DOCSLIB.ORG

Crop-Livestock Integration in Mali: Multiple Pathways of Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crop-Livestock Integration in Mali: Multiple Pathways of Change PATHWAYS OF CHANGE: CROPS, LIVESTOCK AND LIVELIHOODS IN AFRICA LESSONS FROM ETHIOPIA, MALI AND ZIMBABWE Edited by IAN SCOONES AND WILLIAM WOLMER INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX JUNE 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................III CHAPTER 1: PATHWAYS OF CHANGE: CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION IN AFRICA....................................................................................................................................1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1 The case studies: Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe ...................................................................2 The emergence of the mixed farming approach ....................................................................3 What are the core assumptions of the conventional approach to crop-livestock integration? ................................................................................................................................................4 What are the policy conclusions of the conventional approach?.........................................10 Why has the ‘mixed farming model’ dominated policy?.....................................................14 What’s wrong with the evolutionary model of crop-livestock integration? ........................17 New perspectives on crop-livestock integration..................................................................20 Conclusions: implications for policy and practice...............................................................26 CHAPTER 2: CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION IN MALI: MULTIPLE PATHWAYS OF CHANGE .................................................................................................29 Introduction..........................................................................................................................29 The case study sites..............................................................................................................30 Land, water and farming systems ........................................................................................40 Crop-livestock interactions ..................................................................................................47 Key events influencing crop-livestock integration in Mali..................................................51 Institutions mediating access to crop and livestock resources.............................................62 Differentiated strategies and multiple pathways..................................................................74 Conclusions: Implications for policy...................................................................................78 CHAPTER 3: COMPLEXITY, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: THE CASE OF CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA ............................81 Introduction..........................................................................................................................81 The study sites......................................................................................................................83 Components of crop livestock integration ...........................................................................92 Histories of change: key events and the impact on farming practices in southern Ethiopia97 Institutional arrangements and crop livestock integration.................................................106 Pathways of change............................................................................................................115 Conclusions........................................................................................................................119 CHAPTER 4: CROPS, LIVESTOCK AND LIVELIHOODS IN ZIMBABWE...........122 Introduction........................................................................................................................122 The case study sites............................................................................................................122 The farming systems..........................................................................................................124 i Agricultural history: key events influencing crop-livestock interactions..........................132 Institutions mediating access to resources central to crop-livestock systems....................143 Social differentiation..........................................................................................................155 Multiple pathways of change.............................................................................................158 Conclusions........................................................................................................................161 CHAPTER 5: CROP-LIVESTOCK POLICY IN AFRICA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? ................................................................................................................................................162 Introduction........................................................................................................................162 Current policy has an incomplete focus.............................................................................164 Continuity and change: understanding policy processes ...................................................171 What priorities are missing from current research and extension?....................................173 New approaches to technology design and choice ............................................................181 Challenges for the policy process ......................................................................................186 Conclusions........................................................................................................................188 