DOCSLIB.ORG

The Antonine Wall World Heritage Site: a Short Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Frontiers Of The Roman Empire: The Antonine Wall World Heritage Site A Short Guide April 2019 NIO M O UN IM D R T IA A L • P • W L O A I R D L D N H O E M R I E TA IN G O E • PATRIM United Nations Frontiers of the Educational, Scientific and Roman Empire Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2005 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019 Contents Introduction This short guide is an introduction to the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Antonine Wall (FRE:AW) World Heritage Site (WHS), its inscription on the World Heritage List, and its management and governance. It is one of a series of Site-specific short guides for each of Scotland’s six WHS. Introduction 1 For information outlining what World Heritage status is and what it means, the responsibilities SHETLAND Antonine Wall: Key Facts 2 and benefits attendant upon achieving World Heritage status, and current approaches The World Heritage Site and Buffer Zone 3 to protection and management see the World Heritage in Scotland short guide. See Further Information and Contacts Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 5 ORKNEY for more information. 1 Kirkwall Managing the Antonine Wall 6 Planning and the Antonine Wall 9 Western Isles Stornoway Further Information and Contacts 10 St kilda 2 Inverness Aberdeen World Heritage Sites in Scotland Perth KEY: 1 Heart of Neolithic Orkney Forth Bridge 6 5 3 2 St Kilda Edinburgh Glasgow 3 FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN 4 EMPIRE: ANTONINE WALL 4 New Lanark 5 Old and New Towns of Edinburgh 6 Forth Bridge Cover image: The Antonine Wall at Bar Hill looking towards Croy Hill. World Heritage in Scotland World Heritage in Scotland 1 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019 The World Heritage Site The Antonine Wall: Key Facts and Buffer Zone • 1987 – Hadrian’s Wall is inscribed on the • Other proposed extensions on the Tentative THE ANTONINE WALL World Heritage List as a cultural WHS. Lists include: Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Antonine Wall runs for 60 km (37 miles; The WHS does not includes those parts Croatian Limes (Croatia); Frontiers of the • 1995 – the World Heritage Committee or 40 Roman miles) across central Scotland, (c. 2 km) which have been destroyed, mainly Roman Empire extension (The Netherlands); from modern Bo’ness on the Firth of Forth to through quarrying and the construction of (WHC) approves an extension to the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: the Danube Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site to include Old Kilpatrick on the Firth of Clyde. The WHS canals, roads and railways, but these sections Limes (Austria); and Frontiers of the Roman has been defined as a 50m wide corridor, which are included in the buffer zone to maintain the the Upper German-Raetian Limes and agrees Empire: Ripa Pannonica (Hungary). that together the sites will be known as includes the main linear elements: the rampart, linear integrity of the monument. The WHS the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World • The Antonine Wall runs through five council ditch and outer mound. This corridor is widened does not include the modern buildings which Heritage Site (FREWHS), and individually as areas. These are: East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, at certain sections to include the Military Way, lie within its boundaries, but does include the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Hadrian’s Wall Glasgow City, North Lanarkshire, and West where it is known. The WHS also includes, either underlying Roman archaeology. and Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Upper Dunbartonshire. within the corridor or as a separate definition, German-Raetian Limes. It is recommended the remains of the 16 surviving forts together that this be seen as the second phase of • These five councils, along with Historic with their accompanying annexes and civil a possible wider transboundary nomination Environment Scotland (HES) are partners settlements and other known external features: to encompass the remains of all the second in the delivery of the Management Plan for nine fortlets, six expansions, two smaller century Roman frontiers. the Antonine Wall. enclosures and part or all of the 16 surviving labour camps in the vicinity of the Wall. • 2008 – the WHC approves the extension to include the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Antonine Wall. Route of the Antonine Wall showing forts and fortlets. Kinneil fortlet. 