UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

STATISTICAL TABLES ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – 2018

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

STATISTICAL TABLES ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – 2018

GENEVA, 2018 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

Notes

This is an unedited publication.

The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.

Annual rates of growth and changes refer to compound rates. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board) and imports c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) unless otherwise specified.

Use of a dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1981–1990, signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years. An oblique stroke (/) between two years, e.g. 1991/92, signifies a fiscal or crop year.

Two dots (..) indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported.

A hyphen (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.

Details and percentages do not necessarily add up to totals, because of rounding.

UNCTAD/LDC/2018/Stats

iv Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

List of Tables

1. Development indicators, 2000–2017, selected years...... 1 2. Committee for Development Policy reviews: 2012, 2015 and 2018...... 2 3. Indicators on area and population, 2018...... 3 4. Real GDP growth, 2009-2018, selected years ...... 4 5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2009-2018, selected years ...... 5 6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2009–2016, selected years...... 6 7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years...... 7 8. Foreign direct investment inflows, 2009–2017, selected years...... 8 9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2009–2017, selected years...... 9 10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2009–2017, selected years...... 10 11. Selected indicators on education, 2017...... 11 12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2017, selected years...... 12 13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years...... 13 14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years...... 14 15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2015–2017...... 15 16. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2015–2017...... 16 17. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017...... 17 18. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017...... 18 19. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years...... 19 20. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years...... 20 21. LDC merchandise and services export specialization, 2015–2017...... 21 22. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs by country and as percentage of GNI, 2009–2016, selected years...... 22 23. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2005–2016, selected years...... 23 24. Net ODA from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years...... 24 25. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years...... 25

v Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

Abbreviations

DAC Development Assistance Committee

GDP gross domestic product

GNI gross national income

HDI Human Development Index

LDC least developed country

MPI Multidsimensional Poverty index

ODA official development assistance

ODC other developing country

vi Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018 Country groups and product classifications used in these tables

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Geographical/structural classification Unless otherwise specified, in this Report the least developed countries (LDCs) are classified according to a combination of geographical and structural criteria. The small island LDCs that are geographically in Africa or Asia are thus grouped with the Pacific islands to form the island LDCs group, due to their structural similarities. Haiti and Madagascar, which are regarded as large island States, are grouped together with the African LDCs.

African LDCs and Haiti: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia.

Asian LDCs: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen.

Island LDCs: Comoros, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Export specialization UNCTAD has classified the LDCs under six export specialization categories, according to which type of exports ac- counted for at least 45 per cent of total exports of goods and services in 2014–2016.* The group composition is as follows:

Agricultural and food exporters: Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Solomon Islands, Somalia.

Fuel exporters: Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen.

Manufactures exporters: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Haiti, Lesotho.

Mineral exporters: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Zambia.

Mixed exporters: Benin, Burundi, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania.

Services exporters: Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kiribati, Nepal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu.

* No merchandise exports data are available for South Sudan.

Other developing countries (ODCs): All developing countries (as classified by the United Nations) that are not LDCs.

vii Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

Product classification Goods: The figures provided below are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Primary commodities: Sections 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, division 68 and groups 667 and 971.

Agriculture and food: Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, excluding divisions 27 and 28.

Minerals: Divisions 27, 28, 68, and groups 667 and 971.

Fuels: Section 3.

Manufactures: Sections 5, 6 (excluding division 68 and group 667), 7 and 8.

Labour-intensive and resource-intensive manufactures: Divisions 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 84, 85, 66 (excluding group 667).

Low-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 67, 69 and groups 785, 786, 791, 793, 895, 899.

Medium-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 (excluding group 776), 81, and groups 781 to 784, 893, 894.

High-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Section 5, divisions 75, 76, 87, 88 and groups 776, 792, 891, 892, 896, 897.

Section 9 (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC) has been included only in the total of exports of goods and services, but not in the goods classification above, except for group 971 (Gold, non- monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)), which has been included in Minerals.

viii Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

1. Development indicators, 2000–2017, selected years Multi- dimensional GNI per capita Human Development Index (HDI)b (current Income level Poverty Country dollars)a Index (MPI)c Value Rank Annual average growth Value 2017 2017 2017 2000-2010 2010-2017 2015 Afghanistan 2 000 Low income 0.50 168 .. 1.05 0.27 Angola 6 060 Lower middle income 0.58 147 3.00 1.59 0.28 Bangladesh 4 040 Lower middle income 0.61 136 1.54 1.57 0.19 Benin 2 260 Low income 0.51 163 1.74 1.22 0.35 Bhutan 8 850 Lower middle income 0.61 134 .. 1.14 0.17 Burkina Faso 1 810 Low income 0.42 183 2.74 1.76 0.52 Burundi 770 Low income 0.42 185 2.68 0.77 0.40 Cambodia 3 760 Lower middle income 0.58 146 2.49 1.15 0.16 Central African Republic 730 Low income 0.37 188 1.27 0.64 0.46 Chad 1 920 Low income 0.40 186 2.20 1.22 0.53 Comoros 1 570 Low income 0.50 165 .. 0.63 0.18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 870 Low income 0.46 176 2.02 1.70 0.38 Djibouti 1 880 Lower middle income 0.48 172 2.15 0.82 0.17 Eritrea 1 083 Low income 0.44 179 .. 0.79 .. Ethiopia 1 890 Low income 0.46 173 3.82 1.67 .. Gambia 1 670 Low income 0.46 174 1.36 0.61 0.29 Guinea 2 180 Low income 0.46 175 2.09 1.83 0.34 Guinea-Bissau 1 700 Low income 0.46 177 .. 0.95 0.37 Haiti 1 830 Low income 0.50 168 0.61 0.83 0.23 Kiribati 2 780 Lower middle income 0.61 134 0.67 0.53 .. Lao People's Democratic Republic 6 650 Lower middle income 0.60 139 1.59 1.39 0.21 Lesotho 3 510 Lower middle income 0.52 159 0.54 0.77 0.15 Liberia 710 Low income 0.44 181 0.50 0.97 0.33 Madagascar 1 510 Low income 0.52 161 1.01 0.43 0.45 Malawi 1 180 Low income 0.48 171 1.01 1.11 0.24 Mali 2 160 Low income 0.43 182 2.72 0.81 0.46 Mauritania 3 900 Lower middle income 0.52 159 0.96 0.95 0.26 Mozambique 1 200 Low income 0.44 180 3.09 1.13 0.41 Myanmar 5 830 Lower middle income 0.58 148 2.09 1.25 0.18 Nepal 2 710 Low income 0.57 149 1.72 1.19 0.15 Niger 990 Low income 0.35 189 2.35 1.54 0.59 Rwanda 1 990 Low income 0.52 158 3.77 1.11 0.27 Sao Tome and Principe 3 370 Lower middle income 0.59 143 1.01 1.21 0.09 Senegal 2 620 Low income 0.51 164 1.84 1.47 0.29 Sierra Leone 1 480 Low income 0.42 184 3.10 1.20 0.42 Solomon Islands 2 270 Lower middle income 0.55 152 1.19 1.07 .. Somalia 88 Low income ...... 0.52 South Sudan 546 Low income 0.39 187 .. -0.91 0.58 Sudan 4 480 Lower middle income 0.50 167 1.58 0.95 0.28 Timor-Leste 6 330 Low income 0.62 132 2.02 0.13 0.21 Togo 1 620 Low income 0.50 165 0.71 1.41 0.25 Tuvalu 5 780 Upper middle income ...... Uganda 1 820 Low income 0.52 162 2.02 0.86 0.28 United Republic of Tanzania 2 920 Lower middle income 0.54 154 2.24 1.25 0.27 Vanuatu 3 170 Lower middle income 0.60 138 .. 0.28 0.17 Yemen 935 Low income 0.45 178 1.18 -1.37 0.24 Zambia 3 920 Lower middle income 0.59 144 2.34 1.11 0.26 LDCs 2 722 1.77 0.96 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database, accessed August 2017; United Nations, Undata National accounts main aggregates database (accessed September 2017); UNDP, Human Development Report 2018 (accessed September 2017); World Bank Economies Income classification (accessed September 2017) Notes: a Gross National Income (GNI) current $ Atlas method , World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed November 2018). b HDI: below 0.550: Low human development ; between 0.550 and 0.699: Medium human development . See Technical notes 1 at hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/ hdr2018_technical_notes.pdf c MPI : higher values indicate population multidimentionally poor. See Technical notes 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf d GNI : Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan and Yemen data is from the United Nations Statistics Division and data is from 2016 only (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama Introduction.asp).

1 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

2. Committee for Development Policy (CDP) reviews: 2012, 2015 and 2018 Economic Human Economic Human Economic Human Vulnerability Assets Vulnerability Assets Vulnerability Assets Country Indexa (EVI) Indexb (HAI) Indexa (EVI) Indexb (HAI) Indexa (EVI) Indexb (HAI) CDP 2012 review CDP 2015 review CDP 2018 review Afghanistan 38.8 22.5 35.1 43.1 39.3 48.4 Angola 51.3 31.6 39.7 41.9 36.8 52.5 Bangladesh 32.4 54.7 25.1 63.8 25.2 73.2 Benin 36.2 41.1 31.2 50.1 34.3 49.8 Bhutan 44.2 59.0 40.2 67.9 36.3 72.9 Burkina Faso 37.5 29.2 39.5 36.5 38.2 42.9 Burundi 57.2 20.8 49.9 41.0 44.5 38.5 Cambodia 50.5 57.9 38.3 67.2 34.8 68.9 Central African Republic 35.7 21.6 33.5 22.9 33.6 17.4 Chad 52.8 18.1 46.0 24.4 52.4 22.1 Comoros 49.9 45.3 45.8 54.2 52.4 49.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo 35.4 21.7 30.3 29.9 27.2 41.9 Djibouti 46.3 42.4 37.7 54.6 36.3 58.0 Equatorial Guinea 43.7 43.0 39.3 54.8 graduated graduated Eritrea 59.0 35.6 56.8 41.2 54.7 42.9 Ethiopia 33.5 28.2 31.8 39.2 32.1 45.3 Gambia 67.8 49.2 70.7 62.1 72.2 51.8 Guinea 28.6 36.8 24.9 38.7 30.2 39.5 Guinea-Bissau 60.5 34.2 53.6 44.8 52.4 41.7 Haiti 47.3 35.6 34.1 39.3 30.6 48.0 Kiribati 82.0 86.9 71.5 86.3 73.7 84.0 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 37.1 61.4 36.2 60.8 33.7 72.8 Lesotho 45.9 62.1 42.9 62.9 42.0 61.6 Liberia 61.0 38.5 57.9 46.2 53.2 37.2 Madagascar 38.0 52.5 36.7 53.5 37.8 54.5 Malawi 51.9 44.1 41.1 53.7 47.1 52.5 Mali 36.8 30.2 33.3 45.5 36.8 43.1 Mauritania 44.2 47.1 41.2 49.5 39.9 46.9 Mozambique 44.4 30.7 38.1 41.7 36.7 45.8 Myanmar 45.0 68.8 33.7 72.7 31.7 68.5 Nepal 27.8 59.8 26.8 68.7 28.4 71.2 Niger 38.6 24.3 37.6 34.7 35.3 35.4 Rwanda 47.3 42.2 40.7 51.5 36.4 55.0 Samoa 51.1 92.8 39.2 77.4 41.2 86.0 Sao Tome and Principe 46.1 74.9 33.0 55.9 33.4 57.1 Senegal 36.1 47.0 48.9 34.8 51.6 27.4 Sierra Leone 48.5 24.8 50.8 71.7 51.9 74.8 Solomon Islands 55.2 65.1 36.3 7.8 34.7 16.7 Somalia 50.1 1.4 56.0 29.1 55.6 25.8 Sudan 44.4 52.6 49.9 56.6 49.2 53.0 Timor-Leste 53.3 48.1 55.0 57.4 56.8 66.6 Togo 35.4 45.5 33.6 58.7 28.3 61.8 Tuvalu 63.9 88.1 54.0 88.8 56.0 90.1 Uganda 36.2 45.8 31.8 53.6 31.7 50.2 United Republic of Tanzania 28.7 40.1 28.8 52.0 27.9 56.0 Vanuatu 46.8 77.7 47.7 81.3 47.0 78.5 Yemen 38.5 52.3 35.4 59.8 38.6 59.2 Zambia 53.0 36.9 45.6 40.8 40.5 58.6 LDCs c) 41.3 43.6 35.1 52.3 33.9 57.1 Source: United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) database, 2012, 2015 and 2018 reviews. Notes. a EVI: higher values indicate higher vulnerablity.See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf b HAI: lower values indicate weaker human asset development. See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_ publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf c Total LDCs: weighted average by GDP current value, with 2017 values for 2018 review (UNCTADstat database, November 2018).

2 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

3. Indicators on area and population, 2018 Area Population Per cent of arable Poverty: Per cent of land land and land population Land areaa area covered by Densityc Urbanc under permanent below $1.90 forest Country crops a daybc Population Thousand square per square Per cent Per cent Per cent kilometers kilometer of land area Afghanistan 652.9 12.1 2.1 55.7 25.5 .. Angola 1 246.7 4.2 46.6 24.7 65.5 30.1 Bangladesh 130.2 65.4 11.0 1 278.1 36.6 14.8 Benin 112.8 28.4 39.1 101.9 47.3 48.6 Bhutan 38.1 3.0 71.8 21.4 40.9 1.5 Burkina Faso 273.6 23.0 20.0 72.2 29.4 43.7 Burundi 25.7 60.4 10.4 436.8 13.0 71.7 Cambodia 176.5 24.4 55.0 92.0 23.4 .. Central African Republic 623.0 3.0 35.6 7.6 41.4 66.3 Chad 1 259.2 3.9 4.1 12.2 23.1 38.4 Comoros 1.9 63.4 20.3 447.3 29.0 18.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 267.1 3.5 67.6 37.1 44.5 77.1 Djibouti 23.2 0.1 0.2 41.9 77.8 22.5 Eritrea 101.0 6.9 15.0 51.4 40.1 .. Ethiopia 1 000.0 16.3 12.4 107.5 20.8 26.7 Gambia 10.1 44.0 47.9 213.8 61.3 10.1 Guinea 245.7 15.5 26.2 53.1 36.1 35.3 Guinea-Bissau 28.1 19.6 70.8 67.8 43.4 67.1 Haiti 27.6 49.0 3.6 403.2 55.3 23.5 Kiribati 0.8 42.0 15.0 146.2 54.1 .. Lao People's Democratic Republic 230.8 7.2 79.6 30.2 35.0 22.7 Lesotho 30.4 8.3 1.5 74.5 28.2 59.6 Liberia 96.3 7.3 44.0 50.4 51.2 38.6 Madagascar 581.8 7.1 21.5 45.1 37.2 77.6 Malawi 94.3 41.8 33.8 203.3 16.9 71.4 Mali 1 220.2 5.4 4.0 15.7 42.4 49.7 Mauritania 1 030.7 0.4 0.2 4.4 53.7 6 Mozambique 786.4 7.6 48.8 38.8 36.0 62.9 Myanmar 653.1 18.8 46.1 82.4 30.6 6.4 Nepal 143.4 16.2 25.4 206.7 19.7 15 Niger 1 266.7 12.6 0.9 17.6 16.4 44.5 Rwanda 24.7 58.1 18.9 506.7 17.2 56 Sao Tome and Principe 1.0 49.7 55.8 217.5 72.8 32.3 Senegal 192.5 17.2 43.4 84.6 47.2 38 Sierra Leone 72.2 24.2 40.4 107.0 42.1 52.2 Solomon Islands 28.0 3.6 78.5 22.3 23.7 25.1 Somalia 627.3 1.8 10.4 24.2 45.0 .. South Sudan 619.7 4.5 11.5 21.1 19.6 42.7 Sudan 1 861.5 9.3 10.5 23.5 34.6 14.9 Timor-Leste 14.9 15.5 47.6 89.0 30.6 30.3 Togo 54.4 51.8 4.2 146.9 41.7 49.2 Tuvalu 0.0 60.0 33.3 376.2 62.4 3.3 Uganda 200.5 45.4 11.7 221.6 23.8 41.6 United Republic of Tanzania 885.8 17.7 52.8 66.7 33.8 49.1 Vanuatu 12.2 11.9 36.1 23.1 25.3 13.2 Yemen 528.0 2.9 1.0 54.8 36.6 18.8 Zambia 743.4 5.0 65.9 23.7 43.5 57.5 LDCs 20 244.0 9.4 27.4 50.9 33.6 36.1 African LDCs and Haiti 17 660.5 8.6 27.2 90.9 34.2 46.7 Asian LDCs 2 552.9 15.1 26.6 673.8 32.3 13.1 Island LDCs 61.5 11.5 58.7 169.8 32.0 24.8 ODCs 56 297.4 14.1 28.3 87.8 53.9 10.3 Sources:FAO, FAOSTAT (data for 2015, accessed November 2018); United Nations/DESA/Population Division (accessed November 2018); World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Land area: country area excluding Inland water. b Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population), refers to latest data 2008-2017. c Total values for LDCs, African LDCs and Haiti, Asian LDCs, Islands LDCs and ODCs: weighted average by population size.