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................122 ii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mixed farming, involving the integration of crops and livestock on a single farm, is often seen as an important route to meeting the vital 21st century challenge of increasing the productivity and sustainability of small-scale African farming systems. Advocates of mixed farming argue that such systems improve on what are claimed to be low productivity and destructive forms of shifting cultivation or transhumant pastoralism, and that mixed farming is more sustainable and appropriate to many Africa settings than high external input alternatives. Over many years a huge amount of investment in technology development has occurred in order to support mixed farming – soil fertility management, animal traction and livestock fodder systems are thus all key components of both national and international research efforts. Alongside such technological developments, the individualisation of tenure arrangements, settlement schemes and the planning of land use to encourage integration of crop and livestock production are also regularly promoted through extension efforts and development programmes. In discussions of mixed farming it is often assumed that such systems represent part of a natural evolutionary progression towards an ideal state. In this book we argue that such evolutionary concepts – either explicitly or implicitly – lie behind much policy debate and often form the underlying rationale for technology choices. But such a deterministic, linear evolutionary view can be questioned on a number of counts. In particular, it fails to recognise the diverse pathways of change that occur in agricultural systems, and the wide range of technology options that are pursued by farmers and herders. Through a series of detailed case studies from Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe, we have explored the range of pathways of change that have occurred over time and the multiple determinants of these. While mixed farming is certainly one possible outcome, it is only one of many. Historical analysis allowed us to highlight the range of processes and events that have resulted in changes in cropping and livestock systems. Setting an understanding of such changes in a broader livelihood context also enabled us to see how choices made about crops or livestock were conditioned by a range of other factors, many unrelated to farming or livestock keeping. An analysis of social differentiation also highlighted how diverse social actors have varying access to resources, facilitated or constrained by a range of institutions, both formal and informal. Unfortunately, many previous studies of crop- livestock integration have ignored these diverse institutional arrangements. Yet these are seen to be critical, and central to any explanation of the observed diversity of pathways of change. Two important conclusions follow. First, an excessive emphasis on mixed farming as the desired model for the future of small-scale farming in Africa misses a range of other strategies that are very often important for the poor and marginalised. The consequence is that much research and extension effort misses an important potential set of users. A broader appreciation of the wide range of potential pathways of change would, we argue, allow development efforts to be more effectively targeted. Second, technology development, while clearly essential, often misses the social and institutional processes by which diverse social actors again access to resources. Prioritisation of research and extension efforts therefore
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linking Culture and Water Technology in Zimbabwe: Reflections on Ndau Experiences and Implications for Climate Change
    Vol. 6(2), pp. 22-28, February 2014 DOI: 10.5897/JASD2013.0266 Journal of African Studies and ISSN 2141 -2189 ©2014 Academic Journals Development http://www.academicjournlas.org/JASD Full Length Research Paper Linking culture and water technology in Zimbabwe: Reflections on Ndau experiences and implications for climate change Tenson Muyambo* and Richard S. Maposa Faculty of Arts, Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University, Zimbabwe. Accepted 23 January, 2014 Renaissance studies continue to grow in post-colonial Africa. This study explores the Ndau culture in a bid to assess its vitality and relevance to contemporary society’s water technology in Zimbabwe. The thesis of the study posits that the Ndau people have indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) that can be tapped in the implementation of water resource management. Some Ndau beliefs and practices on water resources can be used as environmental management tools in order to do justice to climate change. These, if blended with western technologies, can be effective intervention strategies to mitigate the challenges posed by climate change. The study adopted a qualitative research design in a case study approach. Purposive sampling was used to select community elders and traditional practitioners who are associated with the in-depth knowledge on traditional beliefs and practices. The data collection techniques included interviews, participant observations and documentary analysis. The study observed that the particular Ndau cultural beliefs and practices that are not only relevant but consistent with water technological changes and these must be strengthened as part of a people’s heritage. Key words: Climate change, climate justice, culture, indigenous knowledge systems, Ndau people, renaissance studies, water technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Development and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 4, Ver. III (Apr. 2014), PP 137-149 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Ethnicity, Development and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland Clifford Mabhena Institute of Development Studies- National