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2 Samuel 23:1 – Textual Criticism

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2 Samuel 23:1 – Textual Criticism 9/18/2017 2 Samuel 23:1 – Textual Criticism “And the Utterance of the ”Man Raised on High וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֻה ַקם ָﬠ ל SBL Annual Meeting, 2016 Sungjin Kim 1 1. A Summary raised up“ ֻה ַקם ָﬠל) The difficult reading found in MT 2 Samuel 23:1 on high”) has often been subjected to emendation.1 Particularly with the discovery of 4QSama and its affinity with LXX Lucian, a number God has“ ֵאל ֵה ִקים) of commentators hold that 4QSama’s reading raised up”) preserves a better reading.2 This presentation, however, argues that the MT should be preferred as it might reflect a more archaic pristine reading. 1) E.g,. G. R. Driver, “Hebrew ‘al (’High One’) as a Divine Title,” ExpTim 50 (1938): 92–3. H. Neil Richardson, “Last Words of David: Some Notes on 2 Samuel 23:1-7,” JBL 90, no. 3 (1971): 260. 260–61. Tryggve N. D. Mettinger, “‘The Last Words of David’: A Study of Structure and Meaning in II Samuel 23:1- 7,” SEA 41-2 (1977): 149. 2) E.g., Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 234. David Noel Freedman, “Divine Names and Titles in Early Hebrew Poetry,” in Magnalia Dei: The Mighty Acts of God (New York: Doubleday, 1976), 73, 101. Eugene Charles Ulrich, The Qumran Text of Samuel and Josephus, Harvard Semitic Monographs 19 (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978), 113–4. A. A. Anderson, 2 Samuel, WBC 11 (Dallas, TX: Word Books, 1989), 266–67. David G. Firth, 1 & 2 Samuel, AOTC 8 (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2009), 524. A. Graeme Auld, I & II Samuel: A Commentary, OTL (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011), 585, 589. P. Kyle McCarter, II Samuel, The Anchor Bible 9 (New York: Doubleday, 1984), 447. 2 1 9/18/2017 2. External Evidence - Limitation There are some limitations of external evidence in dealing with 2 Samuel 23:1. (1) The LXX for 2 Samuel3 - The lack of a critical edition (e.g., Göttingen Septuagint) - No original Greek translation available - LXXB (Codex Vaticanus) contains, 1 Sam 1:1–2 Sam 9:13: Antiochian or Lucian Recension 2 Sam 10:1–2 Sam 24:25: Kaige Recension (2) Aquila, Theodotion, Symmachus: Reading not extant 3) Ernst Wurthwein and Alexander Achilles Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2014), 107. Peter John Gentry, “The Septuagint and the Text of the Old Testament,” Bulletin for Biblical Research 16, no. 2 (2006): 193– 218. 3 2. The Text of MT 2 Samuel 23:1 ְו ֵ ֛א ֶלּה ִדּ ְבֵ ֥רי ָדִ ֖וד ָה ַ ֽא ֲחרִֹ ֑נים As Rydelnik observes, These are the last words of David: the passage in the MT ְנ ֻ ֧אם ָדִּ ֣וד ֶבּן־ ִי ַ֗שׁי contains four The oracle of David, the son of Jesse, synonymous וּ ְנ ֻ ֤אם ַה֙ ֶגּ ֶב ֙ר ֻ ֣ה ַקם ָ֔ﬠל identifications of David.4 and the utterance of the man who was David raised up on high, ְמ ִ֙שׁיַ ֙ ֱא ֵ ֣הי ַ ֽי ֲﬠ ֔קֹב the son of Jesse= =the man raised up on high the anointed of the God of Jacob, =anointed by the God of Jacob וּ ְנ ִ ֖ﬠים ְז ִמ ֥רוֹת ִי ְשָׂר ֵ ֽאל׃ the sweet psalmist of Israel= the sweet psalmist of Israel: 4) Michael Rydelnik, The Messianic Hope: Is the Hebrew Bible Really Messianic? (B&H Publishing Group, 2010), 40. 