath Blad Shea Blade h e h Blade h h e th

27.6 1 Jangi 1.34 0.54 0.18 0.10 1.88 3.52 59.20 80.40 9.20 11.20 39.74 4

24.7 2 Bagwailla 1.30 0.44 0.35 0.72 1.56 4.20 55.20 95.20 22.80 6.40 46.51 9 22.3 3 Sonar 1.61 0.45 0.19 0.10 2.04 4.24 15.20 10.80 19.20 21.60 24.44 0

40.1 4 Bhagwailla 1.26 0.50 0.19 0.20 1.52 2.68 56.40 47.20 11.60 16.40 44.37 0

32.6 5 Jallapur 0.98 0.41 0.06 0.14 1.84 3.52 79.20 99.60 12.80 32.80 32.27 3

26.2 6 Jallapur 1.29 0.48 0.26 0.09 1.88 2.96 87.20 55.60 10.40 33.60 28.35 2

Butey 29.0 7 1.32 0.48 0.18 0.08 1.52 2.56 95.20 96.80 4.80 12.80 41.17 Wahan 7

Shahbazpu 22.3 8 1.30 0.36 0.23 0.11 1.92 2.76 51.20 99.60 8.40 22.00 30.85 r 0

Muhamm 28.3 9 1.39 0.56 0.15 0.10 1.56 3.12 87.60 24.80 17.20 6.80 41.17 adpur 5

25.1 10 Kamil Lar 1.31 0.59 0.19 0.08 2.04 3.32 87.60 79.20 24.80 36.80 52.91 5

24.7 11 Ferozpur 1.34 0.53 0.24 0.11 1.80 3.12 82.00 61.20 36.00 17.20 26.57 9

100.4 22.6 12 Feroza 1.15 0.48 0.47 0.09 3.20 4.76 54.80 18.40 12.00 38.32 0 6

23.0 13 Mudha 1.25 0.60 0.17 0.09 2.12 5.16 55.20 17.60 8.00 28.80 49.00 1

Muhamm 24.4 14 1.13 0.42 0.16 0.13 1.48 1.92 23.20 71.20 18.80 21.20 48.64 ad Daha 4

25.1 15 Matilla 1.39 0.58 0.17 0.08 1.44 2.44 47.20 99.20 32.00 14.40 49.36 5

26.2 16 Ghooka 1.42 0.60 0.20 0.10 1.36 2.60 85.60 87.20 6.00 13.60 46.51 2

21.9 17 Chak-26 1.52 0.83 0.19 0.09 2.04 3.56 12.00 27.20 19.20 9.20 35.47 5

Dinpur 100.8 22.6 18 1.49 0.60 0.17 0.16 1.40 2.88 56.40 25.20 6.00 56.47 Sharif 0 6

Kotla 21.2 19 1.14 0.51 0.41 0.15 2.08 3.28 55.60 56.00 32.80 6.40 40.10 Pathan 3

32.2 20 Malikpur 1.73 0.61 0.16 0.08 1.28 1.92 53.20 8.40 16.40 11.60 25.15 7

21 1.19 0.53 0.23 0.09 1.96 3.40 10.00 72.80 4.00 8.80 47.93 Kotla 26.9 Madhu 3

Jajja 30.4 22 1.08 0.45 0.16 0.09 1.20 3.08 89.20 90.80 16.00 17.60 46.86 Abbasian 9

Khaikhairs 23.3 23 1.22 0.51 0.20 0.08 1.48 1.64 22.00 80.80 48.00 11.20 32.98 hah 7

23.7 24 Zahir Peer 1.71 0.26 0.19 0.08 2.24 1.80 59.20 32.80 26.80 16.00 20.88 3

30.4 25 Chandia 1.43 0.52 0.17 0.10 1.28 2.96 63.20 95.60 10.00 10.00 24.79 9

100.8 20.5 26 Ghouspur 1.05 0.54 0.15 0.08 2.04 2.68 20.00 25.60 16.80 31.20 0 2

Fatehpur 103.2 25.1 27 1.41 0.52 0.17 0.08 1.68 2.48 78.00 21.60 33.20 36.90 Kamal 0 5

36.5 28 Mianwali 1.43 0.55 0.24 0.16 2.36 2.60 83.20 15.20 31.20 24.40 17.67 4

Kotla 29.0 29 1.27 0.84 0.11 0.07 2.08 2.20 71.20 4.40 12.80 25.60 37.61 Murad 7

23.3 30 Lanjiwar 1.77 0.42 0.16 0.18 1.12 3.16 11.20 91.20 17.60 4.40 25.15 7

24.0 31 Smoka 1.42 0.50 0.18 0.09 2.44 1.76 87.20 69.20 10.40 1.20 28.71 8

Smoka 29.0 32 1.30 0.57 0.32 0.10 2.16 3.12 63.20 5.20 14.80 23.60 29.07 Chandia 7

Fatehpur 28.3 33 1.21 0.50 0.22 0.09 1.48 2.20 64.40 26.40 8.80 20.80 63.59 Kamal 5

122.4 26.5 34 Ghazi Brar 1.72 0.60 0.17 0.09 1.60 2.32 75.20 29.20 1.60 38.32 0 7

21.2 35 Jathabotha 1.49 0.51 0.16 0.10 1.60 3.92 10.00 18.80 28.00 13.60 34.76 3

103.2 29.4 36 Monithal 0.94 0.54 0.29 0.08 2.08 2.40 17.20 26.40 26.00 41.88 0 2

27.2 37 Bhadarpur 1.04 0.44 0.20 0.09 1.72 3.56 64.40 63.60 15.20 4.80 43.66 9

31.9 38 Shahkot 0.98 0.53 0.19 0.14 2.04 2.76 63.20 63.20 21.20 5.60 29.07 1

Ranjay 52.2 39 0.87 0.51 0.13 0.08 0.80 2.96 90.40 66.80 17.20 29.20 40.81 Khan 0 Roshan 26.2 40 0.82 0.47 0.13 0.09 1.36 1.80 47.60 20.40 16.00 4.80 45.80 Baith 2

Kot Kamu 136.0 25.8 41 0.71 0.61 0.14 0.15 1.76 2.88 63.20 75.60 9.60 28.35 Shah 0 6

Kot Jaib 247.2 39.7 42 1.5 0.53 0.18 0.09 1.72 1.76 71.60 8.00 25.20 24.44 Shah 0 4

Appendix 1a Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples collected from different union councils of SargodhaDistrict.

S. UC-Name Dep Sa Si Cl Textu p EC O CaC Ca+ HC NO P K Zn Fe B No. th nd lt ay re H e M O3 Mg O3 3-N dS (cm) (%) (%) meq liter-1 mgkg-1 m-1 Sikandarp 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 13. 16.7 23. 1. 5. 226. 0. 3. 0. 1 24 25 ur 30 1 Loam 25 23 54 50 4 94 63 84 00 10 12 82 30- 8. 0. 0. 16. 15.5 35. 1. 5. 206. 0. 2. 0.

45 30 34 59 00 0 70 38 67 00 08 93 47 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 7.5 16.1 28. 1. 6. 180. 0. 2. 0. 2 Jamiatpur 24 22 30 4 Loam 21 31 54 0 4 01 24 59 00 04 98 73 30- 8. 0. 0. 9.5 35. 1. 4. 162. 0. 2. 0. 9.50 45 40 38 56 0 47 13 86 00 04 96 42 Kot 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 8.5 26. 1. 3. 180. 0. 2. 0. 3 22 24 4.68 Choghatta 30 4 Loam 35 11 89 0 35 29 23 00 08 85 85 30- 8. 0. 0. 11. 28. 1. 2. 140. 0. 2. 0. 9.50 45 50 46 58 00 80 23 94 00 08 47 23 Azmatwal 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 7.0 12.2 26. 1. 3. 226. 0. 3. 0. 4 16 26 a 30 8 Loam 18 22 48 0 2 80 26 81 00 12 66 63 30- 8. 0. 0. 9.5 16.5 36. 1. 3. 166. 0. 2. 0.

45 25 63 53 0 0 13 33 66 00 09 46 12 Bgan 0- 5 Silt 7. 0. 0. 12. 17.2 33. 1. 2. 176. 0. 3. 0. 5 16 26 Adda 30 8 Loam 96 30 85 00 0 34 63 58 00 11 37 62 30- 8. 0. 0. 14. 26. 1. 2. 164. 0. 3. 0. 5.50 45 20 33 64 50 19 32 10 00 08 17 14 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 6.2 29. 1. 3. 96.0 0. 3. 0. 6 Hindwal 18 24 3.19 30 8 Loam 20 12 46 5 51 23 47 0 81 06 64 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.5 14.5 37. 1. 2. 78.0 0. 1. 0.

45 30 45 22 0 0 65 15 82 0 63 86 16 Ghaniwal 0- 4 7. 0. 0. 5.2 13.2 27. 1. 2. 154. 0. 3. 0. 7 46 8 Loam a 30 6 99 23 64 5 7 90 39 47 00 46 50 56 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.0 14.0 37. 1. 2. 160. 0. 3. 0.

45 20 53 60 0 0 21 07 44 00 34 25 24 Kot 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 14. 13.6 17. 1. 3. 214. 0. 4. 0. 8 52 8 Loam MussaKhan 30 0 20 29 70 75 3 85 62 43 00 08 44 56 30- 8. 0. 0. 15. 13.0 36. 1. 3. 180. 0. 4. 0.

45 30 60 56 00 0 00 31 23 00 06 25 45 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 14. 11.9 38. 1. 5. 102. 0. 3. 0. 9 Majoka 46 10 Loam 30 4 30 12 72 00 2 64 52 03 00 10 84 55 30- 8. 0. 0. 16. 15.0 33. 1. 4. 80.0 0. 2. 0.

45 32 45 44 50 0 79 39 12 0 08 64 23 Jahanian 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 10. 13.9 42. 1. 3. 164. 0. 4. 0. 10 48 10 Loam Shah 30 2 50 23 72 00 4 16 19 54 00 98 64 54 30- 8. 0. 0. 12. 14.5 42. 1. 1. 86.0 0. 3. 0.

45 56 32 63 50 0 50 16 05 0 65 44 22 Norway 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 14. 10.0 36. 1. 4. 210. 0. 4. 0. 11 40 8 Wala 30 2 Loam 20 28 73 00 3 21 22 64 00 08 40 67 30- 8. 0. 0. 15. 18.0 34. 1. 4. 196. 0. 3. 0.

45 35 25 64 00 0 16 32 21 00 25 20 17 Dhareem 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 4.2 17.7 34. 1. 2. 184. 0. 3. 0. 12 44 10 Loam a 30 6 20 29 44 5 4 41 65 58 00 17 49 82 30- 8. 0. 0. 5.5 15.5 34. 1. 2. 162. 0. 2. 0.

