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Diet of the Striped Snouted Treefrog Scinax Squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae) in Southern Brazil

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Diet of the Striped Snouted Treefrog Scinax Squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae) in Southern Brazil Herpetology Notes, volume 8: 157-160 (2015) (published online on 10 April 2015) Diet of the striped snouted treefrog Scinax squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae) in southern Brazil Rebecca N. Kittel1,* and Mirco Solé2 Abstract. The diet of 54 specimens of the striped snouted frog Scinax squalirostris (Lutz, 1925) from southern Brazil was examined by flushing of stomach contents. We found 35 prey items and recorded their frequency of occurrence and percent of diet. About half of the prey items in the diet consisted of insects (54%), and within Insecta, Diptera (32%) was the major order represented. In addition to insects, S. squalirostris fed on Arachnida (37%), Gastropoda (6%), and Clitellata (3%). Key Word. Brazil; stomach flushing; Scinax; stomach contents. Introduction of anurans will help to understand its feeding ecology (Duellman & Trueb 1994; Teixeira & Vrcibradic 2003), The diet of anurans is generally influenced by but also the life history of the anurans. It can help to morphological traits, such as body size or size of identify environmental conditions and therefore habitat mouth (Biavati et al. 2004), physiological factors, such alterations as well as conservation strategies (Batista et as energy demand (Grayson et al. 2005), and by the al. 2011). availability of food resources in the environment (Lopez Tree frogs (Hylidae) are widely distributed all over et al. 2009), but also by environmental changes (Solé the world, except for the Arctic and Antarctic regions. et al. 2009), seasonality (Maragno 2011), and hunting The subtropical northeast of Rio Grande do Sul, the strategy (Maneyro & da Rosa 2004). For example, it has Araucarian Plateau, has been considered an anuran been shown that larger individuals consume larger prey hotspot (Kwet 2001), and thus a perfect locality for in larger quantities (Biavati et al. 2004; Sanabria et al. studies on frog ecology (Solé & Pelz 2007; Dietl et al. 2005; Lopez et al. 2009). 2009). The majority of amphibians are generalist invertebrate predators (Rodrigues et al. 2004; Lopez et al. 2009). Material and Methods However, some taxa (e.g., Dendrobatidae) are specialised on a specific type of prey (Biavati et al. 2004; Wells Study site 2007). As a result, amphibians play an important role The study was carried out in the Center for Research in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by controlling and Conservation of Nature Pró-Mata (-29.466667, - populations of many organisms (Peltzer & Lajmanovich 50.166667; 900 m as.l.) of the São Francisco de Paula 1999; Toledo et al. 2007; Wells 2007). Knowing the diet District in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Anurans were collected near a temporary pond surrounded by Campo and a permanent pond surrounded by forest. Approximate pond sizes varied depending on seasonality between 10 m2 and 100 m2. 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Sampling 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Within one hour of collection between February and Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil April 2005, the frogs were brought to the lab where * Corresponding author email: [email protected] the snout-vent length (SVL) was measured, all frogs 1 Table 1. Diet of the 22 specimens of S. squalirostris with stomach content. N gives the 158 2 number of prey items found in total and as a percentage, where some frogsRebecca hold multiple N. Kittel & Mirco Solé 3 items. F states the number of frogs containing these prey items (frequency of prey items Table 1. Diet of the4 22 found)specimens in total of S.and squalirostris as a percentage. with IRI stomach shows content.the Index N of gives Relative the numberImportance, of prey important items found in total and as a percentage, where some frogs hold multiple items. F states the number of frogs containing these prey items (frequency of prey 5 prey items are in bold. items found) in total and as a percentage. IRI shows the Index of Relative Importance, important prey items are in bold. 6 Prey N N (%) F F (%) Vol Vol (%) IRI Annelida: Clitellata 1 2.86 1 3.33 - - - Arachnida: Araneae 13 37.14 10 33.33 0.92 12.74 27.74 Hexapoda: Insecta - - - Blattodea 1 2.86 1 3.33 1.36 18.84 8.34 Coleoptera 3 8.57 3 10.00 0.41 5.68 8.08 Collembola 2 5.71 2 6.67 0.2 2.77 5.05 Diptera 6 17.14 5 16.67 1.74 24.10 19.30 Heteroptera 1 2.86 1 3.33 - - - Homoptera 2 5.71 2 6.67 2.4 33.24 15.21 Hymenoptera 1 2.86 1 3.33 0.18 2.49 2.89 Lepidoptera (caterpillar) 1 2.86 1 3.33 - - - Orthoptera 1 2.86 1 3.33 - - - Plecoptera 1 2.86 1 3.33 0.01 0.14 