3 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

4. Real GDP growth, 2009–2018, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent) average Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017a 2018b 2009-2016 Afghanistan 6.3 6.5 3.1 -1.8 3.6 3.2 4.0 Angola 3.5 5.0 4.1 3.0 -0.7 1.9 2.7 Bangladesh 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.1 Benin 4.4 6.9 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 6.0 Bhutan 6.3 2.1 5.5 5.2 6.7 6.9 7.1 Burkina Faso 5.5 5.8 4.3 3.9 5.9 6.4 6.4 Burundi 2.7 4.9 4.7 -4.1 -1.0 0.0 0.0 Cambodia 6.1 7.4 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.1 Central African Republic -4.9 -36.7 1.0 4.8 -10.3 4.7 5.0 Chad 4.8 -5.9 3.4 4.4 -3.4 0.1 3.0 Comoros 4.8 9.6 5.9 2.6 4.5 2.8 3.0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.4 8.5 9.5 6.9 2.5 3.0 3.0 Djibouti 5.2 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 Eritrea 4.7 3.1 5.0 4.8 3.5 3.2 3.4 Ethiopia 10.2 10.4 9.9 9.6 7.6 6.5 7.3 Gambia 3.3 4.8 0.9 4.7 2.1 2.6 3.6 Guinea 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.5 5.2 5.6 5.4 Guinea-Bissau 3.5 3.3 0.2 5.1 5.2 5.4 4.8 Haiti 1.9 4.2 2.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 Kiribati 2.8 5.0 0.4 7.5 4.2 2.0 1.8 Lao People's Democratic Republic 7.7 8.0 7.6 7.6 7.0 7.2 7.3 Lesotho 4.2 2.2 2.3 5.6 2.9 2.9 3.6 Liberia 5.4 8.1 0.7 0.3 -1.6 2.9 4.3 Madagascar 1.7 2.3 3.3 3.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 Malawi 4.7 6.3 6.6 2.8 3.0 3.8 4.4 Mali 9.0 7.0 7.8 7.6 7.9 5.3 5.1 Mauritania 3.8 6.2 5.6 3.1 1.7 3.8 5.2 Mozambique 6.5 7.1 7.4 6.6 3.8 4.1 3.8 Myanmar 7.8 8.4 8.0 7.0 5.7 7.3 7.2 Nepal 3.9 4.1 6.0 2.7 0.6 7.5 4.6 Niger 5.4 5.3 7.5 4.0 5.0 5.2 5.5 Rwanda 6.8 4.7 7.0 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.7 Sao Tome and Principe 4.0 4.8 6.5 3.8 0.1 5.0 5.3 Senegal 4.2 3.5 4.3 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4 Sierra Leone 4.5 20.7 4.6 -20.3 6.1 5.5 5.7 Solomon Islands 3.7 3.0 2.0 1.8 3.2 3.0 2.8 Somalia 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.3 South Sudan ...... Sudan c 3.5 5.3 1.6 4.9 3.0 4.2 4.1 Timor-Leste -1.3 -10.9 -26.0 20.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 Togo 5.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.3 Tuvalu ...... Uganda 5.2 4.7 4.6 5.7 2.3 5.2 5.7 United Republic of Tanzania 6.6 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.8 Vanuatu 1.9 2.0 2.3 -1.0 4.0 4.2 3.8 Yemen -6.9 -1.6 -9.6 -28.1 -9.8 -7.5 -4.3 Zambia 6.1 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.6 3.2 4.2 LDCs 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.2 4.3 4.8 5.4 African LDCs and Haiti 5.2 5.7 5.3 5.1 3.5 4.2 4.6 Asian LDCs 5.3 5.7 4.9 3.4 5.2 6.1 6.2 Island LDCs 1.3 -4.8 -11.9 11.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 ODCs 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.7 Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 and Update as of mid-2018. Notes: a Data for 2017 are partly estimated. b Data for 2018 are baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on Project LINK and the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model. c Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.

4 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2009–2018, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent) average Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017a 2018b 2009-2016 Afghanistan 3.3 3.3 -0.1 -4.2 1.2 0.8 1.6 Angola 0.0 1.5 0.6 -0.3 -4.0 -1.4 -0.6 Bangladesh 5.1 4.8 4.9 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.1 Benin 1.6 4.1 3.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.3 Bhutan 4.7 0.5 3.9 4.0 5.5 5.7 5.9 Burkina Faso 2.5 2.8 1.3 1.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 Burundi -0.4 1.9 1.7 -7.3 -4.2 -3.2 -3.2 Cambodia 4.5 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 Central African Republic -5.6 -37.1 0.6 3.2 -11.9 3.1 3.4 Chad 1.6 -9.2 0.1 1.4 -6.4 -2.9 0.0 Comoros 2.4 7.2 3.5 0.4 2.3 0.6 0.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.1 5.2 6.2 3.7 -0.7 -0.2 -0.2 Djibouti 3.5 3.3 4.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 Eritrea 2.7 1.1 3.0 2.5 1.2 0.9 1.1 Ethiopia 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.2 5.2 4.1 4.9 Gambia 0.2 1.7 -2.2 1.7 -0.9 -0.4 0.6 Guinea 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.0 2.8 Guinea-Bissau 1.0 0.7 -2.4 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.4 Haiti 0.5 2.8 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Kiribati 1.0 3.2 -1.4 5.8 2.5 0.3 0.1 Lao People's Democratic Republic 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.9 Lesotho 3.0 0.9 1.0 4.3 1.6 1.6 2.3 Liberia 2.6 5.5 -1.9 -2.2 -4.1 0.4 1.8 Madagascar -1.0 -0.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 Malawi 1.8 3.4 3.7 -0.1 0.1 0.9 1.5 Mali 6.0 4.1 4.9 4.6 4.9 2.3 2.1 Mauritania 0.9 3.3 2.7 0.4 -1.0 1.1 2.5 Mozambique 3.6 4.2 4.5 3.7 0.9 1.2 0.9 Myanmar 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.1 4.8 6.4 6.3 Nepal 2.8 2.9 4.8 1.6 -0.5 6.4 3.5 Niger 1.6 1.5 3.7 0.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 Rwanda 4.3 2.2 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.7 4.3 Sao Tome and Principe 1.8 2.6 4.3 1.6 -2.1 2.8 3.1 Senegal 1.3 0.5 1.3 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6 Sierra Leone 2.2 18.4 2.3 -22.4 4.0 3.4 3.6 Solomon Islands 1.6 0.9 -0.1 -0.1 1.3 1.1 0.9 Somalia -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.4 South Sudan -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 Sudan c 1.2 3.0 -0.7 2.5 0.6 1.8 1.7 Timor-Leste -3.4 -13.1 -28.2 18.8 2.9 3.0 3.4 Togo 2.6 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.9 Tuvalu -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 Uganda 1.8 1.3 1.2 2.5 -0.9 2.0 2.5 United Republic of Tanzania 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.7 Vanuatu -0.4 -0.3 0.0 -3.1 1.9 2.1 1.7 Yemen -9.5 -4.2 -12.2 -30.4 -12.1 -9.8 -6.6 Zambia 3.1 2.1 1.7 -0.1 0.6 0.2 1.2 LDCs 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.1 African LDCs and Haiti 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.2 0.6 1.4 1.8 Asian LDCs 3.9 4.2 3.4 2.1 3.9 4.8 4.9 Island LDCs -0.9 -7.0 -14.2 8.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 ODCs 3.7 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.6 Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from UN World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 and Update as of mid-2018. Notes: a Data for 2017 are partly estimated. b Data for 2018 are baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on Project LINK and the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model. c Sudan include South Sudan until 2012. South Sudan and Tuvalu are not included in the analysis due to insufficient data.

5 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2009-2016, selected years (Per cent of GDP) Gross fixed capital formation Gross domestic savings External resource gap Country average average average 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2009-2016 2009-2016 2009-2016 Afghanistan 17.2 16.7 17.6 19.0 17.2 0.8 7.8 8.0 5.1 6.4 -16.4 -8.9 -9.6 -14.0 -10.8 Angola 28.9 26.2 27.5 28.5 25.0 40.4 40.8 37.6 31.1 34.3 11.4 14.7 10.1 2.6 9.2 Bangladesh 28.0 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.7 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.2 25.0 -6.2 -6.4 -6.5 -6.7 -4.7 Benin 22.9 28.0 24.4 22.0 18.8 12.1 14.1 16.0 15.7 8.4 -10.8 -13.9 -8.4 -6.3 -10.3 Bhutan 56.6 46.5 53.5 54.3 55.0 33.5 32.0 30.7 26.9 32.2 -23.1 -14.5 -22.9 -27.4 -22.8 Burkina Faso 27.8 31.8 24.9 31.6 31.1 17.5 17.6 16.8 16.7 21.8 -10.3 -14.2 -8.1 -14.9 -9.3 Burundi 15.4 13.4 14.5 16.9 16.9 -8.5 -13.8 -11.4 -6.8 -8.8 -23.9 -27.2 -25.9 -23.7 -25.7 Cambodia 19.1 18.7 20.9 21.4 21.7 15.7 17.0 17.3 17.8 18.7 -3.3 -1.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.0 Central African Republic 12.0 8.1 9.5 13.0 12.8 -2.9 -3.1 -14.0 -7.7 -4.7 -14.8 -11.2 -23.5 -20.7 -17.5 Chad 19.4 21.6 20.2 16.9 13.1 22.7 27.2 27.3 20.8 23.6 3.3 5.7 7.1 3.9 10.5 Comoros 12.8 13.0 12.0 12.2 13.3 -4.6 -5.3 -7.3 -2.4 -2.5 -17.4 -18.3 -19.3 -14.6 -15.8 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 20.5 21.7 23.1 19.4 17.4 14.1 17.3 18.2 15.7 10.2 -6.3 -4.5 -4.9 -3.7 -7.2 Djibouti 30.7 31.4 24.7 37.7 32.5 -2.6 -5.8 -12.4 -6.6 -8.2 -33.3 -37.2 -37.2 -44.2 -40.7 Eritrea 8.7 8.7 7.9 7.6 7.4 0.1 3.6 4.0 1.3 4.0 -8.6 -5.1 -3.9 -6.3 -3.4 Ethiopia 33.2 33.4 36.9 39.2 38.3 17.2 17.6 20.5 21.9 22.4 -16.0 -15.8 -16.3 -17.2 -15.9 Gambia 22.1 21.9 21.2 20.9 18.8 5.2 10.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 -16.9 -11.4 -21.0 -20.4 -18.3 Guinea 22.8 23.4 22.7 22.3 25.2 -0.4 -4.0 -0.6 -4.9 -6.3 -23.2 -27.4 -23.3 -27.2 -31.5 Guinea-Bissau 7.8 5.7 6.5 12.1 14.0 -0.6 -0.7 -0.9 7.0 10.0 -8.4 -6.3 -7.4 -5.1 -4.1 Haiti 29.2 30.0 30.9 32.4 30.2 -6.2 -4.0 -3.3 1.9 -0.4 -35.4 -34.0 -34.2 -30.5 -30.6 Kiribati 42.0 43.2 43.3 43.5 42.2 -34.8 -38.8 -38.9 -39.6 -35.4 -76.9 -82.0 -82.2 -83.1 -77.6 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 27.0 27.3 26.4 28.2 26.4 18.5 12.8 12.4 15.3 16.7 -8.5 -14.5 -14.0 -12.8 -9.8 Lesotho 25.0 28.0 27.9 27.8 7.0 -25.6 -24.8 -20.4 -15.8 -32.3 -50.6 -52.7 -48.3 -43.6 -39.4 Liberia 34.7 57.2 22.7 40.8 40.2 3.5 26.8 3.6 13.0 14.5 -31.2 -30.4 -19.1 -27.8 -25.8 Madagascar 27.1 30.2 18.4 22.7 21.5 18.0 24.3 9.4 17.7 14.5 -9.1 -5.8 -9.1 -5.0 -7.0 Malawi 12.6 12.7 12.0 12.2 10.2 1.0 6.0 6.4 5.0 -2.0 -11.6 -6.7 -5.6 -7.2 -12.2 Mali 17.8 16.9 16.9 16.8 17.2 11.5 10.5 9.0 9.9 10.7 -6.3 -6.4 -7.9 -6.9 -6.5 Mauritania 46.4 55.0 54.3 60.0 47.0 27.3 33.8 25.5 19.6 21.9 -19.1 -21.1 -28.8 -40.4 -25.1 Mozambique 27.9 39.4 43.1 32.0 20.5 2.9 0.8 4.0 5.6 0.3 -25.1 -38.5 -39.1 -26.4 -20.3 Myanmar 29.0 31.5 31.7 34.6 32.9 29.5 32.7 28.4 26.2 26.6 0.5 1.2 -3.3 -8.4 -6.3 Nepal 23.6 22.6 23.5 28.0 28.8 10.2 10.6 11.9 9.2 3.8 -13.4 -12.0 -11.6 -18.8 -25.0 Niger 36.4 36.0 37.0 38.7 31.8 15.5 19.7 19.2 16.1 17.5 -20.9 -16.3 -17.8 -22.5 -14.3 Rwanda 24.2 25.4 24.4 25.8 25.3 5.8 8.7 7.1 2.4 5.4 -18.4 -16.7 -17.3 -23.4 -19.9 Sao Tome and Principe 28.3 24.4 33.7 35.4 31.1 -15.5 -13.8 -5.2 -5.5 -5.6 -43.8 -38.2 -39.0 -40.9 -36.8 Senegal 24.5 25.4 25.6 25.6 26.1 6.8 6.6 5.2 6.9 8.0 -17.7 -18.8 -20.3 -18.7 -18.1 Sierra Leone 20.6 13.9 12.1 15.5 16.8 -4.4 0.8 -14.2 -12.6 -12.6 -25.1 -13.1 -26.3 -28.1 -29.4 Solomon Islands 17.9 21.0 16.0 16.6 19.8 8.0 9.4 5.8 10.1 15.6 -9.8 -11.6 -10.2 -6.6 -4.2 Somalia 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.9 19.9 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 South Sudan 9.8 11.3 9.7 9.7 6.0 -3.4 1.0 10.4 -16.6 14.9 -13.3 -10.3 0.7 -26.3 8.9 Sudana 24.0 27.4 23.9 24.0 24.1 19.8 18.4 17.0 16.7 15.3 -4.2 -9.0 -6.9 -7.4 -8.8 Timor-Leste 14.3 11.0 15.7 18.4 17.6 56.7 68.7 53.3 39.2 27.9 42.3 57.6 37.5 20.8 10.2 Togo 26.9 27.3 30.0 31.3 31.7 8.6 9.8 9.9 10.3 12.3 -18.3 -17.5 -20.1 -21.0 -19.5 Tuvalu 29.8 36.7 25.9 9.1 24.3 0.5 2.2 1.5 -20.3 1.9 -29.3 -34.5 -24.4 -29.4 -22.4 Uganda 25.8 27.0 25.3 24.4 23.9 14.6 16.6 13.0 13.9 17.2 -11.1 -10.4 -12.3 -10.4 -6.7 United Republic of Tanzania 31.2 30.0 32.6 34.3 33.5 20.3 14.6 22.0 25.8 24.4 -10.9 -15.4 -10.5 -8.4 -9.2 Vanuatu 29.5 25.2 25.8 34.3 28.5 22.2 22.6 23.4 19.7 21.9 -7.3 -2.6 -2.3 -14.5 -6.5 Yemen 17.5 17.6 16.2 16.6 14.2 2.3 5.3 0.6 -10.4 -19.8 -15.2 -12.3 -15.6 -27.0 -34.0 Zambia 30.0 26.0 31.0 38.4 38.5 34.9 35.6 33.3 34.6 34.8 4.8 9.6 2.3 -3.9 -3.7 LDCs 26.2 26.6 26.8 27.9 27.1 20.4 21.3 20.3 18.3 19.3 -5.9 -5.3 -6.6 -9.5 -7.8 African LDCs and Haiti 26.6 27.0 27.1 27.8 26.4 20.8 21.6 20.8 18.4 19.1 -5.7 -5.4 -6.2 -9.4 -7.3 Asian LDCs 25.9 26.3 26.7 28.1 28.1 19.2 20.1 19.2 18.2 19.6 -6.7 -6.2 -7.5 -9.8 -8.5 Island LDCs 17.2 14.8 17.7 20.3 20.1 34.1 42.8 28.4 20.7 15.8 17.0 28.0 10.7 0.4 -4.3 ODCs 31.3 31.6 31.7 32.1 31.3 35.2 35.8 35.3 34.2 33.6 3.9 4.3 3.6 2.0 2.4 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

6 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 2000-2016, selected years (Per cent of GDP) Agriculture, hunting, Industry forestry, fishing Services Country Manufacturing Non-manufacturing 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 Afghanistan 57.0 28.8 24.1 16.8 12.6 11.5 6.4 8.7 10.5 19.8 49.8 53.9 Angola 5.7 6.1 8.0 2.9 4.4 4.9 70.2 46.8 41.1 21.2 42.7 46.0 Bangladesh 25.5 17.8 14.8 15.2 16.9 17.9 10.1 9.3 10.9 49.2 56.0 56.5 Benin 25.5 25.4 23.0 23.4 15.4 14.9 8.0 9.3 9.2 43.1 49.9 52.9 Bhutan 27.4 17.5 17.3 8.4 9.1 7.8 27.6 35.5 35.6 36.6 37.9 39.2 Burkina Faso 32.8 35.1 30.3 13.2 7.4 10.8 8.4 12.9 14.9 45.6 44.7 44.0 Burundi 40.5 40.7 37.7 13.2 10.8 10.9 5.7 5.4 4.4 40.7 43.0 47.1 Cambodia 37.8 36.0 26.3 16.9 15.6 17.0 6.2 7.6 14.3 39.1 40.7 42.4 Central African Republic 41.4 41.2 31.9 10.9 18.6 19.4 8.0 5.5 6.1 39.7 34.8 42.6 Chad 33.3 35.9 27.5 7.5 7.3 10.3 5.7 29.4 22.3 53.5 27.4 39.9 Comoros 37.0 41.4 42.0 6.2 5.2 9.1 5.3 3.2 2.7 51.5 50.3 46.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 32.3 22.4 20.6 10.0 17.0 20.3 12.6 23.5 22.9 45.1 37.0 36.2 Djibouti 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.6 3.4 2.5 12.6 15.6 19.3 81.3 77.4 74.9 Eritrea 15.1 19.1 17.3 11.2 6.0 6.0 11.8 17.1 17.5 61.9 57.8 59.1 Ethiopia 47.8 45.3 36.8 5.8 4.2 4.3 6.6 6.2 16.8 39.8 44.3 42.2 Gambia 25.0 30.7 20.6 6.9 5.0 4.8 8.2 8.1 9.0 64.7 56.2 65.6 Guinea 22.7 18.6 20.2 3.0 11.3 6.7 29.7 23.0 30.2 44.6 47.1 42.9 Guinea-Bissau 43.3 46.2 44.2 13.9 11.6 12.9 0.8 1.8 1.9 41.9 40.3 41.1 Haiti 23.5 21.0 16.7 10.0 8.6 9.8 22.0 25.1 28.2 44.6 45.4 45.3 Kiribati 23.6 24.6 23.5 4.8 5.7 4.5 9.4 4.6 9.7 62.2 65.1 62.4 Lao People's Democratic Republic 33.6 23.6 19.5 8.7 11.6 8.8 15.4 19.4 23.7 42.2 45.5 48.0 Lesotho 8.2 5.6 5.8 15.8 13.6 11.8 21.0 19.2 20.5 55.0 61.7 61.8 Liberia 71.7 70.7 72.9 0.3 5.8 5.4 0.3 5.6 3.3 27.6 18.0 18.4 Madagascar 33.3 28.4 34.6 7.4 11.2 4.6 4.3 7.6 3.4 55.0 52.8 57.5 Malawi 41.4 31.9 25.1 14.9 10.7 9.2 4.6 5.7 7.2 39.1 51.7 58.5 Mali 34.9 34.9 39.8 14.5 16.1 13.2 9.2 9.2 6.0 41.3 39.7 41.0 Mauritania 35.9 21.3 23.4 11.1 7.5 8.3 16.3 33.4 27.8 36.7 37.8 40.4 Mozambique 22.8 28.9 24.1 16.8 11.1 9.3 6.1 7.5 11.8 54.2 52.5 54.8 Myanmar 57.2 36.9 25.3 7.2 19.9 22.4 2.5 6.6 12.5 33.1 36.7 39.8 Nepal 37.7 35.4 31.6 9.2 6.3 5.7 8.1 8.8 8.4 45.0 49.5 54.2 Niger 41.2 43.8 41.1 6.4 5.1 6.3 6.3 11.6 11.7 46.1 39.4 40.8 Rwanda 39.2 30.2 31.5 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.4 9.2 11.4 47.4 53.9 50.8 Sao Tome and Principe 20.0 11.8 11.5 7.6 8.9 7.2 9.8 9.3 9.5 62.6 70.1 71.9 Senegal 19.1 17.5 17.1 14.7 13.8 11.4 8.6 9.6 12.0 57.6 59.2 59.6 Sierra Leone 48.3 55.2 59.9 3.3 2.3 1.9 6.1 5.8 3.9 42.2 36.7 34.3 Solomon Islands 34.7 28.7 26.9 8.0 8.0 8.6 4.7 5.3 6.6 52.6 57.9 57.9 Somalia 60.2 60.2 60.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 32.5 32.5 32.5 South Sudan .. .. 4.1 .. .. 1.9 .. .. 37.9 .. .. 56.1 Sudana 37.1 34.6 31.7 5.7 8.2 8.3 11.7 14.7 12.4 45.6 42.5 47.6 Timor-Leste .. 4.8 7.0 .. 0.2 0.3 .. 79.6 68.9 .. 15.3 23.8 Togo 27.9 33.8 28.7 9.3 8.4 7.5 6.5 7.6 9.8 56.3 50.3 54.0 Tuvalu 20.2 27.6 24.3 0.8 1.1 1.0 6.5 3.6 7.2 72.6 67.7 67.5 Uganda 31.8 26.1 25.5 10.1 10.1 9.8 10.9 10.3 12.9 47.3 53.5 51.8 United Republic of Tanzania 31.5 31.7 31.1 8.2 7.3 5.5 9.0 14.1 21.3 51.2 46.9 42.1 Vanuatu 25.6 21.9 27.0 4.8 5.1 3.6 7.7 8.0 6.0 61.9 65.0 63.5 Yemen 12.2 12.1 15.4 5.3 8.0 9.0 36.8 26.5 22.0 45.7 53.4 53.6 Zambia 17.4 10.0 5.1 10.2 8.0 7.7 14.8 26.1 28.1 57.6 55.9 59.2 LDCs 29.8 24.3 22.0 10.2 10.7 11.5 15.2 18.1 17.9 44.8 46.9 48.6 African LDCs and Haiti 29.9 24.9 24.3 8.6 8.2 7.9 17.0 21.6 21.5 44.6 45.2 46.3 Asian LDCs 29.8 23.5 18.8 12.6 15.0 16.7 12.8 11.3 12.5 44.8 50.2 52.0 Island LDCs 31.8 15.5 20.2 6.4 2.7 4.3 6.2 48.8 32.7 55.6 33.1 42.8 ODCs 9.4 8.7 8.5 15.4 21.2 21.1 21.1 17.8 14.3 54.2 52.2 56.1 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

