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8. PRIMULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 142. 1753. 报春花属 Bao Chun Hua Shu Herbs Perennial, Rarely Annual, Glabrous Or Pubescent, Often Farinose

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8. PRIMULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 142. 1753. 报春花属 Bao Chun Hua Shu Herbs Perennial, Rarely Annual, Glabrous Or Pubescent, Often Farinose Flora of China 15: 99–185. 1996. 8. PRIMULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 142. 1753. 报春花属 bao chun hua shu Herbs perennial, rarely annual, glabrous or pubescent, often farinose. Leaves simple, forming a rosette. Flowers usually heterostylous with pin (long-styled) and thrum (short-styled) flowers; sometimes homostylous, in umbellate, racemose, subcapitate, or spicate inflorescences on scapes, with bracts; rarely solitary and scapes undeveloped. Calyx campanulate or cylindric, sometimes leaflike, 5-toothed. Corolla tube cylindric, not constricted at throat; limb 5-lobed, spreading or campanulate; lobes 2-cleft, margin entire. Stamens inserted on corolla tube; filaments very short; anthers obtuse. Ovary superior. Capsule globose, ovoid, or cylindric, dehiscing by valves, rarely with an operculum or crumbled; seeds numerous. About 500 species: mostly indigenous to the North Temperate zone, with only a few outliers on some mountains of Africa (Ethiopia), tropical Asia (Java and Sumatra), and South America; 300 species in China. Many species are imperfectly known, sometimes collected only once. This is reflected occasionally by missing details on pin or thrum morphology, fruiting characteristics, or ecology. The 300 species are represented by 24 sections according to C. M. Hu: sect. Monocarpicae Franchet ex Pax (spp. 1–13), sect. Obconicolisteri I. B. Balfour (spp. 14–23), sect. Cortusoides I. B. Balfour (spp. 24–40), sect. Malvacea I. B. Balfour (spp. 41–47), sect. Auganthus (Link) Pax ex I. B. Balfour (spp. 48–50), sect. Pycnoloba I. B. Balfour (sp. 51), sect. Ranunculoides Chen & C. M. Hu (spp. 52–53), sect. Primula (sp. 54), sect. Carolinella (Hemsley) Pax (spp. 55–62), sect. Bullatae Pax (spp. 63–66), sect. Petiolares Pax (spp. 67–115), sect. Proliferae Pax (spp. 116–134), sect. Amethystina I. B. Balfour (spp. 135–142), sect. Sikkimensis I. B. Balfour (spp. 143–150), sect. Crystallophlomis Ruprect (spp. 151–191), sect. Cordifoliae Pax (spp. 192–196), sect. Aleuritia Duby (spp. 197–242; spp. 238–242 are recognized in Europe and North America as sect. Armerina), sect. Minutissimae Pax (spp. 243–259), sect. Souliei I. B. Balfour ex W. W. Smith & Forrest (spp. 260–265), sect. Dryadifolia I. B. Balfour, (spp. 266–268, sect. Denticulata Watt (spp. 269–274), sect. Capitatae Pax (spp. 275–276), sect. Muscarioides I. B. Balfour (spp. 277–289), sect. Soldanelloides Pax (spp. 290–300). 1a. Inflorescences racemose .................................................................................................................................................... Key 1 1b. Inflorescences not racemose. 2a. Inflorescences spicate or capitate. 3a. Corolla funnelform or tubular, lobes ± spreading ................................................................................................. Key 2 3b. Corolla campanulate, lobes suberect, in line with tube ......................................................................................... Key 3 2b. Inflorescences umbellate or flowers solitary. 4a. Leaves pinnately divided or palmately divided and deeply lobed to middle ......................................................... Key 4 4b. Leaves entire, dentate, or only shallowly lobed. 5a. Plants ± with multicellular hairs, if glabrous, then leaf blade caudate at base. 6a. Calyx cupular (shorter than wide) to broadly campanulate ...................................................................... Key 5 6b. Calyx narrowly campanulate to cylindric, longer than wide. 7a. Plants with stout woody rhizomes or base with small membranous bud scales; leaves ± bullate ...... Key 6 7b. Plants without woody rhizomes or small membranous bud scales; leaves not bullate. 8a. Corolla yellow; calyx ca. as long as to longer than corolla tube .................................................. Key 7 8b. Corolla pink to violet; calyx shorter than corolla tube. 9a. Capsule opening by a lid ....................................................................................................... Key 8 9b. Capsule opening by short teeth or crumbed irregularly. 10a. Plants often farinose; calyx campanulate, lobes herbaceous, not conspicuously veined ........................................................................................................................... Key 9 10b. Plants efarinose; calyx narrowly campanulate to cylindric, lobes subleathery, with distinct vertical veins .......................................................................................... Key 10 5b. Plants glabrous or scabrous-puberulent. 