University of Science and Technology-Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Abstract: This article argues that the hegemony of the Shona people in Zimbabwe has been largely influenced by ethnicity and the quest to dominate Matabeleland politically, socially and economically. Development marginalisation of Matabeleland region, I argue has been influenced by ethnicity and politics of revenge. The study used ethnography to collect data and hence in-depth interviews were used as data collection tools. The results of the study indicate that Matabeleland has been largely dominated by the Shona ethnic group, and arguments advanced by scholars for this dominance, it is argued, Ndebele dominated the Shona people in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was due to conquest by the marauding Ndebele warriors under the leadership of King Mzilikazi and latter on King Lobhengula. The ascendance of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF) in the 1980 independence elections opened the gates for the ascendancy of the Shona people as the party was pre-dominantly Shona speaking. The march to state house by the ZANUPF dominated party created a lot of tension between the two ethnic groups; Ndebele and Shona, and hence the lashing out of the fifth brigade in 1983 and 1984 in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces of the country. Key words: Hegemony, ethnicity, internal colonisation, marginalisation I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Migration in the Morphing of Shona Identity
    THE ROLE OF MIGRATION IN THE MORPHING OF SHONA IDENTITY by TIRIMBOYI WADZANAI submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF VISUAL ARTS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR NOMBEKO P MPAKO February 2017 DECLARATION I declare that The role of migration in the morphing of Shona identity is my own work and that all the sources that l have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete referencing. February 2017 i SUMMARY Title: The role of migration in the morphing of Shona identity This dissertation reports on a study, which used story telling through installation art in analysing how migration has affected the identity of Shona people of Zimbabwe resulting in a new hybrid identity. This identity morphing has happened through the increased rate of trans-border mobility for economic survival and development. The research explores reflections associated with the life of individuals through the unfolding of socio-political and economic situations in Zimbabwe focusing on the historical and contemporary social relations of the Shonas (from Zimbabwe). The research in addition speculates as to how this migration creates difficulties with regards to immigrants’ experiences in their new habitats as they enter a state of limbo. It further investigates how the difference in status and the perception of identity affects Zimbabweans in their social inheritance of nomadic characteristics. The main objective of this study is to cast light on how constant migration has affected the constructs of the Shona identity as the people get in contact with various cultures leading to the formation of an intercultural identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Final Draftx
    ANTECEDENTS AND ADAPTATIONS IN THE BORDERLANDS: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF INFORMAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ACROSS THE RHODESIA-MOZAMBIQUE BORDER WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE CITY OF UMTALI, 1900-1974 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Supervisor: Dr. Muchaparara Musemwa Fidelis Peter Thomas Duri University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa 2012 i CONTENTS Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ………..ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii List of acronyms ........................................................................................................................... iv Glossary of terms ...........................................................................................................................v List of illustrations ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • FABLES BOOKSHOP Founder Members of 119 High Street, Grahamstown, 6139, SABDA South Africa
    Fables Africana Catalogue Q199 file:///E:/q199.html Home | Back to catalogues page | We are FABLES BOOKSHOP Founder Members of 119 High Street, Grahamstown, 6139, SABDA South Africa. Telephone / Facsimile: +27-046-636-1525 Email: Africana Catalogue Q199 August 2008 Items have been sold from this catalogue since its issue. It is an electronic representation of a particular catalogue issued at a particular date. All items listed subject to prior sale. Details elsewhere to subscribe to our email catalogues. All Africana material is issued via catalogue prior to shelving in the shop or uploading online. Notes: Brief Terms and Conditions at the end of this catalogue. Full Terms and Conditions All items subject to prior sale All prices exclude p&p and forex charges Subscribe to our catalogues Abbreviations used in our catalogues Contact: FABLES BOOKSHOP Ian Balchin. Proprietor. Specialists in books from Africa Books mailed worldwide Founder Member of Southern African Book Dealers Association (SABDA) Shop Tel & 24/7 fax: +27-(0)46-636-1525 Office & a/h Tel: +27-(0)46-622-2474 Generally: Email to reserve any item Payment by Visa & Mastercard preferred Prices exclude p&p and forex charges INDEX 1 of 37 2008/09/01 08:35 PM Fables Africana Catalogue Q199 file:///E:/q199.html General Africana Subjects BIOGRAPHIES, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, DIARIES, GENEALOGICAL. BOTANICAL FICTION, LITERATURE & CREATIVE WRITINGS, MAGAZINES. FINE ARTS, PHOTOGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE. TRUE CRIME MILITARY NADA ANNUAL NATURAL HISTORY PERIODICALS RHODESIANA MAGAZINE EARLY TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION Africa History / Topography by area EASTERN CAPE MOZAMBIQUE NATAL & EAST GRIQUALAND RHODESIA / ZIMBABWE SOUTH WEST AFRICA / NAMIBIA TRANSVAAL WESTERN CAPE SOUTHERN AFRICA, GENERAL SOUTHERN AFRICAN COASTAL AND THE SOUTHERN OCEAN ISLANDS.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebirth of Bukalanga: a Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I