7 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, 2009-2017, selected years (Millions of dollars) Country 2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Afghanistan 85.8 37.6 43.5 163.1 85.7 53.9 Angola -344.4 -7 120.0 1 921.7 9 282.2 4 104.4 -2 254.5 Bangladesh 1 470.1 1 599.2 1 551.3 2 235.4 2 332.7 2 151.6 Benin 225.1 360.2 405.2 149.6 131.7 184.4 Bhutan 28.6 13.7 31.6 17.1 -12.7 10.3 Burkina Faso 259.6 490.3 355.9 231.7 390.3 485.9 Burundi 8.4 7.4 47.1 7.4 0.1 0.3 Cambodia 1 768.7 2 068.5 1 853.5 1 822.8 2 475.9 2 784.4 Central African Republic 28.3 1.9 3.5 3.0 7.4 17.2 Chad 274.8 520.2 -675.5 559.4 244.5 335.0 Comoros 9.7 4.2 4.7 5.1 8.0 8.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 927.7 2 098.2 1 843.2 1 673.5 1 204.7 1 340.2 Djibouti 127.9 286.0 153.0 124.0 160.0 165.0 Eritrea 56.8 43.9 46.5 49.3 52.3 55.5 Ethiopia 1 403.7 1 343.9 1 855.1 2 626.5 3 989.0 3 586.4 Gambia 25.0 25.5 35.6 12.5 -27.7 87.5 Guinea 457.7 134.0 77.1 48.2 1 597.3 576.5 Guinea-Bissau 21.7 19.6 28.9 18.6 24.0 16.6 Haiti 122.3 160.7 99.0 105.7 104.9 374.9 Kiribati 0.0 -0.1 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.4 Lao People's Democratic Republic 540.9 426.7 720.8 1 118.7 997.4 813.0 Lesotho 127.1 123.3 161.7 168.9 132.2 135.0 Liberia 607.0 1 061.3 276.7 627.0 453.2 247.8 Madagascar 668.9 551.3 313.7 435.8 450.6 389.1 Malawi 257.8 445.5 598.8 287.7 325.6 277.1 Mali 399.0 307.9 144.0 275.3 356.2 265.6 Mauritania 563.1 1 125.7 501.0 502.1 271.2 329.6 Mozambique 3 831.9 6 175.1 4 901.8 3 866.8 3 093.4 2 293.1 Myanmar 1 956.8 584.3 946.2 2 824.0 2 989.0 4 341.0 Nepal 71.5 71.3 30.2 51.6 106.0 198.0 Niger 751.2 719.1 821.9 529.1 301.1 334.3 Rwanda 272.7 257.6 458.9 379.8 342.3 366.2 Sao Tome and Principe 26.3 12.2 27.1 28.6 22.2 41.0 Senegal 349.4 311.3 402.6 408.9 472.0 532.3 Sierra Leone 402.2 429.7 375.1 252.4 138.0 560.0 Solomon Islands 62.8 53.4 21.7 31.6 37.3 36.5 Somalia 198.2 258.0 261.0 303.0 334.0 384.0 South Sudan -135.2 -793.0 44.0 -71.0 -17.0 80.0 Sudana 1 695.8 1 687.9 1 251.3 1 728.4 1 063.8 1 065.3 Timor-Leste 38.9 49.6 49.3 43.0 5.5 6.7 Togo 177.0 183.5 53.9 257.7 -46.3 145.6 Tuvalu 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Uganda 875.4 1 096.0 1 058.6 737.7 625.7 699.7 United Republic of Tanzania 1 528.1 2 087.3 1 416.1 1 560.8 1 365.4 1 180.4 Vanuatu 31.6 -19.4 -18.2 29.1 21.6 24.7 Yemen -209.3 -133.6 -233.1 -15.4 -561.0 -269.9 Zambia 1 352.6 2 099.8 1 488.8 1 304.9 662.9 1 091.2 LDCs 24 450.1 21 266.9 25 756.0 36 802.5 30 817.4 25 548.6 African LDCs and Haiti 18 567.1 16 499.0 20 725.9 28 446.8 22 307.2 15 347.0 Asian LDCs 5 713.0 4 667.7 4 944.0 8 217.2 8 413.2 10 082.3 Island LDCs 170.0 100.2 86.2 138.5 97.0 119.2 ODCs 618 611.5 626 688.7 659 368.0 706 996.8 639 286.8 644 805.4 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

8 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2009-2017, selected years Millions of dollars Percentage of GNIa Country average average 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2009-2016 2009-2016 Countries with remittances > 10 per cent of GNI in 2017 Nepal 5 034.6 5 888.7 6 729.9 6 611.8 6 928.1 27.5 28.3 31.9 31.5 29.8 Haiti 1 790.7 1 977.0 2 195.6 2 358.7 2 459.0 23.0 22.7 25.2 27.7 29.3 Gambia 123.0 137.8 136.0 207.4 215.7 13.5 15.8 15.7 23.6 22.8 Liberia 443.6 512.0 654.4 580.1 403.5 31.6 31.3 38.5 33.7 22.5 South Sudan 741.2 2.0 1 138.7 1 083.0 633.8 6.9 0.0 9.4 22.7 .. Comoros 113.3 126.0 128.8 130.6 138.4 19.3 20.0 21.0 21.3 22.4 Senegal 1 667.8 1 929.1 1 670.0 1 948.0 2 237.7 11.7 12.8 11.4 13.3 14.9 Lesotho 491.5 393.0 370.8 343.7 401.0 16.9 13.2 12.9 12.3 14.1 Yemen 2 656.9 3 350.5 3 350.5 3 770.6 3 350.5 8.8 8.9 11.3 13.3 .. Countries with remittances between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of GNI in 2017 Togo 349.7 427.3 363.6 349.7 402.1 9.8 10.9 8.0 7.6 8.5 Guinea-Bissau 61.3 92.4 85.0 56.4 103.6 6.0 8.5 7.7 4.8 8.4 Tuvalu 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 7.9 7.9 6.7 7.1 7.7 Mali 742.8 920.3 801.5 787.9 1 039.9 6.1 6.7 5.8 5.6 7.3 Kiribati 16.5 16.8 16.1 17.5 18.4 5.9 4.7 4.1 5.4 5.7 Bangladesh 13 160.7 14 987.5 15 295.5 13 574.3 13 498.2 8.5 8.8 8.0 6.3 5.6 Sao Tome and Principe 14.1 26.8 20.0 18.0 18.2 5.3 8.3 6.0 5.2 5.0 Countries with remittances < 5 per cent of GNI in 2017 Uganda 894.7 887.6 902.2 1 146.1 1 239.8 4.0 3.5 3.4 4.4 4.8 Myanmar 1 053.7 1 863.9 2 004.6 2 346.4 2 565.4 1.9 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.0 Burkina Faso 266.6 395.8 384.7 397.1 444.3 2.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8 Timor-Leste 90.8 43.7 61.6 80.2 87.0 2.6 1.3 1.7 2.8 3.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 692.0 756.4 1 166.6 593.5 1 273.8 2.5 2.3 3.3 1.6 3.5 Djibouti 40.4 35.5 63.3 58.0 62.1 2.4 .. 3.9 3.3 3.5 Madagascar 341.7 344.4 326.8 299.2 342.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 Benin 204.2 304.3 214.3 221.5 266.3 2.5 3.2 2.3 2.5 3.0 Niger 158.3 218.8 171.5 176.3 197.8 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.6 Rwanda 155.2 183.6 159.2 172.5 215.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.4 Vanuatu 20.2 28.1 24.1 18.9 19.4 2.8 3.4 3.2 2.4 2.4 Mozambique 134.4 155.5 142.9 93.4 257.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 2.1 Bhutan 15.2 14.3 19.7 34.3 43.2 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.7 2.0 Cambodia 243.8 376.8 400.0 370.6 386.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 Afghanistan 267.6 249.8 341.3 368.0 378.2 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 Mauritania ...... 77.2 ...... 1.6 Solomon Islands 17.5 16.3 18.6 20.3 16.1 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4 Sierra Leone 53.8 62.4 48.2 46.8 49.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 Burundi 42.7 56.3 51.0 31.3 33.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.1 1.1 Ethiopia 818.3 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 815.5 1.8 3.4 1.8 1.1 1.1 Bhutan 2.9 11.8 14.3 19.7 34.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.7 Sierra Leone 22.1 69.7 62.4 48.2 48.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5 Myanmar 98.1 1 643.9 279.0 386.8 681.8 0.6 2.8 0.4 0.7 1.2 Ethiopia 186.2 624.4 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 1.3 1.3 3.2 1.7 1.1 United Republic of Tanzania 344.3 389.5 387.8 411.2 435.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 Lao People's Democratic Republic 69.7 40.1 93.0 116.4 124.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 Malawi 30.1 38.5 41.5 34.3 40.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 Guinea 78.3 121.4 130.6 52.2 43.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 0.6 0.4 Zambia 50.2 58.3 47.0 38.5 93.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 Sudan 712.6 506.6 151.4 153.4 212.9 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 Angola 17.7 31.0 11.1 4.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic ...... Chad ...... Eritrea ...... Somalia ...... LDCsb 33 762.8 39 766.3 41 410.3 39 898.1 41 575.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.2 African LDCS and Haiti 11 447.1 12 733.0 12 902.5 12 416.1 13 999.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 Asian LDCs 22 502.3 26 771.6 28 234.6 27 192.5 27 274.3 7.5 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.2 Island LDCs 276.7 261.8 273.2 289.5 301.7 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 5.3 ODCs 299 206.7 336 206.0 357 229.2 343 232.2 360 103.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, Data and analysis on migration and remittances, http://www.worldbank.org/migration (accessed November 2018); World Development Indicators database; and UNSD, UNdata database (accessed November 2017). Notes: a GNI, Atlas method (current US$). World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. b LDC aggregates excluding Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea and Somalia for which data is unavailable. 9 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden 2009-2017, selected years External debt stocks External debt stocks (% of exports of Total debt service (% of exports of goods, (% of GNI current $)a goods, services and primary income) services and primary income) Country average average average 2009– 2015 2016 2017 2009– 2015 2016 2017 2009– 2015 2016 2017 2016 2016 2016 Countries with debt stocks > 100 per cent of GNI in 2017 Bhutan 86.8 107.3 114.0 113.3 217.7 269.1 346.9 353.1 14.2 17.2 16.6 10.5 Djibouti 73.9 74.1 96.0 112.5 189.9 195.2 287.0 338.5 8.2 7.1 10.0 11.1 Mozambique 54.4 71.3 99.5 100.8 178.5 243.5 276.3 216.5 3.8 6.6 6.7 5.0

Countries with debt stocks between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of GNI in 2017 Lao People's Democratic Republic 87.2 84.8 89.4 90.8 281.6 252.2 259.6 248.6 11.3 9.1 10.7 13.4 Mauritania 67.9 81.5 85.0 85.2 148.2 222.0 227.2 207.3 7.6 12.7 13.4 13.2 Sao Tome and Princip 79.3 79.3 69.8 66.6 483.7 257.3 241.2 276.3 10.7 2.9 2.8 3.4 Gambia 60.9 60.9 55.2 65.9 199.3 201.0 210.2 247.5 11.7 14.4 15.3 16.9 Zambia 35.7 56.5 75.8 65.2 91.4 142.8 207.3 179.4 4.1 6.7 9.9 18.1 Liberia 57.3 47.7 52.3 61.3 163.5 160.5 239.8 252.9 3.1 8.7 3.1 3.5 Cambodia 46.5 57.2 59.6 57.2 66.9 71.1 76.3 73.1 4.2 4.9 5.4 3.9 Senegal 36.4 44.5 47.1 56.28 123.6 139.6 159.5 212.6 8.3 8.9 9.5 14.2 Countries with debt stocks < 50 per cent of GNI in 2017 Eritrea 49.2 ...... Sierra Leone 35.4 37.3 50.4 47.3 160.5 196.9 170.2 .. 3.0 6.6 3.8 .. Niger 34.3 41.2 43.5 47.2 157.4 205.4 241.8 288.5 3.7 6.3 7.2 9.9 Vanuatu 27.9 37.1 36.7 46.0 52.8 74.7 68.2 .. 1.7 1.9 2.1 .. Uganda 26.0 36.0 40.3 44.3 133.0 201.2 196.0 222.5 4.0 2.0 17.4 3.8 Somalia 44.8 43.8 42.6 40.3 ...... Central African Republic 34.0 42.9 39.1 37.4 ...... Rwanda 21.9 27.0 33.7 37.4 137.8 144.2 177.2 161.4 3.0 3.9 4.5 3.9 United Republic of Tanzania 30.6 34.4 34.5 35.4 151.0 173.1 172.9 205.6 3.3 3.9 7.4 8.4 Malawi 24.0 28.1 34.9 35.1 101.9 111.8 151.2 172.9 3.2 4.5 6.2 5.7 Ethiopia 26.8 32.7 32.7 33.2 232.0 349.3 401.9 397.6 10.0 17.2 20.8 20.8 Togo 31.5 24.9 26.0 32.8 62.5 56.7 63.4 105.9 2.7 3.2 4.8 5.8 Chad 24.2 27.9 32.6 31.9 ...... Lesotho 29.9 31.9 34.1 31.6 56.2 62.2 64.7 60.7 2.9 3.7 4.2 3.6 Angola 25.4 28.9 39.3 31.6 52.3 80.9 123.5 103.8 10.2 15.6 25.1 13.4 Benin 23.4 26.4 27.0 31.3 91.8 102.5 103.5 114.5 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.2 Madagascar 30.8 32.1 31.0 30.3 105.2 95.9 88.5 82.2 2.9 4.5 3.7 3.2 Mali 25.4 28.8 27.7 29.3 102.4 114.0 110.1 127.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 4.5 Solomon Islands 28.1 18.5 20.7 28.6 45.3 35.9 40.3 53.6 4.3 2.4 3.9 3.9 Haiti 19.1 24.0 26.9 26.2 102.9 116.1 128.9 138.4 3.4 1.9 5.4 1.5 Yemen 22.5 20.1 26.0 .. 199.3 386.0 738.4 .. 6.5 18.9 14.6 .. Comoros 36.6 22.9 25.6 25.3 214.4 126.7 137.8 124.6 6.2 7.3 4.4 1.9 Burkina Faso 23.5 26.3 25.3 25.0 94.4 90.0 81.8 86.0 2.9 3.8 3.5 3.7 Myanmar 22.1 26.0 23.6 24.5 115.3 101.6 103.0 106.4 6.2 8.1 12.3 5.2 Guinea-Bissau 53.9 29.3 24.4 24.3 250.5 92.0 94.5 87.8 3.4 1.0 2.2 2.4 Sudan 34.5 24.3 24.4 20.3 334.2 436.3 455.2 387.3 6.0 10.7 6.3 4.2 Nepal 21.5 19.1 20.1 20.1 175.7 154.8 167.2 165.7 9.4 8.5 9.3 8.5 Bangladesh 19.4 17.5 16.6 18.1 110.2 103.4 102.8 120.1 5.6 4.7 4.7 5.5 Burundi 25.9 20.4 20.1 17.7 325.0 323.5 289.1 245.5 11.2 13.9 16.0 14.4 Guinea 31.3 16.6 15.9 14.3 133.1 73.3 55.2 31.7 6.9 5.3 2.5 1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo 26.7 15.3 14.8 14.0 79.9 50.8 50.2 38.3 4.5 3.7 4.8 3.0 Afghanistan 14.1 13.0 12.4 12.1 126.4 147.9 187.1 186.7 1.5 2.9 4.0 4.0 Timor-Leste 2.1 3.2 1.3 1.9 3.8 6.4 4.5 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Kiribati ...... South Sudan ...... Tuvalu ...... LDCsb 27.1 28.4 30.6 29.9 136.2 168.5 196.8 179.2 5.9 8.1 9.9 7.8 African LDCS and Haiti 29.5 31.5 35.7 33.8 142.6 186.5 220.1 215.8 6.1 9.0 11.9 9.3 Asian LDCs 23.7 23.8 23.7 24.4 125.9 137.0 163.7 128.1 5.8 6.8 7.2 5.8 Island LDCs 15.0 15.3 16.4 21.5 56.0 43.0 47.9 47.5 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.3 ODCs 16.8 17.9 18.1 18.8 77.3 86.5 91.5 83.7 8.9 9.9 13.0 11.4 Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) database (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Countries sorted by descending order 2016. b LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati, South Sudan and Tuvalu for which data is unavailable.