45 30 45 39 0 0 66 13 35 00 06 29 42 Malikwala 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 10. 11.2 22. 1. 5. 192. 0. 4. 0. 13 23 24 , 30 3 Loam 40 15 34 00 1 77 47 65 00 11 39 45 30- 8. 0. 0. 12. 22. 1. 4. 174. 0. 3. 0. 8.50 45 50 34 55 50 99 08 95 00 14 19 33 Aaqal 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 5.0 10.8 29. 1. 2. 218. 0. 4. 0. 14 46 8 Loam Shah, 30 6 20 12 42 0 1 84 36 65 00 92 51 87 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.5 10.0 38. 1. 2. 172. 0. 3. 0.

45 50 55 45 0 0 80 22 40 00 09 31 22 Aaqal 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 14. 34. 1. 2. 80.0 0. 3. 0. 15 51 6 Loam 8.87 Shah 30 3 40 16 54 50 78 43 65 0 83 43 64 30- 8. 0. 0. 16. 10.5 37. 1. 1. 58.0 0. 2. 0.

45 50 59 67 00 0 75 11 67 0 79 23 24 Ameenab 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 5.2 13.0 37. 1. 4. 160. 0. 4. 0. 16 18 27 ad, 30 5 Loam 16 29 32 5 4 22 29 31 00 99 65 71 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.0 42. 1. 3. 150. 0. 4. 0. 8.00 45 32 23 50 0 56 14 37 00 79 45 16 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 20. 10.7 37. 1. 5. 114. 0. 3. 0. 17 Jori Pindi, 17 26 30 7 Loam 35 17 81 00 9 17 16 34 00 65 60 73 30- 8. 0. 0. 22. 11.5 33. 1. 4. 110. 0. 2. 0.

45 30 45 64 50 0 55 22 19 00 60 40 24 SahbwalCh 0- 5 Silt 7. 0. 0. 11. 14.2 30. 1. 4. 102. 0. 3. 0. 18 21 22 akrhi 30 7 Loam 98 25 89 00 7 10 43 88 00 98 69 45 30- 8. 0. 0. 12. 18.0 41. 1. 2. 86.0 0. 2. 0.

45 04 32 63 00 0 16 28 35 0 64 49 16 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 7.5 18.5 26. 1. 4. 114. 1. 4. 0. 19 Dhullarh 46 8 Loam 30 6 15 15 89 0 8 90 38 12 00 98 07 43 30- 8. 0. 0. 10. 19.5 31. 1. 3. 82.0 0. 2. 0.

45 20 59 63 00 0 50 26 83 0 59 87 33 Bhakar 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 2.5 10.1 40. 2. 4. 146. 0. 2. 0. 20 17 25 Bar 30 8 Loam 20 25 45 0 7 37 38 36 00 97 54 32 30- 8. 0. 0. 5.0 37. 1. 4. 138. 1. 1. 0. 7.00 45 30 51 54 0 62 19 19 00 68 34 45 Shahpur 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 13. 14.3 34. 2. 3. 178. 0. 4. 0. 21 46 10 Loam Rural 30 4 00 27 80 00 2 45 36 80 00 73 11 34 30- 8. 0. 0. 13. 13.5 35. 1. 2. 152. 0. 3. 0.

45 11 49 57 50 0 50 28 13 00 35 21 42 Kot 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 7.2 36. 1. 3. 160. 0. 3. 0. 22 52 8 Loam 7.27 Pehlwan 30 0 20 23 39 5 05 65 26 00 91 73 36 30- 8. 0. 0. 9.0 10.0 32. 1. 3. 140. 0. 3. 0.

45 30 39 64 0 0 46 17 06 00 50 65 27 Kot Bai 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 2.0 10.7 25. 1. 2. 174. 0. 5. 0. 23 40 9 Khan 30 1 Loam 28 15 66 0 2 20 45 71 00 14 82 38 30- 8. 0. 0. 2.5 12.0 37. 1. 2. 152. 0. 4. 0.

45 39 26 44 0 0 45 44 68 00 79 92 42 Mrhmadtul 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 13. 21.5 34. 1. 3. 78.0 0. 2. 0. 24 48 10 Loam l Kalra 30 2 10 11 66 00 1 20 23 57 0 89 13 57 30- 8. 0. 0. 14. 17.0 32. 1. 3. 60.0 0. 1. 0.

45 20 31 58 00 0 76 12 47 0 11 23 12 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 8.0 17.1 26. 1. 3. 124. 1. 3. 0. 25 Kalra 23 24 30 3 Loam 20 22 51 0 6 56 20 49 00 78 22 53 30- 8. 0. 0. 10. 11.0 24. 1. 2. 110. 0. 2. 0.

45 30 57 48 50 0 72 21 65 00 76 32 16 Chak-21 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 3.0 14.0 37. 1. 4. 156. 0. 3. 1. 26 47 11 Loam Salala 30 2 20 11 52 0 7 10 73 98 00 90 37 20 30- 8. 0. 0. 4.0 11.0 31. 1. 4. 138. 1. 2. 0.

45 22 58 43 0 0 38 27 64 00 75 47 15 27 NB-23 0- 44 5 6 Silt 8. 0. 0. 12. 18.8 30. 1. 6. 136. 0. 2. 0. Chak 30 0 Loam 30 13 45 00 9 51 33 85 00 85 55 67 30- 8. 0. 0. 14. 16.0 36. 1. 3. 126. 0. 1. 0.

45 39 62 61 50 0 15 32 33 00 86 65 14 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 12. 14.4 31. 1. 4. 126. 0. 3. 0. 28 Machiana 51 6 Loam 30 3 17 23 35 00 8 14 62 98 00 58 89 65 30- 8. 0. 0. 13. 13.5 33. 1. 4. 114. 0. 3. 0.

45 25 49 44 00 0 63 32 31 00 80 76 24 Salam-4- 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 5.0 10.3 35. 1. 4. 184. 1. 3. 0. 29 40 9 NB 30 1 Loam 22 29 96 0 2 08 45 76 00 07 56 45 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.5 11.5 43. 1. 4. 160. 0. 3. 0.

45 45 57 44 0 0 99 13 65 00 39 16 47 0- 5 Silt 8. 0. 0. 2.2 18.1 30. 1. 6. 118. 1. 4. 0. 30 13-NB 41 8 30 1 Loam 20 30 58 5 2 72 39 34 00 58 12 98 30- 8. 0. 0. 4.0 10.5 35. 1. 6. 98.0 0. 3. 0.

45 43 45 40 0 0 83 23 25 0 88 64 24 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 9.5 23.0 28. 1. 3. 68.0 1. 3. 0. 31 Chak-2 21 22 30 7 loam 35 22 58 0 3 30 39 07 0 35 77 32 30- 8. 0. 0. 12. 16.0 31. 1. 2. 64.0 1. 2. 0.

45 45 43 51 00 0 37 37 35 0 46 87 30 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 13. 39. 1. 4. 116. 1. 4. 0. 32 Gakhiani 23 24 8.02 30 3 loam 20 44 89 75 56 29 88 00 52 26 55 30- 8. 0. 0. 15. 14.0 46. 1. 4. 102. 1. 3. 0.

45 30 50 64 00 0 39 23 17 00 20 06 42 Chak 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 3.0 33. 1. 4. 166. 1. 3. 0. 33 16 26 8.42 Misran 30 8 loam 20 34 67 0 45 26 64 00 32 95 34 30- 8. 0. 0. 5.0 32. 1. 4. 128. 1. 3. 0. 8.50 45 30 53 54 0 35 34 29 00 12 20 31 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 8.0 21.8 31. 1. 0. 164. 0. 3. 0. 34 Jawa 51 7 loam 30 3 20 11 89 0 6 25 16 55 00 79 56 81 30- 8. 0. 0. 10. 21.5 42. 1. 0. 158. 0. 2. 0.

45 25 34 69 50 0 94 31 48 00 45 39 67 Noonpur 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 14. 27. 1. 1. 156. 0. 3. 0. 35 46 8 loam 7.41 Noon 30 6 30 26 54 00 90 34 67 00 81 18 77 30- 8. 0. 0. 16. 12.0 34. 1. 1. 130. 0. 2. 0.

45 40 44 67 00 0 51 41 58 00 78 52 64 Chak 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 23. 15.8 15. 1. 5. 214. 0. 3. 0. 36 17 26 Mubarak 30 7 loam 20 33 88 25 9 76 31 65 00 63 89 44 30- 8. 0. 0. 25. 16.5 47. 1. 4. 196. 0. 2. 0.

45 25 53 92 00 0 23 25 67 00 59 69 34 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 13. 10.8 21. 1. 1. 158. 0. 4. 0. 37 UC-Dhal 24 25 30 1 loam 30 25 67 00 7 44 36 77 00 22 87 65 30- 8. 0. 0. 14. 10.5 35. 1. 1. 122. 0. 3. 0.

45 40 65 54 00 0 68 52 67 00 47 67 60 0- 4 7. 0. 0. 13. 10.5 38. 1. 4. 192. 0. 1. 0. 38 Turti Pur 46 8 loam 30 6 98 44 67 50 3 22 37 33 00 23 43 77 30- 8. 0. 0. 15. 11.5 36. 1. 1. 174. 0. 1. 0.

45 20 52 47 50 0 45 23 15 00 34 23 60 Pindi 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 10. 14.2 43. 1. 6. 162. 0. 3. 0. 39 40 9 KotAlipur 30 1 loam 22 33 89 50 5 38 34 08 00 96 25 38 30- 8. 0. 0. 13. 15.5 32. 1. 5. 146. 0. 2. 0.

45 40 46 25 00 0 38 23 91 00 88 15 21 0- 5 sitl 8. 0. 0. 8.0 19.9 28. 1. 1. 130. 0. 3. 0. 40 33-NB 21 23 30 6 loam 40 12 85 0 8 36 25 98 00 85 64 22 30- 8. 0. 0. 10. 21.5 39. 1. 0. 126. 0. 2. 0.

45 46 44 50 00 0 30 21 45 00 85 44 20 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 10. 15.5 28. 1. 3. 194. 2. 3. 0. 41 31-NB 17 24 30 9 loam 30 14 69 00 6 52 41 26 00 00 62 76 30- 8. 0. 0. 11. 22.0 33. 1. 2. 154. 1. 2. 0.

45 40 54 63 00 0 16 30 92 00 85 42 65 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 13. 17.5 25. 1. 5. 236. 0. 2. 0. 42 Tanguwali 21 22 30 7 loam 35 21 64 75 2 63 39 22 00 65 97 54 30- 8. 0. 0. 15. 16.5 35. 1. 4. 196. 0. 1. 0.

