Tomadores Humanos De Decisión Plan Colombia: Una Estratégica Política Exterior De Estados Unidos

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Tomadores Humanos De Decisión Plan Colombia: Una Estratégica Política Exterior De Estados Unidos Tomadores humanos de decisión Plan Colombia: una estratégica política exterior de Estados Unidos María Catalina Monroy Hernández Bogotá, Colombia Monroy Hernández, María Catalina dŽŵĂĚŽƌĞƐ ŚƵŵĂŶŽƐ ĚĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝſŶ WůĂŶ ŽůŽŵďŝĂ͗ ƵŶĂ ĞƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĐĂ ƉŽůşƟĐĂ ĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌ ĚĞ ƐƚĂĚŽƐ Unidos / María Catalina Monroy Hernández – Bogotá: Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 2014. 380 p. ISBN: 978-958-8745-74-9 ϭ͘ K>KD/ Ͳ Z>/KE^ ydZ/KZ^ Ͳ ^dK^ hE/K^ Ϯ͘ ^dK^ hE/K^ Ͳ Z>/KE^ ydZ/KZ^ Ͳ K>KD/ ϯ͘ ^dK^ hE/K^ ʹ WK>1d/ ydZ/KZ ϰ͘ KKWZ/ME /EdZE/KE>ʹK>KD/ϱ͘W>EK>KD/ 327.861073 ed. 21 Tomadores humanos de decisión Plan Colombia: una estratégica política exterior de Estados Unidos ISBN: 978-958-8745-74-9 (rústica) ISBN: 978-958-8745-75-6 (.pdf) © María Catalina Monroy Hernández Universidad Sergio Arboleda Escuela de Política y Relaciones Internacionales Edición: febrero de 2014 Queda prohibida toda reproducción por cualquier medio sin previa autorización escrita del editor. El contenido del libro no representa la opinión de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda y es responsabilidad del autor. Edición: Yadira Caballero Quintero y Carlos Andrés Caho Rodríguez Calle 74 No. 14-14 Teléfono: (571) 325 7500 ext. 2131/2260 www.usergioarboleda.edu.co Bogotá, D.C. ,QZMK\WZILM8]JTQKIKQWVM[+QMV\yÅKI[" Yadira Caballero Quintero [email protected] Director del Fondo de Publicaciones: Jaime Arturo Barahona Caicedo [email protected] Diseño y diagramación: Maruja Esther Flórez Jiménez Impresión: Digiprint Bogotá, D.C. A mi familia, mi fuente de inspiración; Jesús Monroy, Alcira 0MZVnVLMb5IZKMTI5WVZWaa5]\T]3WKI/ZIKQI[XWZQVÆ]QZ en mi proceso de toma de decisiones. Ustedes son la fuerza que me permite “extender las alas y volar”. A mi esposo y mejor amigo, Juan Pablo Vallejo. -[\MTQJZWZMÆMRI\WLW[]IUWZaIa]LIQVKWVLQKQWVIT A José Martín Hernández. Su ejemplo, sapiencia y simpatía, perdurarán en mí para siempre. Deseo agradecer a mis profesores Martha Ardila, Javier Torres y Stephen Launay. Sus enseñanzas enaltecen la academia colombiana. To my mentor and friend, Valerie Hudson, mother of FPA-human decision making theory. May your thoughts continue to inspire the love of learning. CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................... 19 PREFACIO ........................................................................... 31 REALISMO NEOCLÁSICO PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE UNA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR .......................................................36 FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS ..........................................................38 I. Primera Parte ACONTECIMIENTOS HISTÓRICOS QUE ANTECEDIERON LA FORMULACIÓN DEL PLAN COLOMBIA ............................... 41 Capítulo 1. ACONTECIMIENTOS HISTÓRICOS DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE ESTADOS UNIDOS HACIA COLOMBIA ANTES DEL PLAN COLOMBIA, 1998 .......................................... 43 Política exterior de Estados Unidos ...............................................50 Factor agencial.........................................................................50 Análisis histórico de la política exterior de Estados Unidos. Modelo the raft. ........................................................................52 Evolución de la política exterior de seguridad de Estados Unidos hacia Colombia ...............................................................56 Período colonial y pérdida de Panamá. ..................................57 Colombia y Estados Unidos: orígenes de la alianza. ...................58 Expansionismo. ....................................................................62 Colombia pierde Panamá . .......................................................64 Período de guerras: 1917-1945. ...............................................68 Guerra Fría y amenaza comunista. ........................................74 El problema de las drogas como amenaza a la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos .........................................................79 “Guerra contra las drogas” y la consecuente militarización de la misma. ............................................................................79 “Guerra contra las drogas” en Colombia y la cooperación con Estados Unidos. Inicio. Período 1970-1994. ...................83 “Guerra contra las drogas” en Colombia. Período 1994-1998. Colombia, ¿Estado fallido?...................................89 Inicios del Gobierno Clinton y su relación con el Gobierno Samper. ................................................................................89 Conclusión ...................................................................................96 5 MARÍA C ATALINA M ONROY H ERNÁNDEZ II. Segunda Parte MARCO TEÓRICO: FACTORES ESTRUCTURAL Y HUMANO PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE UNA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR ............................................................................. 