Century Cannon Using Modern Techniques of Explicit Finite Element Analysis”, Proceedings – Land Warfare Conference 2004, Melbourne, September 27– 30, 2004
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Application of Virtual Design Tools to Tube Launched Projectile Systems A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Christos Tsangalis B.Eng(Aero) Hons School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Science, Engineering and Technology Portfolio RMIT University August 2008 i Dedication Prior to my father losing his battle with leukaemia in 1986, he began construction of a model aircraft for the enjoyment of his children. However, due to physical and mental restrictions imposed by illness, the model aircraft project was never completed. With the submission of this thesis, the culmination of an honours degree in Aerospace Engineering and post graduate research, I now complete that aircraft project in honour of my late father. ii Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic awards; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and, any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. Christos Tsangalis iii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements To my Principal Supervisor, Professor Pavel Trivailo, I would like to pass on my sincere gratitude for his guidance, encouragement, efficiency and intellectual input. I greatly appreciated and admired his level of organisation, the manner in which he efficiently and methodically dealt with problems and his genuine concern for his students. I also extend my gratitude to RMIT University for providing the necessary facilities, resources and support staff required for the completion of this work. I would like to gratefully acknowledge my co-supervisor, Dr Neil McLachlan, for his tireless efforts throughout every aspect of the project including modelling, manufacturing, analysis and writing. I thank him for his imaginative and innovative approach to research and his ability to tackle problems with passion and enthusiasm. I also acknowledge the many conversations conducted both professional and personal usually over lunch and a latte… Thanks Neil. Much appreciated. I would like to extend great thanks to DSTO for their funding and support throughout the life of the project. Instrumental to this was my External Supervisor Dr Vinod Puri whose vision and guidance helped formulate the topic for this research. I would like to offer my sincere thanks for his technical direction and the time spent both proof reading and correcting my drafts. I would also like to thank DSTO for providing the necessary equipment, staff and facilities required to undertake the experimental work for prototype validation. I would like to thank my family. To my mother who selflessly devoted her life to raising three young children. It is solely due to her that I have been granted these opportunities in life. To my brother Dimitri, whose academic pursuits and dedication to his goals served as inspiration to me completing this work. And to my sister Anastasia, for instilling colour in all our lives… I would like to acknowledge my friends Asimenia, Michael, Kirk and Scotty for their support and guidance throughout the years we studied Aerospace Engineering together and for the many years we will continue to be friends. To my friend Alex, whose friendship and support transcended beyond anything I could ever put down on paper. And finally, to Theodora, whose love was unconditional… iv List of Publications List of Publications Adams, R., Tsangalis, C., McLachlan, N., Tomas, J. A. and Bil, C. (2005). “Design Improvement of Components and Structures”. ANSA META International, Congress. Thessaloniki, Greece. Tsangalis, C., McLachlan, N. and Trivailo, P. (2004). “Historical Analysis of 16th Century Cannon using Modern Techniques of Explicit Finite Element Analysis”, Proceedings – Land Warfare Conference 2004, Melbourne, September 27– 30, 2004. DSTO of Australia, SA, Australia. Tsangalis, C., McLachlan, N. and Trivailo, P. (2005). “Virtual Design Processes for Weapon Systems”. Congress Proceedings – Eleventh Australian International Aerospace Congress. Melbourne, March 13-17, 2005. The institution of Engineers, Australia. Tsangalis, C., McLachlan, N. and Trivailo, P. (2006). "Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling of Propellant Combustion." Australian and New Zealand Industrial and Applied Mathematics Journal 47: C388-C403. v Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ xiv List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ xv Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................... xvi Summary.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Scope of Study....................................................................................................................... 5 2 Review of Literature ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Virtual Design Processes...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Virtual Design Tools........................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 The Finite Element Method ............................................................................................ 11 2.2.1.1 Stress Analysis............................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1.2 Structural Dynamics.................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Shape Optimisation......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Fluid-Structure Interaction.............................................................................................. 19 2.3 Interior Ballistics and FSI................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Tube Launched Weapons: General Definitions.................................................................. 25 2.4.1 Gun Barrels..................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Propellant ........................................................................................................................ 27 2.4.3 Rounds ............................................................................................................................ 29 2.4.3.1 Projectiles.................................................................................................................... 30 3 Methods.......................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Finite Element Analysis ...................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Solvers............................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.1.1 Lagrangian .................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.1.2 Eulerian ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Material Models .............................................................................................................. 36 vi Table of Contents 3.2.2.1 Equation of State......................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2.2 Yield Models............................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2.3 Failure Model.............................................................................................................. 38 3.2.3 Constraints and Loading ................................................................................................. 39 3.2.3.1 Lagrangian Loading and Constraints .......................................................................... 39 3.2.3.2 Eulerian Loading and Constraints............................................................................... 40 3.2.3.3 Contacts....................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 Fluid Structure Interaction .............................................................................................. 41 3.2.4.1 General Coupling