Helmholtz' Apparatuses. Telegraphy As Working Model of Nerve
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Flight Inspection History Written by Scott Thompson - Sacramento Flight Inspection Office (May 2008)
Flight Inspection History Written by Scott Thompson - Sacramento Flight Inspection Office (May 2008) Through the brief but brilliant span of aviation history, the United States has been at the leading edge of advancing technology, from airframe and engines to navigation aids and avionics. One key component of American aviation progress has always been the airway and navigation system that today makes all-weather transcontinental flight unremarkable and routine. From the initial, tentative efforts aimed at supporting the infant air mail service of the early 1920s and the establishment of the airline industry in the 1930s and 1940s, air navigation later guided aviation into the jet age and now looks to satellite technology for direction. Today, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides, as one of many services, the management and maintenance of the American airway system. A little-seen but still important element of that maintenance process is airborne flight inspection. Flight inspection has long been a vital part of providing a safe air transportation system. The concept is almost as old as the airways themselves. The first flight inspectors flew war surplus open-cockpit biplanes, bouncing around with airmail pilots and watching over a steadily growing airway system predicated on airway light beacons to provide navigational guidance. The advent of radio navigation brought an increased importance to the flight inspector, as his was the only platform that could evaluate the radio transmitters from where they were used: in the air. With the development of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and the Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR), flight inspection became an essential element to verify the accuracy of the system. -
History of Radio Broadcasting in Montana
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1963 History of radio broadcasting in Montana Ron P. Richards The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Richards, Ron P., "History of radio broadcasting in Montana" (1963). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5869. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5869 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN MONTANA ty RON P. RICHARDS B. A. in Journalism Montana State University, 1959 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1963 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number; EP36670 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oiuartation PVUithing UMI EP36670 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). -
Samuel Morse's Telegraph
1 SAMUEL MORSE’S TELEGRAPH (The Start of the Communications Revolution) Steve Krar We live in the information age where more and more information is required at all times. There never seems to be a time when information is so readily available, but this has not always been the case. The today’s communications revolution includes radio, telephones, television computers, fax machines and satellites. So fast is the change in communications that we sometimes forget the machine that started it all. The Telegraph The telegraph was born at a time when few grasped even remotely what electric current was, let alone what it might do. The telegraph was a landmark in human development from which there could be no retreat. For the first time messages could routinely travel great distances faster than man or beast could carry them. Samuel Morse In October 1832 Samuel Morse, an early pioneer of the telegraph, on his way home from Europe met Dr. Charles Jackson who asked whether electricity took much time to travel over a long wire. The idea began to obsess Morse and before reaching shore, he had sketched the basic elements of a telegraph instrument and a crude version of a code based on dots and dashes. News from Europe in early 1837 told of the great strides being made in telegraphy; Morse realized that if he did not finish the invention soon, his efforts might be wasted. Finally, in February 1837 Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury to ask for proposals for a telegraph. Morse’s Telegraph Morse thought that if he could perfect the electromagnetic telegraph that he had designed, in 1836, it would answer the government's needs. -
The Story of Subsea Telecommunications & Its
The Story of Subsea Telecommunications 02 & its Association with Enderby House By Stewart Ash INTRODUCTION The modern world of instant communications 1850 - 1950: the telegraph era began, not in the last couple of decades - but 1950 - 1986: the telephone era more than 160 years ago. Just over 150 years 1986 until today, and into the future: the optical era ago a Greenwich-based company was founded that became the dominant subsea cable system In the telegraph era, copper conductors could supplier of the telegraph era, and with its carry text only — usually short telegrams. During successors, helped to create the world we know the telephone era, technology had advanced today. enough for coaxial cables to carry up to 5,680 simultaneous telephone calls. And in today’s On 7 April 1864, the Telegraph Construction and optical era, fibres made of glass carry multi- Maintenance Company Ltd, better known for most wavelengths of laser light, providing terabits of of its life as Telcon, was incorporated and began its data for phone calls, text, internet pages, music, global communications revolution from a Thames- pictures and video. side site on the Greenwich Peninsula. Today, high capacity optic fibre subsea cables For more than 100 years, Telcon and its successors provide the arteries of the internet and are the were the world’s leading suppliers of subsea primary enablers of global electronic-commerce. telecommunications cable and, in 1950, dominated the global market, having manufactured and For over 160 years, the Greenwich peninsula has supplied 385,000 nautical miles (714,290km) of been at the heart of this technological revolution, cable, 82% of the total market. -
Signalling and Beacon Sites in Dorset
