Frontiers Of The : The World Heritage Site A Short Guide April 2019

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United Nations Frontiers of the Educational, Scientific and Roman Empire Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2005 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019

Contents Introduction

This short guide is an introduction to the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Antonine Wall (FRE:AW) World Heritage Site (WHS), its inscription on the World Heritage List, and its management and governance. It is one of a series of Site-specific short guides for each of ’s six WHS. Introduction 1 For information outlining what World Heritage

status is and what it means, the responsibilities SHETLAND Antonine Wall: Key Facts 2 and benefits attendant upon achieving World Heritage status, and current approaches The World Heritage Site and Buffer Zone 3 to protection and management see the World Heritage in Scotland short guide.

See Further Information and Contacts Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 5 ORKNEY for more information. 1 Kirkwall Managing the Antonine Wall 6

Planning and the Antonine Wall 9 Western Isles Stornoway

Further Information and Contacts 10 St kilda 2

Inverness

Aberdeen

World Heritage Sites in Scotland Perth KEY:

1 Heart of Neolithic Orkney 6 5 2 St Kilda 3 3 FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN 4 EMPIRE: ANTONINE WALL

4

5 Old and New Towns of Edinburgh

6 Forth Bridge

Cover image: The Antonine Wall at Bar Hill looking towards Croy Hill.

World Heritage in Scotland World Heritage in Scotland 1 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019

The World Heritage Site The Antonine Wall: Key Facts and Buffer Zone

• 1987 – ’s Wall is inscribed on the • Other proposed extensions on the Tentative THE ANTONINE WALL World Heritage List as a cultural WHS. Lists include: Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Antonine Wall runs for 60 km (37 miles; The WHS does not includes those parts Croatian (Croatia); Frontiers of the • 1995 – the World Heritage Committee or 40 Roman miles) across central Scotland, (c. 2 km) which have been destroyed, mainly Roman Empire extension (The Netherlands); from modern Bo’ness on the to through quarrying and the construction of (WHC) approves an extension to the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: the Danube Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site to include on the . The WHS canals, roads and railways, but these sections Limes (Austria); and Frontiers of the Roman has been defined as a 50m wide corridor, which are included in the buffer zone to maintain the the Upper German-Raetian Limes and agrees Empire: Ripa Pannonica (Hungary). that together the sites will be known as includes the main linear elements: the rampart, linear integrity of the monument. The WHS the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World • The Antonine Wall runs through five council ditch and outer mound. This corridor is widened does not include the modern buildings which Heritage Site (FREWHS), and individually as areas. These are: , , at certain sections to include the Military Way, lie within its boundaries, but does include the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Hadrian’s Wall Glasgow City, North Lanarkshire, and West where it is known. The WHS also includes, either underlying Roman archaeology. and Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Upper Dunbartonshire. within the corridor or as a separate definition, German-Raetian Limes. It is recommended the remains of the 16 surviving forts together that this be seen as the second phase of • These five councils, along with Historic with their accompanying annexes and civil a possible wider transboundary nomination Environment Scotland (HES) are partners settlements and other known external features: to encompass the remains of all the second in the delivery of the Management Plan for nine fortlets, six expansions, two smaller century Roman frontiers. the Antonine Wall. enclosures and part or all of the 16 surviving labour camps in the vicinity of the Wall. • 2008 – the WHC approves the extension to include the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Antonine Wall.

Route of the Antonine Wall showing forts and fortlets. Kinneil fortlet.

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The World Heritage Site Statement of Outstanding and Buffer Zone Universal Value

