Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Suite Significant Contributions to Many Mass Spectrometer Projects from Battell Enginee
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
Ultraviolet Imager on Venus Orbiter Akatsuki
Yamazaki et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2018) 70:23 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0772-6 FULL PAPER Open Access Ultraviolet imager on Venus orbiter Akatsuki and its initial results Atsushi Yamazaki1,2*, Manabu Yamada3, Yeon Joo Lee1,4, Shigeto Watanabe5, Takeshi Horinouchi6, Shin‑ya Murakami1, Toru Kouyama7, Kazunori Ogohara8, Takeshi Imamura9, Takao M. Sato1, Yukio Yamamoto1, Tetsuya Fukuhara10, Hiroki Ando11, Ko‑ichiro Sugiyama12, Seiko Takagi13,14, Hiroki Kashimura15, Shoko Ohtsuki16, Naru Hirata17, George L. Hashimoto18, Makoto Suzuki1, Chikako Hirose1, Munetaka Ueno19, Takehiko Satoh1,20, Takumi Abe1,20, Nobuaki Ishii1 and Masato Nakamura1 Abstract The ultraviolet imager (UVI) has been developed for the Akatsuki spacecraft (Venus Climate Orbiter mission). The UVI takes ultraviolet (UV) images of the solar radiation refected by the Venusian clouds with narrow bandpass flters centered at the 283 and 365 nm wavelengths. There are absorption bands of SO 2 and unknown absorbers in these wavelength regions. The UV images provide the spatial distribution of SO2 and the unknown absorber around cloud top altitudes. The images also allow us to understand the cloud top morphologies and haze properties. Nominal sequential images with 2-h intervals are used to understand the dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere by estimating the wind vectors at the cloud top altitude, as well as the mass transportation of UV absorbers. The UVI is equipped with of-axial catadioptric optics, two bandpass flters, a difuser installed in a flter wheel moving with a step motor, and a high sensitivity charge-coupled device with UV coating. The UVI images have spatial resolutions ranging from 200 m to 86 km at sub-spacecraft points. -
Planetary Science
Mission Directorate: Science Theme: Planetary Science Theme Overview Planetary Science is a grand human enterprise that seeks to discover the nature and origin of the celestial bodies among which we live, and to explore whether life exists beyond Earth. The scientific imperative for Planetary Science, the quest to understand our origins, is universal. How did we get here? Are we alone? What does the future hold? These overarching questions lead to more focused, fundamental science questions about our solar system: How did the Sun's family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate and evolve? What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable environments? How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system? What are the characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments and what potential hazards or resources do they hold? To address these science questions, NASA relies on various flight missions, research and analysis (R&A) and technology development. There are seven programs within the Planetary Science Theme: R&A, Lunar Quest, Discovery, New Frontiers, Mars Exploration, Outer Planets, and Technology. R&A supports two operating missions with international partners (Rosetta and Hayabusa), as well as sample curation, data archiving, dissemination and analysis, and Near Earth Object Observations. The Lunar Quest Program consists of small robotic spacecraft missions, Missions of Opportunity, Lunar Science Institute, and R&A. Discovery has two spacecraft in prime mission operations (MESSENGER and Dawn), an instrument operating on an ESA Mars Express mission (ASPERA-3), a mission in its development phase (GRAIL), three Missions of Opportunities (M3, Strofio, and LaRa), and three investigations using re-purposed spacecraft: EPOCh and DIXI hosted on the Deep Impact spacecraft and NExT hosted on the Stardust spacecraft. -
Mars Surface Context Cameras Past, Present, and Future 10.1002/2016EA000166 M
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberystwyth Research Portal Aberystwyth University Mars surface context cameras past, present and future Gunn, Matthew; Cousins, Claire Published in: Earth and Space Science DOI: 10.1002/2016EA000166 Publication date: 2016 Citation for published version (APA): Gunn, M., & Cousins, C. (2016). Mars surface context cameras past, present and future. Earth and Space Science, 3(4), 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EA000166 Document License CC BY-NC-ND General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 09. Jul. 2020 PUBLICATIONS Earth and Space Science REVIEW Mars surface context cameras past, present, and future 10.1002/2016EA000166 M. D. Gunn1 and C. R. Cousins2 Key Points: 1Institute of Maths, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK, 2Department of Earth and • Camera systems have been a core component of all instrument payloads Environmental Sciences, Irvine Building, University of St Andrews, St. -
Determining Mineralogy on Mars with the Chemin X-Ray Diffractometer the Chemin Team Logo Illustrating the Diffraction of Minerals on Mars
