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APPENDIX E Cultural Resources

CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE RHODES LAKE ROAD CORRIDOR STUDY PIERCE COUNTY, WASHINGTON

BY JENNIFER CHAMBERS

GLENN D. HARTMANN, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

SUBMITTED TO: PARAMETRIX, INC. P.O. BOX 460 SUMNER, WASHINGTON 98390-1516

WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. 8001 DAY ROAD WEST, SUITE B BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110

TECHNICAL REPORT #272

August 28, 2006

CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE RHODES LAKE ROAD CORRIDOR STUDY PIERCE COUNTY, WASHINGTON

WESTERN SHORE HERITAGE SERVICES, INC. TECHNICAL REPORT #272

Author: Jennifer Chambers Date: August 28, 2006 Location: Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington USGS Quad: Sumner, WA (1993) and Orting, WA (1994) 7.5’ T, R, S: Township 19 North, Range 4 East, Section 12 and 13; Township 19 North, Range 5 East, Section 7 – 9, 17, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29.

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) conducted a cultural resources assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The study area is located in Pierce County, Washington in and adjacent to the Puyallup River Valley on the Orting Plateau near the towns of Orting, McMillin and Alderton. This technical memorandum evaluates eight different alternative corridors through the study area. The eight alternatives are composed of a no build alternative (called Alternative A), four separate corridor alternatives and three alternatives that propose combinations of the four corridor alternatives. WSHS was requested to determine the archaeological probability for any of the eight alternatives to affect significant cultural resources by reviewing and identifying the environmental, cultural and archaeological setting of the study area.

Background research suggests a moderate to low probability for precontact or ethnographic archaeological sites for all eight alternatives evaluated based on landforms, available resources and absence of previously recorded archaeological or ethnographic sites in the immediate vicinity. Conversely, the likelihood of encountering historic-period cultural resources is considered moderate to high for Alternatives B, C and D. Seventeen historic properties have been inventoried within about a 0.5-mile radius of Alternatives B, C, and D; four of which are located within 1000 feet of Alternative B and seven are located within 1000 feet of Alternatives C and D. No historical properties have been inventoried within a 0.5-mile radius of the Alternative E. Historic structures that may be affected by the proposed project will require further assessment.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Management Summary...... i Introduction...... 1 Study Area Location and Description ...... 1 Methodology ...... 4 Study Area Background...... 4 Environmental Setting ...... 4 Cultural Setting...... 5 Precontact Period...... 5 Ethnohistoric Period ...... 6 Historic Period...... 7 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations and Recorded Sites...... 12 Alternative B ...... 15 Alternative C ...... 17 Alternative D ...... 19 Alternative E...... 21 Limitations of This Assessment...... 23 References Cited ...... 24 Appendix A: Project Correspondence

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Area (USGS Sumner [1993] and Orting [1994], WA, 7.5’ Quads)...... 2 Figure 2. Location of the alternatives proposed for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor study area...... 3 Figure 3. 1873 General Land Office (GLO) map detailing proposed alternatives for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor (United States Surveyor General 1873)...... 9 Figure 4. Land Classification Sheet detailing the thick forests on the Orting Plateau and early Orting rural development in 1900 (United States Surveyor General 1900)...... 10 Figure 5. 1913 Kroll’s Atlas map detailing proposed alternatives for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor...... 11 Figure 6. Map detailing selected archaeological sites and inventoried historic structures located in the immediate vicinity of the proposed alternatives (USGS Sumner [1993] and Orting [1994], WA, 7.5’ Quads)...... 14

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of previously conducted cultural resources investigations within a one-mile radius of the study area...... 12 Table 2. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative B...... 15 Table 3. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative B...... 16 Table 4. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of the Alternative C...... 17 Table 5. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative C...... 18 Table 6. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative D...... 19 Table 7. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative D...... 20 Table 8. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative E...... 21

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INTRODUCTION On behalf of Pierce County, Parametrix, Inc. (Parametrix) retained Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (herein after “the study”). The study intends to evaluate potential roadway corridors to provide local access for developed areas on the Orting plateau to urban areas located west and south of the plateau in the Puyallup River Valley.