45 40 55 67 50 0 33 32 12 00 44 77 43 Chak 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 7.0 15.5 27. 1. 3. 132. 2. 3. 1. 43 16 26 12Southern 30 8 loam 20 17 67 0 0 18 21 78 00 41 26 40 30- 8. 0. 0. 9.0 18.0 27. 1. 2. 116. 2. 2. 0.

45 27 44 58 0 0 00 36 13 00 20 50 65 Kot 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 5.2 47. 1. 5. 114. 0. 2. 0. 44 MominTow 44 6 8.53 n 30 0 loam 20 15 83 5 35 65 15 00 88 74 98 30- 8. 0. 0. 7.0 12.0 36. 1. 4. 108. 0. 1. 0.

45 40 33 63 0 0 13 33 81 00 64 54 24 Derra 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 9.7 20.1 37. 1. 3. 142. 1. 3. 0. 45 23 24 Hadwana 30 3 loam 40 23 83 5 8 43 67 11 00 33 84 56 30- 8. 0. 0. 11. 20.0 33. 1. 2. 136. 1. 1. 0.

45 45 47 58 00 0 75 55 11 00 04 65 45 Chak 21- 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 0.5 36. 1. 4. 136. 0. 3. 0. 46 47 11 loam 8.51 SB 30 2 20 21 79 0 49 31 10 00 87 93 65 30- 8. 0. 0. 3.0 13.5 41. 1. 3. 118. 0. 2. 0.

45 40 34 59 0 0 26 27 90 00 65 73 50 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 7.0 32. 1. 3. 70.0 0. 3. 0. 47 Mateela 48 10 loam 5.87 30 2 35 32 74 0 52 48 86 0 47 93 43 30- 8. 0. 0. 9.0 10.0 38. 1. 3. 64.0 0. 1. 0.

45 40 54 53 0 0 36 72 69 0 24 72 32 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 9.2 25. 1. 4. 220. 1. 4. 0. 48 UC-Choki 40 8 5.64 30 2 loam 10 29 70 5 42 41 29 00 73 28 80 30- 8. 0. 0. 11. 14.0 26. 1. 3. 210. 1. 3. 0.

45 20 57 67 00 0 99 24 78 00 56 73 67 0- 5 silt 8. 0. 0. 9.0 50. 1. 2. 104. 0. 3. 0. 49 N-25 chak 23 24 9.51 30 3 loam 35 13 69 0 01 14 51 00 17 86 44 30- 8. 0. 0. 11. 11.0 35. 1. 2. 94.0 0. 2. 0.

45 40 45 57 50 0 17 11 42 0 16 66 30 0- 4 8. 0. 0. 3.0 23.4 33. 1. 4. 204. 1. 3. 0. 50 Dinpur 48 10 loam 30 2 40 14 60 0 8 07 22 60 00 06 86 56 30- 8. 0. 0. 5.5 23.5 33. 1. 4. 196. 0. 1. 0.

45 50 44 46 0 0 69 48 22 00 90 23 45

Appendix 2a Nutrient contents in sugarcane plant tissues samples collected from different union councils ofSargodha, Punjab

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Iron Zinc B

Sr. Name of union (g 100g-1) (mgkg-1) # council Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Sheat Blad Sheat Blade e h e h e h e h h e h

1 Sikandarpur 1.31 0.45 0.14 0.20 1.34 2.34 8.34 45.23 50.12 38.45 21.6 44.5 6 4

11.3 28.4 2 Jamiatpur 1.20 0.41 0.32 0.46 1.43 4.00 6.34 14.32 12.00 23.45 4 5

23.3 30.7 3 Kot Choghatta 1.55 0.44 0.34 0.13 2.02 4.03 7.00 12.34 6.20 30.22 4 6

12.3 41.5 4 Azmatwala 1.22 0.50 0.14 0.12 1.43 2.34 7.00 45.23 43.00 38.23 4 6

21.1 32.6 5 Bgan Adda 0.73 0.41 0.03 0.14 1.76 3.44 9.34 73.11 99.11 30.23 1 7

34.3 6 Hindwal 1.23 0.42 0.23 0.05 1.45 3.44 7.20 19.80 80.20 45.12 30.67 4

19.2 26.4 7 Ghaniwala 1.31 0.45 0.11 0.10 1.43 4.00 33.23 87.11 46.12 23.45 3 4

34.1 52.8 8 Kot MussaKhan 1.30 0.32 0.23 0.32 1.45 2.35 9.20 34.12 45.12 50.12 2 7

16.2 45.3 9 Majoka 1.33 0.51 0.32 0.11 1.57 2.54 7.60 86.10 50.00 38.46 3 4

16.2 23.6 10 Jahanian Shah 1.28 0.54 0.13 0.25 2.01 3.36 6.60 75.20 43.10 21.34 3 7

17.0 45.6 11 Norway Wala 1.32 0.52 0.24 0.12 1.40 2.56 14.23 34.21 21.10 43.56 3 7

16.1 100.1 46.5 12 Dhareema 1.14 0.44 0.47 0.06 1.55 4.32 5.34 21.11 34.45 1 2 6

43.0 45.6 13 Malikwala, 1.22 0.61 0.32 0.37 2.45 5.16 11.20 23.11 17.23 31.22 2 7

16.3 43.2 14 Aaqal Shah, 1.12 0.41 0.19 0.09 1.37 1.67 20.20 27.20 12.10 23.34 0 2

30.2 56.4 15 Aaqal Shah 1.33 0.52 0.23 0.55 1.67 2.32 16.10 53.11 16.30 43.67 0 3

32.6 16 Ameenabad, 1.32 0.53 0.43 0.12 1.23 2.30 8.00 15.00 56.10 68.10 28.34 7

16.1 100.0 58.3 17 Jori Pindi, 1.52 0.56 0.23 0.03 2.45 3.44 6.10 63.23 53.45 1 0 4

21.1 32.3 18 SahbwalChakrhi 1.44 0.50 0.34 0.21 1.65 2.45 7.00 53.11 20.12 27.67 0 2

32.1 43.2 19 Dhullarh 1.13 0.51 0.45 0.34 1.67 2.45 7.20 10.32 56.12 34.56 0 3 15.2 20.3 20 Bhakar Bar 1.63 0.55 0.21 0.02 1.45 1.87 10.20 32.11 12.34 30.11 0 4

21.6 21 Shahpur Rural 1.17 0.44 0.34 0.05 1.43 3.67 5.40 6.50 34.10 67.23 18.45 7

17.2 24.7 1.07 0.42 0.12 0.04 1.67 3.45 15.30 54.23 32.11 20.12 22 Kot Pehlwan 0 3

32.1 36.4 1.11 0.45 0.32 0.02 1.88 4.67 21.00 22.00 30.11 32.23 23 Kot Bai Khan 0 4

21.0 30.4 1.64 0.22 0.13 0.05 1.97 0.65 12.00 34.21 32.10 24.34 24 Mrhmadtull Kalra 0 8

121.0 17.5 1.32 0.43 0.34 0.21 1.44 2.67 7.30 10.10 75.43 23.34 25 Kalra 0 4

21.2 32.2 1.43 0.43 0.12 0.08 2.11 0.56 10.20 75.10 34.11 21.34 26 Chak-21 Salala 0 2

21.0 121.0 15.3 1.42 0.53 0.15 0.03 2.66 4.56 10.00 56.00 17.11 27 NB-23 Chak 0 0 4

21.1 32.6 1.34 0.52 0.32 0.12 2.45 4.54 10.00 76.12 15.12 30.34 28 Machiana 0 7

12.0 43.2 1.32 0.34 0.21 0.05 1.56 2.34 7.23 65.12 6.45 42.45 29 Salam-4-NB 0 3

10.2 38.3 1.67 0.50 0.23 0.14 1.12 3.16 5.30 12.10 32.34 30.43 30 13-NB 3 4

12.4 63.4 1.32 0.51 0.23 0.04 2.56 1.56 8.00 67.11 56.12 45.11 31 Chak-2 0 5

20.3 15.2 1.53 0.42 0.43 0.21 2.34 3.67 9.10 5.34 65.23 15.23 32 Gakhiani 0 3

40.4 1.53 0.32 0.22 0.11 1.45 3.23 9.10 7.30 64.23 34.00 53.23 33 Chak Misran 5

12.1 102.0 52.4 1.65 0.60 0.14 0.03 1.45 4.34 21.34 56.11 40.23 34 Jawa 0 0 3

32.1 134.0 43.2 1.42 0.43 0.15 0.23 1.34 3.54 11.20 45.10 43.00 35 Noonpur Noon 0 0 3

26.2 103.1 39.3 0.85 0.43 0.23 0.05 2.11 0.67 12.20 54.12 24.35 36 Chak Mubarak 1 2 4

12.2 43.2 1.54 0.32 0.12 0.05 1.67 3.45 6.00 21.13 12.11 27.45 37 UC-Dhal 3 3

38 Turti Pur 0.65 0.35 0.32 0.21 2.67 2.34 7.00 23.00 67.12 32.12 45.34 26.3 4

21.2 34.4 0.82 0.43 0.11 0.02 0.65 3.45 31.00 34.12 90.21 45.67 39 Pindi Kot Alipur 0 5

21.0 20.3 0.68 0.35 0.23 0.12 1.56 2.03 6.10 47.12 34.00 16.45 40 33-NB 0 4

22.1 21.5 0.72 0.34 0.23 0.12 1.87 2.56 15.00 21.12 43.12 34.45 41 31-NB 0 6

214.0 45.4 0.57 0.32 0.21 0.08 2.45 4.32 5.60 7.00 12.00 23.45 42 Tanguwali 0 5

26.4 1.65 0.32 0.24 0.45 2.45 0.56 6.10 21.10 34.12 32.00 23.12 43 12-Chak Southern 3

12.1 32.5 1.53 0.32 0.23 0.08 2.34 3.87 10.00 21.12 34.12 23.45 44 Kot Momin Town 0 4

12.3 43.4 1.43 0.43 0.18 0.11 2.45 2.67 6.00 43.12 23.00 23.34 45 Derra Hadwana 4 5

56.4 1.88 0.43 0.45 0.12 2.65 3.23 7.00 5.10 12.10 10.10 45.34 46 Chak 21-SB 5

43.2 1.44 0.23 0.32 0.05 1.45 2.96 9.12 23.00 6.12 23.10 23.34 47 Mateela 5

10.1 24.3 1.65 0.34 0.46 0.21 1.54 0.65 7.00 32.12 12.00 20.34 48 UC-Choki 1 4

23.4 1.76 0.23 0.32 0.12 2.44 3.45 7.20 7.10 12.32 21.12 34.30 49 N-25 chak 5

24.1 34.2 1.67 0.44 0.23 0.12 2.32 3.24 10.10 32.12 12.12 20.11 50 Dinpur 0 0

15.2 0.57 0.22 0.03 0.02 0.65 0.56 5.40 5.10 5.34 6.20 15.23 Min 3

43.0 214.0 134.0 63.4 1.88 0.61 0.47 0.55 2.67 5.16 33.23 53.45 Max 2 0 0 5

17.3 36.2 1.31 0.43 0.25 0.15 1.81 2.93 11.92 54.08 40.55 31.37 Avg 9 7

Appendix3 Physical and chemical Characteristics of soil different union councils of Charsadda and Mardan District