THE DORSET DIGGER THE NEWSLETTER OF THE DORSET DIGGERS COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY GROUP No 43 December 2016 Signalling and Beacon Sites in Dorset Richard Hood has kicked off this new project. He needs somemorevolunteerstohelpwith the research Introduction The ability to send or receive a message over a distance to warn of impending attack has been used to mobilise troops for defence since the Roman times. The Romans developed a system using five flags or torches to carry a simple message over short distances. This was usually used in battle to pass information out to army commanders. To carry a simple message further, a bonfire was used set on a high point, usually from a mini fort within vision of one or more other sites. This type of warning system was used during the invasion of Britain, when vexation forts could come under attack from tribes yet to be persuaded of the advantages of Roman living. Near the end of the Roman occupation signal stations were employed on the East and South coasts to warn of Saxon pirates. Roman signal stations on the NE coast of England took the form of mini forts, with a ditch and bank for defence. Black Down in Dorset, excavated by Bill Putnam and re examined by Dorset Diggers in 2016 is of this type. The Saxons appear to have had a system of inter divisible beacon sites to warn of Viking attack from the ninth century onwards. Later, beacons were erected to warn of the approach of the Spanish Armada, followed by a similar, but unused system, to warn of Napoleonic invasion. -
Advantages and Limitations of Li- Fi Over Wi-Fi and Ibeacon Technologies By
ISSN (Online) 2321 – 2004 IJIREEICE ISSN (Print) 2321 – 5526 International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2016 Review Paper: Advantages and Limitations of Li- Fi over Wi-Fi and iBeacon Technologies By Deepika D Pai Asst. Professor, (Sel Grade), Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. Vemana Institute of Technology Abstract: Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused; it's not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds. This paper compares the Li-Fi technology with Wi-Fi and iBeacon technologies. Keywords: Li-fi, Wi-Fi, iBeacon, visible light communication, BLE communication I. INTRODUCTION In recent trends, wireless communication Wi-Fi is gaining government licence. This new Ethernet standard was tremendous importance. CISCO reported that the compatible with devices and technology working on radio compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of mobile data waves and came to be known as ―Wi-Fi‖ only in 1999. usage per month is around 80% which has led to the saturation of the network spectrum consequently bringing iBeacon: The technology was first introduced by Apple at down its efficiency. -
TMRA Amateur Radio Beacon April 2020
TMRA Amateur Radio Beacon April 2020 From Rob, KV8P News from the President – April 2020 Hi everyone. All I can say is, "wow". Who knew we'd all be in this position, having cancelled our 2020 Great Lakes Convention and TMRA Hamfest and now looking at cancelling many of our other events early this spring due to this global pandemic COVID- 19 Virus? I don't even know what to say. I just hope everyone is protecting themselves and staying home during this time. We'll get back to normal soon enough. Relax/Breathe! I feel like sharing the meme I saw I facebook the other day where someone mentioned, "Ok now, that thing someone found in Area 51 recently? Yah, please put it back!". haha So, some related updates. We obviously won't be meeting for anything "in-person" right away until given direction by our elected officials to do so. Therefore, I'M NEWLY LICENSED, NOW WHAT" CLASS - Originally scheduled for April 18th is cancelled. We'll pick this one up again next fall. 1 GENERAL MEETINGS: We'll only be holding on-the air Nets on 147.270 (and linked repeaters) in lieu of General meetings until then. Please watch for updates going forward as, starting in May we also may add some facebook live programs and/or zoom programs as well. Please check into our nets on the 2nd Wednesdays at 7pm for some updates. We'll be discussing our next likely operation for Museum Ships on the air in early June during the April net. -
A History of Maritime Radio- Navigation Positioning Systems Used in Poland
THE JOURNAL OF NAVIGATION (2016), 69, 468–480. © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0373463315000879 A History of Maritime Radio- Navigation Positioning Systems used in Poland Cezary Specht, Adam Weintrit and Mariusz Specht (Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland) (E-mail: [email protected]) This paper describes the genesis, the principle of operation and characteristics of selected radio-navigation positioning systems, which in addition to terrestrial methods formed a system of navigational marking constituting the primary method for determining the location in the sea areas of Poland in the years 1948–2000, and sometimes even later. The major ones are: maritime circular radiobeacons (RC), Decca-Navigator System (DNS) and Differential GPS (DGPS), as well as solutions forgotten today: AD-2 and SYLEDIS. In this paper, due to its limited volume, the authors have omitted the description of the solutions used by the Polish Navy (RYM, BRAS, JEMIOŁUSZKA, TSIKADA) and the global or continental systems (TRANSIT, GPS, GLONASS, OMEGA, EGNOS, LORAN, CONSOL) - described widely in world literature. KEYWORDS 1. Radio-Navigation. 2. Positioning systems. 3. Decca-Navigator System (DNS). 4. Maritime circular radiobeacons (RC). 5. AD-2 system. 6. SYLEDIS. 7. Differential GPS (DGPS). Submitted: 21 June 2015. Accepted: 30 October 2015. First published online: 11 January 2016. 1. INTRODUCTION. Navigation is the process of object motion control (Specht, 2007), thus determination of position is its essence. -
Lifi Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