Determining Mineralogy on Mars with the CheMin X-Ray Diffractometer The CheMin team logo illustrating the diffraction of minerals on Mars. Robert T. Downs1 and the MSL Science Team 1811-5209/15/0011-0045$2.50 DOI: 10.2113/gselements.11.1.45 he rover Curiosity is conducting X-ray diffraction experiments on the The mineralogy of the Martian surface of Mars using the CheMin instrument. The analyses enable surface is dominated by the phases found in basalt and its ubiquitous Tidentifi cation of the major and minor minerals, providing insight into weathering products. To date, the the conditions under which the samples were formed or altered and, in turn, major basaltic minerals identi- into past habitable environments on Mars. The CheMin instrument was devel- fied by CheMin include Mg– Fe-olivines, Mg–Fe–Ca-pyroxenes, oped over a twenty-year period, mainly through the efforts of scientists and and Na–Ca–K-feldspars, while engineers from NASA and DOE. Results from the fi rst four experiments, at the minor primary minerals include Rocknest, John Klein, Cumberland, and Windjana sites, have been received magnetite and ilmenite. CheMin and interpreted. The observed mineral assemblages are consistent with an also identifi ed secondary minerals formed during alteration of the environment hospitable to Earth-like life, if it existed on Mars. basalts, such as calcium sulfates KEYWORDS: X-ray diffraction, Mars, Gale Crater, habitable environment, CheMin, (anhydrite and bassanite), iron Curiosity rover oxides (hematite and akaganeite), pyrrhotite, clays, and quartz. These secondary minerals form and INTRODUCTION persist only in limited ranges of temperature, pressure, and The Mars rover Curiosity landed in Gale Crater on August ambient chemical conditions (i.e. -
ISSUE 134, AUGUST 2013 2 Imperative: Venus Continued
Imperative: Venus — Virgil L. Sharpton, Lunar and Planetary Institute Venus and Earth began as twins. Their sizes and densities are nearly identical and they stand out as being considerably more massive than other terrestrial planetary bodies. Formed so close to Earth in the solar nebula, Venus likely has Earth-like proportions of volatiles, refractory elements, and heat-generating radionuclides. Yet the Venus that has been revealed through exploration missions to date is hellishly hot, devoid of oceans, lacking plate tectonics, and bathed in a thick, reactive atmosphere. A less Earth-like environment is hard to imagine. Venus, Earth, and Mars to scale. Which L of our planetary neighbors is most similar to Earth? Hint: It isn’t Mars. PWhy and when did Earth’s and Venus’ evolutionary paths diverge? This fundamental and unresolved question drives the need for vigorous new exploration of Venus. The answer is central to understanding Venus in the context of terrestrial planets and their evolutionary processes. In addition, however, and unlike virtually any other planetary body, Venus could hold important clues to understanding our own planet — how it has maintained a habitable environment for so long and how long it can continue to do so. Precisely because it began so like Earth, yet evolved to be so different, Venus is the planet most likely to cast new light on the conditions that determine whether or not a planet evolves habitable environments. NASA’s Kepler mission and other concurrent efforts to explore beyond our star system are likely to find Earth-sized planets around Sun-sized stars within a few years. -
A Review of Sample Analysis at Mars-Evolved Gas Analysis Laboratory Analog Work Supporting the Presence of Perchlorates and Chlorates in Gale Crater, Mars
minerals Review A Review of Sample Analysis at Mars-Evolved Gas Analysis Laboratory Analog Work Supporting the Presence of Perchlorates and Chlorates in Gale Crater, Mars Joanna Clark 1,* , Brad Sutter 2, P. Douglas Archer Jr. 2, Douglas Ming 3, Elizabeth Rampe 3, Amy McAdam 4, Rafael Navarro-González 5,† , Jennifer Eigenbrode 4 , Daniel Glavin 4 , Maria-Paz Zorzano 6,7 , Javier Martin-Torres 7,8, Richard Morris 3, Valerie Tu 2, S. J. Ralston 2 and Paul Mahaffy 4 1 GeoControls Systems Inc—Jacobs JETS Contract at NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA 2 Jacobs JETS Contract at NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA; [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (P.D.A.J.); [email protected] (V.T.); [email protected] (S.J.R.) 3 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (R.M.) 4 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (P.M.) 5 Institito de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; [email protected] 6 Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejon de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 7 Department of Planetary Sciences, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; [email protected] 8 Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain Citation: Clark, J.; Sutter, B.; Archer, * Correspondence: [email protected] P.D., Jr.; Ming, D.; Rampe, E.; † Deceased 28 January 2021. -
Michael Meyer NASA Mars Exploration Program Lead Scientist
Michael Meyer NASA Mars Exploration Program Lead Scientist Committee on the Review of Progress Toward Implementing the Decadal Survey Vision and Voyages for Planetary Sciences July 13, 2017 International Collaboration on Mars Missions To address the Committee on the Review of Progress Toward Implementing the Decadal Survey Vision and Voyages for Planetary Sciences task concerning the Mars Exploration Program: o the long-term goals of the Planetary Science Division’s Mars Exploration Program and the program’s ability to optimize the science return, given the current fiscal posture of the program; o the Mars exploration architecture’s relationship to Mars-related activities to be undertaken by foreign agencies and organizations; and • All operating Mars missions have involved some degree of cooperation, anywhere from navigation support, to participating scientists/co-investigators, to instrument contributions, to joint mission formulation and partnerships. • Working through the International Mars Exploration Working Group, communications standards have been well coordinated • For US missions, competed instruments have been open, whether foreign or domestic. 3 International Collaborations: US Operating missions • Odyssey – High Energy Neutron Detector, HEND • Opportunity – Alpha Particle X-ray Experiment, APXS, – Mössbauer Spectrometer • Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter – Shallow Radar sounder, SHARAD – Shared investigators between CRISM and OMEGA – Landing sites for ExoMars EDM & ExoMars 2020 rover • Curiosity – Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, -