This cultural resources assessment is provided to support the historic, cultural and archaeological component of a State Environmental Protection Act (SEPA) EIS. WSHS’ efforts were designed to determine the archaeological probability for the alternatives to affect significant cultural resources by reviewing and identifying the environmental, cultural, and archaeological setting of the study area.

STUDY AREA LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The study area includes lands located in and adjacent to the Puyallup River Valley on the Orting Plateau, near the towns of Orting, McMillin and Alderton, Washington (Figure 1). Here, Pierce County is evaluating roadway alternatives that could provide access between developed areas on top of the plateau to urban areas in the valley. The alternatives evaluated are illustrated in Figure 2 and include:

• Alternative A – The Baseline Alternative (no build) • Alternative B • Alternative C • Alternative D • Alternative E • Alternative F-1 - Combines Alternatives B and E • Alternative F-2 - Combines Alternatives C and E • Alternative F-3 - Combines Alternatives D and E

Alternatives B, C, and D are located in Sections 12 and 13, Township 19 North, Range 4 East, and Sections 7 – 9, 17, and 18, Township 19 North, Range 5 East. These alternatives will consist of a 4-lane road corridor that extends westward roughly between Rhode(s) Lake and the town of McMillin. Alternative B would cross the Puyallup River approximately 0.75-mile north of McMillin and would require the construction of a new bridge. Alternatives C and D would cross the Puyallup River at or near the existing 128th Street Bridge. The existing bridge would be widened if Alternative C or D were selected. The 128th Street Bridge was constructed in 1987 and is not considered a significant property.

Alternative E is located in Sections 20, 21, 28 and 29, Township 19 North, Range 5 East. Alternative E would consist of a constructing a four-lane roadway that links the existing 160th Street East to State Route 162, near Orting. Alternative E would require the construction of a new bridge across the Carbon River near Orting.

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Alternatives F-1, F-2, and F-3 propose to combine the routes proposed with Alternatives B, C, and D with a two-lane version of Alternative E.

Figure 1. Location of the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Area (USGS Sumner [1993] and Orting [1994], WA, 7.5’ Quads).

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Figure 2. Location of the alternatives proposed for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor study area.

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METHODOLOGY WSHS’ cultural resources assessment was accomplished by consulting archived records at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) for known sites in the immediate study area, reviewing documented ethnographic and cultural resources investigations in the local area, examining pertinent historical maps and documents, and preparing this report. WSHS also contacted technical staff of the Puyallup Tribe of Indians and the Muckleshoot Tribe to elicit information regarding potential culturally sensitive areas in the local area (Appendix A). At the time this report was prepared, WSHS had not received response to the letters. Literature review was followed by a reconnaissance level field visit to verify secondary information and to observe existing study area conditions.

STUDY AREA BACKGROUND The potential distribution of cultural resources in the study area and the identification of conditions that may have affected modern-day preservation of these resources are determined, in part, by understanding changes to the environment that have occurred locally over time. Archaeological evidence suggests human occupation in the Puget Sound occurred following the last glacial retreat at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 14,000 – 10,000 years ago. Subsequent environmental changes to landforms, climate, and vegetation substantially influenced the spatial distribution of human activities based on the availability of resources and the suitability of certain landforms for occupation. The following sections outline the environmental and cultural setting of the study area by identifying the local geomorphology and vegetation that would have been available to early populations and influenced the cultural history.

Environmental Setting The topography and geology of the study area were formed during the Late Pleistocene following the advance of several glaciations that originated from Canada and extended between the Cascade and Olympic mountain ranges into the Puget Lowlands (Kruckeberg 1991:12). The most recent glacial event in the Puget Sound, termed the Vashon Stade of the Fraser glaciation, is largely responsible for the region’s contemporary landscape. The Vashon Stade began approximately 17,000 – 18,000 years ago and ended following the onset of rising temperatures roughly 14,000 years ago. In response to the sudden climatic change, the glacier retreated rapidly to the north and left the regional landscape ice-free and suitable for inhabitants by approximately 11,000 years ago (Kruckeberg 1991:22).