2 World Heritage in Scotland World Heritage in Scotland 3 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019 The World Heritage Site Statement of Outstanding and Buffer Zone Universal Value THE BUFFER ZONE Each WHS has a Statement of Outstanding The Antonine Wall is one of the significant To protect the important landscape setting of the widely visible in the landscape. It is this relationship Universal Value (SOUV) which provides a clear elements of the Roman Limes present in Europe, Antonine Wall a buffer zone has been designated to with the landscape that is a fundamental part of understanding of the reasons for the Site’s the Middle East and North Africa. It exhibits the north and south of the monument. The buffer what makes the WHS so significant and contributes inscription on the World Heritage List, and of important interchanges of human and cultural zone is designed to comply with UNESCO guidance to how it is experienced, understood and what needs to be managed in order to sustain values at the apogee of the Roman Empire. the OUV for the long term. The SOUV describes that buffer zones should include the immediate appreciated. Criterion (iii): Bear a unique or at least exceptional setting of the inscribed Site, important views, the WHS and its importance, lists the Criteria The buffer zone has been defined as a series of for inscription on the World Heritage List, testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization and other areas or attributes that are functionally which is living or which has disappeared. important as a support to the Site and its areas along the Wall, up to approximately 1–1.5 km explains how the WHS satisfies UNESCO’s protection. It defines an area where development from the Wall to the north and south. These areas requirements for Authenticity and Integrity, The Antonine Wall bears testimony to the proposals require careful consideration by are fragmented by existing settlements, roads and and summarises the management requirements. maximum extension of the power of the Roman developers and decision-makers to determine areas marked for urban expansion. Fourteen zones See the 2014-19 Management Plan for the SOUV Empire, by the consolidation of its frontiers in the whether they are likely to significantly impact the have been described, including small parks or open for FRE: AW WHS. north of the British Isles, in the middle of the 2nd spaces with settlements. In order to maintain a WHS, its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), CRITERIA century AD. The property illustrates the Roman or its Authenticity and Integrity. general constancy of width, and to create a robust Empire’s ambition to dominate the world in planning boundary that can be more strongly To be included on the World Heritage List, Sites order to establish its law and way of life there The Antonine Wall was not constructed in isolation. defended, the buffer zones have been defined must meet at least one out of ten selection criteria, in a long-term perspective. It was deliberately positioned with reference to the as tight areas around the archaeological remains, as explained in UNESCO’s Operational Guidelines for surrounding topography, resources and landscape and boundary features include roads, railways and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Criterion (iv): Be an outstanding example of of central Scotland, notably the southern edge of the Forth and Clyde Canal. The full mapping for the The Criteria under which FRE:AW is inscribed on a type of building or architectural or technological the valley formed by the Rivers Kelvin and Carron WHS and its buffer zone can be found in the 2007 the World Heritage List are: ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) – a position that offered the Wall wide-ranging WHS Nomination Document presented significant stage(s) in human history. views over the Kilsyth Hills, the Campsie Fells, and to UNESCO. Criterion (ii): Exhibit an important interchange Kilpatrick Hills and meant that the Wall itself was of human values, over a span of time or within The Antonine Wall is an outstanding example a cultural area of the world, on developments in of the technological development of Roman architecture or technology, monumental arts, military architecture and frontier defence. town-planning or landscape design. Antonine Wall Map. Bridgeness Slab; © National Museums Scotland. 4 World Heritage in Scotland World Heritage in Scotland 5 A Short Guide April 2019 A Short Guide April 2019 Managing The Antonine Wall Managing The Antonine Wall KEY MANAGEMENT PARTNERS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE As a serial transnational WHS, the Frontiers of the inscribed sections to those on the tentative list Roman Empire World Heritage Site (FREWHS) or considering nomination. presently includes Partners in Scotland, England At an operational level, coordinators and Site DCMS UNESCO WORLD and Germany. The number of international HERITAGE COMMITTEE Partners could grow further in the future as managers (the Hexham Group) meet at least once other countries with sections of the second a year, usually more often, to discuss monitoring century Roman frontier submit nomination issues and share best practice approaches to Site bids to UNESCO. Coordination and delivery of management and presentation. SCOTTISH MINISTERS ENGLISH HERITAGE ICOMOS this complicated international management In Scotland, the Partners responsible for delivering arrangement is undertaken at several levels within the Management Plan for the Antonine Wall are CULTURE & HISTORIC the Partnership, from strategic to operational.
Recommended publications
  • The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