THE BUFFER ZONE Each WHS has a Statement of Outstanding The Antonine Wall is one of the significant To protect the important landscape setting of the widely visible in the landscape. It is this relationship Universal Value (SOUV) which provides a clear elements of the Roman Limes present in Europe, Antonine Wall a buffer zone has been designated to with the landscape that is a fundamental part of understanding of the reasons for the Site’s the Middle East and North Africa. It exhibits the north and south of the monument. The buffer what makes the WHS so significant and contributes inscription on the World Heritage List, and of important interchanges of human and cultural zone is designed to comply with UNESCO guidance to how it is experienced, understood and what needs to be managed in order to sustain values at the apogee of the Roman Empire. the OUV for the long term. The SOUV describes that buffer zones should include the immediate appreciated. Criterion (iii): Bear a unique or at least exceptional setting of the inscribed Site, important views, the WHS and its importance, lists the Criteria The buffer zone has been defined as a series of for inscription on the World Heritage List, testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization and other areas or attributes that are functionally which is living or which has disappeared. important as a support to the Site and its areas along the Wall, up to approximately 1–1.5 km explains how the WHS satisfies UNESCO’s protection. It defines an area where development from the Wall to the north and south. These areas requirements for Authenticity and Integrity, The Antonine Wall bears testimony to the proposals require careful consideration by are fragmented by existing settlements, roads and and summarises the management requirements. maximum extension of the power of the Roman developers and decision-makers to determine areas marked for urban expansion. Fourteen zones See the 2014-19 Management Plan for the SOUV Empire, by the consolidation of its frontiers in the whether they are likely to significantly impact the have been described, including small parks or open for FRE: AW WHS. north of the British Isles, in the middle of the 2nd spaces with settlements. In order to maintain a WHS, its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), CRITERIA century AD. The property illustrates the Roman or its Authenticity and Integrity. general constancy of width, and to create a robust Empire’s ambition to dominate the world in planning boundary that can be more strongly To be included on the World Heritage List, Sites order to establish its law and way of life there The Antonine Wall was not constructed in isolation. defended, the buffer zones have been defined must meet at least one out of ten selection criteria, in a long-term perspective. It was deliberately positioned with reference to the as tight areas around the archaeological remains, as explained in UNESCO’s Operational Guidelines for surrounding topography, resources and landscape and boundary features include roads, railways and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Criterion (iv): Be an outstanding example of of central Scotland, notably the southern edge of the . The full mapping for the The Criteria under which FRE:AW is inscribed on a type of building or architectural or technological the valley formed by the Rivers Kelvin and Carron WHS and its buffer zone can be found in the 2007 the World Heritage List are: ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) – a position that offered the Wall wide-ranging WHS Nomination Document presented significant stage(s) in human history. views over the Hills, the Campsie Fells, and to UNESCO. Criterion (ii): Exhibit an important interchange Kilpatrick Hills and meant that the Wall itself was of human values, over a span of time or within The Antonine Wall is an outstanding example a cultural area of the world, on developments in of the technological development of Roman architecture or technology, monumental arts, military architecture and frontier defence. town-planning or landscape design.

Antonine Wall Map. ; © National Museums Scotland.

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Managing The Antonine Wall Managing The Antonine Wall

KEY MANAGEMENT PARTNERS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE As a serial transnational WHS, the Frontiers of the inscribed sections to those on the tentative list Roman Empire World Heritage Site (FREWHS) or considering nomination. presently includes Partners in Scotland, England At an operational level, coordinators and Site DCMS UNESCO WORLD and Germany. The number of international HERITAGE COMMITTEE Partners could grow further in the future as managers (the Hexham Group) meet at least once other countries with sections of the second a year, usually more often, to discuss monitoring century Roman frontier submit nomination issues and share best practice approaches to Site bids to UNESCO. Coordination and delivery of management and presentation. SCOTTISH MINISTERS ENGLISH HERITAGE ICOMOS this complicated international management In Scotland, the Partners responsible for delivering arrangement is undertaken at several levels within the Management Plan for the Antonine Wall are CULTURE & HISTORIC the Partnership, from strategic to operational. East Dunbartonshire Council, Falkirk Council, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION - At a strategic level, the Inter-Governmental Glasgow City Council, Historic Environment ICOMOS UK Committee (IGC) meets annually and consists Scotland, North Lanarkshire Council and West HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT of delegations of the State Parties from the Dunbartonshire Council. SCOTLAND countries already inscribed. The rules and function GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE of the IGC are approved and accepted by all the participating State Parties in the FREWHS, and the Representatives from each of the Partners form a Steering Group which prioritises and guides FRE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL BRATISLAVA GROUP IGC is responsible for the coordination of the joint COMMITTEE international management of the FREWHS and for implementation of the aims and objectives set maintaining compliance with WHC obligations. out in the WHS Management Plan. Specific projects and activities are agreed and delivered through a HEXHAM GROUP At an academic level, a panel of international suite of delivery groups: Protection and Planning; experts (the Bratislava Group) meets regularly, Education; Research; Access and Interpretation; and and advises the FREWHS IGC on all cultural Conservation and Landscape. These delivery groups, heritage management issues. This group forms as well as including representatives from appropriate a key link for passing on ‘lessons learned’ from services in the Partner organisations, also include ANTONINE WALL AW WHS COORDINATOR staff from wider stakeholder organisations such as MANAGEMENT PLAN STEERING GROUP Forestry Commission Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage and Scottish Canals, amongst others.

A WHS coordinator ensures effective coordination between the Partners, coordinates and drives

forward implementation, monitoring and revision PLANNING & ACCESS & LEARNING & RESEARCH GROUP of the Management Plan and associated action PROTECTION GROUP INTERPRETATION GROUP EDUCATION GROUP plans/objectives, promotes the OUV and public benefit of the WHS, increases awareness and understanding among Partners, stakeholders and the public, and serves as a central point for advice. Lilia (defensive pits) at Rough Castle.