During the Vashon Stade, the advance and retreat of the ice sheets scoured and compacted underlying geology while melt waters carved drainage channels into glacially deposited soils and rocks. The landscape of the Puget Lowland was shaped with north trending glacial drift uplands that flank the wide valleys of the Puyallup, Carbon and White rivers. In the study area, the uplands of the Orting Plateau were formed as glacial meltwaters sediments collected between the retreating glacier and adjacent slopes (McKee 1972). Small lakes including Orting and Rhode(s) Lake formed in residual surface depressions on the plateau.

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Following glacial retreat, the newly deglaciated landscape in the study area supported a sparse environment of subalpine grasses, sedges, lodgepole pine and red alder. By 12,000 Before Present (BP), gradual changes in the temperature and climate over time led to the replacement of the subalpine vegetation with Douglas fir, western fir and western hemlock (Leopold et al. 1982; Suttles 1990). Beginning as early as 11,000 BP, prairies developed on the residual glacial outwash plains of the Puget Lowlands unoccupied by encroaching forests on the uplands. These prairies supported several varieties of grasses, ferns, roots, and berries. Barring minor fluctuations (largely due to extensive logging in the 19th and 20th centuries), prehistoric and present ecological landscapes have remained stable for the past 5000 years (Leopold et al. 1982).

Approximately 5600 years ago, a landslide originated from Mount Rainer that displaced tons of soils from the summit and extended as far north as Kent (Crandell 1971; Dragovich et al. 1994; McKee 1972: 206-207). The event, termed the Osceola Mudflow, caused the spread of mud and alluvium over existing glacial drift on the lowland plains, and infiltrated the channels of the Puyallup, White and Carbon rivers. Depths of up to 100-feet of poorly sorted, hard mixtures of clay, silt, sand and gravel soils have been identified in the lowlands as a result of the mudflow; the effects entirely changed the course of the White River and pulled it away from the Puyallup River. Effects of the lahar also caused the ancient Puyallup River delta to prograde rapidly, shifting the former location of the ancient delta located near the city of Puyallup (approximately five miles west of the routes for Alternatives B, C, and D) to its contemporary location at Tacoma (Dragovich et al 1994). Several smaller landslides have occurred since, including the Electron Mudflow (ca. 500 BP), which deposited additional soils atop earlier mudslide events (McKee 1972: 206-207).

Cultural Setting Regional and local studies have provided an archaeological and historical synthesis of approximately the last 10,000 years of human occupation in Puget Sound based on discovered archaeological materials and historical documents (Nelson 1990). Early precontact and subsequent periods are recognized based on diagnostic artifact style and manufacture, and lends to the determination of a temporal context.

Precontact Period Archeologists have identified broad similarities in site and lithic assemblages dated to between 9000-5000 BP. Many of these early archaeological sites comprise the Olcott Phase in Western Washington and are contemporaneous with similar Cascade Phase sites identified east of the Cascade Mountains. The Olcott Phase is characterized by occupation sites located on uplands or atop upper river terraces, lithic workshops, and temporary hunting camps that contain a wide variety of flaked stone tools and laurel-leaf-shaped bifaces suggestive of large game hunting, butchering and processing (Morgan et al. 1999). Several Olcott sites have been documented and studied throughout Western Washington and the Olympic Peninsula (e.g. Dancey 1968; Greengo and Houston 1970; Morgan et al. 1999; Samuels 1993).

Changes in subsistence economy and occupation patterns are generally reflected in archaeological assemblages that date between 5000-3000 BP. During this time, an increasing

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number of tools were manufactured by the grinding of stone, and more antler and bone were utilized for tools. This middle precontact period is also indicated by the occurrence of smaller triangular projectile points. Living floors, evidence of structural supports and hearths are more common during this period in contrast to earlier cultural phases. On Puget Sound, evidence of task-specific, year-round, broad-based activities, including salmon and clam processing, woodworking, basket and tool manufacture, date from approximately 4200 BP (Larson and Lewarch 1995).