    THE REBIRTH OF BUKALANGA A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I NDZIMU-UNAMI EMMANUEL 2 The Rebirth of Bukalanga: A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I ISBN: 978 0 7974 4968 8 ©Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel, 2012 Facebook: Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Email: [email protected] Twitter: NdzimuEmmanuel Website: http://www.ndzimuunami.blogspot.com Published by Maphungubgwe News Corporation Language Editing and Proof-reading Pathisa Nyathi Bheki J. Ncube Cover Design Greg Sibanda, Tadbagn Designs All rights reserved. Not more than one chapter of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission in writing of the author or publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. 3 About the author Born on 29 March 1982 in Bulawayo and raised by his grandparents in the District of Bulilima-Mangwe, Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Moyo completed his primary and secondary education at Tokwana Primary and Secondary Schools. He later completed a Diploma in Personnel Management graduating with Distinction with the Institute of People Management (IPMZ). Moyo later entered the Theological College of Zimbabwe (TCZ) in Bulawayo where he majored in reading Theology and Philosophy, dropping out of the College after one-and-a-half- years. Between the time of his finishing of the GCE Ordinary Level in 1999 and publishing this book in 2012, Moyo worked for the Zimbabwe postal service, Zimbabwe Posts, and the National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (Noczim) in his home town of Plumtree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Food Consumption Patterns on Identity: the Case of Zimbabwean Inbetweeners Living in the UK
    The Impact of Food Consumption Patterns on Identity: The Case of Zimbabwean Inbetweeners Living in the UK Thomas Magede A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2021 This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated). Save for any express acknowledgements, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Thomas Magede to be identified as the author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date, copyright is owned by the author. Signature: Thomas Magede Date: 15.03.21 Supervisory Team: Professor M. Haynes………………………… Dr J. Jones ……………………………………. i Abstract This study explores the concept of identity construction through food as exhibited by Zimbabwean inbetweener migrants in the UK. Literature was explored in relation to national identity, migration, consumer culture theory, consumer acculturation, diaspora theory, memory and nostalgia and food consumption and identity. The study used a qualitative research approach to address the issues under investigation. Interviews were used to collect data based on the understanding that food patterns and identity construction are context driven. The findings indicate that the food experiences of the Zimbabwean inbetweeners were specific to this group.
    [Show full text]
  • Xenophobia Outsider Exclusion Addressing Frail Social Cohesion in South Africa's Diverse CommuniEs
    Xenophobia Outsider Exclusion Addressing Frail Social Cohesion in South Africa's Diverse Communies Musina Case Study October 2017 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview This case study presents findings of a research conducted by the African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS) in Musina, Limpopo during April 2016 and March 2017. This initiative was undertaken as part of research conducted in parallel across 15 South African communities documenting and explaining the status of social cohesion across the country. More specifically, it endeavours to identify the causes of group-based conflicts, communal violence, and patterns of violent exclusion. Through these efforts, the research can contribute to developing more effective intervention programmes by external stakeholders working with community members to promote social cohesion and peaceful cohabitation. The findings presented here are informed by qualitative individual interviews and focus group discussions with residents and relevant key informants conducted between 18 and 24 April 2016, as well as between 20 and 25 March 2017. A team of three ACMS researchers spent ten days in the area conducting a total of 31 individual interviews and four focus groups discussions with relevant stakeholders. Participants included South African and foreign residents as well as key informants including representatives of the local authority, community leaders, faith-based, and community-based organisations. Secondary literature provided additional background and insight. Recognising that perceptions drive social interactions and mobilization as much as facts,1 our approach documents and where possible distinguishes between the two. 1.2 Primary Findings and Conclusions Musina is melting pot of different races, ethnic groups, nationalities, languages, cultures, and religious practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Peasants and Nationalism in the Development of Land Ownership Structure in Zimbabwe from Pre-Colonialism to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) Period
    LAND TO THE PEOPLE: Peasants and nationalism in the development of land ownership structure in Zimbabwe from pre-colonialism to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) period. Bridget M. Mupfuvi Salford Business School University of Salford, Greater Manchester United Kingdom Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................... 10 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING: INTRODUCING THE STUDY ......................... 10 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Key Research Questions ................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Significance of the study ................................................................................................ 19 1.4 Historical Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 20 1.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 25 1.7 Chapter Outline .............................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Empire, Gospel, and Culture