Mission Overview the Pioneer Mission Set the Stage for U.S. Space
Mission Overview The Pioneer mission set the stage for U.S. space exploration. Pioneer 1 was the first manmade object to escape the Earth's gravitational field. Later Pioneer 4 was the first spacecraft to fly to the moon, Pioneer 10 was the first to Jupiter, Pioneer 11 was the first to Saturn and Pioneer 12 was the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit another planet, Venus. The following table summarizes the Pioneer spacecraft and scientific objectives of the Pioneer mission. Name Launch Mission Status (as of 1998) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer 1 1958-10-11 Moon Reached altitude of 72765 miles Pioneer 2 1958-11-08 Moon Reached altitude of 963 miles Pioneer 3 1958-12-02 Moon Reached altitude of 63580 miles Pioneer 4 1959-03-03 Moon Passed by moon into solar orbit Pioneer 5 1960-03-11 Solar Orbit Entered solar orbit Pioneer 6 1965-12-16 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 7 1966-08-17 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 8 1967-12-13 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 9 1967-11-08 Solar Orbit Signal lost in 1983 Pioneer E 1969-08-07 Solar Orbit Launch failure Pioneer10 1972-03-02 Jupiter Communication terminated 1998 Pioneer11 1972-03-02 Jupiter/Saturn Communication terminated 1997 Pioneer12 1978-05-20 Venus Entered Venus atmos. 1992-10-08 The focus of this document is on Pioneer Venus (12), the last spacecraft in a mission of firsts in space exploration. Probe Separation: Pioneer Venus separated into two spacecraft on Aug 8, 1978: an Orbiter (PVO) and a Multiprobe. The latter was separated into five separate vehicles near Venus. -
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Entry Telemetry Recovery
TDA Progress Report 42-57 March and April 1980 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Entry Telemetry Recovery R. B. Miller TDA Mission Support and R. Ramos Ames Research Center The Entry Phase of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Mission involved data transmission over only a two-hour span. The criticality of recovery of those two hours of data, coupled with the fact that there were no radio signals from the Probes until their arrival at Venus, dictated unique telemetry recovery approaches on the ground. The result was double redundancy, use of spectrum analyzers to aid in rapid acquisition of the signals; and development of a technique for recovery of telemetry data without the use of real-time coherent detection, which is normally employed by all other NASA planetary missions. I. Introduction ing telemetry data for deep space missions. See Refs. 1 and 2 Two aspects of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Mission for descriptions of the general problem of communications at dictated unique approaches to the telemetry recovery com interplanetary distances and the· techniques used for NASA pared to other NASA planetary missions: the number of planetary missions. The ground equipment ordinarily used for spacecraft that simultaneously transmitted data and the telemetry recovery in a deep-space mission will be briefly two-hour duration of one-chance prime data transmission. described for completeness and to develop the framework to Since the four Probes entered the Venusian atmosphere understand why a second method of telemetry recovery was essentially simultaneously, each of two large antenna ground felt to be necessary. stations that could view the entry had to be able to acquire the signal and recover the information content from four separate Fundamental to all deep space communications to date has spacecraft simultaneously. -
Hesperos: a Geophysical Mission to Venus
Hesperos: A geophysical mission to Venus Robert-Jan Koopmansa,∗, Agata Bia lekb, Anthony Donohoec, Mar´ıa Fern´andezJim´enezd, Barbara Frasle, Antonio Gurciullof, Andreas Kleinschneiderg, AnnaLosiak h, Thurid Manneli, I~nigoMu~nozElorzaj, Daniel Nilssonk, Marta Oliveiral, Paul Magnus Sørensen-Clarkm, Ryan Timoneyn, Iris van Zelsto aFOTEC Forschungs- und Technologietransfer GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria bSpace Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland cMaynooth University, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Ireland dUniversidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain eZentralanstalt f¨urMeteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna, Austria fRoyal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden gDelft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands hInstitute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Science, Wroclaw, Poland iInstitute for Space Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences jHE Space Operations GmbH, Bremen, Germany kLule˚aUniversity of Technology, Lule˚a,Sweden lInstituto Superior T´ecnico, Lisbon, Portugal mUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, Norway nUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom oInstitute of Geophysics, ETH Z¨urich,Z¨urich,Switzerland Abstract The Hesperos mission proposed in this paper is a mission to Venus to in- vestigate the interior structure and the current level of activity. The main questions to be answered with this mission are whether Venus has an internal structure and composition similar to Earth and if Venus is still tectonically active. To do so the mission will consist of two elements: an orbiter to in- vestigate the interior and changes over longer periods of time and a balloon floating at an altitude between 40 and 60km~ to investigate the composition arXiv:1803.06652v1 [astro-ph.EP] 18 Mar 2018 of the atmosphere. The mission will start with the deployment of the balloon which will operate for about 25 days.