    The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

    Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
  • Antonine Wall - Castlecary Fort

    Antonine Wall - Castlecary Fort

    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC170 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90009) Taken into State care: 1961 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL - CASTLECARY FORT We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH ANTONINE WALL – CASTLECARY FORT BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property is part of the Antonine Wall and contains the remains of a Roman fort and annexe with a stretch of Antonine Wall to the north-east of the fort. The Edinburgh-Glasgow railway cuts across the south section of the fort while modern buildings disturb the north-east corner of the fort and ditch. The Antonine Wall is a linear Roman frontier system of wall and ditch accompanied at stages by forts and fortlets, linked by a road system, stretching for 60km from Bo’ness on the Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde. It is one of only three linear barriers along the 2000km European frontier of the Roman Empire. These systems are unique to Britain and Germany. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Archaeological finds indicate the site was used during the Flavian period (AD 79- 87/88). Antonine Wall construction initiated by Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161) after a successful campaign in AD 139/142 by the Governor of Britain, Lollius Urbicus.
  • A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R

    A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R

    A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R. P. Wright The altar here illustrated (PI. 23a) was found3 in ploughing in the spring of 1963 perhaps within r moro , e likel fore f Westerwoowesth e o ty , th jus of to t tAntonine th n do e Walle Th . precise spot could not be determined, but as the altar was unofficial it is more likely to have lain outsiddragges fortboundare e wa aree th th t I ef .fieldth e o d a o t th f ,y o wherrecognise s wa t ei d two days later by Master James Walker and was transferred to Dollar Park Museum. The altar4 is of buff sandstone, 10 in. wide by 25 in. high by 9£ in. thick, and has a rosette with recessed centr focus e plac n stonei e th severas f Th eo .e ha l plough-score bace d th kan n so right side, and was slightly chipped when being hauled off the field, fortunately without any dam- age to the inscription. Much of the lettering was at first obscured by a dark and apparently ferrous concretion, but after some weeks of slow drying this could be brushed off, leaving a slight reddish staininscriptioe Th . n reads: SILVANIS [ET] | QUADRVIS CA[E]|LESTIB-SACR | VIBIA PACATA | FL-VERECV[ND]I | D LEG-VI-VIC | CUM SVIS | V-S-L-M Silvanis Quadr(i)viset Caelestib(us) sacr(wri) Vibia Pacata Fl(avi) Verecundi (uxor) c(enturionis) leg(ionis) VI Vic(tricis) cum suis v(ptum) s(olvii) l(ibens) m(erito) 'Sacred to the Silvanae Quadriviae Caelestes: Vibia Pacata, wife of Flavius Verecundus, centurion Sixte oth f h Legion Victrix, wit r familhhe y willingl deservedld yan y fulfille r vow.he d ' Dedications expressed to Silvanus in the singular are fairly common in Britain,5 as in other provinces.
  • Antonine Wall Suggested Route