10 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

11. Selected indicators on education, 2017* Net primary school Net secondary school Primary completion rate Youth literacy rate enrolment rate enrolment rate Country (per cent of secondary (per cent of people aged (per cent of primary school-age population) school-age population) 15-24) Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Afghanistan 40.7 26.6 53.7 ...... 54.3 40.2 67.5 47.0 32.1 61.9 Angola ...... 84.0 73.0 94.9 12.4 11.1 13.7 77.4 70.6 84.9 Bangladesh 80.0 84.4 75.1 90.5 93.0 88.1 57.2 61.1 53.6 93.0 94.4 91.5 Benin 59.4 56.2 61.9 97.0 88.2 99.9 45.0 38.1 51.8 52.5 40.9 63.9 Bhutan 67.9 70.0 65.9 79.9 80.1 79.6 62.4 68.0 57.1 87.3 84.5 90.4 Burkina Faso 30.9 29.5 32.1 76.4 75.4 77.4 26.8 27.5 26.2 50.1 44.0 57.0 Burundi 53.3 57.9 48.7 96.6 97.5 95.8 21.6 24.7 18.5 79.6 75.0 85.3 Cambodia 72.3 77.2 67.7 90.6 90.3 90.8 52.0 56.0 48.0 87.1 85.9 88.4 Central African Republic ...... 70.6 62.1 79.1 13.6 9.3 17.9 36.4 27.0 48.9 Chad 27.3 23.7 30.6 79.1 68.7 89.3 ...... 30.8 22.4 40.7 Comoros ...... 79.8 78.9 80.7 43.9 45.5 42.5 71.6 69.6 73.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 68.9 66.5 71.2 ...... 85.0 79.7 91.0 Djibouti ...... 59.1 55.7 62.3 35.9 32.6 39.0 ...... Eritrea ...... 37.4 35.6 39.1 22.4 22.5 22.4 87.0 82.6 91.3 Ethiopia 39.6 40.8 38.1 85.6 82.4 88.7 33.8 32.9 34.7 55.0 47.0 63.0 Gambia 62.0 60.2 64.0 77.6 81.4 73.8 37.7 41.3 34.1 60.8 56.1 66.0 Guinea 42.2 35.6 49.4 75.7 70.1 81.1 31.8 25.3 38.2 46.3 37.2 57.0 Guinea-Bissau 29.1 25.7 32.3 68.2 66.7 69.8 ...... 60.4 49.8 71.3 Haiti 44.1 48.7 39.1 ...... Kiribati ...... 95.1 .. .. 69.6 75.5 64.1 ...... Lao People's Democratic Republic 67.1 68.2 66.1 93.3 92.8 93.8 60.0 60.9 59.1 72.1 67.1 77.3 Lesotho 64.9 78.2 52.6 80.9 81.6 80.2 37.1 45.3 29.1 86.6 94.0 79.6 Liberia 34.2 32.5 36.1 37.6 36.3 38.9 ...... 49.1 37.2 63.5 Madagascar 39.0 42.6 35.4 ...... 31.1 31.6 30.5 76.8 75.3 78.4 Malawi 54.3 58.5 50.5 97.5 95.3 89.9 36.7 36.0 37.3 72.9 73.4 72.5 Mali 42.0 37.8 45.5 55.7 52.5 58.8 31.1 27.7 34.3 49.4 39.2 60.5 Mauritania 38.3 34.8 42.4 79.2 81.1 77.4 24.3 23.5 25.1 56.1 47.7 66.4 Mozambique 41.5 39.4 43.7 89.1 86.8 91.4 18.6 18.8 18.5 67.1 56.5 79.8 Myanmar 83.2 84.5 81.8 97.7 87.3 88.2 62.5 64.3 60.7 84.8 84.4 85.1 Nepal 75.2 71.7 78.9 94.7 93.3 96.1 54.1 53.3 54.8 84.8 80.2 89.9 Niger 28.3 22.7 34.5 62.4 57.5 67.1 17.2 13.9 20.4 23.5 15.1 34.5 Rwanda 54.3 61.1 47.6 95.1 96.1 94.1 27.2 29.3 25.2 82.3 83.5 81.1 Sao Tome and Principe 67.3 72.9 62.6 96.1 95.7 96.4 67.2 70.7 63.7 96.7 96.4 97.1 Senegal 43.4 41.8 45.0 71.4 74.8 68.2 ...... 69.5 63.5 75.6 Sierra Leone 66.6 68.3 64.7 99.1 99.3 98.9 ...... 57.0 50.9 64.5 Solomon Islands ...... 69.5 69.8 69.3 31.0 28.9 33.0 ...... Somalia ...... South Sudan 24.5 18.2 31.5 30.9 26.7 35.1 ...... 36.7 29.6 44.1 Sudan 65.4 64.4 66.5 53.8 55.1 52.4 ...... 65.8 62.7 68.7 Timor-Leste 60.1 63.8 56.6 78.7 79.8 77.7 55.8 59.7 52.1 79.5 78.6 80.5 Togo 61.3 57.6 64.6 90.0 87.1 92.8 36.4 31.3 41.4 84.3 78.4 89.7 Tuvalu ...... 84.4 85.2 84.1 72.5 82.9 63.2 ...... Uganda 39.4 43.2 35.7 93.7 95.1 92.2 22.2 21.3 23.2 83.7 81.7 85.8 United Republic of Tanzania 79.5 83.7 75.1 78.9 80.2 77.5 27.8 29.0 26.5 85.8 84.6 87.0 Vanuatu 81.1 84.5 78.0 85.8 87.1 84.6 49.5 51.2 48.0 ...... Yemen ...... 84.8 77.8 91.6 41.7 33.2 49.9 ...... Zambia 75.0 76.0 .. 87.4 88.3 86.5 ...... 88.7 86.5 91.2 LDCs 56.2 56.3 54.2 82.4 80.9 82.9 39.0 38.3 39.8 73.8 69.8 78.1 African LDCs and Haiti 51.8 51.9 49.1 79.2 77.1 80.7 27.0 25.8 28.2 67.8 62.6 73.7 Asian LDCs 71.1 71.0 70.7 91.4 91.6 89.0 52.7 52.7 52.8 85.0 83.6 86.4 Island LDCs 63.7 67.6 60.2 85.8 85.8 85.2 47.6 49.5 45.8 78.1 76.8 79.5 ODCs 82.4 82.8 80.9 89.0 88.1 89.6 65.8 66.0 65.5 92.2 90.2 94.0 Sources: UNESCO, UIS database (accessed November 2018). Notes: * 2017 or latest year available since 2006; LDCs group and ODCs weighted by primary or secondary school-age population and by group age population.

11 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2017, selected years (Percentage of total employment) Employment in agriculture Employment in industry Employment in manufacturing Employment in services Country 1991 2000 2010 2017 1991 2000 2010 2017 1991 2000 2010 2017 1991 2000 2010 2017 Afghanistan 71.3 79.2 64.5 62.2 6.6 5.9 6.1 6.7 3.9 3.7 2.9 3.1 22.2 15.0 29.4 31.1 Angola 38.3 37.5 47.2 50.6 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.6 3.5 2.9 1.8 1.7 53.2 53.9 44.0 40.8 Bangladesh 69.5 64.8 47.3 39.1 13.6 10.7 17.6 21.1 12.4 7.6 12.4 14.5 16.9 24.5 35.1 39.8 Benin 54.0 48.3 45.3 43.2 7.2 12.7 10.5 18.5 5.3 10.1 7.6 15.2 38.8 39.0 44.2 38.3 Bhutan 85.3 80.9 59.5 56.6 1.6 2.3 6.7 9.8 1.1 0.9 3.8 6.5 13.2 16.7 33.7 33.3 Burkina Faso 88.9 85.7 60.9 28.3 3.2 4.0 11.4 32.0 2.7 3.1 7.2 15.0 7.9 10.3 27.7 39.8 Burundi 91.7 92.3 91.4 91.4 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 5.9 5.5 6.1 6.1 Cambodia 79.9 73.7 54.2 26.7 4.1 8.4 16.2 27.0 2.8 7.0 10.9 17.1 16.0 17.9 29.6 46.3 Central African Republic 84.6 86.1 86.2 85.7 8.5 7.0 7.1 8.0 7.9 6.4 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4 Chad 86.6 86.9 86.8 87.2 6.3 6.6 6.1 4.9 5.6 6.0 5.2 4.1 7.1 6.4 7.1 7.9 Comoros 56.4 55.7 55.5 55.0 14.9 13.9 14.6 15.3 8.5 7.4 8.5 8.9 28.7 30.3 29.3 29.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 85.8 84.6 79.6 81.9 7.0 9.8 11.7 11.1 6.3 9.2 11.2 10.5 7.2 5.6 8.7 7.0 Djibouti 31.0 36.7 33.0 29.8 24.4 22.9 27.5 29.8 12.7 13.5 15.9 16.4 44.7 40.4 39.5 40.7 Eritrea 85.2 82.2 84.4 83.9 7.0 8.0 7.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.1 5.7 7.8 9.8 8.4 9.1 Ethiopia 90.2 85.8 77.2 68.2 2.2 3.7 6.3 9.4 1.7 2.9 4.1 4.7 7.7 10.5 16.6 22.4 Gambia 33.8 33.1 32.8 27.1 16.2 15.0 14.8 15.3 10.2 8.9 8.8 9.1 50.0 51.9 52.5 57.6 Guinea 71.1 70.9 70.3 68.2 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.9 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.2 23.5 23.4 23.8 25.9 Guinea-Bissau 85.9 84.6 84.4 83.5 6.0 6.9 6.5 7.0 5.2 6.3 5.9 6.3 8.1 8.5 9.0 9.6 Haiti 52.7 51.8 47.2 41.2 9.2 10.1 10.3 12.3 6.4 6.5 6.2 7.0 38.2 38.1 42.5 46.5 Kiribati ...... Lao People's Democratic Republic 86.3 82.9 71.5 61.3 3.2 3.4 8.3 9.7 2.0 1.9 5.1 5.4 10.5 13.7 20.2 29.0 Lesotho 61.5 63.2 12.9 10.5 13.8 12.7 39.3 40.4 5.4 4.8 13.9 12.8 24.4 24.1 47.8 49.1 Liberia 41.2 49.6 47.3 43.0 9.3 7.8 10.8 12.0 4.1 3.7 6.5 7.0 49.8 42.4 41.9 45.1 Madagascar 78.3 77.8 74.0 74.4 5.7 6.1 5.5 9.2 4.6 5.0 4.3 6.6 16.0 16.1 20.5 16.4 Malawi 84.0 85.2 84.8 84.7 10.8 9.0 8.8 8.4 10.2 8.4 8.1 7.7 5.2 5.9 6.5 6.9 Mali 50.0 45.7 57.5 57.6 13.7 15.9 11.1 8.4 9.8 11.5 7.3 4.6 36.3 38.4 31.5 33.9 Mauritania 81.3 79.5 77.3 75.8 6.3 7.6 7.6 7.2 5.2 6.5 6.0 5.6 12.5 12.9 15.1 16.9 Mozambique 85.4 81.5 77.3 73.3 2.9 3.7 3.4 4.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 11.7 14.8 19.3 22.4 Myanmar 78.3 75.8 60.6 49.9 11.0 10.0 15.0 16.6 8.9 7.3 10.7 10.8 10.7 14.3 24.4 33.5 Nepal 82.3 72.2 74.8 71.7 2.8 11.3 7.5 8.1 2.1 7.2 0.2 0.2 14.9 16.5 17.7 20.1 Niger 75.3 77.1 77.7 75.6 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.6 5.9 6.2 6.5 6.9 18.2 16.2 15.1 16.8 Rwanda 88.6 88.6 79.6 66.5 2.6 2.7 5.6 8.2 1.4 1.3 2.3 2.0 8.7 8.7 14.8 25.3 Sao Tome and Principe 41.4 30.6 22.9 16.9 13.8 16.7 16.7 13.6 3.4 8.3 8.3 5.1 44.8 52.8 60.4 67.8 Senegal 46.6 44.4 53.3 53.4 15.2 16.6 19.7 20.1 8.8 9.1 13.4 14.0 38.2 39.1 27.0 26.5 Sierra Leone 63.4 66.4 63.7 60.6 5.9 5.7 6.5 6.2 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.1 30.7 27.9 29.8 33.3 Solomon Islands 72.4 71.2 69.4 69.5 8.1 8.8 9.0 9.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.5 19.5 20.0 21.2 20.6 Somalia 86.9 86.9 86.4 86.2 6.5 7.2 7.4 7.6 5.8 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.6 6.0 6.2 6.2 South Sudan 64.4 58.0 54.1 64.9 17.8 18.4 19.8 19.0 12.3 11.2 11.2 13.6 17.8 23.5 26.1 16.1 Sudan 61.8 58.7 49.2 53.3 18.1 20.6 22.6 19.2 12.5 13.8 12.4 12.1 20.1 20.8 28.2 27.5 Timor-Leste 50.2 55.5 50.8 24.8 9.3 8.3 9.5 15.3 3.0 3.5 3.3 4.4 40.9 36.2 40.1 59.9 Togo 41.6 41.0 38.3 37.8 18.7 18.1 18.3 17.3 15.4 14.7 14.7 13.0 39.6 41.0 43.4 44.9 Tuvalu ...... Uganda 75.4 70.2 71.1 69.0 7.1 7.7 7.1 6.9 5.9 6.1 5.0 4.1 17.5 22.1 21.8 24.1 United Republic of Tanzania 77.7 77.2 72.2 66.7 5.1 4.8 5.4 6.0 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.5 17.2 18.0 22.4 27.3 Vanuatu 61.4 62.0 61.9 65.3 5.3 5.6 7.2 5.9 1.8 1.4 2.1 1.7 31.6 32.4 32.0 29.7 Yemen 54.9 49.0 24.1 44.5 10.8 12.0 19.0 12.9 4.1 4.1 6.6 5.5 34.3 38.9 56.9 42.6 Zambia 66.3 71.6 63.4 53.3 10.0 5.8 8.8 11.9 6.9 2.8 3.8 4.6 23.8 22.6 27.9 34.8 LDCsa 75.6 72.7 64.7 60.2 8.2 8.6 11.0 12.6 6.5 6.2 7.2 7.8 16.1 18.7 24.2 27.2 African LDCs and Haiti 76.8 75.0 70.6 67.1 6.8 7.7 8.8 10.2 5.1 5.6 5.9 6.3 16.4 17.4 20.6 22.7 Asian LDCs 73.9 69.3 54.5 46.9 10.4 10.1 14.9 17.3 8.8 7.0 9.5 10.7 15.7 20.6 30.6 35.8 Island LDCs 56.7 59.9 57.1 47.3 8.8 8.7 9.5 11.6 3.6 4.3 4.4 4.8 34.5 31.4 33.5 41.1 ODCs 51.3 43.8 32.5 26.4 22.0 22.3 24.6 23.9 17.5 16.7 15.8 13.9 26.7 33.9 43.0 49.7 Source: ILOstat - Trends Econometric Models, ILO estimates and projections (accessed November 2017). a LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati and Tuvalu which data is unvailable. 12 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009-2017, selected years Total merchandise exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent) Country average average 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2009–2016 2009–2016 Afghanistan 481.2 570.4 571.4 596.5 700.0 2.2 10.8 0.2 4.4 17.4 Angola 52 251.6 59 169.9 33 181.1 27 588.9 34 613.5 -6.5 -13.3 -43.9 -16.9 25.5 Bangladesh 26 329.4 30 405.2 32 378.7 34 894.3 35 850.9 11.3 4.4 6.5 7.8 2.7 Benin 1 670.1 2 559.9 1 681.7 1 778.4 2 056.3 6.3 29.2 -34.3 5.7 15.6 Bhutan 568.4 583.1 549.2 524.7 572.7 0.9 7.3 -5.8 -4.5 9.2 Burkina Faso 2 070.8 2 452.7 2 176.4 2 508.9 2 874.9 20.6 4.1 -11.3 15.3 14.6 Burundi 110.2 132.0 120.6 109.3 171.9 11.3 40.1 -8.6 -9.4 57.2 Cambodia 7 000.6 6 846.0 8 542.0 10 069.0 11 011.0 11.2 2.7 24.8 17.9 9.4 Central African Republic 132.2 98.5 85.7 103.9 124.3 -1.3 -15.1 -13.0 21.2 19.7 Chad 3 610.4 4 193.7 2 899.9 1 989.8 1 343.7 -5.5 10.4 -30.9 -31.4 -32.5 Comoros 21.9 25.9 17.0 30.8 39.6 30.8 26.2 -34.5 81.5 28.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 954.2 7 914.8 6 090.9 5 628.1 7 764.6 5.7 25.6 -23.0 -7.6 38.0 Djibouti 111.0 129.2 131.8 134.5 137.2 9.0 8.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Eritrea 322.1 630.3 425.5 271.8 303.9 404.1 99.7 -32.5 -36.1 11.8 Ethiopia 2 777.8 3 427.4 3 049.6 2 918.7 3 160.7 8.9 10.1 -11.0 -4.3 8.3 Gambia 95.1 104.0 109.0 94.0 68.2 53.5 -2.1 4.8 -13.7 -27.5 Guinea 1 753.7 2 066.3 1 781.2 2 414.4 4 594.1 9.9 9.5 -13.8 35.6 90.3 Guinea-Bissau 183.6 166.1 252.3 276.6 340.8 16.4 8.7 51.9 9.6 23.2 Haiti 811.4 950.4 881.6 1 036.0 980.2 10.7 7.3 -7.2 17.5 -5.4 Kiribati 7.8 10.1 10.7 10.5 13.5 13.1 52.0 5.5 -1.7 28.4 Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 288.3 2 662.0 2 769.0 3 352.1 4 822.6 16.7 17.6 4.0 21.1 43.9 Lesotho 894.7 826.4 844.1 883.8 1 032.6 1.3 -2.4 2.1 4.7 16.8 Liberia 345.4 444.4 283.3 279.3 388.8 8.1 -20.5 -36.3 -1.4 39.2 Madagascar 1 724.2 2 196.1 2 042.4 2 324.8 2 796.5 8.9 14.2 -7.0 13.8 20.3 Malawi 1 185.1 1 369.5 1 048.3 992.7 941.4 3.5 13.4 -23.5 -5.3 -5.2 Mali 2 427.2 2 775.9 2 715.5 2 832.3 2 992.6 4.6 18.7 -2.2 4.3 5.7 Mauritania 2 025.5 1 935.4 1 388.6 1 400.7 1 722.4 0.4 -27.0 -28.3 0.9 23.0 Mozambique 3 474.1 4 420.5 3 413.3 3 328.2 4 725.3 4.6 9.9 -22.8 -2.5 42.0 Myanmar 9 922.9 11 452.7 11 428.8 11 831.3 13 883.7 7.7 2.0 -0.2 3.5 17.3 Nepal 836.6 889.0 720.7 695.9 740.7 -3.3 1.2 -18.9 -3.4 6.4 Niger 1 250.0 1 444.5 1 087.0 1 033.8 1 128.3 2.5 -8.9 -24.7 -4.9 9.1 Rwanda 555.3 723.1 683.7 745.0 1 189.2 15.4 2.9 -5.4 9.0 59.6 Sao Tome and Principe 11.4 17.2 11.3 13.6 15.6 14.2 148.2 -34.3 20.6 14.3 Senegal 2 489.4 2 750.2 2 611.7 2 640.3 2 881.3 2.7 3.4 -5.0 1.1 9.1 Sierra Leone 823.2 1 552.0 512.0 561.0 794.0 34.1 -19.0 -67.0 9.6 41.5 Solomon Islands 386.2 458.5 400.4 437.3 499.7 13.6 -5.8 -12.7 9.2 14.3 Somalia 481.9 510.0 440.0 440.0 430.0 0.9 -1.9 -13.7 0.0 -2.3 South Sudan ...... Sudana 6 452.5 4 350.2 3 169.0 3 093.6 4 061.0 0.6 -38.6 -27.2 -2.4 31.3 Timor-Leste 17.5 15.5 18.0 20.0 16.7 18.1 -12.4 16.6 11.1 -16.7 Togo 1 157.8 1 324.1 1 010.1 1 038.0 981.6 3.5 -12.8 -23.7 2.8 -5.4 Tuvalu 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 53.2 460.5 -12.0 13.2 -58.3 Uganda 2 140.2 2 262.0 2 267.0 2 482.3 2 901.5 5.3 -6.1 0.2 9.5 16.9 United Repubvlic of Tanzania 4 567.1 4 627.5 4 889.7 5 146.3 4 343.2 7.5 1.5 5.7 5.2 -15.6 Vanuatu 52.3 62.9 38.8 50.3 38.5 3.6 61.3 -38.3 29.6 -23.5 Yemen 6 341.6 7 792.0 1 911.0 371.0 1 209.0 -18.1 -6.1 -75.5 -80.6 225.9 Zambia 7 962.6 9 694.2 7 011.8 6 516.4 8 150.7 6.3 -8.5 -27.7 -7.1 25.1 LDCs 166 077.0 188 991.9 147 651.9 145 489.4 169 408.9 0.9 -3.9 -21.9 -1.5 16.4 African LDCs and Haiti 111 810.5 127 201.1 88 284.8 82 591.7 99 994.6 -1.9 -6.9 -30.6 -6.4 21.1 Asian LDCs 53 769.1 61 200.4 58 870.7 62 334.9 68 790.7 7.1 2.8 -3.8 5.9 10.4 Island LDCs 497.4 590.4 496.4 562.8 623.6 10.6 2.2 -15.9 13.4 10.8 ODCs 7 185 562.0 8 249 167.7 7 236 356.0 6 886 913.5 7 676 513.0 2.6 0.2 -12.3 -4.8 11.5 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