101 Capítulo 1. REALISMO NEOCLÁSICO PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE UNA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR .............. 103 Realismo neoclásico y análisis de política exterior .......................................................106 Teoría de política internacional vs. Teoría de política exterior. .............................. 108 ,MÅVQKQ~VLM\MWZyI ................................................................................................108 Teoría de política internacional vs. Teoría de política exterior. .............................. 110 Realismo neoclásico y teoría de política exterior. ....................................................114 Poder y balance de poder ..............................................................................................116 Balance de poder. .................................................................................................... 118 Balance de poder en el realismo neoclásico. ........................................................... 119 Foreign policy executive ....................................................................................................... 123 Realismo neoclásico y foreign policy executive. .............................................................. 123 Alcances y aplicación de la teoría ................................................................................ 128 Conclusión .................................................................................................................... 129 Capítulo 2. MODELO DE ANÁLISIS DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR (FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS ) ..... 133 Políticas públicas y política exterior .............................................................................. 136 La política exterior no es una política pública. ...................................................... 137 La política exterior sí es una política pública. ......................................................... 137 Distintos espectros de análisis entre política pública y política exterior. ................. 138 “Juego de doble nivel” (two level game) de la política pública a la política exterior. ......139 Modelo de foreign policy analysis y foreign policy decision making ..........................................142 Origen de la subdisciplina. ......................................................................................144 Estado como actor social. ........................................................................................145 Foreign policy decision making. ....................................................................................... 146 .IK\WZM[Y]MQVÆ]aMVMVMTXZWKM[WLM\WUILMLMKQ[QWVM[ ....................................149 Niveles de análisis propuestos por el foreign policy analysis ...............................................151 Dinámica de grupo para la toma de decisiones. ..................................................... 153 Proceso organizacional. ...........................................................................................154 Política burocrática. .................................................................................................156 Política burocrática como la suma de acciones racionales . ............................................. 157 La política burocrática a través del estudio de Halperin y Clapp . ...................................160 La política burocrática como proceso de toma de decisión en política exterior, incluye el aporte de los intereses particulares y organizacionales . ................................................161 Proceso cognitivo para el análisis del desarrollo de toma de decisión en política exterior. ..................................................................................................162 Modelo “poliheurístico” para la toma de decisiones . ..................................................... 163 Aproximación psicológica como alternativa a la acción racional. .........................164 Aspectos psicológicos .................................................................................................... 167 Motivación. ............................................................................................................ 168 6 Tomadores humanos de decisión Plan Colombia: una estratégica política exterior de Estados Unidos Factores económicos. ...............................................................................................169 Factores políticos. ................................................................................................... 169 Factores militares . ..................................................................................................169 Factores personales. .................................................................................................169 Percepción.
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