N- De Sa Si Cl Text p EC O CaC Ca+ HC Union No P K Zn Fe B S. pth nd lt ay ure H 1:1 M O3 Mg O3 Council 3 # Name (cm dS (%) (%) meq liter-1 mgkg-1 ) m-1 1 Khazana 0- 33. 5 12 silt 8. 0.4 0. 2.6 7.8 1. 20. 17. 0. 1 7.6 4.33 1 Dheri 30 2 4 .8 loam 09 22 31 7 4 99 20 46 42 4 1 30- 8. 0.2 0. 2.0 7.3 1. 6.4 16. 0. 7.1 2.67 1 45 2 71 20 0 3 83 0 06 60 2 1 0- 8 6. 7. 0.2 0. 2.3 4.7 3. 20. 37. 0. 2 Chamtar 7.2 silt 7.5 2.67 1 30 6 8 77 7 27 3 8 17 00 49 37 4 30- 8. 0.2 0. 2.0 4.3 1. 4 2.4 27. 0. 6.7 2.33 45 04 42 20 0 1 71 0 0 59 34 1 0- 35. 6 4. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.0 4.9 1. 18. 27. 0. 3 Naray 8.7 3.00 0 30 2 0 8 loam 99 65 41 0 1 41 00 49 33 6 30- 7. 0.2 0. 2.0 6.5 1. 6 2.1 42. 0. 7.3 3.33 45 96 74 27 0 2 74 0 0 60 41 Madhay 0- 39. 6 0. silt 7. 0.5 0. 2.6 3.4 2. 4 18. 15. 0. 4 7.8 5.00 Baba 30 2 0 8 loam 89 59 06 7 2 27 0 20 90 34 30- 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 3.8 1. 6 5.1 27. 0. 6.3 3.33 45 99 5 10 3 0 29 6 1 49 36 0- 27. 6 8. silt 7. 0.4 0. 2.0 4.3 2. 8 21. 22. 0. 5 Tourdhair 7.4 4.00 30 2 4 8 loam 96 36 03 0 6 82 6 40 87 36 30- 0.2 0. 26.6 1.6 5.2 1. 8 6.2 22. 0. 8 6 45 88 06 7 7 5 08 0 3 49 41 0- 31. 5 12 silt 8. 0.4 0. 2.3 4.4 2. 9 23. 44. 0. 6 Pir Saddi 6.8 4.33 30 2 6 .8 loam 05 54 13 3 4 61 2 10 48 39 30- 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 7.5 1. 7 7.3 40. 0. 5.7 3.33 45 94 25 03 3 9 79 0 3 47 52 Bandha Pir 0- 25. 7 2. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 5.2 2. 8 17. 56. 0. 7 7.9 3.33 Saddi 30 2 2 8 loam 96 85 41 3 5 50 4 11 49 35 30- 7. 0.2 0. 2.0 4.0 1. 8 6.1 42. 0. 6.9 2.33 45 99 18 31 0 6 47 2 3 60 39 0- 19. 6 14 silt 7. 0.4 0. 2.3 5.1 1. 7 16. 56. 0. 8 Parkho Dhairi 6.5 4.00 30 2 6 .8 loam 97 07 13 3 6 72 8 20 80 46 1 30- 8. 0.5 0. 3.0 3.9 1. 2.0 33. 0. 5.6 5.00 2 45 4 6 03 0 3 46 0 49 42 4 1 0- 21. 7 8. silt 8. 0.3 0. 2.0 5.3 2. 4.2 37. 0. 9 Takht Bai 8.1 3.33 1 30 2 0 8 loam 13 3 41 0 3 42 2 49 36 8 30- 8. 0.3 0. 2.3 6.1 2. 7 2.1 16. 0. 7.6 3.33 45 16 37 31 3 8 95 8 0 49 45 1 0- 43. 4 12 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 3.8 1. 9 5.9 37. 0. Maho Dhairi loam 6.3 2.67 0 30 2 4 .8 05 54 10 7 0 78 6 0 39 37 30- 7. 0.2 0. 1.6 3.9 2. 8 2.5 12. 0. 5.3 2.33 45 95 38 17 7 3 43 0 0 86 39 1 Sarho Shah 0- 27. 6 12 silt 8. 0.3 0. 6.3 3.00 2.0 4.4 1. 9 1.3 30. 0. 1 30 2 0 .8 loam 08 08 41 0 8 39 2 0 48 36 1 30- 7. 0.2 0. 2.0 5.1 1. 1.0 19. 0. 5.9 2.33 1 45 01 39 31 0 6 48 1 05 39 0 1 0- 25. 7 2. silt 0.3 0. 2.0 4.4 1. 8 10. 21. 0. Mardan 8 6.8 3.33 2 30 2 2 8 loam 24 48 0 8 60 6 11 48 33 1 30- 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 8.7 2. 8.0 26. 0. 6.3 2.67 0 45 11 73 37 7 8 02 0 49 57 6 1 1 0- 7 16 silt 8. 0.3 0. 2.0 5.0 1. 7.6 19. 0. Sawaldhairi 7.2 6.9 3.33 1 3 30 6 .8 loam 07 18 03 0 4 93 6 48 32 8 30- 8. 0.2 0. 2.3 10. 2. 5 4.2 28. 0. 7.6 2.67 45 11 52 06 3 31 11 4 2 49 52 1 0- 21. 6 18 silt 8. 0.3 0. 2.3 1.5 2. 7 5.2 36. 0. Lundkhor 7.9 4.00 4 30 2 0 .8 loam 06 78 06 3 1 16 4 0 59 36 1 30- 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 9.2 1. 2.1 41. 0. 7.3 3.67 1 45 9 52 03 3 0 60 0 05 54 0 1 0- 25. 6 6. silt 7. 0.4 0. 2.6 6.5 2. 6 7.1 44. 0. Sheroo 7.6 4.33 5 30 2 8 8 loam 88 44 13 7 2 59 4 1 49 33 1 30- 7. 0.4 0. 2.6 3.6 1. 2.3 34. 0. 6.7 4.33 0 45 87 18 10 7 3 55 0 49 39 2 2 1 0- 13. 8 2. 7. 0.4 0. 2.3 5.9 3. 20. 53. 0. Katlung silt 7.7 5.00 2 6 30 2 4 8 85 72 37 3 7 11 00 37 32 2 30- 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 3.9 1. 9 2.5 33. 0. 5.3 3.67 45 02 56 44 3 7 76 0 0 59 47 1 0- 17. 7 4. silt 8. 0.4 0. 2.3 9.2 4. 6 21. 50. 0. Siri Bahlool 5.2 4.33 7 30 2 8 8 loam 13 03 24 3 4 14 0 40 58 36 30- 7. 0.3 0. 2.0 3.5 1. 9 8.5 30. 0. 4.9 3.00 45 05 12 17 0 5 26 0 4 59 83 1 0- 25. 7 2. silt 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 6.4 1. 7 20. 40. 0. Babeni Nehr 6.4 3.00 8 30 2 2 8 loam 23 63 44 7 8 90 4 20 49 41 30- 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 1.4 1. 5 16. 21. 0. 6 2.67 45 3 15 13 7 3 26 8 00 49 37 1 Khazana 0- 21. 6 14 silt 8. 0.2 0. 2.0 6.4 2. 9 23. 33. 0. 6.9 3.00 9 Dhairi 30 2 4 .8 loam 01 64 06 0 4 32 2 00 49 27 1 30- 8. 0.3 0. 2.3 3.2 1. 6.3 20. 0. 6.3 3.00 6 45 01 12 31 3 9 12 0 59 34 8 1 2 0- 8 8. 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 4.1 1. 5.9 18. 0. Doserra 3.2 silt 7.7 1.67 3 0 30 8 8 28 62 44 7 4 18 0 49 48 2 30- 0.2 0. 2.6 3.6 0. 9 2.0 27. 0. 7 5.7 3.00 45 96 13 7 3 94 6 0 58 56 1 2 0- 25. 6 10 silt 7. 0.4 0. 2.0 5.2 1. 5.0 16. 0. Wahidabad 9.1 4.00 3 1 30 2 4 .8 loam 9 12 48 0 5 29 0 05 29 2 30- 8. 0.2 0. 2.3 6.3 1. 9 2.1 29. 0. 7.2 3.33 45 08 9 17 3 5 15 6 1 05 33 1 2 0- 23. 6 14 silt 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 6.9 3. 4.3 25. 0. Dargai 8.5 2.67 1 2 30 2 2 .8 loam 3 76 13 7 1 53 4 49 46 2 30- 8. 0.2 0. 2.6 4.0 1. 7 2.0 23. 0. 7.3 2.33 45 5 96 31 7 2 62 4 0 49 46 1 2 0- 45. 4 8. 8. 0.3 0. 2.3 6.1 3. 23. 20. 0. Manga loam 8.3 3.33 1 3 30 2 6 8 16 27 48 3 4 53 00 49 39 0 30- 8. 0.1 0. 4.2 1.6 5.3 1. 7 2.4 18. 0. 2.00 45 2 74 24 4 7 8 53 6 0 05 55 2 0- 31. 6 6. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 4.1 4. 6 23. 39. 0. Umaray 8.4 3.00 4 30 2 2 8 loam 95 23 27 3 4 03 8 10 65 35 30- 7. 0.3 0. 5.0 2.3 3.8 3. 7 8.0 16. 0. 2.33 45 79 76 51 3 3 9 21 6 0 49 39 1 2 0- 33. 6 6. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.0 5.7 2. 20. 31. 0. Khan Mahi 5.8 3.67 0 5 30 2 0 8 loam 91 49 37 0 2 68 10 48 38 4 30- 7. 0.2 0. 4.5 1.3 4.2 2. 7 7.3 40. 0. 2.67 45 7 96 24 3 3 3 79 8 0 75 46 2 Ikram 0- 13. 