13 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009-2017, selected years Total merchandise imports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent) Country average average 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2009–2016 2009–2016 Afghanistan 6 826.9 7 729.2 7 722.9 6 534.1 7 384.2 12.5 -9.6 -0.1 -15.4 13.0 Angola 21 489.5 28 580.3 20 692.5 13 040.5 14 463.2 -3.1 8.5 -27.6 -37.0 10.9 Bangladesh 35 633.0 41 118.6 42 047.3 44 771.7 52 836.3 8.9 10.9 2.3 6.5 18.0 Benin 2 607.8 3 827.9 2 559.7 2 878.9 3 514.1 4.8 27.2 -33.1 12.5 22.1 Bhutan 915.3 932.1 1 060.6 1 002.5 1 028.8 9.8 2.5 13.8 -5.5 2.6 Burkina Faso 3 032.9 3 576.2 3 078.7 3 352.1 3 773.7 8.4 -17.9 -13.9 8.9 12.6 Burundi 666.6 769.3 722.5 615.9 755.3 7.0 -5.2 -6.1 -14.8 22.6 Cambodia 9 982.7 10 692.0 12 242.0 14 101.0 15 495.0 11.4 11.9 14.5 15.2 9.9 Central African Republic 309.8 405.5 346.1 309.8 351.0 5.0 90.3 -14.7 -10.5 13.3 Chad 3 012.5 4 400.0 3 700.0 2 500.0 1 964.5 6.0 46.7 -15.9 -32.4 -21.4 Comoros 248.6 278.3 213.6 219.3 251.6 3.3 -2.2 -23.2 2.7 14.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 605.4 7 086.6 6 333.4 5 123.3 5 215.9 3.2 12.5 -10.6 -19.1 1.8 Djibouti 624.7 803.0 870.5 705.2 736.3 4.6 11.6 8.4 -19.0 4.4 Eritrea 926.3 1 130.0 1 020.0 1 050.0 1 140.0 8.1 8.7 -9.7 2.9 8.6 Ethiopia 12 300.1 15 551.0 16 913.5 16 632.8 15 942.7 9.9 27.2 8.8 -1.7 -4.1 Gambia 356.0 387.2 416.8 384.3 466.5 2.7 10.6 7.6 -7.8 21.4 Guinea 2 210.9 2 372.4 2 191.8 4 429.4 3 484.1 21.4 26.9 -7.6 102.1 -21.3 Guinea-Bissau 206.8 214.2 206.9 230.2 365.1 1.2 17.2 -3.4 11.2 58.6 Haiti 3 212.6 3 734.0 3 523.1 3 405.2 3 470.3 6.1 4.3 -5.6 -3.3 1.9 Kiribati 98.6 107.3 127.0 117.4 115.4 6.6 10.5 18.4 -7.6 -1.7 Lao People's Democratic Republic 3 288.2 4 271.2 5 232.8 4 739.5 5 635.7 17.7 38.6 22.5 -9.4 18.9 Lesotho 2 163.7 2 207.3 1 949.5 1 726.5 2 107.4 0.2 1.5 -11.7 -11.4 22.1 Liberia 1 180.7 1 996.6 1 687.2 1 301.8 1 110.8 11.2 73.6 -15.5 -22.8 -14.7 Madagascar 3 003.7 3 227.4 2 794.8 2 965.8 3 642.8 -2.3 -1.0 -13.4 6.1 22.8 Malawi 2 376.8 2 778.5 2 313.3 2 095.9 2 435.2 0.0 -2.3 -16.7 -9.4 16.2 Mali 3 545.5 3 908.9 3 798.6 4 059.9 4 650.0 3.8 2.7 -2.8 6.9 14.5 Mauritania 2 321.0 2 646.3 1 948.0 1 900.1 2 093.9 2.0 -13.1 -26.4 -2.5 10.2 Mozambique 6 980.0 8 746.8 8 334.2 5 295.3 5 745.4 6.6 -13.4 -4.7 -36.5 8.5 Myanmar 11 110.2 16 458.7 17 132.0 15 920.6 19 249.4 21.0 36.7 4.1 -7.1 20.9 Nepal 6 376.1 7 590.1 6 612.1 8 878.5 10 037.8 12.7 15.5 -12.9 34.3 13.1 Niger 2 083.8 2 190.5 1 975.8 1 715.3 1 872.0 1.1 8.6 -9.8 -13.2 9.1 Rwanda 2 090.8 2 469.8 2 381.6 2 495.5 1 962.6 10.6 7.3 -3.6 4.8 -21.4 Sao Tome and Principe 135.4 169.7 141.8 139.4 147.0 3.2 11.6 -16.4 -1.8 5.5 Senegal 5 753.3 6 554.9 5 635.8 5 445.2 6 519.7 -1.2 0.0 -14.0 -3.4 19.7 Sierra Leone 1 308.7 1 568.0 1 530.0 981.0 926.0 15.3 -11.9 -2.4 -35.9 -5.6 Solomon Islands 446.6 499.3 454.8 454.7 571.1 5.8 -7.1 -8.9 0.0 25.6 Somalia 1 090.0 1 250.0 1 100.0 1 080.0 1 060.0 3.7 -3.8 -12.0 -1.8 -1.9 South Sudan ...... Sudana 9 657.2 9 211.3 9 508.7 8 323.4 9 163.0 -1.4 -7.1 3.2 -12.5 10.1 Timor-Leste 613.8 858.4 910.0 775.0 780.0 18.9 1.9 6.0 -14.8 0.6 Togo 2 206.2 2 526.2 2 334.9 2 265.4 2 355.5 5.9 -8.6 -7.6 -3.0 4.0 Tuvalu 24.1 22.1 36.8 28.0 40.0 7.7 7.1 66.3 -24.0 42.9 Uganda 5 354.4 6 073.5 5 528.1 4 829.5 5 595.9 1.3 4.4 -9.0 -12.6 15.9 United Republic of Tanzania 10 075.6 11 993.5 10 788.9 9 300.5 10 031.9 3.8 -0.8 -10.0 -13.8 7.9 Vanuatu 324.3 313.3 366.6 421.8 387.4 4.1 0.1 17.0 15.0 -8.2 Yemen 10 224.8 12 042.0 6 573.0 6 937.0 7 024.0 -2.7 -9.3 -45.4 5.5 1.3 Zambia 7 632.2 9 706.9 8 481.9 7 556.3 8 694.7 7.4 -4.6 -12.6 -10.9 15.1 LDCs 211 372.3 254 976.2 235 540.3 223 035.4 246 593.4 4.9 7.0 -7.6 -5.3 10.6 African LDCs and Haiti 125 123.7 151 894.0 134 666.9 117 994.9 125 609.6 2.3 4.7 -11.3 -12.4 6.5 Asian LDCs 84 357.1 100 833.9 98 622.6 102 884.8 118 691.2 9.0 10.7 -2.2 4.3 15.4 Island LDCs 1 891.5 2 248.4 2 250.7 2 155.6 2 292.5 6.9 0.0 0.1 -4.2 6.4 ODCs 6 707 709.1 7 748 052.0 6 809 334.4 6 427 642.3 7 260 514.5 2.9 0.1 -12.1 -5.6 13.0 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

14 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2015-2017 (Million of dollars and percentage) Primary commodities Manufactured goods Labour- Low-skill Medium-skill High-skill intensive and and tech- and tech- and tech- Total Food and Minerals, Un- Country resource- nology- nology- nology- exports Total Agri- Fuels ores, Total allocated intensive intensive intensive intensive culture metals manu- manu- manu- manu- factures actures factures factures (Million of (Per cent) dollars Afghanistan 622.6 88.5 67.1 7.1 14.3 5.9 3.0 0.3 1.5 1.1 5.6 Angola 31 666.7 100.0 0.2 97.1 2.7 ...... 0.0 Bangladesh 33 690.4 4.7 4.2 0.2 0.3 95.2 93.1 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.1 Benin 1 838.8 86.6 56.3 6.8 23.5 13.1 7.2 3.1 3.2 1.1 0.4 Bhutan 544.8 35.8 8.6 15.3 11.9 63.7 18.7 43.0 1.1 14.7 0.4 Burkina Faso 2 528.4 95.7 28.2 2.1 65.4 4.2 0.7 0.5 2.1 1.0 0.1 Burundi 131.7 89.4 46.3 0.4 42.7 10.2 3.2 0.9 3.1 3.2 0.4 Cambodia 9 874.4 13.4 9.2 0.0 4.1 86.5 78.0 3.2 3.3 2.9 0.1 Central African Republic 104.6 73.0 67.1 0.1 5.9 26.5 1.1 1.9 19.1 4.5 0.5 Chad 2 077.8 98.2 7.8 82.1 8.3 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 Comoros 29.1 73.0 69.7 0.0 3.2 27.0 2.7 4.4 2.3 18.6 0.0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6 494.5 91.0 2.7 6.1 82.3 7.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 6.6 1.4 Djibouti 134.5 61.0 43.1 4.4 13.5 28.5 4.8 8.3 11.7 5.3 10.5 Eritrea 324.5 91.6 30.6 0.0 61.0 8.3 5.3 1.3 0.5 1.9 0.1 Ethiopia 3 043.0 83.5 70.3 3.3 10.0 14.7 8.5 0.4 4.3 1.6 1.7 Gambia 90.4 87.1 80.1 2.1 5.0 12.5 6.4 1.0 3.8 1.7 0.4 Guinea 2 929.9 88.4 9.8 6.4 72.2 11.5 0.4 3.6 1.8 6.0 0.1 Guinea-Bissau 289.9 98.3 93.7 4.4 0.3 1.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 Haiti 972.6 11.0 9.1 0.0 1.9 83.3 76.7 0.6 4.3 1.9 5.6 Kiribati 11.3 94.7 93.9 0.7 0.1 3.6 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.6 1.7 Lao People's Democratic Republic 3 534.6 72.8 26.4 16.6 29.8 22.1 7.4 0.6 1.8 12.5 5.0 Lesotho 920.2 32.9 10.7 0.1 22.1 67.1 54.8 0.2 8.8 3.5 0.0 Liberia 317.1 57.9 20.6 5.9 31.5 40.4 11.8 37.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 Madagascar 2 422.6 72.6 41.6 1.1 29.8 26.8 22.2 0.7 0.9 3.3 0.6 Malawi 1 024.3 82.4 80.6 0.1 1.6 16.7 3.1 1.1 8.7 4.0 0.9 Mali 2 861.6 91.2 21.4 0.5 69.3 8.7 1.0 0.5 1.8 5.6 0.1 Mauritania 1 528.3 97.4 43.0 4.1 50.3 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 Mozambique 3 755.6 93.2 21.6 36.8 34.9 6.6 1.0 1.4 1.0 3.7 0.2 Myanmar 12 582.9 73.7 35.2 31.8 6.8 23.9 17.0 2.9 2.0 2.5 2.4 Nepal 709.9 30.9 29.2 0.0 1.8 69.0 52.2 8.9 1.6 9.5 0.0 Niger 1 008.8 66.8 21.3 13.1 32.4 32.9 1.6 0.4 2.7 28.5 0.3 Rwanda 872.6 88.5 34.3 8.4 45.8 10.2 2.7 0.8 3.8 3.0 1.3 Sao Tome and Principe 13.5 83.8 77.4 4.6 1.8 14.6 1.8 1.2 5.2 6.9 1.6 Senegal 2 747.0 70.6 33.8 17.2 19.5 28.0 10.0 3.7 2.7 12.8 1.5 Sierra Leone 622.3 89.6 21.8 0.2 67.6 10.0 1.1 1.0 5.2 2.9 0.4 Solomon Islands 445.8 92.8 88.1 0.1 4.7 2.2 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 5.0 Somalia 436.7 92.3 85.8 0.0 6.5 7.1 1.0 1.6 2.4 2.3 0.6 South Sudan ...... Sudan 3 523.9 97.2 28.3 44.0 24.9 2.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.0 Timor-Leste 18.3 88.9 26.9 60.9 1.1 10.3 0.8 1.1 4.5 4.0 0.8 Togo 1 009.9 70.8 22.9 21.1 26.8 28.3 10.0 5.5 7.0 7.9 0.9 Tuvalu 0.2 61.0 59.8 1.1 0.1 38.1 6.4 10.4 14.8 8.1 0.9 Uganda 2 550.3 76.0 61.9 2.3 11.8 22.0 9.2 4.6 3.9 5.9 2.0 United Republic of Tanzania 4 603.2 84.7 42.1 1.6 41.0 15.0 8.3 1.1 1.1 5.0 0.3 Vanuatu 40.1 60.2 59.4 0.6 0.3 38.6 9.5 32.6 0.5 2.0 1.2 Yemen 1 163.7 93.2 22.5 56.4 14.3 6.7 0.9 0.8 2.4 2.9 0.1 Zambia 7 215.5 88.4 13.3 1.1 74.0 11.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 4.8 0.2 LDCs 153 328.9 64.2 17.0 28.0 19.2 35.1 29.7 1.5 1.5 2.8 0.7 African LDCs and Haiti 90 047.3 90.2 18.9 41.6 29.6 9.4 4.0 1.1 1.4 3.1 0.5 Asian LDCs 62 723.3 26.8 13.7 8.7 4.4 72.3 66.9 2.0 1.5 2.4 0.9 Island LDCs 558.3 89.1 82.9 2.2 4.0 6.7 1.8 2.7 0.8 1.8 4.2 ODCs 7 280 988.1 28.5 8.7 13.1 6.8 70.8 14.4 6.9 19.6 32.2 0.7 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Note: Data based on the UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimates values.