    Antonine Wall Suggested Route

    AntonineHeritage Trail Wall Location of Antonine Wall Suggested Route OLD KILPATRICK FORT DUNTOCHER FORT CLEDDANS FORTLET On the 7th July 2008 the Antonine Should a visitor to West Dunbartonshire Wall was listed as an extension to the today visit Roman Crescent in Old World Heritage Site “The Frontiers Kilpatrick they would be standing at the of the Roman Empire”, by UNESCO, most northern frontier of the Roman joining Hadrian’s Wall and the Limes Empire, as Roman soldiers did over one Germanicus, the Germanic and Raetian thousand eight hundred years ago – an Frontiers, in Germany. The structure was empire which stretched from West named after the Emperor Antoninus Pius Dunbartonshire to present day Egypt and (86AD–161AD) who had ordered the the eastern shores of the Black Sea. reconquest of southern Scotland moving the Roman Frontier north from his predecessor’s frontier of Hadrian’s Wall between the Solway and the Tyne. A Victory Coin depicting the Emperor Antoninus Pius (reigned 138–161AD) © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow 2012 OLD KILPATRICK FORT DUNTOCHER FORT CLEDDANS FORTLET Map Data ©2013 Google The Antonine Wall The Antonine Wall enters West Dunbartonshire from the east near to the farm The Antonine Wall was constructed between named Cleddans, between Drumchapel and the present day settlement of Bo’ness, on Faifley and continues west through Duntocher the Firth of Forth, and Old Kilpartick, on and then down towards Old Kilpatrick the River Clyde, stretching to a length of 39 terminating on the banks of the Clyde close to miles (63 km) with construction beginning Gavinburn School.
  • Some Excavation Along the Line of the Antonine Wall, 1981-85

    Some Excavation Along the Line of the Antonine Wall, 1981-85

    Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1989)9 11 , 143-159 Some excavation along the line of the Antonine Wall, 1981-85 L J F Keppie* and J J Walker with contributions by G B Bailey, D F Devereux, J Frances Murray and J S Wood ABSTRACT The results of 19 excavations and watching briefs are presented, in geographical sequence from variouseast the west, to and improvements knowledgeour to discussed. are OBSERVATIONS INVERAVO1 N7978 (NG95 ) S RN Augusn I pipelines tga 198o 3tw s were laid acros Antonine linth e f sth eo e Wall frontiee th d an r defence adjacenn a f so t temporary camm0 eas30 pInveravof c to n Farm trence receivo t .Th g hdu e pipeo acrost tw scu e Wal e cam th d north-west/south-eassa th lan n po parallet alignmentse s wa l d an , to (and 11 m west of) an existing pipeline laid in 1976 (report by Mrs Lorna Main in Keppie 1976, 61). Excavation in advance of the laying of the new pipes and a watching-brief during pipelaying operations faile deteco dt stonewory an t k belongin rampare th o gt t base itself, except tha thia t n skif no slipped turfwor detectes pointe kwa on t da . However, bot ditche lipth f hso were locate e sidee th th f so n d i pipe-trench, showing a width of c 7-5 m. This corresponds to the width obtained in the nearby pipe-trench in 19761. The line now plotted is c 6 m south of that shown on current Ordnance Survey maps.
  • The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier Teachers' Resource Pack

    The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier Teachers' Resource Pack

    The Antonine Wall: Rome’s Final Frontier Teachers’ Resource Pack Compiled by Grace Hepworth, MSC Museum Studies, 2012 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 About this pack ........................................................................................................................... 3 Curriculum for Excellence ............................................................................................................ 4 What to expect at the museum .................................................................................................. 6 Pre-visit discussion points ...................................................................................... 7 Visit activities ......................................................................................................... 9 Teacher-led tour ......................................................................................................................... 9 Worksheets ............................................................................................................................... 24 Supplementary worksheet ........................................................................................................ 31 Post-visit activities ............................................................................................... 33 Useful Online Resources ...................................................................................... 40 Suggested
  • Roman Roads of Britain

    Roman Roads of Britain

    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
  • Ravennas and the Antonine Wall Mannjc *