7 8. silt 8. 0.3 0. 1.6 4.0 4. 8 14. 44. 0. 9.1 3.00 6 KhanKalay 30 2 8 8 loam 1 03 31 7 6 35 6 20 49 27 3 30- 7. 0.2 0. 5.9 1.6 4.8 1. 7.1 22. 0. 2.67 9 45 02 66 44 7 7 7 96 0 05 39 0 2 0- 9 2. 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 4.2 1. 7 12. 50. 0. Torangzai 7.2 silt 9.5 2.67 7 30 0 8 29 31 34 7 7 49 0 30 59 34 1 30- 8. 0.2 0. 7.0 2.3 1.3 2. 7.4 37. 0. 2.67 0 45 03 73 41 8 3 4 87 0 87 35 8 2 2 Samiullah 0- 19. 7 4. silt 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 6.5 2. 4.2 33. 0. 8.7 3.00 5 8 Mian Kalay 30 2 6 8 loam 25 39 06 7 7 87 2 39 37 6 30- 8. 0.2 0. 6.4 1.6 4.8 3. 8 3.3 14. 0. 2.33 45 22 27 10 8 7 7 03 2 4 49 32 1 2 Saribahlool 0- 27. 6 8. silt 8. 0.2 0. 2.3 4.9 4. 5.0 20. 0. 6.8 2.67 3 9 Taktbai 30 2 4 8 loam 05 94 3 3 1 36 0 00 39 6 30- 8. 0.2 0. 4.9 1.6 1.4 3. 5 2.5 17. 0. 3.00 45 19 88 31 7 7 7 30 0 0 59 46 1 3 0- 21. 7 6. silt 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 4.9 5. 5.1 46. 0. Jhangirabad 6.3 3.00 5 0 30 2 2 8 loam 03 8 48 7 5 53 0 49 46 6 30- 8. 0.3 0. 4.0 2.3 1.2 2. 8 3.1 33. 0. 3.33 45 11 02 62 8 3 3 84 6 0 04 44 3 0- 19. 7 6. silt 8. 0.1 0. 1.6 6.8 2. 5 4.4 55. 0. Shakgazey 7.9 2.33 1 30 2 4 8 loam 11 86 03 7 2 33 6 0 59 35 1 30- 7. 0.3 0. 4.9 2.3 4.8 1. 2.0 25. 0. 2.33 0 45 99 16 17 7 3 2 60 0 49 34 0 1 3 0- 25. 6 10 silt 0.2 0. 1.6 3.8 2. 4.9 30. 0. Narai 8 6.7 2.67 1 2 30 2 4 .8 loam 95 03 7 5 87 3 48 33 2 30- 8. 0.1 0. 4.4 2.0 2.6 1. 7 2.1 27. 0. 2.33 45 13 73 06 6 0 1 49 6 3 49 53 3 0- 29. 5 12 silt 7. 0.2 0. 2.0 4.5 2. 9 5.0 17. 0. Hajiabad 6.9 2.67 3 30 2 8 .8 loam 95 86 41 0 7 42 2 0 77 51 30- 8. 0.2 0. 4.9 2.3 3.4 1. 6 4.0 20. 0. 2.67 45 16 25 03 7 3 6 18 2 0 49 36 3 0- 21. 6 14 silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 3.5 1. 8 5.9 20. 0. Garho shah 8.5 3.33 4 30 2 4 .8 loam 95 44 34 3 5 86 4 0 49 46 30- 7. 0.2 0. 4.9 2.3 5.0 1. 7 3.1 15. 0. 3.67 45 99 49 31 8 3 8 14 6 1 49 49 3 0- 31. 6 2. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.0 4.5 2. 8 5.1 23. 0. Mandani 7.8 3.00 5 30 2 6 8 loam 99 01 34 0 7 49 8 3 49 32 1 30- 8. 0.3 0. 4.4 2.6 3.8 1. 4.1 29. 0. 3.67 0 45 13 8 34 3 7 9 38 2 49 42 8 3 0- 45. 4 10 8. 0.2 0. 7.0 1.6 3.5 2. 6 5.4 26. 0. Harichan loam 2.67 6 30 2 4 .8 05 77 37 0 7 5 71 8 4 66 39 1 30- 8. 0.2 0. 3.9 2.0 3.2 2. 3.1 22. 0. 2.33 0 45 2 02 13 8 0 1 79 2 48 37 0 1 3 0- 8 10 7. 0.6 0. 8.7 2.3 3.1 3. 18. 19. 0. Gerralla 1.2 silt 5.67 0 7 30 8 .8 79 33 48 0 3 7 03 45 59 54 2 30- 7. 0.3 0. 4.9 2.3 3.7 2. 6 7.2 37. 0. 4.00 45 8 95 10 7 3 6 68 6 0 59 57 3 0- 37. 5 8. silt 7. 0.3 0. 9.3 1.6 6.8 1. 6 19. 36. 0. Shergarh 3.00 8 30 2 4 8 loam 95 37 10 0 7 6 41 6 32 87 60 30- 8. 0.3 0. 4.9 2.0 4.1 1. 7 7.0 14. 0. 3.67 45 91 41 41 8 0 0 68 0 0 49 36 3 0- 27. 5 14 silt 8. 0.2 0. 8.1 1.6 4.8 2. 9 18. 43. 0. Kodray Kalay 2.67 9 30 2 8 .8 loam 01 7 17 0 7 2 38 0 30 47 37 30- 8. 0.2 0. 3.9 2.3 6.0 1. 7 7.3 27. 0. 2.33 45 03 26 17 6 3 6 41 8 4 74 34 4 0- 35. 6 2. silt 7. 0.4 0. 8.8 2.3 5.5 1. 7 12. 45. 0. SMF SCRI 4.00 0 30 2 2 8 loam 86 14 48 0 3 5 49 6 34 47 60 30- 8. 0.3 0. 5.9 2.3 3.8 1. 8 5.4 41. 0. 4.00 45 09 73 37 8 3 5 54 8 0 05 37 4 0- 27. 6 4. silt 8. 0.3 0. 6.5 2.3 5.0 1. 8 5.6 33. 0. Akodhairi 3.33 1 30 2 8 8 loam 03 15 20 0 3 4 54 4 0 36 39 1 30- 8. 0.3 0. 3.5 2.0 4.0 1. 3.4 15. 0. 2.00 2 45 06 19 44 8 0 2 73 0 50 54 6 1 4 0- 21. 7 6. silt 8. 0.2 0. 1.6 4.5 0. 5.4 42. 0. Gulabad 7.4 2.33 2 2 30 2 2 8 loam 11 01 13 7 7 92 5 47 35 4 30- 7. 0.2 0. 3.9 2.3 2.8 1. 8 2.2 21. 0. 2.33 45 95 09 51 0 3 7 62 2 0 50 57 Sari 4 0- 25. 6 6. silt 7. 0.6 0. 7.8 2.6 3.0 5. 9 6.4 29. 0. BahloolTakht 5.67 3 30 2 8 8 loam 84 2 06 0 7 4 06 0 5 66 34 bai 30- 8. 0.4 0. 4.9 2.0 5.1 4. 9 5.2 22. 0. 4.67 45 01 83 41 8 0 6 88 4 3 60 47 4 0- 23. 7 2. silt 0.3 0. 5.9 1.6 3.1 3. 8 7.3 33. 0. Bahloola 8 3.00 4 30 2 4 8 loam 17 37 0 7 7 98 2 0 59 39 30- 8. 0.2 0. 3.0 2.3 3.5 4. 4 4.0 18. 0. 2.33 45 12 46 37 6 3 5 62 4 0 08 32 4 0- 19. 6 12 silt 8. 0.2 0. 7.3 1.6 6.1 2. 6 20. 46. 0. Shakh-5 3.00 5 30 2 8 .8 loam 06 72 44 0 7 0 02 0 00 49 37 30- 8. 0.2 0. 3.9 2.3 4.3 2. 7 8.7 20. 0. 2.67 45 02 2 31 9 3 1 34 4 0 48 35 4 0- 41. 4 14 7. 0.3 0. 7.5 2.0 3.5 2. 8 21. 44. 0. Balool-2 loam 3.33 6 30 2 4 .8 97 58 51 0 0 9 25 8 45 49 54 30- 7. 0.3 0. 4.5 2.0 3.2 2. 5 5.4 33. 0. 3.00 45 83 12 03 3 0 9 38 6 0 49 41 1 4 0- 31. 5 16 silt 8. 0.3 0. 6.7 1.6 5.8 2. 23. 45. 0. Utmanzai 2.33 3 7 30 2 2 .8 loam 26 25 10 0 7 0 87 00 46 38 4 30- 7. 0.6 0. 3.5 2.3 4.5 1. 6 6.4 29. 0. 5.67 45 99 01 13 9 3 7 55 2 4 49 57 4 0- 23. 7 2. silt 7. 0.3 0. 2.3 5.7 2. 8 23. 22. 0. Rajjarh 7.9 3.67 8 30 2 4 8 loam 99 65 03 3 2 60 2 10 49 42 1 30- 80 0.2 0. 4.9 2.0 4.1 1. 8.3 37. 0. 2.67 0 45 .3 83 06 8 0 0 11 0 79 56 8 1 4 0- 27. 6 4. silt 8. 0.3 0. 8.6 1.6 4.0 2. 12. 46. 0. Rajjar-2 1.67 0 9 30 2 8 8 loam 29 57 44 0 7 6 57 34 49 53 0 30- 8. 0.1 0. 4.6 2.0 4.2 1. 6 8.5 36. 0. 3.00 45 13 82 31 3 0 3 29 8 0 66 56 5 0- 31. 6 6. silt 7. 0.5 0. 8.1 2.0 4.6 2. 6 21. 30. 0. Nagar Bagh 0.67 0 30 2 2 8 loam 81 62 37 0 0 5 82 8 20 49 34 30- 7. 0.4 0. 4.5 1.6 3.5 1. 9 5.3 22. 0. 2.33 45 8 87 41 3 7 9 76 6 0 50 39 5 0- 13. 7 8. silt 7. 0.3 0. 7.2 16. 4.7 2. 6 20. 34. 0. Shaikhoo 4.33 1 30 2 8 8 loam 93 75 51 5 67 8 89 8 11 40 37 30- 7. 0.3 0. 4.8 2.0 5.4 2. 6 8.0 20. 0. 3.67 45 55 22 13 6 0 2 91 8 0 49 41 5 0- 11. 8 8. silt 7. 0.3 0. 8.1 1.3 5.8 3. 9 21. 37. 0. SCRI Mardan 2.33 2 30 2 0 8 loam 83 2 48 0 3 4 40 2 34 75 32 30- 7. 0.3 0. 4.9 1.3 2.7 2. 9 8.1 22. 0. 1.67 45 52 08 06 8 3 4 30 6 0 49 39