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Managing The Antonine Wall Planning and the Antonine Wall

THE MANAGEMENT PLAN World Heritage designation does not result in The Antonine Wall Management Plan is a additional direct legal protection. SUMMARY OF RELEVANT LEGISLATION, framework document for the preservation of the Instead, the Antonine Wall is protected through POLICY AND GUIDANCE: OUV of the Antonine Wall. It sets out how the the planning system and designation as a • Our Place in Time – The Historic Environment WHS will be managed by establishing a long-term scheduled monument. Scotland’s Third National Strategy for Scotland (March 2014) vision for the Antonine Wall, identifying a series Planning Framework recognises the value • The Town and Country Planning (Scotland) of key issues and devising specific objectives or of WHS as part of the historic environment. actions to address these issues. The Management Act 1997 as amended by the Planning etc. Scottish Planning Policy requires that planning (Scotland) Act 2006 Plan is usually revised every five years to ensure it authorities protect WHS and their settings from continues to meet the current needs of the WHS. inappropriate development by including relevant • Scottish Planning Policy (2014) It is developed jointly by the Scottish Partners, policies in the Local Development Plan (LDP). • Planning Advice Note 2/2011 Planning with input from the International Partners, other The Historic Environment Policy for Scotland and Archaeology stakeholders, and the public. (HEPS) (2019) sets out a series of principles and • Historic Environment (Amendment) The first Management Plan for the Antonine policies for the recognition, care, and sustainable Scotland Act 2011, which amends three Wall was produced for the nomination in 2007 management of the historic environment. pieces of primary legislation and ran until 2013. The second, produced in A series of Managing Change Guidance Notes – The Historic Buildings and Ancient 2014, will run until 2019. ICOMOS advises that produced by HES summarise Historic Environment Monuments Act 1953; Management Plans for WHS should be based on policies using everyday examples and language. a strategic view over 30 years. The Vision provides – The Ancient Monuments and These are available at www.historicenvironment. Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and the basis to develop long-term aims. These in turn scot/managing-change-guidance-notes and include A Managing Change Guidance Note – World – The Planning (Listed Buildings and Heritage Sites. Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 • Historic Environment Policy for Scotland A VISION FOR THE ANTONINE WALL In addition to protection under planning WORLD HERITAGE SITE (HEPS) (2019) Statue of Silenus from Bar Hill. legislation about two-thirds of the Wall The 30-year vision for the Antonine Wall is as follows: which has remained unaffected by modern • Managing Change in the Historic Environment Guidance Notes, HES The Antonine Wall will be a World Heritage will inform the priorities for the medium term, development is scheduled as a monument Site that is well maintained and sustainably and lead to specific actions and projects. of national importance under the Ancient • Supplementary Planning Guidance for the Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Antonine Wall World Heritage Site, 2012 managed to safeguard its Outstanding The Management Plan sets out six long term aims Universal Value; a property that is established Most works carried out within the boundaries of to guide future decision making for the period the monument require Scheduled Monument as a world-class visitor experience; a catalyst 2014-44, considers some of the key issues for each to connect and transform communities locally, Consent (SMC): the prior written consent of of them and identifies medium term objectives to Scottish Ministers, obtained through HES. nationally and internationally; a focus to realise meet the longer term aims. These medium term the impact of development on the WHS and sustainable benefits economically, socially and objectives will form the core of management of The Scottish AW Partners collaborated to produce its setting. It will be progressively adopted as environmentally for locals and visitors alike; and the FRE: AW WHS for the five year period between and adopt Supplementary Planning Guidance statutory Supplementary Guidance (SG) alongside a resource for inspiring learning and creating 2014 and 2019. (SPG). This SPG provides advice for developers, the emerging LDPs being prepared by the five opportunity for participation and discovery. decision makers and the public on managing local authorities.

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Further Information and Contacts

FRE: Antonine Wall Coordinator – Historic Environment Scotland World Heritage Team E: [email protected] Other FRE: AW documents including the Tel: +44 (0)131 668 8763 2007–12 Management Plan are available from the HES website: KEY LINKS www.historicenvironment.scot/download- The Antonine Wall website: world-heritage-site-information www.antoninewall.org

UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: FRE: AW WHS: whc.unesco.org/en/list/430

FRE: AW WHS on the HES website. Here you can find links to the Management Plan: www.historicenvironment.scot/antonine-wall

The ditch at Rough Castle.

© Historic Environment Scotland Unless otherwise specified, images are © Crown Copyright HES. – Scottish Charity No. SC045925

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