15 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

16. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2015–2017 (Millions of dollars and percentage) Primary commodities Manufactured goods Labour- Low-skill Medium- High- intensive and skill and skill and Un- Total Food Minerals, and resource- technology- technology- technology- allo- exports Total and agri- Fuels ores, Total Country intensive intensive intensive intensive cated culture metals manu- manu- manu- manu- factures factures factures factures (Millions (per cent) of dollars) Afghanistan 7 213.7 41.6 28.0 12.7 0.9 46.1 13.2 4.8 10.8 18.6 12.3 Angola 16 065.4 23.8 19.6 3.4 0.7 ...... 76.2 Bangladesh 46 551.8 33.8 23.8 6.5 3.4 65.9 25.4 9.3 16.3 17.5 0.3 Benin 2 771.8 45.1 36.4 7.5 1.2 54.6 21.2 9.5 18.6 8.4 0.3 Bhutan 1 030.9 36.3 14.7 16.2 5.4 62.6 11.3 13.5 31.1 11.6 1.2 Burkina Faso 3 361.9 41.2 16.9 23.8 0.5 58.0 10.4 8.6 19.6 21.8 0.8 Burundi 691.0 30.6 17.1 12.4 1.1 68.9 14.5 10.1 17.8 30.1 0.5 Cambodia 13 946.0 30.2 12.5 8.4 9.2 69.6 35.1 8.5 17.1 11.5 0.2 Central African Republic 335.6 22.2 19.8 1.8 0.6 76.2 6.5 5.9 36.4 28.8 1.5 Chad 2 721.5 23.8 17.1 5.9 0.8 75.7 12.1 11.3 33.7 23.4 0.5 Comoros 228.2 38.2 35.2 2.6 0.4 58.7 24.7 9.9 18.2 8.6 3.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 557.5 25.2 19.4 4.1 1.7 73.7 16.8 11.8 26.5 23.4 1.1 Djibouti 770.7 25.6 22.3 2.2 1.1 73.3 22.0 12.0 27.3 16.8 1.1 Eritrea 1 052.2 39.7 36.1 2.3 1.4 59.8 13.9 9.3 26.7 13.2 0.5 Ethiopia 16 496.3 22.1 9.3 11.3 1.5 74.9 13.1 13.9 30.3 22.3 3.0 Gambia 422.6 46.1 37.7 7.8 0.6 53.6 27.9 5.9 13.9 7.8 0.3 Guinea 3 286.8 38.1 22.4 15.1 0.6 61.7 16.4 12.1 22.5 13.6 0.2 Guinea-Bissau 242.5 56.7 46.3 10.0 0.4 43.0 11.8 7.1 13.2 12.8 0.3 Haiti 3 495.4 50.2 45.5 4.3 0.4 49.8 24.6 3.8 14.6 8.1 0.0 Kiribati 119.9 37.9 23.6 11.1 3.3 55.8 15.1 21.8 16.4 10.2 6.3 Lao People's Democratic Republic 5 202.6 30.6 13.9 13.8 2.8 68.4 11.8 13.8 32.0 15.1 1.1 Lesotho 1 927.8 38.0 24.7 12.5 0.7 62.0 24.0 5.8 20.8 13.4 0.0 Liberia 1 366.6 9.0 3.5 5.4 0.1 60.4 20.8 51.6 4.7 2.6 30.6 Madagascar 3 193.6 36.2 19.1 13.7 3.5 62.7 22.5 7.4 18.1 17.0 1.1 Malawi 2 279.8 22.7 14.5 7.2 0.9 76.0 13.3 8.4 18.8 37.9 1.3 Mali 3 954.8 34.6 15.9 17.8 0.9 65.0 15.9 8.6 22.6 20.6 0.4 Mauritania 1 980.7 36.0 24.1 11.5 0.5 62.2 20.8 15.1 20.5 10.0 1.8 Mozambique 6 301.5 44.1 16.4 19.7 8.0 54.4 14.9 10.9 18.6 15.7 1.5 Myanmar 17 285.3 29.9 15.1 14.0 0.7 68.8 17.7 16.3 27.1 14.9 1.3 Nepal 8 509.5 39.4 19.5 13.6 6.4 60.6 12.6 13.8 17.5 20.0 0.0 Niger 1 955.7 30.9 25.6 4.6 0.7 68.4 11.1 6.9 22.2 30.7 0.7 Rwanda 2 279.9 22.4 18.6 2.5 1.3 75.2 17.2 9.4 20.4 32.1 2.3 Sao Tome and Principe 142.7 40.5 32.3 7.0 1.2 47.2 12.3 6.5 19.9 10.6 12.3 Senegal 5 934.0 44.0 22.5 20.2 1.3 55.1 14.1 8.4 19.8 15.3 0.9 Sierra Leone 1 138.0 39.5 29.1 9.5 0.9 59.5 14.6 9.7 23.9 15.4 1.0 Solomon Islands 497.2 37.0 24.2 12.5 0.3 53.2 10.7 10.7 23.6 10.9 9.8 Somalia 1 080.0 50.9 48.4 2.3 0.2 47.9 19.3 5.7 14.1 10.6 1.2 South Sudan ...... Sudan 8 998.4 28.1 24.1 3.0 1.0 71.5 17.0 9.4 27.2 21.3 0.3 Timor-Leste 821.7 46.5 37.2 7.7 1.6 48.3 10.5 9.7 19.7 11.6 5.2 Togo 2 318.6 57.4 10.3 46.7 0.4 41.8 16.8 7.1 8.5 11.7 0.8 Tuvalu 35.1 25.8 13.6 8.4 3.8 45.7 14.3 21.5 11.6 6.5 28.5 Uganda 5 317.8 29.1 13.0 14.3 1.7 70.2 13.6 9.0 21.7 29.1 0.8 United Republic of Tanzania 10 040.4 35.0 10.8 23.1 1.0 64.4 15.1 9.7 21.5 21.3 0.6 Vanuatu 361.5 35.2 19.3 15.5 0.4 64.8 13.8 19.0 17.6 20.4 0.0 Yemen 6 844.5 53.4 41.6 9.0 2.7 46.3 15.1 8.9 13.9 10.7 0.3 Zambia 8 252.2 34.2 8.0 12.1 14.1 65.4 8.2 7.7 26.6 25.6 0.4 LDCs 234 381.6 33.4 19.7 10.7 3.0 65.0 18.6 10.9 21.5 17.8 1.7 African LDCs and Haiti 125 591.0 32.0 18.1 11.7 2.3 66.0 15.7 11.2 24.0 19.5 1.9 Asian LDCs 106 584.3 34.8 21.4 9.6 3.8 63.9 22.1 10.6 18.6 16.0 1.3 Island LDCs 2 206.2 40.5 29.7 9.7 1.1 53.5 13.0 12.1 19.8 12.3 6.0 ODCs 6 789 945.3 30.7 9.5 12.1 9.1 68.0 8.3 5.8 21.1 34.8 1.3 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Note: Data based on the UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimates values.

16 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

17. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017 (Per cent) Developed economies Econo- Developing economies Un- United mies in Other allo- European Other Other Country States Develop- develop- Total Union Japan developed transition Total China India develop- cated and ing ing (28) economies ing Asia Canada Africa economies Afghanistan 5.6 2.9 2.1 0.0 0.6 5.5 88.9 0.8 31.8 55.4 0.4 0.5 0.0 Angola 32.0 23.1 8.0 0.5 0.5 - 67.7 45.2 8.3 9.0 3.9 1.3 0.3 Bangladesh 82.1 55.9 19.6 3.0 3.7 2.1 15.8 2.5 2.0 8.7 0.9 1.8 0.0 Benin 6.7 4.6 0.7 0.1 1.3 2.6 90.7 5.2 17.0 39.8 28.4 0.3 0.0 Bhutan 4.7 3.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 95.3 0.1 84.8 9.4 1.0 0.1 0.0 Burkina Faso 61.2 6.1 1.2 1.4 52.5 0.1 38.7 2.8 9.5 12.9 13.3 0.3 0.0 Burundi 22.4 15.5 3.3 0.4 3.2 1.3 76.3 1.9 1.5 48.4 24.4 0.1 0.0 Cambodia 72.9 37.3 26.0 7.3 2.4 0.9 26.2 5.5 0.2 18.5 0.3 1.7 0.0 Central African Republic 28.3 25.2 1.6 0.7 0.7 9.8 61.9 18.0 0.8 26.4 16.1 0.5 0.0 Chad 65.0 9.7 49.6 5.7 0.0 0.0 35.0 7.6 10.6 16.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 Comoros 49.3 42.7 2.9 - 3.7 4.1 46.5 - 9.4 25.9 7.1 4.1 0.0 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15.7 12.8 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 84.1 41.9 2.0 20.7 19.2 0.3 0.0 Djibouti 19.6 8.8 9.8 0.3 0.8 0.0 80.4 0.2 0.8 31.2 42.5 5.7 0.0 Eritrea 10.8 8.8 1.7 0.0 0.4 1.0 88.1 38.7 20.9 26.5 1.7 0.3 0.0 Ethiopia 43.8 22.6 7.1 2.4 11.6 0.6 55.6 10.1 1.9 20.8 22.5 0.3 0.0 Gambia 9.6 9.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 90.3 36.6 17.1 12.5 23.5 0.7 0.0 Guinea 21.3 15.9 2.5 0.0 2.9 3.4 75.3 22.8 9.0 31.3 12.0 0.3 0.0 Guinea-Bissau 6.0 1.4 4.3 0.2 0.0 - 94.0 - 81.4 7.8 4.7 0.1 0.0 Haiti 90.5 3.4 86.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 9.4 1.1 0.2 1.7 0.3 6.1 0.0 Kiribati 7.4 0.1 2.0 4.9 0.4 0.0 91.6 2.4 0.0 80.7 0.6 7.9 0.9 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 11.2 6.0 1.8 2.6 0.8 0.3 88.5 31.0 3.8 53.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 Lesotho 58.2 19.5 38.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 41.8 0.4 0.2 1.1 39.9 0.2 0.0 Liberia 68.1 48.6 9.1 0.0 10.4 0.9 31.0 7.0 3.8 14.3 5.1 0.9 0.0 Madagascar 66.9 42.5 18.2 4.8 1.3 0.3 32.8 6.5 4.4 13.7 7.9 0.3 0.0 Malawi 38.7 32.1 5.4 0.3 0.8 7.0 54.3 4.3 3.4 8.9 37.5 0.2 0.0 Mali 22.7 2.3 0.3 0.1 19.9 0.4 76.9 3.0 4.2 44.8 24.8 0.1 0.0 Mauritania 43.3 23.0 1.1 6.4 12.7 2.8 54.0 32.6 0.4 5.1 15.6 0.2 0.0 Mozambique 39.3 34.2 2.2 1.9 0.9 1.0 59.7 7.8 15.9 9.7 24.9 1.4 0.0 Myanmar 14.0 6.6 1.6 5.4 0.3 0.2 85.8 39.7 7.3 37.7 0.6 0.5 0.0 Nepal 28.7 13.1 12.4 1.4 1.8 0.1 71.1 2.4 57.9 10.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 Niger 50.3 40.6 5.2 0.7 3.8 1.0 48.8 9.1 1.1 21.7 16.2 0.7 0.0 Rwanda 21.0 10.1 5.8 0.8 4.3 0.9 78.1 4.4 0.3 40.7 31.7 1.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe 71.2 65.6 3.3 0.3 2.2 0.2 13.2 0.3 0.1 3.3 3.1 6.4 15.4 Senegal 27.2 15.1 2.1 0.4 9.6 0.2 68.2 4.3 8.9 9.1 45.1 0.9 4.4 Sierra Leone 47.1 38.5 7.4 0.2 0.9 2.0 50.9 28.5 1.8 8.0 9.6 3.0 0.0 Solomon Islands 15.8 10.5 0.5 0.9 3.9 0.0 84.2 63.9 6.8 12.3 0.2 1.0 0.0 Somalia 7.4 4.8 0.3 2.2 0.1 0.8 91.8 3.6 2.3 81.0 4.8 0.1 0.0 South Sudan ...... Sudan 9.1 3.8 0.9 3.4 0.9 0.0 90.9 39.6 3.2 43.1 4.8 0.2 0.0 Timor-Leste 25.5 7.6 9.7 2.1 6.1 0.1 74.5 0.4 0.0 72.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 Togo 8.9 5.3 1.7 0.1 1.8 0.1 91.0 4.8 7.8 24.8 52.9 0.7 0.0 Tuvalu 60.5 9.4 3.7 43.0 4.4 0.1 39.4 14.5 7.3 8.0 3.7 5.8 0.0 Uganda 25.4 21.0 2.6 0.5 1.2 1.0 73.6 1.9 1.9 18.5 50.9 0.4 0.0 United Republic of Tanzania 25.8 12.7 2.0 3.1 8.1 1.0 73.2 6.9 18.9 18.8 27.9 0.7 0.0 Vanuatu 35.3 7.6 2.5 22.8 2.5 0.0 64.7 3.6 0.1 22.1 29.4 9.6 0.0 Yemen 7.5 1.8 1.5 4.1 0.0 1.5 91.0 31.6 4.7 47.0 7.7 0.1 0.0 Zambia 34.2 4.4 0.3 1.0 28.4 0.1 65.7 22.7 4.0 14.5 24.4 0.1 0.0 LDCs 43.5 26.0 10.4 2.4 4.8 0.9 55.5 20.7 6.3 17.9 9.6 1.0 0.1 African LDCs and Haiti 32.4 17.8 7.1 1.2 6.3 0.5 66.8 26.1 7.5 16.6 15.7 0.8 0.2 Asian LDCs 59.6 37.8 15.2 4.1 2.5 1.4 39.0 12.5 4.6 19.8 0.8 1.3 0.0 Island LDCs 20.4 13.0 1.1 2.5 3.8 0.2 78.9 51.4 5.9 16.9 2.8 2.0 0.4 ODCs 40.5 14.1 17.8 5.6 3.0 1.6 57.4 12.1 3.6 32.2 4.1 5.5 0.5 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Note: Data based on the UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimated values.

17 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

18. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017 (Per cent) Developed economies Econo- Developing economies Un- United mies in Other allo- European Other Other Develop- Country States develop- Total Union Japan developed transition Total China India develop- ing cated and ing (28) economies ing Asia Africa Canada economies Afghanistan 11.7 3.0 6.7 1.8 0.2 20.7 67.7 9.9 5.0 51.0 1.4 0.3 0.0 Angola 45.6 34.1 8.6 0.5 2.5 1.5 52.9 16.7 1.8 19.1 8.6 6.6 0.0 Bangladesh 18.1 7.0 4.2 4.0 2.9 3.6 78.2 25.7 14.9 30.6 2.4 4.6 0.0 Benin 26.1 19.3 5.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 73.5 31.6 8.8 20.3 10.7 2.1 0.0 Bhutan 7.1 4.4 0.6 1.6 0.5 0.1 92.9 1.4 83.6 7.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso 36.5 29.1 4.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 62.3 7.7 3.6 7.3 42.0 1.8 0.0 Burundi 23.7 19.4 1.9 2.0 0.4 1.2 75.2 11.2 9.8 16.6 37.1 0.4 0.0 Cambodia 9.3 4.2 2.2 2.5 0.3 0.1 90.7 27.7 0.7 62.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 Central African Republic 63.4 35.6 8.2 4.9 14.7 0.4 36.2 6.0 2.9 6.5 18.8 1.9 0.0 Chad 66.3 51.0 14.0 0.4 0.9 3.3 30.4 4.9 2.1 3.0 20.3 0.1 0.0 Comoros 19.4 17.8 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 80.6 13.1 5.0 34.2 26.6 1.6 0.0 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 25.8 22.0 2.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 73.4 22.0 5.0 5.7 39.2 1.5 0.0 Djibouti 14.7 10.3 2.9 1.1 0.4 1.6 83.7 33.3 4.6 39.5 5.3 1.0 0.0 Eritrea 25.8 21.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 3.2 71.0 13.9 2.5 38.6 13.7 2.3 0.0 Ethiopia 27.8 17.2 7.2 2.7 0.7 2.7 69.5 32.1 7.5 25.0 4.4 0.5 0.0 Gambia 23.8 19.4 3.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 75.5 24.9 6.1 16.4 17.8 10.4 0.0 Guinea 38.6 34.1 3.2 0.7 0.6 0.7 60.8 26.2 8.5 14.8 9.3 1.9 0.0 Guinea-Bissau 51.7 50.1 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 48.2 7.2 2.6 14.4 22.1 1.9 0.0 Haiti 75.6 8.3 63.2 3.2 0.9 0.1 23.8 2.2 0.9 6.7 0.1 13.9 0.6 Kiribati 41.5 2.4 3.2 12.8 23.1 0.0 58.5 17.1 0.5 19.8 0.3 20.8 0.0 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 5.2 2.5 0.5 1.8 0.4 0.3 94.6 18.8 0.5 75.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 98.3 3.5 0.8 6.0 88.0 0.0 0.0 Liberia 21.2 8.9 1.6 9.9 0.7 0.1 78.7 17.8 1.9 57.5 1.1 0.5 0.0 Madagascar 23.6 18.9 3.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 76.2 24.8 6.7 30.4 12.1 2.2 0.0 Malawi 17.7 11.1 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 81.4 14.1 11.1 19.3 36.3 0.5 0.0 Mali 30.4 24.8 3.0 1.3 1.3 2.6 66.9 13.3 3.5 4.7 44.7 0.7 0.0 Mauritania 39.3 29.1 6.2 1.1 2.9 2.6 58.2 20.2 1.6 20.8 9.8 5.8 0.0 Mozambique 20.4 13.2 2.6 1.5 3.1 0.7 78.9 14.8 10.3 18.6 33.1 2.2 0.0 Myanmar 13.6 3.1 2.1 7.4 0.9 0.4 86.0 34.6 4.9 45.0 0.2 1.3 0.0 Nepal 7.3 3.2 1.8 0.8 1.6 0.9 90.9 13.5 64.0 10.6 0.9 1.9 0.9 Niger 44.1 34.2 6.6 2.3 0.9 0.2 55.8 16.4 4.6 10.9 22.4 1.4 0.0 Rwanda 25.0 18.3 3.8 1.7 1.3 2.3 72.6 13.7 7.7 16.8 33.9 0.6 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe 67.8 64.1 1.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 32.2 4.5 0.4 3.8 22.1 1.3 0.0 Senegal 39.9 35.1 2.6 1.1 1.1 2.9 57.2 18.6 6.9 12.5 15.5 3.7 0.0 Sierra Leone 32.1 23.8 6.1 1.6 0.6 0.4 67.5 17.4 6.5 23.6 15.7 4.3 0.0 Solomon Islands 33.4 1.5 2.0 3.9 25.9 0.0 66.6 20.1 0.7 38.3 0.1 7.3 0.0 Somalia 7.3 4.8 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 92.0 14.7 17.3 46.2 11.4 2.4 0.0 South Sudan ...... Sudan 18.2 11.6 1.7 2.4 2.6 2.8 79.0 24.4 8.7 31.2 11.7 2.9 0.0 Timor-Leste 20.4 6.3 1.7 2.3 9.9 0.0 79.6 17.4 0.8 60.0 0.2 1.3 0.0 Togo 42.9 36.2 3.7 1.1 2.0 1.3 55.8 22.4 4.6 15.9 11.4 1.4 0.0 Tuvalu 36.4 0.8 1.3 17.8 16.5 - 63.6 10.6 0.1 35.8 3.2 14.0 0.0 Uganda 21.4 12.5 2.3 5.7 0.8 1.6 76.9 17.9 16.0 22.2 20.1 0.8 0.0 United Republic of Tanzania 18.3 10.2 2.6 3.2 2.2 1.2 80.5 26.1 14.7 29.4 9.8 0.6 0.0 Vanuatu 55.2 6.3 15.9 4.6 28.3 0.0 44.8 10.2 0.7 26.1 0.5 7.3 0.0 Yemen 17.1 8.5 2.9 1.9 3.8 3.1 79.7 16.7 5.7 43.8 4.8 8.7 0.0 Zambia 11.7 7.7 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.2 88.2 9.4 4.1 12.8 61.0 0.7 0.0 LDCs 22.8 13.5 4.8 2.7 1.8 2.3 74.8 21.6 10.0 28.9 11.6 2.7 0.0 African LDCS and Haiti 29.9 20.5 6.1 1.9 1.5 1.5 68.5 19.5 6.8 19.6 20.1 2.5 0.0 Asian LDCs 14.1 5.3 3.3 3.7 1.9 3.3 82.5 24.2 14.1 39.6 1.6 3.0 0.1 Island LDCs 33.4 9.9 4.1 3.7 15.7 0.0 66.6 15.4 1.2 40.7 4.4 4.9 0.0 ODCs 38.6 14.6 12.2 6.9 4.9 2.2 58.1 17.1 2.1 30.0 3.2 5.6 1.1 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018). Note: Data based on the UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimated values.