    Ravennas and the Antonine Wall Mannjc *

    Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 122 (1992), 189-195 Ravennas and the Antonine Wall MannJC * ABSTRACT The so-called Ravenna Cosmographer, in his description of Britain, has a very accurate section on Hadrian's Wall, providing an acceptable list of the forts, with their names, in the correct order. This manifestly is case the with not purported his Antoninethe the list for is it Wall,and object of this paper searchto possiblefor reasons this.for INTRODUCTION RAVENNE TH : A COSMOGRAPHE HADRIAN'D RAN S WALL assessinn I informatioe gth n tha Ravenne tth a Cosmographer provide Antonine th r sfo e Wall, s instructivii t looo et kinformatioe th firs t a t n whic suppliee hh r Hadrian'sfo s Wall t mighI . e b t expected tha informatioe tth Antonine th r nfo e Wall woul f comparablo e db e value. Cosmographee Th r list sfort e mos th f Hadrian' o sf o t s Wall maie Th . n sequence appeara n si section in which he is consciously listing a connected list of sites (which he calls civitates) stretching acros countrye sth , even thoug doee ht specificallh sno y describ sitee eth lyins sa g along a Wall (unlike the Notitia Dignitatum, which in a similar situation uses the words per lineam Valli). The Cosmographer states: iterum sunt civitates in ipsa Britania qu(a)e redo tramite de una pane in alia, id est de oceano in oceano esistunt, hac dividunt in tercia porcione ipsam Britaniam, id est. (There are also places in Britain itself, which stand in a direct line from one part to the other, tha fros i t m ocea oceano nt dividd thira an , f edof par Britainf o t : these are.) .
  • The Bridgeness Distance Slab

    The Bridgeness Distance Slab

    SHORTER NOTES | 519 Bridgenese Th s distance slab Joanna Close-Brooks* The Roman distance slab from Bridgeness at the eastern end of the Antonine Wall, found in 1868 bees ,ha n repeatedly published recentls ha d yan , been discusse detaidn i Phillipy lb s (1974) and Keppie (1979). The slab has been displayed in the National Museum since its discovery. In the winter of 1979/80 it was taken down from the wall of the Roman gallery and cleaned and e Museum'repaire th e stafl f th o f y b d s Conservation Laboratory unde e directioth r f Miso n s Mary MacQueen preparation i display, w ne a r . nfo Washin accumulatee gth d dusgrimd an t e frostone frone th m th f e o t revealed faint traces of red paint in parts of the carving, traces which now appear pink, and which showed up most clearly whe stone wetpainns traced th e confinere e wa .Th f tar s o specifido t c areas particulan i , r letterine incisee th th o t d dgan grooves definin pelte gth a ornamen eitheo tt inscriptione r sidth f eo . left-hane th n I d panel paind beheadere , e nece tth see e th tracef kb o n nn o e dsca th Britot a d nan s severehi bas f o ed head alsd an o, curiousl groove th n i ye formin divisioe gth n betweee th n bottom horseman' e edgth f eo horseright-hans e bace shi th cloath f n ko I .d kan d pane paind lre t seee b nsoldiecloae n e onlth th ca f kn o y o r farthes righe th to tt agains aedicula,e pillae th tth f ro and in this case the entire cloak appears to have been painted red.
  • Antonine Wall World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area

    Antonine Wall World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area

    Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire The Antonine Wal l The Antonine Wall World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area Getting There Supported by Get your copy of the Falkirk Green Travel Map at www.falkirk.gov.uk/services or call 01324 504977 A NE FOR A' By Foot: If you live nearby. By Rail: Nearest train stations are at Camelon, Falkirk Grahamston, Falkirk High or Polmont. 9 0 0 2 . By Bus: For further information on bus l i c n times, No’s, routes etc. call the Transport u o Helpline on 01324 504724. C k r i k l a F , By Car: See location maps. s e c i v r e Thank you S d o To the many organisations, local o h r u individuals and landowners for their o b h co-operation and support. g i e N d easy to use n Further information a e t a www.antoninewall.org r o p r www.csft.org.uk o map and six C , t i www.falkirk.gov.uk n suggested locations U s n l www.falkirkonline.net i o c i t n a u www.historic-scotland.gov.uk c i o n something for C u k r www.kinneil.org.uk m i k m l everyone o a F www.srps.org.uk C y y b b www.thefalkirkwheel.co.uk d d e e c n u g www.visitscotland.com i d s o e r P D Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall The Antonine Wall Facts World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area Frontiers of the Roman Empire The Antonine Wall has been placed on the World Heritage List, inscribed by UNESCO in 2008, for its value to all humanity.
  • The Scottish Campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211