2.11 Mollusca: Gastropoda 2 5.71 1 3.33 - - - total 35 100.00 30 100.00 7.22 100.00 7 8 9 10 11 weighed, and their stomachs flushed without harming nMDS them (Solé et 12al. 2005). The stomach contents were Diet overlap among Scinax species was analysed preserved in 70%13 ethanol. After these procedures, the using an Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) frogs were released where they were captured. Stomach approach as implemented in the package “vegan” in R contents were identified under a stereomicroscope. (R Development Core Team 2008; Oksanen et al. 2015). The amount of possible distortion (fit between rank Analyses order and predicted dissimilarities) in a plot is measured The volume of prey items were calculated using the by stress. Lower stress values (<0.2) indicate that the following formula for ellipsoid bodies (Griffiths & nMDS plot is a good representation of dissimilarities Mylotte 1987): (Quinn & Keough 2002). We used a Bray-Curtis ordination to quantify the degree of stress. Results - 1 - where l represents the length of prey items and w the During the study 54 specimens were captured, with width. If only indigestible or incompletely digested snout to vent length (SVL) measurements ranging from body parts remained, we used a regression formula 22.4 to 28.2 mm, the body weight varied from 0.5 to (Hirai & Matsui 2001) to estimate the original prey 1.15 g. Although the flushing of the frog’s stomachs size. The index of relative importance was calculated happened quickly after the capture, 12 frogs (22%) had for each prey category in the diet (Biavati et al. 2004) a completely empty stomach and 20 frogs (37%) had with the formula: various plant materials in the stomachs, but no animal prey. The remaining 22 frogs (40%) had 35 prey items in total in their stomachs, comprising Insecta (54.3%), Arachnida (37.1%), Mollusca (5.7%), or Annelida (2.9%), percent among all prey items. The Insecta were where F% is the frequency of occurrence, N% the represented by 10 orders (see Tab 1), and within the numeric percentage, and V% the volumetric Insecta, the numerical percentages were as following: percentage. Diptera (32%), Coleoptera (16%), Collembola (11%), Diet of the striped snouted treefrog in southern Brazil 159 dominated by Araneae and Blattodea (Solé & Pelz 2007) (see Fig.2). Interestingly S. argyreornatus had a completely different prey spectrum. The dominant prey were ants (Formicidae), followed by Isopoda (Teixeira & Roeder 2007). This is interesting, because Formicidae form a part or the majority of diets of other anuran species, not restricted just to leaf litter frogs (Vitt & Caldwell 1994; Caldwell 1996; Hirai & Matsui 1999, 2001; Dietl et al. 2009). Lastly, the diet of S. squalirostris is very similar to another treefrog species Dendropsophus minutus (Solé & Pelz 2007), which has a prey content of 24% of all studied specimens. Dendropsophus minutus Figure 1. Relationship between weight of S. squalirostris specimens with stomach conetent and the volume of animal feeds mostly on Araneae, Diptera, and Homoptera and prey. the similar prey preferences might be due to the size and habitat preference. Based on the prey found in the stomachs and the ecological prey guilds as defined by Teixeira and Roedder (Teixeira & Roedder 2007), S. squalirostris appears to be an active hunter, consuming actively flying animal prey. This finding, however, Homoptera (11%), Blattodea (5%), Heteroptera (5%), needs to be verified by further investigations of the prey Hymenoptera (5%), Lepidoptera (5%), Orthoptera availability (Maneyro & da Rosa 2004). A long spawning (5%), and Plecoptera (5%). We calculated the relative period in anurans results in regular feeding events (Solé importance of all taxa and the top prey items were & Pelz 2007). Kwet (2001) indicates that the spawning Arachnida, Diptera, and Homoptera. The average prey of S. squalirostris takes place from September to April, volume increased with individual body weight (Fig. 1). The nMDS analysis shows a stress value of 0.08. Discussion Two previous studies have examined the stomach content of three Scinax species, S. argyreornatus, S. granulatus, and S. perereca (Solé & Pelz 2007; Teixeira & Roedder 2007). The percentage of frogs with prey in their stomachs in this study (40%) is similar to that of previous studies; S. granulatus 36% and S. perereca 34%, however, S. argyreornatus had 83%. Although the amount of prey items in this study of the diet of S. squalirostris appears to be low with 35 prey items found in 22 stomachs containing prey items, it appears to be an average amount compared to 30 prey items found in S. granulatus, and 32 prey items found in S. perereca (Solé & Pelz 2007). In general the diet seems to be similar among the species, except for S. argyreornatus which’s stomach content differed much (Teixeira & Roeder 2007) (see Fig.2).
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