Appendix-3a Nutrient contents in sugarcane plant tissues collected from different union councils of District Charsadda and Mardan

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Iron Zinc B Sr. # Name of union (g 100g-1) (mgkg-1) council Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat e h e h e h e h e h e h

254.0 133.2 14.4 18.8 1 Khazana Dairi 1.66 0.61 0.47 0.37 1.28 3.48 12.00 13.27 0 0 0 9

107.6 159.6 39.6 11.9 2 Chamtar Mardan 1.09 1.17 0.33 0.36 1.28 2.40 18.00 12.06 0 0 0 2

315.2 123.6 15.2 27.0 3 Narai Takht bai 1.70 0.70 0.38 0.31 1.48 2.72 22.40 39.40 0 0 0 7

265.2 356.0 11.6 4 Madha Baba 1.61 1.99 0.34 0.32 1.08 1.64 20.00 7.07 17.83 0 0 0

343.2 127.2 32.0 14.6 5 Tourdair Takhtbai 1.70 0.60 0.48 0.32 1.80 2.88 35.20 14.79 0 0 0 5 456.0 168.4 32.8 13.4 6 Pir Saddi Takht Bai 1.11 0.65 0.42 0.30 1.12 2.08 36.00 14.79 0 0 0 4

338.0 173.6 15.6 11.6 7 Banda Pir Saddi 1.80 0.58 0.30 0.32 0.80 1.72 14.40 17.53 0 0 0 2

289.4 19.6 10.7 8 Parkhodair 1.49 0.56 0.40 0.30 0.92 1.28 8.40 22.40 14.79 4 0 1

208.4 469.6 26.0 15.5 9 Takhtbai 1.58 0.83 0.48 0.30 1.80 3.16 18.40 15.40 0 0 0 6

788.4 289.0 15.6 10.4 10 Mahodairi Mardan 1.26 0.45 0.47 0.43 1.00 2.20 1.08 11.45 0 4 0 1

210.8 198.0 18.0 22.8 11 Saroshah Mardan 1.50 0.46 0.28 0.26 1.32 2.60 20.00 16.01 0 0 0 3

214.1 50.0 12 Mardan 1.06 0.24 0.39 0.27 1.44 1.16 17.20 19.60 9.20 15.10 2 0

277.6 27.6 13 Sawaldair mardan 1.27 0.44 0.42 0.38 1.44 3.00 70.40 6.00 19.60 33.63 0 8

708.8 17.2 15.2 14 Lundkhorh Mardan 1.48 0.58 0.29 0.28 1.00 1.84 49.60 24.40 33.93 0 0 6

150.8 261.6 21.0 15 Sheroo Mardan 1.60 0.68 0.45 0.33 0.96 2.04 7.60 14.00 21.17 0 0 1

186.4 265.2 13.2 16 Katlung Mardan 1.44 0.54 0.41 0.33 1.28 3.24 25.20 7.07 19.35 0 0 0

134.4 413.6 23.6 23.4 17 Siri Bahlol Mardan 1.52 0.59 0.45 0.42 1.20 2.40 11.20 31.20 0 0 0 4

365.6 293.2 20.4 16.7 18 Babeni Nehr 1.23 0.48 0.34 0.30 1.12 1.84 21.60 17.22 0 0 0 7

436.4 316.8 21.2 19 Khazana Dairi 1.12 0.70 0.40 0.30 1.12 2.20 8.00 7.98 22.69 0 0 0

286.0 133.2 19.6 20 Dosara Mardan 1.56 0.64 0.50 0.28 1.52 2.80 11.20 3.74 16.62 0 0 0

202.8 241.6 15.2 19.5 21 Wahidabad 1.62 0.58 0.42 0.26 1.20 2.08 17.60 23.00 0 0 0 0

371.2 14.3 22 Dargai Charsadda 1.32 0.62 0.42 0.28 1.24 2.28 43.60 8.00 18.00 16.62 0 5

130.8 353.8 10.4 12.8 23 Manga Mardan 1.40 0.75 0.33 0.28 1.48 2.12 18.80 17.22 0 0 0 3

24 Umarzai Charsadda 1.12 0.53 0.38 0.29 1.40 2.20 14.40 4.95 17.22 381.2 213.6 11.2 0 0 0

324.4 193.6 12.0 25 Khan Mahi 1.70 0.53 0.35 0.32 1.24 2.88 11.60 9.80 33.02 0 0 0

425.6 218.0 18.8 26 Charsadda 1.29 0.61 0.51 0.32 1.20 2.12 38.40 7.68 20.87 0 8 0

224.4 330.9 10.8 16.7 27 Torangzai 0.59 0.65 0.53 0.29 1.12 1.88 20.40 36.97 0 4 0 7

116.0 12.4 28 Mian Kalay 1.63 0.77 0.33 0.29 1.56 3.08 58.00 20.80 8.59 25.73 0 0

294.8 505.2 24.8 29 Seribahlool 1.90 0.98 0.47 0.38 1.40 2.28 21.20 7.38 16.31 0 0 0

168.0 23.2 30 Jangirabad 1.61 1.81 0.42 0.35 1.36 2.40 48.40 20.00 3.74 14.18 0 0

216.8 20.0 18.8 31 Shakgazay Baba 1.70 0.59 0.42 0.35 1.56 2.56 58.00 16.80 23.91 0 0 9

257.6 346.0 16.8 32 Naray Takhtbai 1.43 0.54 0.38 0.33 1.56 2.64 18.00 6.77 17.83 0 0 0

377.2 447.2 23.2 12.8 33 Hajiabad Takhtbai 1.27 1.28 0.33 0.29 1.24 2.24 20.80 15.40 0 0 0 3

177.6 423.2 25.2 34 Garoshah Takhtbai 1.44 0.56 0.54 0.28 1.36 2.20 3.20 6.17 15.70 0 0 0

497.6 438.2 16.8 18.8 35 Charasadda 1.58 0.58 0.36 0.30 1.36 2.28 15.20 31.50 0 0 0 9

395.2 586.0 27.6 36 Harichand 1.42 0.81 0.48 0.35 1.20 2.44 25.60 8.59 19.35 0 0 0

335.6 176.4 17.2 31.9 37 Gerralla Takhtbai 0.66 0.65 0.45 0.33 1.28 1.56 14.00 11.15 0 0 0 2

462.4 209.4 23.2 13.7 38 Shergarh Mardan 0.71 0.69 0.37 0.34 1.16 1.40 6.80 11.45 0 5 0 4

151.6 26.0 13.4 39 Kadray Kalay 1.18 0.85 0.39 0.33 0.96 1.80 20.00 32.40 16.01 0 0 4

SCRI Mardan 578.0 121.2 21.6 40 1.58 0.52 0.41 0.33 1.48 1.76 11.20 7.98 14.79 Substation 0 0 0

256.8 124.4 10.8 12.5 41 Akodairi Lundkhor 1.39 0.69 0.45 0.30 1.36 2.12 17.20 14.79 0 0 0 3

766.8 164.4 34.4 42 Golabad Mardan 1.67 0.60 0.48 0.39 1.28 2.64 27.60 8.59 12.36 0 0 0 359.6 645.6 21.6 103.2 43 saribahlol Mardan 0.61 0.81 0.43 0.36 1.32 2.48 25.20 8.59 0 0 0 0

108.4 491.6 17.2 10.4 44 Behloola 1.50 0.48 0.43 0.34 1.32 2.32 21.60 17.83 0 0 0 1

220.8 28.8 45 Sakh-5 Sirki 1.63 0.52 0.40 0.30 1.68 2.92 66.80 9.20 18.40 15.40 0 9

452.0 357.7 14.8 10.7 46 Bahlola-2 1.57 0.60 0.32 0.31 1.28 1.72 23.60 18.74 0 6 0 1

124.4 136.4 11.2 13.4 47 Utmanzai 1.06 0.45 0.44 0.28 1.44 2.44 7.60 32.11 0 0 0 4

213.4 178.0 20.0 11.3 48 Rzzaa I 1.65 0.56 0.39 0.32 1.36 2.20 10.40 22.69 2 0 0 2

265.6 398.2 21.6 17.9 49 Razzar-II 1.32 0.56 0.52 0.36 1.32 1.56 18.00 26.34 0 2 0 8

534.8 548.8 17.2 15.5 50 Nigar Bagh 1.70 0.68 0.41 0.30 1.48 2.32 42.40 20.26 0 0 0 6

468.0 398.0 10.0 14.3 51 Sheikhoo 1.51 0.68 0.38 0.31 1.48 3.00 15.60 21.78 0 0 0 5

326.4 312.4 19.6 52 SCRI Mardan 1.77 0.71 0.48 0.31 2.00 3.08 16.40 9.80 20.56 0 0 0

Appendix 4 Physical and chemical Characteristics of soil of different union councils of Shaheed Benazir Abad District, Sindh