18 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

19. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009-2017, selected years Total service exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent) Country 2009–2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 2009–2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 Afghanistan 1 448 1 246 731 484 432 -5.5 21.8 -41.3 -33.8 -10.7 Angola 995 1 681 1 256 711 675 18.3 27.8 -25.3 -43.4 -5.1 Bangladesh 2 810 3 133 3 233 3 533 3 859 6.5 4.5 3.2 9.3 9.2 Benin 393 479 351 354 .. 4.3 -7.0 -26.6 0.8 .. Bhutan 104 124 125 146 160 13.4 0.9 0.7 16.3 9.7 Burkina Faso 384 453 391 443 .. 20.7 -8.9 -13.7 13.5 .. Burundi 83 74 57 73 .. 5.6 -41.6 -22.7 27.2 .. Cambodia 3 132 3 811 3 955 4 033 4 694 13.3 9.1 3.8 2.0 16.4 Central African Republic 100 128 116 123 .. 8.6 8.0 -8.9 6.0 .. Chad 382 398 366 .. .. 24.6 7.2 -8.1 .. .. Comoros 74 85 84 .. .. 4.2 5.9 -1.8 .. .. Democratic Republic of the Congo 372 315 173 128 .. -11.8 6.3 -44.9 -26.3 .. Djibouti 367 382 455 406 .. 4.3 4.3 19.2 -10.8 .. Eritrea ...... Ethiopia 2 709 2 967 3 087 3 095 .. 7.8 -4.3 4.0 0.2 .. Gambia 136 145 155 137 108 2.7 11.4 7.0 -11.7 -21.2 Guinea 84 64 78 53 .. 0.5 -38.4 23.1 -32.0 - Guinea-Bissau 36 47 36 21 .. -0.9 23.0 -22.7 -41.6 .. Haiti 591 701 724 623 631 5.4 7.5 3.2 -14.0 1.4 Kiribati 13 13 8 10 .. 0.1 -18.1 -41.0 24.1 .. Lao People's Democratic Republic 657 764 844 831 .. 10.3 -2.0 10.4 -1.6 .. Lesotho 43 30 46 59 26 4.9 -9.0 52.9 29.5 -55.9 Liberia 284 246 238 183 .. 33.5 .. -3.2 -23.1 .. Madagascar 1 142 1 318 1 073 1 186 .. 0.6 3.9 -18.6 10.5 .. Malawi 100 109 116 114 .. 5.7 -1.5 6.4 -2.0 .. Mali 409 456 433 460 .. 1.1 6.5 -5.1 6.2 .. Mauritania 202 279 246 270 .. 13.9 49.7 -11.7 9.6 .. Mozambique 569 725 723 440 650 8.8 12.3 -0.3 -39.0 47.6 Myanmar 2 026 3 128 3 852 3 776 .. 41.2 13.9 23.1 -2.0 .. Nepal 1 066 1 389 1 430 1 354 1 595 8.9 16.7 3.0 -5.3 17.8 Niger 153 283 232 198 .. 14.7 92.1 -18.3 -14.4 .. Rwanda 574 592 818 835 998 9.8 3.0 38.1 2.0 19.6 Sao Tome and Principe 41 70 79 83 77 35.5 93.1 12.6 5.4 -7.7 Senegal 1 192 1 319 1 188 1 247 .. 0.2 -0.8 -9.9 4.9 .. Sierra Leone 175 205 200 279 .. 33.9 -7.5 -2.1 39.5 .. Solomon Islands 107 113 105 123 139 13.6 -10.5 -6.5 16.6 13.3 Somaliaa 316 337 355 373 393 26.6 69.3 5.3 5.1 5.4 South Sudan ...... Sudanb 1 069 1 568 1 727 1 545 1,517 33 24.6 10.2 -10.6 -1.8 Timor-Leste 69 74 73 77 93 7.7 5.6 -1.6 5.2 21.5 Togo 446 489 488 523 .. 9.4 0.6 -0.3 7.2 - Tuvalu 4 4 4 4 4 1.8 -2.2 -12.9 5.4 7.3 Uganda 1 801 2 167 2 044 1 868 1 609 11.8 3.7 -5.7 -8.6 -13.9 United Republic of Tanzania 2 824 3 396 3 411 3 593 3 862 7.9 6.1 0.5 5.3 7.5 Vanuatu 301 334 283 333 351 5.1 -5.3 -15.2 17.7 5.4 Yemen 1 409 1 707 728 .. .. -1.8 -1.1 -57.3 .. .. Zambia 764 851 862 885 865 6.5 12.2 1.3 2.7 -2.3 LDCsc 32 108 38 620 37 500 36 430 39 080 6.8 6.3 -2.9 -2.8 7.3 African LDCs and Haiti c 18 974 22 630 21 960 21 170 22 430 5.9 5.0 -2.9 -3.6 6.0 Asia LDCsc 12 528 15 300 14 900 14 570 15 910 8.5 8.7 -2.6 -2.2 9.2 Island LDCsc 608 690 630 700 740 6.9 1.1 -8.4 9.6 7.0 ODCsc 1 268 541 1 467 930 1 433 550 1 428 590 1 539 730 5.2 8.1 -2.3 -0.3 7.8 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) and UNCTAD secretariat estimates. Notes: UNCTAD secretariat estimates, according to the Balance of Payments Manual, 6th edition. a Somalia average 2013-2016; b Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012; c Totals include estimates for missing countries

19 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

20. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009-2017, selected years Total service imports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent) Country 2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 Afghanistan 1 673.5 1 834.0 1 545.9 1 298.1 1 572.3 8.5 -11.0 -15.7 -16.0 21.1 Angola 20 206.3 24 957.6 17 276.2 12 616.5 14 290.3 -5.2 8.2 -30.8 -27.0 13.3 Bangladesh 6 059.4 7 770.2 7 719.5 7 784.2 9 262.7 10.2 18.3 -0.7 0.8 19.0 Benin 635.0 885.4 668.6 665.2 .. 4.6 16.3 -24.5 -0.5 .. Bhutan 171.1 189.5 195.1 196.0 209.9 7.7 6.8 3.0 0.5 7.1 Burkina Faso 1 111.8 1 308.5 1 165.9 1 238.0 .. 11.1 -8.3 -10.9 6.2 .. Burundi 215.3 269.1 228.8 214.6 .. -0.8 13.0 -15.0 -6.2 .. Cambodia 1 521.9 1 883.0 1 921.6 2 058.0 2 278.3 12.2 6.8 2.0 7.1 10.7 Central African Republic 200.9 250.0 215.8 196.7 .. 4.0 43.8 -13.7 -8.8 .. Chad 2 635.4 3 183.8 2 761.0 .. .. 7.0 2.6 -13.3 - .. Comoros 97.2 99.1 82.6 .. .. 1.1 -9.3 -16.7 - .. Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 422.8 3 082.2 2 191.6 1 812.8 .. 0.8 18.8 -28.9 -17.3 .. Djibouti 170.2 193.7 230.1 199.4 .. 6.6 15.6 18.8 -13.4 .. Eritrea ...... Ethiopia 3 693.0 4 391.1 4 835.4 5 217.0 .. 11.0 28.2 10.1 7.9 .. Gambia 92.9 117.3 116.6 131.7 111.0 7.6 78.0 -0.6 13.0 -15.7 Guinea 587.8 545.0 503.5 709.2 .. 10.4 -26.2 -7.6 40.9 .. Guinea-Bissau 97.3 116.5 130.9 82.2 .. 2.4 33.6 12.3 -37.2 .. Haiti 1 066.0 1 087.2 1 041.6 1 013.2 1 105.9 5.8 -1.3 -4.2 -2.7 9.2 Kiribati 66.8 87.0 74.6 66.8 .. 5.5 31.0 -14.3 -10.4 .. Lao People's Democratic Republic 420.2 497.3 642.4 619.2 .. 28.0 -6.9 29.2 -3.6 - Lesotho 392.2 329.1 318.5 304.4 354.1 -3.1 -10.7 -3.2 -4.4 16.3 Liberia 1 025.1 1 226.4 968.7 656.1 .. -7.1 30.2 -21.0 -32.3 .. Madagascar 1 156.5 1 171.8 1 041.5 1 071.6 .. -3.5 -4.8 -11.1 2.9 .. Malawi 259.4 268.8 329.3 286.1 .. 6.0 9.7 22.5 -13.1 .. Mali 1 578.3 2 175.7 1 994.6 2 248.8 .. 14.6 0.8 -8.3 12.7 .. Mauritania 778.9 900.3 640.7 605.4 .. -1.3 -9.9 -28.8 -5.5 .. Mozambique 2 860.1 3 657.1 3 029.0 3 284.1 3 071.1 22.7 -6.3 -17.2 8.4 -6.5 Myanmar 1 703.3 2 197.1 2 387.7 2 898.2 .. 22.5 0.5 8.7 21.4 .. Nepal 1 002.9 1 197.1 1 200.8 1 250.8 1 617.1 5.3 21.6 0.3 4.2 29.3 Niger 885.5 1 041.8 972.7 810.3 .. 4.6 6.4 -6.6 -16.7 .. Rwanda 708.3 669.6 1 090.7 1 088.6 1 028.0 11.3 13.5 62.9 -0.2 -5.6 Sao Tome and Principe 45.6 84.6 67.1 65.7 65.5 21.6 75.5 -20.7 -2.0 -0.3 Senegal 1 301.3 1 451.5 1 304.6 1 324.4 .. -0.3 0.6 -10.1 1.5 .. Sierra Leone 574.6 1 237.6 882.7 450.2 .. 28.2 79.6 -28.7 -49.0 .. Solomon Islands 193.1 223.6 182.8 207.3 216.7 10.8 -9.8 -18.2 13.4 4.6 Somaliaa 1 226.0 1 224.0 1 328.0 1 335.0 1 452.0 9.8 20.4 8.5 0.5 8.8 South Sudan ...... Sudanb 2 129.1 2 074.8 1 778.9 1 507.2 1 905.8 -5.0 2.2 -14.3 -15.3 26.4 Timor-Leste 818.3 451.8 666.7 607.0 441.6 10.2 -11.1 47.6 -9.0 -27.2 Togo 420.3 426.0 372.9 398.3 .. 1.8 -9.6 -12.5 6.8 .. Tuvalu 25.1 15.1 16.1 19.3 .. -2.0 -16.4 7.0 19.9 1.3 Uganda 2 200.7 2 674.9 2 379.0 1 979.3 2 042.5 7.2 10.2 -11.1 -16.8 3.2 United Republic of Tanzania 2 268.2 2 668.7 2 669.7 2 141.3 1 807.8 3.8 7.2 0.0 -19.8 -15.6 Vanuatu 143.8 144.9 179.0 152.8 128.8 2.6 -2.8 23.5 -14.6 -15.7 Yemen 2 153.4 2 743.3 1 274.7 .. .. -5.0 20.7 -53.5 - .. Zambia 1 284.1 1 644.4 1 432.4 1 393.3 1 524.6 8.6 -9.5 -12.9 -2.7 9.4 LDCsc 69 981.3 85 270.0 73 000.0 66 270.0 71 980.0 2.4 7.4 -14.4 -9.2 8.6 African LDCs and Haiti c 54 045.0 65 850.0 54 850.0 48 060.0 51 390.0 1.0 6.7 -16.7 -12.4 6.9 Asia LDCsc 14 548.8 18 310.0 16 890.0 17 000.0 19 560.0 8.0 10.7 -7.8 0.7 15.0 Island LDCsc 1 388.8 1 110.0 1 270.0 1 200.0 1 040.0 6.0 -3.6 14.7 -5.1 -14.0 ODCsc 1 548 140.0 1 854 420.0 1 779 230.0 1 767 990.0 1 877 810.0 5.8 11.8 -4.1 -0.6 6.2 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) and UNCTAD secretariat estimates. Notes: UNCTAD secretariat estimates, according to the Balance of Payments Manual, 6th edition. a Somalia average 2013-2016; b Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012; c Totals include estimates for missing countries

20 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

21. LDC merchandise and services export specialization, 2015–2017 (Percent of total merchandise and services exports) Minerals, ores and Food and Manufactured Country Services Fuels metals, including gold agriculture goods and precious stones Afghanistan 46.9 35.7 3.8 7.6 3.1 Angola 2.7 0.2 94.5 2.6 .. Bangladesh 9.5 3.8 0.2 0.3 86.1 Benin 16.1 47.2 5.7 19.7 11.0 Bhutan 20.9 6.8 12.1 9.4 50.4 Burkina Faso 14.2 24.2 1.8 56.1 3.6 Burundi 33.1 31.0 0.3 28.6 6.9 Cambodia 30.0 6.5 0.0 2.9 60.5 Central African Republic 53.4 31.3 0.0 2.7 12.3 Chad 15.0 6.6 69.8 7.1 1.4 Comoros 74.2 18.0 0.0 0.8 7.0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.3 2.6 6.0 80.4 7.4 Djibouti 76.2 10.3 1.0 3.2 6.8 Eritrea ...... Ethiopia 50.4 34.9 1.6 5.0 7.3 Gambia 59.6 32.4 0.8 2.0 5.0 Guinea 2.2 9.6 6.3 70.6 11.3 Guinea-Bissau 9.0 85.2 4.0 0.3 1.5 Haiti 40.4 5.4 0.0 1.2 49.7 Kiribati 43.7 52.8 0.4 0.0 2.0 Lao People's Democratic Republic 19.2 21.3 13.5 24.1 17.9 Lesotho 4.5 10.2 0.1 21.1 64.1 Liberia 39.9 12.4 3.5 18.9 24.3 Madagascar 31.8 28.4 0.8 20.3 18.3 Malawi 10.1 72.5 0.1 1.5 15.0 Mali 13.5 18.5 0.4 59.9 7.5 Mauritania 14.4 36.8 3.5 43.1 1.5 Mozambique 13.9 18.6 31.7 30.0 5.7 Myanmar 23.3 27.0 24.4 5.2 18.3 Nepal 67.3 9.5 0.0 0.6 22.6 Niger 17.6 17.5 10.8 26.7 27.2 Rwanda 50.3 17.0 4.2 22.8 5.1 Sao Tome and Principe 85.5 11.3 1.0 0.3 2.1 Senegal 30.7 23.4 11.9 13.5 19.4 Sierra Leone 27.8 15.7 0.2 48.8 7.2 Solomon Islands 21.5 69.1 0.1 3.7 1.7 Somalia 46.1 46.3 0.0 3.5 3.8 South Sudan ...... Sudan 31.2 19.5 30.3 17.2 1.9 Timor-Leste 81.6 4.9 11.2 0.2 1.9 Togo 33.3 15.2 14.1 17.8 18.9 Tuvalu 95.4 2.8 0.1 0.0 1.8 Uganda 41.9 36.0 1.3 6.8 12.8 United Republic of Tanzania 44.0 23.6 0.9 22.9 8.4 Vanuatu 88.9 6.6 0.1 0.0 4.3 Yemen 38.5 13.8 34.7 8.8 4.1 Zambia 10.8 11.9 1.0 66.0 10.2 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) Notes: No data for Eritrea and South Sudan, and no data for manufactured goods exports of Angola.