11a. Leaves scabrous, short appressed pubescent, distinctly petiolate ........................................................ Key 11 11b. Leaves glabrous, if scabrous-puberulent, then not distinctly petiolate. 12a. Plants with a long bulblike stock formed by overlapping petioles or fleshy basal bud scales ..... Key 12 12b. Plants without a long overlapping or bulblike stock. 13a. Corolla campanulate, lobes erect, in line with tube ............................................................ Key 13 13b. Corolla funnelform, lobes usually spreading. 14a. Leaf blades cordate or rounded at base, long petiolate .............................................. Key 14 14b. Some leaf blades attenuate at base. 15a. Corolla lobes entire .......................................................................................... Key 15 15b. Corolla lobes dentate, emarginate, or 2-lobed. 16a. Capsule suboblong, or if globose, then plants less than 3 cm tall; involucral bracts swollen or saccate at base ............................................ Key 18 16b. Capsule globose or ovoid-oblong, involucral bracts not swollen or saccate at base. 17a. Scapes with 1 umbel; capsule submembranous, crumbled at maturity .......................................................................................... Key 16 17b. Scapes with (1 or)2 to many umbels; capsule leathery, opening by short teeth ..................................................................... Key 17 Key 1 1a. Racemes abbreviated, ± umbellate, less than 1.5 cm, densely flowered. 2a. Leaf blade acute or acuminate at apex. 3a. Leaf blade rounded or cuneate at base; calyx ca. 3 mm ............................................................................. 55. P. henryi 3b. Leaf blade cordate at base; calyx 7–10 mm ........................................................................................ 56. P. chapaensis 2b. Leaf blade obtuse or rounded at apex. 4a. Leaf blade suborbicular or ovate-rounded, 10–15 cm wide, cordate at base ..................................... 57. P. partschiana 4b. Leaf blade oblong to obovate, 2–5 cm wide, broadly cuneate to subrounded at base ............................... 58. P. rugosa 1b. Racemes much longer than 1.5 cm or only to 5-flowered. 5a. Calyx lobes not leaflike, glabrous inside ...................................................................................................... 24. P. pauliana 5b. Calyx lobes leaflike, pubescent on both sides. 6a. Corolla yellow. 7a. Leaf blade reniform, base deeply cordate, densely pilose abaxially ......................................... 41. P. bathangensis 7b. Leaf blade obovate to oblong, base attenuate or subrounded, short hirsute abaxially ...................... 42. P. saturata 6b. Corolla rose, lilac, or white. 8a. Leaves membranous; calyx parted to near base. 9a. Leaf blade cordate to truncate at base, margin palmately lobulate .......................................... 43. P. aromatica 9b. Leaf blade attenuate at base, margin pinnately lobed ............................................................... 44. P. runcinata 8b. Leaves not membranous; calyx parted to middle or slightly below. 10a. Leaf blade suborbicular to broadly ovate ............................................................................... 45. P. malvacea 10b. Leaf blade elliptic to oblong-obovate. 11a. Leaf blade cordate to subcordate at base, elevated reticulate abaxially ..................... 47. P. celsiiformis 11b. Leaf blade broadly cuneate to subrounded at base, not elevated reticulate abaxially. 12a. Pedicel 4–8(–15) mm; calyx 8–15 mm ......................................................... 46. P. blattariformis 12b. Pedicel ca. 2 mm; calyx ca. 5 mm ...................................................................... 277. P. inopinata Key 2 1a. Inflorescences subcapitate, short pedicellate; calyx actinomorphic. 2a. Bracts broadly ovate to elliptic, leaflike; leaf blade broadly elliptic to suborbicular, base truncate or slightly cordate, evergreen ...................................................................................................................... 266. P. dryadifolia 2b. Bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; leaf blade not as above. 3a. Flowers spreading or ± nodding; bracts and flower buds overlapping, forming a tuft or crown at apex ................................................................................................................................................... 276. P. capitata 3b. Flowers erect; bracts not forming a crown at apex. 4a. Plants with basal bud scales at anthesis. 5a. Leaves puberulent or glabrescent; corolla exannulate ......................................................... 269. P. denticulata 5b. Leaves glabrous; corolla annulate ......................................................................................... 270. P. monticola 4b. Plants without basal bud scales at anthesis. 6a. Leaves pubescent. 7a. Inflorescences loose; pedicel 2–5 mm; leaves pilose .....................................................
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