Ca N De Sa Si Cl p EC O Ca+ HC Z Texture CO o3 P K Fe B Cl S pth nd lt ay H e M Mg O3 n -N . UC-Name 3 dS m # (c meq liter- (%) m- (%) mg kg-1 eq m) 1 1 L-1 Chak-3 1 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 0- 46 3 Silt 0.4 0.2 2.5 2. 1. 2.9 1. 1 Sohailo 7. 1 8.4 5 0 0 4 30 .4 6 Loam 44 42 0 33 76 1 67 Dourh 6 3 0 3 8 6 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.6 0.1 3.0 1. 1. 1.7 1. 3 7.2 7 0 0 3 45 94 04 0 67 34 2 00 3 0 2 4 4 3 8. 1 0. 0. 0. Jam Sahb 0- 6. 5 Silty Clay 0.6 0.4 7.0 2. 1. 1.7 1. 2 7. 1 6.7 5 8 0 4 Dourh 30 4 6 Loam 97 83 0 33 85 2 67 6 4 0 2 4 1 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.8 0.1 5.0 2. 1. 1.5 3. 2 7.4 6 6 0 4 45 77 38 0 33 00 9 00 3 8 4 2 7 1 8. 1 0. 0. 0. Raees Ali 0- 30 5 Silt 0.5 0.6 6.6 2. 1. 5.8 1. 3 9. 4 6.5 6 0 0 6 Akbar Jamali 30 .4 0 Loam 03 21 7 00 47 9 33 6 9 8 4 6 7 8. 1 0. 0. 0. Alimurad 30- 0.3 0.2 3.0 2. 1. 1.8 1. 5 8.2 8 0 0 6 Chandio 45 87 42 0 00 76 9 00 3 2 4 2 1 2 8. 2 1. 0. 0. 0- 12 6 Silt 0.3 0.5 6.6 2. 2. 3.0 1. 4 Dourh 5. 3 6.6 1 5 0 5 30 .4 2 Loam 53 52 7 33 57 8 00 6 3 6 1 4 9 8. 2 1. 0. 0. 30- 1.5 0.3 29. 1. 1. 2.2 4. 1 8 3 1 0 6 45 65 10 33 00 13 3 00 8 2 2 4 6 3 1 0. 0. 0. Chak-53 0- 4. 5 Silty Clay 8. 1.0 0.3 7.6 2. 2. 1.5 3. 5 9. 8.6 1 1 1 5 Dourh 30 4 6 Loam 5 27 45 7 00 10 5 00 6 6 0 2 8 8. 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 1.1 0.3 10. 1. 1. 3.5 8. 0 7.5 0 0 0 8 45 18 80 33 00 38 5 33 1 0 6 8 3 2 8. 2 1. 0. 0. 0- 30 4 0.9 0.4 5.3 2. 1. 4.4 6. 6 UC-61 Bandhi 1. Loam 5 8.2 0 1 1 7 30 .4 8 63 49 3 67 59 8 33 6 6 0 3 0 8 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.6 0.3 5.3 1. 1. 2.3 4. 8.6 3 8 1 9 45 4 09 45 3 67 42 2 67 2 6 0 6 1 7. 2 0. 0. 0. Kot Lalu 0- 42 4 0.7 0.3 6.0 1. 1. 5.2 1. 7 7. loam 9 9.5 0 0 0 6 Bandhi 30 .4 0 02 80 0 67 34 9 67 6 9 0 9 6 3 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.5 0.2 3.6 2. 2. 2.9 1. 5.9 3 0 0 6 45 2 7 76 7 33 44 1 00 2 6 4 8 2 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 0- 26 4 Clay 0.2 0.5 8.0 1. 2. 4.0 1. 8 Punnal Rajper 9. 3 7.4 3 1 0 4 30 .4 4 Loam 96 52 0 33 27 2 33 6 1 2 4 8 2 30- 8. 0.3 0.1 7.5 4.3 3. 1. 2.4 3 0. 0. 0. 2. 45 4 96 73 3 00 89 9 1 1 0 9 00 6 1 4 2 2 1 1. 0. 1. 0- 32 4 8. 0.3 0.2 4.3 2. 1. 2.6 1. 9 UC-83 1. Loam 9.0 8 5 0 3 30 .4 6 2 03 42 3 00 72 6 33 6 2 8 8 8 8. 2 1. 0. 1. 30- 0.2 0.2 4.3 2. 1. 2.2 1. 2 9.8 1 0 0 2 45 37 07 3 00 42 7 00 6 6 8 4 3 3 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 1 UC- Jamal 0- 6. 5 Silty Clay 0.6 0.5 3.6 2. 2. 14. 2. 9. 3 9.4 8 0 0 4 0 Shah 30 4 4 Loam 48 18 7 33 36 98 33 6 5 6 4 2 8 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.6 0.0 10. 1. 1. 2.4 6. 9.2 3 0 0 6 45 2 12 35 33 67 64 0 00 2 4 2 4 UC- 3 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 1 0- 14 4 Silty Clay 0.4 0.4 7.3 1. 2. 2.7 2. MaharhoQazi 7. 2 8.1 6 3 0 5 1 30 .4 8 Loam 47 49 3 33 06 8 67 ahmad 6 1 4 9 6 0 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.7 0.1 6.3 2. 1. 2.2 4. 0 8.5 6 0 0 5 45 49 04 3 00 55 7 33 3 6 2 4 9 8. 1 1. 0. 0. 1 UC- Bandhi 0- 26 6 5. Silt 0.3 0.2 4.3 2. 2. 3.1 1. 1 9.8 0 8 0 9 2 Town 30 .4 8 6 Loam 99 42 3 00 36 7 00 6 0 9 6 9 8. 2 1. 0. 1. 30- 0.2 0.1 4.3 2. 1. 1.8 0. 1 8.4 0 1 0 1 45 03 38 3 00 34 9 67 1 0 2 2 8 1 1 0. 0. 0. 1 0- 2. 8 Silt 8. 0.5 0.4 5.0 1. 1. 2.3 2. UC- Amirgee 7. 4.9 7 0 0 4 3 30 4 0 Loam 2 4 14 0 67 76 6 00 6 0 7 5 7 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.4 0.1 3.6 3. 1. 2.5 1. 2 6.0 3 0 0 4 45 64 73 7 00 55 3 00 4 2 6 4 9 3 7. 2 1. 0. 0. 1 UC-Aoli 0- 28 4 Clay 0.3 0.4 10. 6.3 1. 3. 5.9 1. 1. 9 3 0 1 5 4 Amargee 30 .4 0 Loam 5 49 1 3 33 46 3 00 6 7 2 3 3 5 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.5 0.4 13. 0. 1. 1.9 3. 7.1 5 8 0 5 45 5 03 14 00 67 34 3 00 0 6 9 7 1 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 1 Nawabshah- 0- 26 6 Silt 0.2 0.4 5.0 0. 1. 2.4 1. 3. 4 6.0 8 0 0 6 5 04 30 .4 0 Loam 99 83 0 67 72 9 67 6 1 2 7 6 4 7. 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.7 0.0 7.3 0. 1. 2.0 1. 9 7.6 8 0 0 6 45 03 69 3 67 81 2 00 9 2 6 6 3 3 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 1 UC-Khair 0- 28 4 Clay 0.3 0.4 5.0 1. 2. 2.7 0. 1. 2 8.6 0 0 0 7 6 Shah 30 .4 0 Loam 39 49 0 67 91 0 67 6 5 0 5 6 3 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.2 0.4 5.0 2. 1. 1.9 3. 4 7.0 0 0 0 6 45 83 14 0 00 30 3 33 1 0 4 6 7 2 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 1 0- 18 5 Silty Clay 0.7 0.2 4.6 1. 4. 2.1 9. Buchary 9. 0 8.4 6 0 0 6 7 30 .4 2 Loam 66 07 7 67 36 0 67 6 8 4 4 8 8 8. 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.4 0.0 3.6 1. 1. 5.3 1. 0 5.7 3 0 0 6 45 41 35 7 33 55 3 00 3 2 3 5 1 1 Habib 0- 30 4 2 8. 0.6 0.2 7.0 1. 2. 2.1 1 1. 0. 0. 6. Loam 6.9 8 Sugarmill 30 .4 8 1. 1 12 42 0 33 32 5 0 1 0 7 00 6 2 9 4 2 3 0. 0. 5. 30- 7. 0.6 0.0 8.3 1. 1. 2.1 1. 8.6 0 8 0 3 45 9 69 35 3 33 42 0 67 0 7 4 7 2 8. 1 0. 0. 0. 1 Hammal 0- 24 5 Silt 0.4 5.3 0. 2. 2.1 1. 5. 3 1.8 7.4 8 0 1 4 9 aqirshah 30 .4 0 Loam 49 3 67 44 0 33 6 7 6 6 4 7 8. 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 0.3 0.3 46. 1. 1. 6.4 1. 2 6.9 5 0 1 6 45 4 45 67 33 51 4 33 6 0 6 1 0 2 1 0. 0. 1. 2 UC- 0- 20 5 Silt 8. 1.2 0.4 11. 2. 2. 2.6 2. 5. 7.0 8 0 1 0 0 Sheranmari 30 .4 4 Loam 3 54 83 00 67 19 6 67 6 6 4 0 9 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.1 5.3 1. 1. 2.2 1. 6.5 9 0 0 6 45 1 99 04 3 67 51 3 67 0 4 8 9 4 2 0. 0. 0. 2 0- 8. 4 8. 0.7 0.3 9.0 1. 2. 7.3 2. UC-Fatehpur 3. Silty Clay 7.1 0 0 0 3 1 30 4 8 4 02 80 0 67 32 3 33 6 2 4 6 4 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.6 0.5 8.0 1. 1. 3.4 2. 7.0 8 0 0 4 45 2 94 87 0 67 59 2 00 2 2 2 1 3 2 0. 0. 0. 2 UC-Dhalail 0- 28 3 Clay 8. 1.8 0.6 10. 2. 2. 3.4 1. 3. 8.9 3 0 1 6 2 Dhairo 30 .4 8 Loam 2 38 21 00 00 83 6 33 6 2 4 0 7 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.1 4.6 2. 1. 1.8 1. 9.8 5 0 0 7 45 2 73 73 7 33 55 9 00 0 3 8 5 2 2 0. 0. 0. 2 0- 34 4 8. 0.2 0.1 3.6 1. 2. 3.0 9. Mehrabpur 1. Loam 8.0 0 0 0 5 3 30 .4 4 2 84 38 7 33 06 8 33 6 0 7 6 7 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.3 3.3 1. 1. 1.9 2. 7.9 5 0 0 7 45 4 33 80 3 67 55 3 67 0 6 4 7 2 1 0. 0. 0. 2 UC-Punnal 0- 42 2 8. 0.5 0.6 6.3 2. 1. 2.9 2. 9. Loam 8.8 4 1 0 6 4 Khan Chandio 30 .4 8 3 4 55 3 33 68 1 00 6 2 2 4 8 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.0 3.3 1. 2. 1.9 1. 7.2 1 0 0 7 45 3 52 35 3 33 32 8 00 6 9 2 4 2 2 1. 0. 0. 2 0- 28 4 Silt 8. 0.6 0.5 6.0 1. 2. 2.4 1. Bhoora 5. 9.5 3 2 0 6 5 30 .4 6 Loam 5 01 18 0 33 15 9 33 6 2 5 8 3 3 1. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.2 4.6 2. 1. 1.3 1. 6.4 0 0 0 6 45 3 97 42 7 33 30 4 00 6 6 6 9 2 2 0. 0. 0. 2 UC- 0- 18 6 Silty Clay 8. 0.4 0.5 10. 54. 2. 3. 3.9 2. 1. 0 1 1 5 6 Sukhimonijo 30 .4 0 Loam 6 51 87 0 67 67 04 7 33 6 0 0 2 1 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 1.2 0.3 8.3 2. 1. 2.1 4. 7.0 1 0 1 7 45 0 08 45 3 00 76 5 33 6 8 0 1 2 2 1. 0. 0. 2 UC- 0- 22 4 Clay 8. 0.3 0.3 6.3 2. 1. 4.3 1. 9. 8.1 3 4 1 7 7 Bahawalshah 30 .4 8 Loam 4 89 45 3 33 98 1 00 6 0 9 0 6 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.8 0.1 5.6 2. 1. 1.9 1. 7.4 1 0 1 6 45 1 76 04 7 67 38 3 67 2 8 0 7 1 2 0. 0. 0. 2 UC-Gohram 0- 38 4 8. 0.2 0.3 7.3 1. 1. 3.9 3. 9. Loam 6.9 0 1 1 4 8 Mari 30 .4 2 2 97 80 3 33 81 7 67 6 2 1 2 9 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.2 0.3 3.6 2. 1. 1.9 1. 6.8 9 0 1 5 45 3 87 80 7 33 59 8 00 6 6 0 5 3 2 0. 0. 0. 2 Chak-53 0- 24 4 Clay 8. 0.6 0.4 5.6 1. 2. 3.4 1. 1. 7.8 6 0 1 6 9 Dourh 30 .4 4 Loam 5 03 49 7 00 19 6 67 6 0 3 0 7 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.1 4.0 1. 1. 1.6 1. 8.6 4 0 1 5 45 1 59 73 0 00 64 4 00 6 2 0 7 2 1 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 42 3 8. 0.2 0.3 4.3 2. 1. 5.3 1. Chak-6 5. Loam 8.5 6 0 0 5 0 30 .4 2 2 81 80 3 67 85 8 33 6 4 4 4 9 1 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.4 0.1 3.6 1. 1. 1.8 1. 9.6 9 0 0 6 45 4 01 38 7 67 42 5 00 8 3 4 1 2 1 1. 0. 0. 3 UC-Sumbar 0- 24 5 Silt 8. 0.2 0.4 3.6 2. 1. 6.2 1. 5. 7.8 8 1 1 5 1 Khan 30 .4 0 Loam 1 60 49 7 00 59 3 00 6 0 1 4 1 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.4 0.5 4.6 1. 1. 1.9 0. 8.2 1 8 1 6 45 6 37 18 7 33 25 3 67 6 6 3 7 3 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 28 3 Clay 8. 0.3 0.5 13. 3. 1. 2.3 8 2. Chak-2 3. 8.2 1 0 7 2 30 .4 8 Loam 3 58 52 00 00 81 2 2 33 6 0 8 4 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.3 0.2 39. 1. 1. 1.8 3. 9.0 8 0 0 8 45 4 22 42 00 67 59 9 67 2 8 8 9 Chak-3 2 2 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 16 5 Silty Clay 7. 0.3 0.4 3.6 2. 2. 9.2 1. Sohailo 9. 5.7 8 1 0 7 3 30 .4 4 Loam 9 99 83 7 00 10 9 00 Dourh 6 2 0 8 0 3 0. 0. 1. 30- 8. 0.2 0.3 4.3 1. 1. 2.0 0. 6.8 1 0 0 0 45 5 25 45 3 67 93 2 67 6 4 6 7 3 2 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 10 5 Silty Clay 8. 0.6 0.3 3.3 1. 2. 3.2 1. Sakrand-02 5. 7.0 4 0 0 7 4 30 .4 4 Loam 1 12 80 3 00 36 5 33 6 6 4 6 8 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.5 0.3 3.3 2. 1. 2.3 1. 8.9 2 0 0 9 45 1 44 10 3 00 93 2 33 0 4 4 6 1 2 1. 0. 0. 3 0- 38 4 8. 0.4 0.5 5.6 2. 1. 3.4 1. Marvi 9. Loam 8.8 9 0 0 4 5 30 .4 2 1 49 18 7 33 55 6 33 6 0 4 8 7 3 0. 0. 0. 30- 8. 0.6 0.2 4.0 1. 1. 3.0 1. 7.2 1 0 0 5 45 5 03 07 0 33 25 8 00 0 4 6 4 3 2 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 22 4 Clay 8. 0.4 0.4 12. 1. 1. 5.0 1. Ahmad Bogio 5. 9.9 5 0 1 8 6 30 .4 2 Loam 2 23 49 67 33 85 8 67 6 4 4 0 4 2 0. 0. 1. 30- 8. 0.3 0.1 5.0 2. 1. 2.5 1. 9.4 6 0 0 0 45 1 46 38 0 33 42 3 33 4 4 8 2 3 2 1. 0. 0. 3 0- 16 4 Silty Clay 8. 0.6 0.3 3.3 1. 1. 5.4 1. Khar 7. 8.0 5 0 1 6 7 30 .4 6 Loam 1 48 45 3 67 72 2 00 6 2 6 0 7 30- 8. 0.4 0.5 5.7 9.6 1. 1. 2.3 2 0. 0. 0. 7. 45 4 06 87 7 33 59 6 1 8 0 8 00 6 6 8 4 4 1 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 8. 4 8. 1.3 0.4 2.3 1. 2. 8.5 1. Sawari 3. Silty Clay 8.6 9 0 1 6 8 30 4 8 1 65 14 3 67 61 6 67 6 6 4 6 3 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 7. 2.1 0.2 5.6 2. 2. 1.7 2. 6.4 4 0 1 5 45 5 8 76 7 00 36 6 33 6 2 3 7 2 1 0. 0. 0. 3 0- 26 5 Silt 7. 1.0 0.4 2.3 3. 2. 2.4 1. Karam Jamali 1. 7.2 8 0 0 4 9 30 .4 2 Loam 6 56 83 3 00 27 4 67 6 0 6 8 9 2 0. 0. 0. 30- 7. 1.2 0.0 5.0 1. 1. 2.1 2. 5.7 6 0 0 6 45 5 64 35 0 00 98 0 00 8 6 6 3