Characteristic of the ethnographic pattern in Puget Sound, seasonal residence and logistical mobility occurred from about 3000 BP. Organic materials, including basketry, wood and food stuffs, are more likely to be preserved in sites of this late precontact period, both in submerged, anaerobic sites and in sealed storage pits. Sites dating from this period represent specialized seasonal spring and summer fishing and root-gathering campsites and winter village locations. Sites of this type have been identified in the Puget Sound lowlands, typically located adjacent to, or near, river or marine transportation routes. Fish weirs and other permanent constructions are often associated with large occupation sites. Common artifact assemblages consist of a range of hunting, fishing and food processing tools, bone and shell implements and midden deposits. Similar economic and occupational trends persisted throughout the Puget Sound region until the arrival of European explorers.

Ethnohistoric Period Ethnohistoric economies of people in southern Puget Sound were structured upon a variable rotation of seasonally available resources. Permanent villages provided a central hub from which seasonal activities radiated. During the spring, summer and fall, temporary camps were utilized while traveling to obtain resources that included foodstuffs such as fish, shellfish, waterfowl, deer, roots and berries. Salmon was the single most important food source and was caught in weirs, traps, nets and other fashioned implements (Smith 1940). In the study area, a variety of fish including Chinook, sockeye, Coho, chum and pink salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat were available from the Puyallup River. Coho is reported from Fennel Creek. Plant gathering activities included collection of roots, bulbs and reeds from available wetland, prairie and forest environments. Harvests collected during utilization of temporary camps were transported to the permanent village following the expedition where it was consumed or stored for later use.

All of the proposed build alternatives are located within the traditional territory of the contemporary Puyallup Tribe of Indians (Spier 1936: 42). The Puyallup are descendents of Southern Lushootseed-speaking (Puget Salish) people who lived in villages located along the Puyallup, Carbon and Stuck rivers between the Puyallup River delta and Mount Rainier (Smith 1940; Waterman ca.1920, 2001). Ethnographer Marian Smith (1940) recorded several Puyallup villages along the upper and lower reaches of the rivers, typically positioned “at the juncture of two streams or at the mouth of the stream where it entered the Sound” (Smith 1940:4, 9). No ethnographic sites are recorded in the immediate vicinity of any of the alternatives.

Within a one-mile radius of Alternative E, Smith (1940) recorded two ethnographic villages, including:

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1. A village located above Orting where [Voight] Creek enters the Carbon River. In the mid-1800s the village consisted of one building sized 100-feet by 60-feet and a square building sized 30-feet by 30-feet (Duwamish et al. 1933; Smith 1940). Voight Creek enters the Carbon River, approximately one-mile southeast of Alternative E.

2. An unnamed village located at the mouth of South Prairie Creek where it empties into the Carbon River. In the mid-1800s this site had one building sized approximately 80-feet by 50-feet (Duwamish et al. 1933). South Prairie Creek empties into the Carbon River approximately 1.25-miles east of Alternative E.

Within a one-mile radius of Alternatives C, and D, Smith (1940) recorded one ethnographic village:

1. A village located at the juncture of the Puyallup and Carbon rivers on an almost treeless prairie. In the mid-1800s this site consisted of one house 30-feet by 40-feet built of logs and approximately eight houses sized 25-feet square (Waterman ca.1920; Duwamish et al. 1933; Smith 1940). The juncture of the Puyallup and Carbon rivers is located approximately 0.5-mile south of Alternatives C and D.

All of the three Puyallup ethnographic villages recorded within a one-mile radius of the study area were located along either the Puyallup or Carbon river channel in the valley; no ethnographic sites apparently were recorded on top of the Orting Plateau.