    The Scottish Campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211

    The Scottish campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211 A reassessment of the evidence Author : L.J.J. Kieboom The Scottish campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211 A reassessment of the evidence Name author: L.J.J. Kieboom Student number: s1424904 Course: Bachelorthesis Name supervisor: Dr. J. de Bruin Specialisation: Archaeology of Europe University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 15-06-2017, Final version Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 5 1.1 The aim of the research 5 1.2 Research approaches and questions 6 1.3 Chapter layout 7 Chapter 2: Background information 8 2.1 Iron Age Scotland 8 2.2 Roman military 11 2.2.1 Organisation 11 2.2.2 The Roman army on march 12 2.3 Roman military campaigns into Scotland prior to Severan campaigns 17 Chapter 3: Historical sources and consensus of the Severan campaigns 19 3.1 Roman sources regarding the reign of Severus 19 3.2 Septimius Severus 22 3.2.1 Personal life 22 3.2.2 Personal involvements with Britain 24 3.3 Historical accounts of the Severan campaigns 29 3.3.1 Third century histories: Dio and Herodian 29 3.3.2 Fourth century histories: Eutropius and the Historia Augusta 34 3.4 Current image of the Severan campaigns 35 Chapter 4: Archaeological evidence for the Severan campaigns 38 4.1 Scotland 38 4.1.1 Forts 40 4.1.2 Camps 43 4.1.3 Miscellaneous evidence 47 4.2 Outside Scotland 50 4.2.1 Hadrian’s Wall 50 4.2.2 Outposts at High Rochester and Risingham 53 Chapter 5: Synthesis and discussion 55 5.1 Preparations (Pre-208 CE) 55 5.2 The campaigns (208-210 CE) 58 5.3 Aftermath of the campaigns (post-211 CE) 63 Chapter 6: Conclusions 64 3 Summary 66 Samenvatting 67 References 68 List of figures and tables 74 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The aim of the research When discussing the Roman military presence in modern day Scotland, the campaigns of governor and generalGnaeus JuliusAgricola between 79/80-83/84 usually get the most attention from both scholars and the general public.
  • 2020 Visit Falkirk Area Guide

    2020 Visit Falkirk Area Guide

    visit falkirk Sponsored by visitfalkirk.com Welcome to Falkirk, Scotland! The Falkirk area sits at the very heart of Scotland, midway between Edinburgh and Glasgow with excellent motorway and rail links and two international airports close by. Falkirk is home to two of the world’s Heritage most unique attractions which are The Falkirk area is rich in history, with World transforming the Scottish landscape: Heritage UNESCO site the Antonine Wall, • The Falkirk Wheel including Rough Castle, one of the best preserved Roman Forts; baronial mansion • The Helix Park ‘Home of the Kelpies’ 5 star Callendar House, home to a working The Falkirk area is also home to a great Georgian Kitchen; the Falkirk Trinity Church range of further attractions including; & the Faw Kirk Graveyard including the Tomb the historic Callendar House and Park, of Sir John de Graeme (William Wallace’s right a large section of the John Muir Way, hand man); The Steeple; Dunmore Pineapple; the Antonine Wall (a UNESCO World Kinneil House and Museum featuring Heritage Site), Bo’ness & Kinneil excellent examples of renaissance art; The Hippodrome in Bo’ness; 4 star Bo’ness & Railway, Blackness Castle, Museum of Kinneil Railway a working steam railway Scottish Railways, Kinneil House and including Scotland’s largest Railway museum; Museum and much much more. and the ship that never sailed Blackness Why not Visit Falkirk today? Castle. Immerse yourself in 2000 years of heritage. Further details on the Falkirk area and attractions can be found in this leafet, at www.visitfalkirk.com or you can follow us on Facebook, Twitter @Vfalkirk, Instagram and YouTube.