1 LiFi Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A New Frontier for 6G? Hanaa Abumarshoud, Lina Mohjazi, Octavia A. Dobre, Marco Di Renzo, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Harald Haas Abstract—Light fidelity (LiFi), which is based on visible light billion by 2030 [1]. The directionality and short-range travel communications (VLC), is celebrated as a cutting-edge technolog- distances of light signals allow for extreme cell densification ical paradigm that is envisioned to be an indispensable part of 6G in indoor, vehicular and underwater communications, provid- systems. Nonetheless, LiFi performance is subject to efficiently overcoming the line-of-sight blockage, whose adverse effect on ing secure high-speed connectivity. It is also considered an wireless reception reliability becomes even more pronounced energy and cost effective technology as it utilises the lighting in highly dynamic environments, such as vehicular application infrastructure to provide connectivity on top of the illumination scenarios. Meanwhile, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) functionality. Nonetheless, the achievable capacity in LiFi emerged recently as a revolutionary concept that transfers the systems is limited by: 1) the modulation bandwidth of the physical propagation environment into a fully controllable and customisable space in a low-cost low-power fashion. We anticipate transmitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and 2) the high that the integration of RIS in LiFi-enabled networks will not dependency on the line-of-sight (LoS) which means that signal only support blockage mitigation but will also provision complex quality is influenced by link blockage and random receiver interactions among network entities, and is hence manifested as orientation. The use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) a promising platform that enables a plethora of technological configurations is a promising solution to overcome these trends and new applications. -
The Failure of Fax: When a Vision Is Not Enough
The Failure of Fax: When a Vision Is Not Enough Jonathan Coopersmith TexasA&M University In the lastdecade, fax machineshave revolutionized communications. We have becomeused to and dependentupon instantaneousinformation. Many peoplecannot conceive how theyworked without a fax machine.The question, however,arises: If the conceptis so good,why did nearlya centuryand a half elapsefrom the first patent in 1843 until rapid commercialdiffusion in the 1980s? In actuality,attempts to commercializefacsimile technology extend back to the 1860s[5]. Its promotersspanned the spectrumfrom individualinventors, suchas Thomas Edison and Arthur Korn, to massivecorporations, such as Xerox and AT&T. Their most common feature until the mid-1980s was failure. The few successesoccurred not in generalcommunications but in dedicatedniche marketsand, evenhere, failuresflourished. Perhaps the questionshould be: In view of the dismalhistory of failures,why did so manypeople and companies pressahead? What motivatedindividuals and ill-msto commitresources to createnew marketsand technology,given the dauntinghistory that lay behind them? Failure,the lack of technicaland commercial success for a productin the marketplace,is endemicto innovativetechnologies. Failure is worthyof study if only to betterunderstand success. Historians of businessand technology acceptthis, but tend to focusmore on success. This lack of coveragedistorts our knowledgeof the businessprocess because failure is an integral,if not dominant, theme in the existenceof companies. Much scholarlywriting -
Transocean and German Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1922
"The Path to Freedom"? Transocean and German Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1922 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Evans, Heidi Jacqueline. 2010. "The path to freedom"? Transocean and German wireless telegraphy, 1914-1922. Historical Social Research 35(1): 209-233. Published Version http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-285403 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11375397 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA “The Path to Freedom”? Transocean and German Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1922 Heidi J. S. Evans ∗ Abstract: »„Der Weg ins Freie”? Transocean und die deutsche drahtlose Te- legraphie, 1914-1922«. This article examines the early years of Transocean, a news agency owned and run by the German government, and its use of wire- less telegraphy from 1914 to 1922. This investigation of the infancy of wireless technology demonstrates that technology plays a constitutive role in defining news. The German government used the new possibilities innate in the medium of wireless to carve out their own sphere of operation in the seas and on conti- nents where German telegraph news had never played a major role, in particu- lar East Asia. Wireless telegraphy enabled the German government to circum- vent the British communications blockade in World War I. Afterwards, Transocean’s wireless transmissions to East Asia and ships en route caused an uproar in Britain disproportionate to its circulation. -
A Short History of Radio
Winter 2003-2004 AA ShortShort HistoryHistory ofof RadioRadio With an Inside Focus on Mobile Radio PIONEERS OF RADIO If success has many fathers, then radio • Edwin Armstrong—this WWI Army officer, Columbia is one of the world’s greatest University engineering professor, and creator of FM radio successes. Perhaps one simple way to sort out this invented the regenerative circuit, the first amplifying re- multiple parentage is to place those who have been ceiver and reliable continuous-wave transmitter; and the given credit for “fathering” superheterodyne circuit, a means of receiving, converting radio into groups. and amplifying weak, high-frequency electromagnetic waves. His inventions are considered by many to provide the foundation for cellular The Scientists: phones. • Henirich Hertz—this Clockwise from German physicist, who died of blood poisoning at bottom-Ernst age 37, was the first to Alexanderson prove that you could (1878-1975), transmit and receive Reginald Fessin- electric waves wirelessly. den (1866-1932), Although Hertz originally Heinrich Hertz thought his work had no (1857-1894), practical use, today it is Edwin Armstrong recognized as the fundamental (1890-1954), Lee building block of radio and every DeForest (1873- frequency measurement is named 1961), and Nikola after him (the Hertz). Tesla (1856-1943). • Nikola Tesla—was a Serbian- Center color American inventor who discovered photo is Gug- the basis for most alternating-current lielmo Marconi machinery. In 1884, a year after (1874-1937). coming to the United States he sold The Businessmen: the patent rights for his system of alternating- current dynamos, transformers, and motors to George • Guglielmo Marconi—this Italian crea- Westinghouse.