Appendix 4a Nutrient contents in sugarcane plant tissues collected from different union councils of District Shaheed Benazir Abad

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Iron Zinc Boron Sr. Name of union # council (g 100g-1) (mgkg-1)

Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Sheat Sheat Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Sheat Blad Blad Blad h h h e h e h e h e e e

Chak-3 Sohailo 14.0 1 1.13 0.76 0.12 0.12 1.40 0.72 92.00 42.40 6.40 20.39 16.59 Dourh 0

10.4 2 Jam Sahb Dourh 1.41 0.75 0.28 0.14 2.40 2.21 60.00 92.80 14.40 24.54 23.85 0

Raees Ali 3 1.37 0.76 0.15 0.15 2.20 1.96 8.80 27.60 1.60 23.20 16.59 22.81 AkbarJamali

12.4 4 Alimurad Chandio 1.94 0.81 0.39 0.14 2.52 2.16 52.00 20.80 10.40 17.28 19.70 0

161.4 5 Chak-53 Dourh 1.10 0.51 0.18 0.12 2.28 1.20 40.00 92.40 9.20 23.20 31.11 1

151.0 6 UC-61 Bandhi 1.10 0.31 0.16 0.15 1.52 1.64 20.00 48.40 3.20 19.20 28.00 4

7 Kot Lalu Bandhi 1.69 0.48 0.22 0.18 2.12 1.76 56.00 97.60 1.60 15.20 16.59 30.76

101.2 8 Punnal Rajper 1.86 1.10 0.26 0.15 2.72 2.16 48.40 1.20 18.40 23.85 23.85 0

9 UC-83 1.34 0.81 0.52 0.14 2.88 2.40 96.40 65.60 5.20 10.80 20.39 18.32 20.8 10 Jamal Shah 1.27 0.77 0.22 0.15 0.8 2.00 88.40 67.20 45.20 21.08 16.94 0

13.6 11 Maharho 1.78 0.99 0.22 0.12 1.44 1.68 66.00 70.00 9.20 18.67 19.70 0

13.2 12 Bandhi Town 1.20 0.54 0.24 0.13 2.52 1.08 51.60 93.20 10.40 24.20 28.00 0

13 Amirgee 1.40 0.82 0.51 0.17 1.84 0.84 52.80 39.20 5.20 24.00 27.65 34.22

10.0 14 Aoli Amargee 1.10 0.41 0.39 0.17 2.28 1.08 13.60 74.40 20.80 33.53 27.65 0

105.2 15 Nawabshah-04 1.13 0.54 0.22 0.13 2.96 1.52 60.00 7.20 18.40 26.96 17.63 0

16 Khair Shah 1.41 0.72 0.20 0.13 2.44 1.20 83.20 60.00 1.60 12.80 21.78 28.00

17 Buchary 1.91 0.91 0.25 0.12 3.2 3.04 16.80 34.00 3.20 1.20 26.61 14.17

18 Habib Sugarmill 1.52 0.81 0.29 0.13 2.76 1.64 93.60 61.20 6.00 4.80 17.63 14.86

19 Hammal Faqirshah 1.81 0.98 0.29 0.17 2.04 0.76 68.40 16.80 9.60 5.20 23.16 13.83

20 Sheranmari 1.59 0.60 0.28 0.14 2.76 1.96 58.00 25.60 5.20 4.40 24.20 16.94

21 Fatehpur 1.16 0.71 0.28 0.18 2.88 1.04 18.80 57.60 1.20 8.80 16.25 31.45

106.0 107.6 22 Dhalail Dhairo 1.41 0.91 0.23 0.16 0.96 1.20 6.40 5.60 31.45 14.86 0 0

23 Mehrabpur 1.31 0.81 0.34 0.178 2.12 1.23 50.80 81.60 1.20 3.20 34.56 13.48

Punnal Khan 12.8 24 1.52 0.83 0.18 0.161 1.64 1.08 49.20 17.60 24.00 17.97 13.14 Chandio 0

25 Bhoora 1.12 0.90 0.31 0.156 1.84 1.20 65.60 76.40 4.80 22.00 24.20 13.83

10.4 26 Sukhimonijo 1.10 0.97 0.28 0.17 2.12 0.88 24.80 93.60 16.40 16.25 14.86 0

104.4 27 Bahawalshah 1.42 0.79 0.21 0.13 1.08 0.80 66.80 5.60 17.20 23.16 28.34 0

28 Gohram Mari 1.50 0.65 0.20 0.13 1.44 1.52 55.60 12.80 8.00 23.60 17.28 23.85

29 Chak-53 Dourh 2.08 0.97 0.13 0.11 2.60 2.68 54.40 85.20 1.60 13.60 31.45 23.16

108.4 30 Chak-6 1.81 0.85 0.29 0.11 0.96 1.20 28.40 2.40 0.80 34.56 14.86 0

101.2 11.2 31 UC-Sumbar Khan 1.41 0.77 0.22 0.16 1.56 0.76 86.00 3.20 24.54 13.14 0 0

32 Chak-2 1.62 0.77 0.23 0.13 2.24 1.92 65.60 70.00 3.60 34.40 31.11 27.65 Chak-3 Sohailo 192.5 33 1.13 0.52 0.16 0.15 2.96 2.04 73.20 55.20 5.60 7.20 20.39 Dourh 1

111.2 34 Sakrand-02 1.41 0.76 0.22 0.15 2.4 1.08 58.80 6.00 10.00 20.05 16.59 0

35 Marvi 1.51 0.60 0.16 0.12 2.84 2.11 18.80 59.60 8.80 5.60 16.59 24.20

109.6 16.0 36 Ahmad Bogio 1.40 0.88 0.21 0.13 2.20 1.76 42.00 14.00 34.22 16.59 0 0

37 Khar 1.1 0.97 0.28 0.16 1.12 1.12 53.20 72.40 4.00 6.40 24.20 16.25

38 Sawari 1.21 0.87 0.20 0.13 1.24 1.2 77.60 85.60 6.00 25.60 16.25 14.52

39 Karam Jamali 1.39 0.66 0.28 0.16 1.96 0.84 99.20 82.40 1.60 17.20 26.27 13.83

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