    1 Empire, Gospel, and Culture Colonialism has led to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and . Africans and people of African descent, and people of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims of colonialism and continue to be victims of its consequences. - Durban Declaration of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2001), no. 14, 7. To understand a nation, one must look at its history, culture, and religion, as well as the forces that shaped and transformed it. The following brief description of the history and identity of the Shona people of Zimbabwe and their traditional culture is intended to assist readers in understanding the foundations and developments of the Shona people and how they were transformed and shaped first by colonialism and second by missionary encounters. Like the Greeks and Romans, the Shona people have a mythos or a story that is foundational to their community. Shona Ethnography as Nehanda Mythology From time immemorial, migration and immigration have shaped and defined human evolution. The Shona people’s history is one of migration, conflict, colonial encounters, and reconciliation. Like that of the Greeks and Romans, the Shona story is told and retold because it has significance for one generation after another. Every nation has founders who, in the course of history, have functioned as ancestors, religious priests, or political pillars. The foundations of the Shona can easily be traced to an area south of Zimbabwe called Masvingo, to an ancient city known as “Great Zimbabwe.”1 There is no doubt that Great Zimbabwe is the nerve center of Shona religion, politics, economics, and social 7 8 | Abraham Our Father life.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Expressions of Southern African Nationalism(S): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe
    POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of African American and African Studies – Doctor of Philosophy 2019 ABSTRACT POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima Popular Expressions of Pan-Africanism and Southern African Nationalism(s): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe is a dissertation study that traces the transformations, reveals the tensions, and critically analyzes diverging and converging trajectories of different manifestations of African nationalism, including ethnic nationalism, state nationalism, and Pan-Africanism using contemporary South Africa and Zimbabwe as sites of analyses. Focusing on the metropolitan provinces of Gauteng and Harare respectively, I use the study to interrogate how popular expressions of African nationalism have emerged and evolved in the neighboring nations during their anti-colonial/anti-apartheid struggles throughout the 20 th century, and how they exist today. Presenting a thesis that I call nationalisms from below, the research study reveals how these manifestations of nationalism are imagined, practiced, and represente d by the initiatives and actions of different members of the civil society including artists, activists, laborers, and migrants in the two countries’ contemporary politics and society. My findings lead to a nuanced determination of the factors that influence the intersections, divergences, and convergences of what I refer to in the study as Africa’s tripartite nationalist expressions and identities—ethnicism, African Nationalism, and Pan- Africanism.
    [Show full text]
  • INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS' (Ikss) POTENTIAL for ESTABLISHING a MORAL, VIRTUOUS SOCIETY
    Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 12, No.7, 2010) ISSN: 1520-5509 Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS’ (IKSs) POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHING A MORAL, VIRTUOUS SOCIETY: LESSONS FROM SELECTED IKSs IN ZIMBABWE AND MOZAMBIQUE Munyaradzi Mawere Department of Philosophy, Universidade Pedagogica, Mozambique ABSTRACT In Africa, like elsewhere, indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) were used to administer peace, harmony, and order amongst the people and their physical environment. However, with the advent of colonialism in Africa, IKSs were not only marginalized, but demonized leaving their potentials for establishing and maintaining a moral, virtuous society, unexploited. It is in this light that this paper argues for a correction to the vestiges of colonialism, neo-colonialism, and the western gaze that demonized African IKSs and posed fatal challenges to their [IKSs] potentials in improving African societies socially, economically, and morally. The paper adopts Zimbabwe and Mozambique as case studies in showing the beauty of the undiluted African indigenous knowledge systems and their potential for establishing a moral, virtuous society. To this end, the paper argues that Africa, today, is in the grips of high crime rates, serious moral decadence, and other calamities because of the marginalization, false, and pejorative label attached to the African IKSs. This takes the paper to another level where it criticizes, dismantles, and challenges the inherited colonial legacies, which have morally and socially injured many African societies. Keywords: African Traditions; Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKSs); Morality; Virtuous; Society; Zimbabwe; Mozambique INTRODUCTION The socio-political and cultural dimensions of the Western hegemonic tendencies in the world’s global affairs have posed serious challenges, especially to its former African colonies.
    [Show full text]