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Visible Light Measurements on the COMPASS Tokamak

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Visible Light Measurements on the COMPASS Tokamak Visible light measurements on the COMPASS tokamak by Olivier Van Hoey Faculty of Engineering Department of Applied Physics Head of the department: Prof. Dr. Ir. C. Leys Visible light measurements on the COMPASS tokamak by Olivier Van Hoey Promoter: Prof. Dr. Ir. G. Van Oost Copromoter: D. Naydenkova The research reported in this thesis was performed at the Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic Thesis submitted in order to obtain the degree of Master of Physics and Astronomy, option: Research Academic year 2009-2010 The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!', but 'That's funny...' - Isaac Asimov. Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world - Archimedes Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood - Marie Curie No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong - Albert Einstein The science of today is the technology of tomorrow - Edward Teller Allowance to loan The author gives permission to make this thesis available for consultation and to copy parts of the thesis for personal use. Any other use is limited by the restrictions of copy- right, in particular with regard to the obligation to mention the source explicitly when citing results from this thesis. Olivier Van Hoey May 20, 2010 i Acknowledgment The achievement of this thesis was not possible without the help and support of a lot of people. I would like to thank everyone who contributed to the realization of this thesis. The time I spent working on the project was very instructive and most of it even pleasant. I learned a lot about plasma physics, spectroscopy, tokamaks and fusion research. Furthermore, I met nice people from different places in the world and I learned a lot about Czech culture and habits. First of all, many thanks go to Prof. Guido Van Oost. He gave me the idea for the subject of my thesis and made it possible for me to go to Prague for performing this work. I could always go to him if I had any questions or problems concerning the project. I would also like to thank Diana Naydenkova. She was my mentor during the two months I stayed at the Institute of Plasma Physics in Prague. Due to her help I acquired a lot of knowledge. She guided me through the project and was always there if I had questions or problems. She was a very nice person to work with. Further, I also pay tribute to a lot of other people at the Institute of Plasma Physics. The institute provided me a comfortable office and a very nice flat. Many thanks go to Dr. Jan St¨ockel. He gave me some very good ideas for my project and his comments concerning my work were very helpful. Also Dr. Vladimir Weinzettl deserves special thanks. He solved a lot of problems, especially concerning the access to the data server. Of course I also want to thank the rest of the tokamak team of the Institute of Plasma Physics. In a project like this, good results can only be obtained by the cooperation of all team members. The tokamak department at the Institute of Plasma Physics was a very pleasant environment to work in. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank family and friends. They always supported me and showed a lot of interest in my work. Special thanks goes to my parents and my girlfriend Lisanne. My parents always encouraged me in my studies and made it possible for me to go to university. My girlfriend was there for me if things did not go as I desired or when I was stressed. She always succeeded to keep me motivated. ii Metingen van het zichtbare licht aan de COMPASS tokamak door Olivier Van Hoey Afstudeerwerk ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de Fysica en Sterrenkunde, optie: onderzoek Academiejaar 2009-2010 Universiteit Gent Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. G. Van Oost Copromotor: D. Naydenkova Samenvatting De komende decennia zal de vraag naar energie onvermijdelijk alleen maar toenemen. Vandaag de dag wordt het merendeel van onze energie gewonnen uit fossiele brandstoffen. De voorraad van deze waardevolle grondstoffen slinkt echter zienderogen. Bovendien gaat het verbranden van fossiele brandstoffen steeds gepaard met de uitstoot van CO2. Fossiele verbranding moet dus zo snel mogelijk vervangen worden door een alternatieve vorm van energieproductie. Kernfusie is een veelbelovende kandidaat-opvolger. Er is geen uitstoot van broeikasgassen, de fusiebrandstoffen zijn vrijwel onuitputbaar, ongevallen zoals in Tsjernobyl zijn uitgesloten en er is enkel kortlevend nucleair afval. Jammer genoeg is men er echter nog altijd niet in geslaagd om netto energie te winnen uit het fusieproces. Er zijn nog een aantal moeilijke hindernissen die moeten overwonnen worden. De meeste vooruitgang werd reeds geboekt in het tokamakonderzoek. In een tokamak wordt het hete fusieplasma opgesloten met behulp van sterke magneetvelden. Met het International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project wil men aantonen dat