21 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

22. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs by country and as percentage of GNI, 2009-2016, selected years Total Net ODA disbursement (current $) Net ODA received (% of GNI) Recipient Millions of current dollars Per cent 2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 Afghanistan 4 416.1 4 943.0 4 237.3 4 068.0 23.9 23.2 20.9 20.4 Angola 274.0 235.4 380.1 206.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 Bangladesh 2 498.7 2 422.6 2 570.1 2 503.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 Benin 507.5 599.3 430.1 492.9 6.1 6.3 4.7 5.5 Bhutan 93.2 130.6 97.3 51.6 5.5 7.2 5.3 2.6 Burkina Faso 1 047.9 1 123.4 997.0 1 023.4 10.0 9.4 8.8 9.0 Burundi 541.5 515.4 366.5 742.5 22.4 17.9 12.8 25.2 Cambodia 736.7 802.7 679.0 728.4 5.4 5.2 4.1 4.1 Central African Republic 532.9 611.0 486.7 501.0 28.8 39.6 29.7 29.1 Chad 541.0 391.9 606.7 624.5 4.7 2.9 4.9 6.0 Comoros 64.8 75.0 65.8 53.7 11.1 11.9 10.7 8.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 367.1 2 400.0 2 599.0 2 102.2 8.6 7.4 7.5 5.8 Djibouti 173.6 166.1 169.6 185.1 10.4 .. 10.5 10.7 Eritrea 81.7 84.2 94.1 66.7 ...... Ethiopia 3 629.8 3 584.0 3 233.7 4 071.8 8.0 6.7 5.4 6.0 Gambia 99.9 100.3 107.7 91.6 11.0 11.5 12.4 10.4 Guinea 552.2 563.1 538.0 555.4 7.5 7.0 6.4 6.2 Guinea-Bissau 134.0 110.3 95.0 196.8 13.2 10.1 8.6 16.9 Haiti 1 066.6 1 082.4 1 045.9 1 071.7 13.7 12.4 12.0 12.6 Kiribati 68.8 80.7 65.0 60.8 24.6 22.6 16.7 19.0 Lao People's Democratic Republic 448.3 474.4 471.1 399.5 4.6 3.9 3.5 2.8 Lesotho 100.9 107.2 83.1 112.3 3.5 3.6 2.9 4.0 Liberia 886.4 749.6 1 094.4 815.1 63.1 45.8 64.3 47.4 Madagascar 629.0 588.1 677.0 621.8 6.6 5.6 6.7 6.3 Malawi 1 073.9 931.2 1 049.4 1 241.3 16.9 15.5 17.8 21.4 Mali 1 215.9 1 235.8 1 204.1 1 207.9 10.0 9.0 8.7 8.7 Mauritania 289.9 260.7 318.0 290.9 6.0 4.6 6.2 6.0 Mozambique 1 816.6 2 106.0 1 814.7 1 529.1 13.1 12.5 11.1 11.1 Myanmar 1 362.8 1 384.5 1 168.5 1 535.4 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.4 Nepal 1 057.3 883.8 1 224.8 1 063.4 5.8 4.2 5.8 5.1 Niger 912.3 917.8 868.0 951.2 13.3 11.5 11.1 12.3 Rwanda 1 089.3 1 035.0 1 085.3 1 147.4 15.4 12.9 13.1 13.6 Sao Tome and Principe 45.8 41.4 49.0 47.0 17.3 12.9 14.8 13.6 Senegal 908.1 1 108.7 879.1 736.4 6.4 7.4 6.0 5.0 Sierra Leone 851.2 914.0 946.3 693.2 23.7 18.7 23.8 19.6 Solomon Islands 188.7 200.5 190.0 175.5 22.6 18.6 16.8 15.5 Somalia 1 177.3 1 109.2 1 253.4 1 169.4 ...... South Sudan 1 742.0 1 964.1 1 674.8 1 587.0 16.2 14.3 13.8 33.2 Sudan 861.4 874.7 899.8 809.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 Timor-Leste 228.5 249.5 212.3 223.6 6.7 7.2 5.7 7.7 Togo 191.8 210.9 199.6 165.0 5.4 5.4 4.4 3.6 Tuvalu 36.1 34.3 49.7 24.4 68.3 66.9 82.2 42.9 Uganda 1 672.9 1 633.7 1 628.2 1 756.9 7.5 6.4 6.1 6.7 United Republic of Tanzania 2 516.8 2 650.5 2 582.2 2 317.5 6.4 5.7 5.4 4.7 Vanuatu 138.7 100.4 186.6 129.1 19.0 12.3 24.6 16.7 Yemen 1 540.4 1 163.4 1 531.4 1 926.4 5.1 3.1 5.2 6.8 Zambia 919.3 997.7 797.1 962.9 4.1 3.6 3.2 4.3 Total LDCs 38 913.4 39 005.6 38 765.3 38 969.2 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.2 African LDCs and Haiti 27 886.9 28 303.0 27 440.6 27 917.1 6.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 Asia LDCs 5 973.2 5 641.3 6 001.2 6 277.1 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.6 Island LDCs 5 053.3 5 061.4 5 323.5 4 775.1 81.8 75.1 76.3 77.7 ODCs 150 143.6 154 152.6 145 484.3 150 793.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 Source: UNCTAD calculations based on OECD, IDS database and World Bank World Development Indicators data on GNI using the Atlas method (accessed November 2018).

22 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

23. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2005-2016, selected years (Millions of current dollars)

Economic Commodity aid/ Action Total Social infrastructure, general relating Humani- all sectors infrastructure production programme to debt, tarian aid, Others Recipient and services sector, assistance, total multi-sector total total 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 –2011 –2016 Afghanistan 4 528.7 4 200.1 2 333.4 2 491.8 348.8 1 215.0 96.3 47.2 31.5 .. 506.7 365.8 38.1 80.3 Angola 221.2 171.3 146.9 102.7 4.9 56.7 4.2 6.9 9.7 .. 17.4 3.6 7.2 1.4 Bangladesh 1 360.2 2 106.9 528.3 666.2 1 320.5 1 325.5 53.5 41.4 44.9 0.4 61.5 70.5 8.7 2.8 Benin 329.7 296.7 173.3 175.6 91.1 97.3 28.2 17.8 10.5 0.6 2.7 0.5 8.1 5.0 Bhutan 57.5 44.9 16.0 11.6 538.1 31.8 8.3 0.4 .. .. 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.2 Burkina Faso 502.9 424.9 218.0 204.4 90.5 135.8 90.2 50.5 12.4 0.9 9.1 24.2 10.6 9.2 Burundi 277.0 248.6 118.6 139.9 34.3 60.6 39.6 18.7 5.2 0.1 63.4 27.0 4.3 2.4 Cambodia 537.8 724.9 277.5 345.1 172.8 363.5 10.9 7.1 0.4 0.3 5.8 4.7 11.1 4.4 Central African Republic 99.8 220.6 18.2 34.4 50.2 7.6 9.5 15.5 14.7 0.4 34.5 161.5 1.9 1.3 Chad 271.7 254.7 39.7 48.6 182.5 20.3 14.8 10.6 4.5 11.1 186.6 161.9 5.8 2.2 Comoros 25.5 30.7 15.1 20.9 16.3 4.2 3.5 3.9 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.1 1.7 1.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 820.1 1 159.7 469.2 502.3 30.8 155.9 37.5 45.9 847.2 115.4 328.0 308.6 15.2 31.6 Djibouti 75.9 89.3 29.5 29.2 4.0 16.6 27.5 26.8 2.1 0.0 9.9 15.7 1.7 1.0 Eritrea 64.8 11.4 15.2 5.1 112.2 0.9 4.0 2.1 .. .. 36.2 4.4 2.8 0.5 Ethiopia 1 638.2 1 889.4 690.8 781.5 92.4 493.9 169.4 183.6 25.1 0.0 486.3 415.9 11.8 14.5 Gambia 28.5 27.1 13.4 20.1 5.5 2.6 8.6 3.8 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 Guinea 143.3 235.9 68.8 101.3 184.7 24.0 7.0 9.1 33.3 46.6 10.6 39.6 3.7 15.2 Guinea-Bissau 48.9 28.6 25.6 19.7 5.7 2.6 9.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.0 0.9 3.4 0.5 Haiti 968.2 697.4 389.8 402.8 26.3 151.5 56.9 22.9 36.4 0.2 325.5 116.4 15.8 3.6 Kiribati 36.1 50.0 15.3 25.4 9.3 24.2 1.2 0.2 .. .. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 Lao People's Democratic Republic 257.0 397.2 97.5 196.2 167.6 186.9 12.4 6.7 0.8 .. 4.6 3.2 5.8 4.2 Lesotho 109.2 68.7 91.6 55.3 16.7 4.1 3.2 2.8 0.6 0.0 4.8 4.5 1.9 2.0 Liberia 505.2 553.3 155.6 198.8 109.3 189.5 21.6 18.4 277.7 0.3 63.9 144.4 1.4 2.0 Madagascar 348.0 257.9 120.9 119.9 36.2 61.9 25.3 47.8 92.3 8.8 12.6 14.9 10.3 4.7 Malawi 437.9 718.9 245.2 395.7 80.6 208.6 80.8 40.7 13.8 2.2 11.1 65.7 3.4 6.4 Mali 690.1 768.2 328.5 398.1 81.8 165.1 61.4 37.3 37.9 15.7 10.7 143.5 14.8 8.5 Mauritania 140.3 122.3 51.1 43.6 68.4 32.3 16.9 11.1 7.1 1.2 11.7 29.2 7.3 5.0 Mozambique 1 425.4 1 314.1 713.5 728.3 272.8 417.1 366.8 118.7 25.0 6.8 18.2 22.0 17.9 21.3 Myanmar 210.0 2 406.3 79.7 403.0 42.6 797.9 6.0 422.3 2.0 632.2 85.7 147.1 6.4 3.8 Nepal 440.4 684.8 230.2 274.9 290.3 271.9 10.3 1.9 12.3 0.0 31.6 130.4 4.4 5.7 Niger 272.0 433.9 102.1 155.3 38.3 83.0 39.2 49.8 11.0 0.3 59.0 139.1 7.0 6.3 Rwanda 496.8 534.4 263.3 313.3 126.3 177.2 84.4 7.6 18.2 0.2 13.9 31.9 7.3 4.2 Sao Tome and Principe 27.3 23.9 13.1 10.9 41.1 4.5 9.0 7.7 7.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 0.8 Senegal 706.6 729.8 303.3 390.5 158.3 247.7 32.2 69.9 61.6 0.4 4.9 10.0 17.3 11.2 Sierra Leone 207.2 355.1 87.0 120.5 6.0 30.7 43.3 16.2 46.3 29.3 14.2 178.9 1.7 2.9 Solomon Islands 256.3 202.8 206.2 152.1 250.8 46.1 0.2 .. 3.9 .. 2.3 3.4 2.6 1.2 Somalia 430.3 695.4 92.0 262.8 27.2 52.1 11.1 21.2 0.5 0.0 307.8 348.2 8.5 11.1 South Sudan 556.5 1 529.9 325.5 482.5 32.0 129.6 14.0 44.9 .. .. 131.7 868.7 6.9 4.2 Sudan 1 695.7 613.1 513.5 116.2 66.3 35.1 31.0 7.2 2.0 0.0 951.9 446.8 10.3 7.7 Timor-Leste 218.5 213.4 157.1 112.0 21.5 92.6 6.4 9.4 .. .. 6.8 2.6 2.5 0.5 Togo 193.6 102.1 37.8 46.7 135.9 36.4 9.0 8.5 117.8 10.5 1.1 2.4 2.7 1.0 Tuvalu 17.0 23.3 7.3 6.0 37.1 13.2 1.9 3.3 .. .. 3.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 Uganda 1 036.5 1 109.5 601.5 667.8 44.8 322.0 92.5 13.4 16.1 0.0 119.4 99.7 9.7 6.6 United Republic of Tanzania 1 762.2 1 572.3 759.4 888.6 55.1 527.7 473.3 92.1 112.1 14.7 33.5 37.3 17.2 11.9 Vanuatu 87.8 124.4 47.9 50.1 192.9 54.5 2.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 19.0 2.1 0.5 Yemen 294.9 550.0 166.7 164.9 357.4 25.3 16.4 16.8 12.5 0.0 44.8 340.7 2.9 2.3 Zambia 934.7 702.2 434.6 527.9 48.0 143.0 92.6 19.1 331.1 0.0 11.1 6.0 8.1 6.1 LDCs 26 316.6 29 720.0 11 555.7 13 410.5 1 337.5 8 546.5 2 224.1 1 601.1 2 071.4 878.8 3 935.4 4 962.8 329.5 320.2 African LDCs and Haiti 17 961.5 17 936.7 7 364.3 8,479.5 739.3 4 089.4 1 992.7 1 037.0 1 983.8 244.8 3 182.3 3 873.5 240.4 212.4 Asia LDCs 7 686.6 11 114.9 3 729.3 4 553.6 5 622.3 4 217.8 210.8 543.8 81.6 632.9 741.3 1 063.3 78.0 103.7 Island LDCs 668.5 668.5 462.1 377.4 2 707.6 239.3 20.6 20.3 6.0 1.2 11.7 26.1 11.1 4.2 ODCs 72 980.9 79 986.5 26 639.4 26 267.9 6 507.0 28 513.0 2 088.8 1 457.2 8 960.0 1 176.4 4 454.9 7 024.2 8 763.7 15 547.7 Source: UNCTAD calculations based on OECD, Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database (accessed November 2018).

23 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

24. Net ODAa from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years Percentage of GNIb Millions of dollars Country 2000 –2006 2007 –2012 2012 –2016 2000 –2006 2007 –2012 2012 –2016 Luxembourg 0.27 0.38 0.39 68 152 163 Sweden 0.24 0.30 0.28 802 1 535 1 577 Norway 0.35 0.32 0.27 795 1 398 1 272 Denmark 0.33 0.33 0.23 702 1 082 771 United Kingdom 0.11 0.16 0.22 2 377 4 456 6 136 Finland 0.12 0.17 0.18 195 435 457 Ireland 0.21 0.25 0.16 288 532 382 Belgium 0.18 0.20 0.14 577 982 722 Netherlands 0.24 0.19 0.14 1 317 1 659 1 176 Switzerland 0.10 0.11 0.13 358 636 881 France 0.12 0.11 0.09 2 246 3 197 2 568 Iceland 0.07 0.11 0.09 8 15 16 Canada 0.08 0.12 0.09 701 1,847 1 537 Germany 0.08 0.10 0.09 1 938 3,525 3 343 DAC total 0.07 0.09 0.09 21 367 39 381 40 642 Japan 0.05 0.07 0.09 2 390 3 554 4 541 Australia 0.07 0.10 0.08 330 1 027 1 072 New Zealand 0.06 0.07 0.07 46 97 135 Austria 0.07 0.08 0.07 181 315 294 United States 0.03 0.06 0.06 4 147 9 516 11 070 Portugal 0.17 0.10 0.05 268 242 113 Korea 0.02 0.03 0.05 110 366 728 Italy 0.06 0.06 0.05 924 1 239 942 Spain 0.05 0.09 0.03 461 1 240 451 Poland 0.02 0.02 0.03 41 93 141 Czechia 0.02 0.04 0.03 16 68 50 Slovenia 0.00 0.02 0.02 0 11 11 Hungary 0.01 0.03 0.02 10 37 30 Greece 0.03 0.03 0.02 60 100 45 Slovak Republic 0.02 0.03 0.02 10 24 19 Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on OECD, IDS database, and World Bank, World Development Indicators data on GNI using the Atlas method (accessed November 2018). Notes: a Net disbursements including imputed flows through multilateral channels. b Donor countries in descending order of the ODA to GNI ratio in 2012-2016.

24 Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2018

25. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years Access to electricity, Access to electricity, Access to electricity, Country total urban rural Per cent of total population Per cent of urban population Per cent of rural population 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 Afghanistan 1 43 84 69.6 82.8 98.0 13.0 a (2005) 32 79 Angola 23 34 41 41.1 59.4 70.7 14.1 16.2 16.0 Bangladesh 32 55 76 81.2 90.1 94.0 20.5 42.5 68.9 Benin 21 34 41 45.7 65.4 70.8 5.1 13.9 18.0 Bhutan 35 73 100 96 99 100 14.0 62.4 100.0 Burkina Faso 9 13 19 41.1 48.5 60.7 2.3 1.4 0.8 Burundi 3 5 8 52.5 49.0 49.7 1.0 a (2005) 1 2 Cambodia 17 31 50 60.6 91.3 100.0 9.0 18.8 36.5 Central African Republic 6 10 14 15.6 24.9 34.1 0.7 1.7 0.4 Chad 3 6 9 11.6 18.3 31.4 0.5 3.1 2.2 Comoros 40 63 78 64.3 81.4 92.1 29.9 56.0 72.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 13 17 20.0 37.7 47.2 1 1.0 a (2012) 0.4 a (2014) Djibouti 57 53 52 57.0 63.2 67.4 56.3 20.0 2.0 a (2015) Eritrea 29 40 47 79 76 75 18.6 30.4 39.3 Ethiopia 13 25 43 76.2 85.0 85.4 0.4 12.5 26.5 Gambia 34 40 48 51.2 61.9 69.0 18.2 12.3 15.5 Guinea 17 26 34 56.1 71.3 82.2 2.8 a (2005) 1 7 Guinea-Bissau 5 6 15 23.2 11.8 29.8 2.8 a (2006) 4 4.0 a (2015) Haiti 34 36 39 82 67 65 5.2 2.6 0.5 a (2013) Kiribati 52 63 85 93.3 89.5 88.4 21.5 44.2 82.2 Lao People's Democratic Republic 43 70 87 96 97 97 28.3 57.2 80.3 Lesotho 4 19 30 13.6 46.5 66.0 1.3 9.9 15.7 Liberia 0 5 20 0 10 34 0 1 1 Madagascar 14 17 23 49 60 67 0.6 9.4 a (2011) 17.3 Malawi 5 9 11 28.7 34.7 42.0 1.0 3.5 4.0 Mali 10 25 35 33.4 64.5 83.6 1.1 3.4 1.8 Mauritania 19 33 42 44.4 67.0 81.0 2.5 a (2001) 3.4 a (2007) 2.3 a (2014) Mozambique 7 17 24 24 49 64 0.4 a (2001) 3 5 Myanmar 44 49 57 85.4 89.0 89.5 28.9 34.3 39.8 Nepal 28 67 91 84 93 95 18.8 61.8 85.2 Niger 6 13 16 40.7 55.6 65.4 0.4 3.6 4.7 Rwanda 6 10 29 38.9 44.5 80.0 0.9 4.0 17.8 Sao Tome and Principe 53 60 65 64.1 69.3 73.0 39.0 44.7 51.1 Senegal 62 54 65 25.4 81.3 87.7 89.9 34.3 38.3 Sierra Leone 11 11 20 26.1 34.3 46.9 2.8 0.9 2.5 Solomon Islands 7 32 48 59 65 70 2.0 a (2002) 24 42 Somaliaa 5 20 30 21.5 43.6 57.2 0.5 a (2002) 7 12 South Sudan 0 2 9 0.0 4.0 22.0 0.0 0.7 5.9 Sudanb 23 35 39 66 68 70 2 19 22 Timor-Leste 20 38 63 71.7 83.4 91.7 2.9 24.0 49.2 Togo 17 31 47 39 67 87 3 6 19 Tuvalu 94 97 99 96 98 100 93.2 95.6 98.5 Uganda 8 15 27 42 50 58 3.9 8.9 18.0 United Republic of Tanzania 10 15 33 33.5 46.2 65.3 2.8 3.7 16.9 Vanuatu 22 37 58 78.3 85.3 91.4 6.8 21.1 46.4 Yemen 50 63 72 91.9 95.0 97.3 35.0 48.3 57.7 Zambia 17 22 27 44.1 49.8 62.0 2.2 3.1 2.7 LDCsc 20 33 45 55.4 66.7 74.2 11.6 21.8 33.9 African LDCs and Haiti c 13 21 30 43.3 55.5 64.9 4.4 7.3 13.0 Asia LDCsc 32 54 74 81.4 90.1 94.4 20.9 41.6 64.5 Island LDCsc 26 45 65 68.6 79.2 86.4 12.6 33.7 54.6 ODCsc 80 88 92 93.7 96.2 98.1 71.3 81.7 88.0 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed November 2017). Notes: a Data not available for this year. Closest available year is shown in brackets.

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