4 2 9/18/2017 2. External Evidence – Summary Chart The text of 2 Samuel 23:1 can be grouped into three textual lines. (1) MT Line (2) LXXL Line (3) LXXB Line ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ְיהָוה ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִק ים ֵאל וּ ְנ ֻ ֤אם ַהֶ֙גּ ֶב ֙ר ֻ ֣ה ַקם ָ֔ﬠל ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠ קֹב ְמ ִ֙שׁיַ ֙ ֱא ֵ ֣הי ַ ֽי ֲﬠ ֔קֹב “And the utterance of the man “The faithful man whom God “The faithful man whom the who was raised up on high, raised up (as) the anointed of Lord raised up over the the anointed of God of Jacob” God of Jacob” anointed of God of Jacob” Aleppo Codex LXX Lucian (LXXL)5 LXX Vaticanus (LXXB)7 6 A 7 Leningrad Codex Old Latin (L91-95) LXX Alexandrinus (LXX ) Mediaeval Hebrew variants 4QSama Vulgate* Targum Vulgate* Syriac* 5) Fernández Marcos and Busto Saiz, eds., El texto antioqueno de la Biblia griega, vol. 1 (Madrid: Instituto de Filología del C.S.I.C., 1989). 6) Glosas Vetus Latina en las Vulgatas Españolas. 7) Rahlfs-Hanhart; Cambridge (Brooke, McLean, and Thackeray). 5 2. External Evidence - (1) MT Line A. MT (Aleppo/Leningrad Codex) וּ ְנ ֻ ֤אם ַה֙ ֶגּ ֶב ֙ר ֻ ֣ה ַקם ָ֔ﬠל ְמ ִ֙שׁיַ ֙ ֱא ֵ ֣ הי ַ ֽי ֲﬠ ֔קֹב -Trans: “And the utterance of the man who was raised up (Hophal pf) on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob” B. Mediaeval Variants omit Kenn 90 [וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר Kenn 150 ו omit [וּ ְנ ֻאם ,Kenn 30, 60, 70, 84, 89, 93, 112, 113, 154, 172, 174, 226 הוקם [ ֻה ַקם 249, 301, 322, 337; primo 94 ,168, 204, 297 C. Targum ְו ֵאי ַמר ֻגבָרא ִדמַר ַבא ְל ַמל ֻכו ַמ ִשׁיַ ְב ֵמי ַמר ְא ָל ֵ היה ְד ַי ְﬠקֹב -Vorlage: Same as the MT -Trans: “And the utterance of the man who was raised up (Pael passive) to kingship, the anointed by the Memra of the God of Jacob” 6 3 9/18/2017 2. External Evidence - (1) MT Line (Partial Agreement) D. Vulgate* dixit vir cui constitutum est de christo Dei Iacob וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֻה ַקם ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- -Trans: “(He said) the man to whom it was appointed (passive) concerning the Christ of the God of Jacob” E. Syriac* ܒܕ ܗܐܘ ܕ ܐܕ ܐ וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים עֹל ְמ ִשׁיחוֹ וא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- -Trans: “(He said) the man who raised up (aphel active) the yoke of his anointed, and the God of Jacob” the“) ַה ֶגּ ֶבר Vulgate and Syriac partially agree with the MT. First, both take * man”) as subject. Second, Vulgate preserves the MT’s passive construction, as object. 