het in een tokamak uiteindelijk toch mogelijk zal zijn op een commerci¨elemanier energie te produceren met kernfusie. E´envan de belangrijkste problemen waar men nog mee te kampen heeft, is de interactie tussen de hete fusiebrandstof en de binnenste reactormate- rialen. Daarom wordt er tegenwoordig over heel de wereld veel onderzoek verricht in deze context. In 2007 werd de COMPASS tokamak van het UKAEA Culham Science Center (GB) opnieuw ge¨ınstalleerdin het Institute of Plasma Physics van de Academy of Science in Praag (Tsjechi¨e). COMPASS is de kleinste divertormachine met een duidelijke H-mode en parameters die uiterst relevant zijn voor ITER. De tokamak is zeer flexibel en kosten- effici¨ent. Daarom heeft COMPASS heel wat onderzoekspotentiaal. Het project in het iii Institute of Plasma Physics is echter nog jong. Er zijn nog maar een beperkt aantal diag- nostieken beschikbaar. Bovendien werken het data acquisition system, het shape control system en het plasma position control system nog niet zoals het hoort. Daarom is men nu vooral bezig met het op punt stellen van die systemen en het optimaliseren van de ontladingen. Het geplande wetenschappelijk programma van het tokamakdepartement in Praag is o.a. gefocust op plasma-wandinteractie. De studie van het zichtbare licht uitge- zonden door het waterstofplasma in de COMPASS tokamak is zeer nuttig in deze context. Tijdens dit project werden gedurende 2 maanden de eigenschappen van de ontladingen in COMPASS bestudeerd. De nadruk lag op de studie van het zichtbare licht. Hiertoe werden de Ocean Optics HR 2000+ spectrometer en verschillende photomultiplier tubes (eventueel met interferentiefilters) gebruikt. Mijn eerste verblijf aan het Institute of Plasma Physics was van 06/07/2009 tot 06/08/2009. Eerst werden de HR 2000+ spectra bestudeerd. Vrijwel alle spectra werden ge¨ıntegreerd over de volledige duur van de ontladingen. Het merendeel van de ontladingen is momenteel namelijk te kort en de spectrometer is niet gevoelig genoeg om meerdere spectra op te nemen tijdens ´e´enontlading. Spectra in COMPASS worden duidelijk ge- domineerd door lijnstraling. De Hα en Hβ lijnen van waterstof zijn meestal de helderste lijnen. Men observeert ook vaak lijnen van koolstof en helium. De koolstof is afkomstig van de binnenste reactormaterialen en kan via allerlei plasma-wandinteracties in het plasma terecht komen. De helium is een overblijfsel van het kuisen van de reactor met een helium glow discharge. In ontladingen met heel sterke plasma-wandinteractie of disrupties duiken veel meer lijnen op. Naast waterstof-, helium- en koolstoflijnen zijn er dan ook andere lijnen zichtbaar. Wolfraam kan bijvoorbeeld in het plasma terechtkomen door het sput- teren van de wolfraamprobes in de divertorplaten. In COMPASS worden de breedtes van de lijnen gedomineerd door instrumentele- en Dopplerverbreding. Door het bepalen van de instrumentele breedte met behulp van een calibratiebron is het dan theoretisch gezien mogelijk om de ionentemperatuur te berekenen op basis van de experimenteel gemeten breedte. Het werd echter aangetoond dat de resolutie van de HR 2000+ niet volstaat om de vrij lage ionentemperaturen in COMPASS met een aanvaardbare precisie te bepalen. Door de beperkte resolutie was het ook niet mogelijk om het profiel van de Hα-lijn grondig te bestuderen. Het belangrijkste werk tijdens mijn eerste verblijf in Praag was de studie van de ontladingsparameters in navolging van [1]. De parameters die bestudeerd werden zijn de stroom door de centrale winding, de kringspanning, de plasmastroom, de inten- siteit van de harde X-straling, de intensiteit van de zichtbare straling, de intensiteit van de Hα-lijn, de druk, de duur van de ontlading en het zichtbare spectrum. Het doel van de studie was te bekijken onder welke condities de ontladingen in COMPASS optimaal zijn. De belangrijkste conclusie was dat lange ontladingen en hoge plasmastromen op dit moment in COMPASS enkel mogelijk zijn als de druk in het interval 43 - 93 · 10−6 mbar ligt. In dit gebied konden 3 types ontladingen worden onderscheiden met significant ver- schillende eigenschappen. Voor hogere drukken waren alle ontladingen zeer gelijkaardig. Enkel korte ontladingen werden geobserveerd. Voor lagere drukken kon niet onmiddellijk een conclusie getrokken worden vanwege te weinig data. Jammer genoeg zijn zelfs de lange ontladingen in het intermediaire drukgebied nog niet lang genoeg. Bovendien treden er ook vaak disrupties en sterke plasma-wandinteracties op. De ontladingen in COMPASS zijn nog niet helemaal geoptimaliseerd. Een aantal idee¨enom te eigenschappen van de ontladingen in de toekomst te verbeteren zijn iv • toro¨ıdaalmagneetveld opdrijven tot zijn maximale waarde • het feedback systeem voor de controle van de positie van het plasma in orde brengen • optimaliseren van de stroomprofielen voor de verschillende spoelen • betere conditionering van de vacu¨umkamer • langere baking en glow discharge cleaning • sterkere pre¨ıonisatie Mijn tweede verblijf aan het Insitute of Plasma Physics was van 24/02/2010 tot 24/03/2010.
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