7 על and the syriac has 2. External Evidence - (2) LXXL Line A. LXXL καὶ πιστὸς ἀνήρ, ὃν ἀνέστησεν ὁ θεὸς χριστὸν, θεὸς Ιακωβ ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ֵאל ָמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- - Trans: “The faithful man whom God, God of Jacob, raised up (active) (as) anointed” B. DSS – 4QSama [ונאם]הגבר הק֯י ֿם אל משיח [אלו]הי י ֯ע [קב] - Trans: “. the man whom God raised up (Hiphilpf) (as) the anointed of the God of Jacob” C. Old Latin (L91-95) Fidelis vir quem suscitavit Deus Christum Dei Jacob ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ֵאל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- -Trans: “The faithful man whom God raised up (active) (as) anointed of God of Jacob” 8 4 9/18/2017 2. External Evidence - (3) LXXB Line A. LXXB καὶ πιστὸς ἀνήρ, ὃν ἀνέστησεν κύριος ἐπὶ χριστὸν θεοῦ Ιακωβ ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ְיהָוה ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- the ( ַﬠל) Trans1: “The faithful man whom the Lord raised up over - anointed of the God of Jacob” ( ַﬠל) Trans2: “The faithful man whom the Lord raised up concerning - Christ of the God of Jacob” (M. Rydelnik)8 B. LXXA καὶ πιστὸς ὁ ἀνήρ, ὃν ἀνέστησεν κύριος ἐπὶ χριστὸν κυρίου θεοῦ Ιακωβ ְו ֶנ ֱא ָמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ְיהָוה ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ְיהָוה ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- the ( ַﬠל) Trans: “The man is faithful whom the Lord has established over- anointed of the Lord God of Jacob” 8) Rydelnik, The Messianic Hope, 40. 9 B 2. External Evidence - (3) LXX Line (Partial Agreement) C. Vulgate* dixit vir cui constitutum est de christo Dei Iacob וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֻה ַקם ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב :Vorlage- the ( ַﬠל) Trans: “(He said) the man to whom it was appointed concerning- Christ of the God of Jacob” 10 5 9/18/2017 2. External Evidence - Summary (1) MT Line (2) LXXL Line (3) LXXB Line ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִקים ְיהָוה ְו ֶנ ֱא ַמן ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֵה ִק ים ֵאל וּ ְנ ֻ ֤אם ַהֶ֙גּ ֶב ֙ר ֻ ֣ה ַקם ָ֔ﬠל ַﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠ קֹב ְמ ִ֙שׁיַ ֙ ֱא ֵ ֣הי ַ ֽי ֲﬠ ֔קֹב “And the utterance of the man “The faithful man whom God “The faithful man whom the Lord who was raised up on high, raised up (as) the anointed of raised up over/concerning the the anointed of God of Jacob” God of Jacob” anointed of God of Jacob” Aleppo Codex LXX Lucian (LXXL) LXX Vaticanus (LXXB) A Leningrad Codex Old Latin (L91-95) LXX Alexandrinus (LXX ) Mediaeval Hebrew Variants 4QSama Vulgate* Targum Vulgate* Syriac* Passive construction Active construction Active construction over/concerning :על God : אל/על height :על Anointed=David Anointed=David Anointed=Christ? 11 3. Internal Evidence Three issues: (3) (2) (1) Sam 23:1 MT 2 וּ ְנ ֻאם ַה ֶגּ ֶבר ֻה ַקם ָﬠל ְמ ִשׁיַ ֱא ֵהי ַי ֲﬠקֹב MT, MSS, Targum, Vulgate, Syriac) or)”( ְנ ֻאם) Is it “utterance (1) ?(LXXABL, Old Latin) ”( ֶנ ֱא ָמן) faithful“ MT, MSS, Targum, Vulgate) or)”( ֻה ַקם) Is it “Hophal perfect (2) ?(4QSama, LXXABL, Old Latin, Syriac)”( ֵה ִקים) Hiphil perfect“ refer to? Is it “God”(4QSama, LXXL, Old ָﬠל What does (3) Latin) or “height”(MT, MSS, Targum, Syriac[?])? Or is it a ?(LXXAB, Vulgate) ַﬠל preposition 12 6 9/18/2017 ?( ֶנ ֱא ָמן)”or “faithful ( ְנ ֻאם)”Internal Evidence: (1) Is it “utterance .3 ( ֶנ ֱא ָמן) ”Faithful“ ( ְנ ֻאם) ”Utterance“ MT, Mediaeval Hebrew Variants, LXXA, LXXB, LXXL, Old Latin ( ֵאי ַמר) Targum Cf.
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