Several named places were also recorded by Waterman (ca.1920, 2001) in the study area vicinity including txsadtc for Fennel Creek, located approximately 1000-feet north of Alternative B, TL!xwai-ats for “where dog salmon come out” at a place on the river near McMillin, Gw’Lgw L d for a location near Orting where black roots were available, and SxweyE’q for the open prairie below Orting.

Historic Period The first exploration and mapping of the Puget Sound is credited to Captain George Vancouver in 1792, under the auspices of the British Royal Navy. Vancouver surveyed much of the Sound, but the exploration did not extend inland and failed to recognize several waterways including the Columbia, Puyallup, Nisqually and Fraser rivers (Morgan 1979:16). Decades later, in 1841, the Wilkes Expedition traveled to chart what was then called Oregon Territory. The territory was jointly occupied by the United States and Britain, particularly the British Hudson Bay Company. In an attempt to increase American presence in Oregon Territory, the Wilkes Expedition produced the first detailed map of the area and commercialized the potential for economic development. Four years after the arrival of the Wilkes party, more Americans began to settle in the area.

In 1853, Washington Territory was created. Early immigrants to the study area and vicinity traveled along the Naches Pass Trail, a road that extended between Fort Steilacoom on the Sound

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and Fort Walla Walla in southeastern Washington Territory (Ficken 2002; Kirk and Alexander 1990). The road traversed the Cascades at Naches Pass and passed locally through present-day towns of Sumner, Bonney Lake and Buckley, perhaps two miles north of the study area. The route is believed to have been a former Indian trail referred by local Euro-American settlers as the Old Yakima-Klickitat Road.

By the mid-1850s, British and American settlement in the study area and the entire Northwest had drastically impacted local Native American groups and their traditions. In 1854, following negotiations between Puyallup, Nisqually, and Squaxin Island people and the United States government, the Medicine Creek Treaty led to the abandonment of most southern Puget Sound villages and compelled Indian people to relocate to either of three reservations: Puyallup, Muckleshoot or Squaxin Island (Ruby and Brown 1992). The treaty dissolved Indian title to their traditional lands, and by 1855-1856, the federal government used military force to contain the Puyallup, Muckleshoot and other Indian people dissatisfied with the poor quality of reservation lands. The Puyallup Indian Reservation consisted of, at its maximum extent 18,062- acres that were located between Commencement Bay and the city of Puyallup (Ruby and Brown 1992:166-168).

Euro-American settlement in the study area increased in the mid-1860s following the enactment of the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres to new settlers who lived on and improved their land for five years. No early homesteads were recorded in the immediate study area, but H. Whitsel, Daniel Varner, Thomas Headly and Daniel E. Lowe, claimed lands in the area vicinity between the Carbon and Puyallup rivers (Figure 3). The nutrient-rich, treeless and flat prairie lands of the lowland region, including the study area were a prime attraction to homesteaders for farming and pasturing.

Successful coal and logging ventures in the region brought about further settlement and development of the study area vicinity. In 1877, the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPRR) completed a rail line that extended from the coalfields in Wilkeson and Carbonado to the railroad terminus at Tacoma. Following the construction of the railroad, local communities including Orting, McMillin and Alderton soon developed along the rail lines. Ten years after the arrival of the NPRR, F.E. Eldridge platted Orting on the Varner land claim. Orting was incorporated in 1889.

Economic growth of Orting, McMillin and Alderton was largely dependent on local agriculture, mining and lumber industries. The rich soils of the valley supported lucrative hop and tulip farms, and the proximity of the rail lines provided necessary transport for export. At McMillin and Alderton, lime mining was prolific until deposits were eventually exhausted (Gallacci 1986a, 1986b). Each of the rural Puget Lowland towns had at least a school building, store and a handful of residences. A decade after the incorporation of Orting, most of the lands adjacent to the Puyallup and Carbon rivers were plotted and claimed, while the uplands on the Orting Plateau while owned by Weyerhaeuser Timber Company were thickly forested (Figure 4 and Figure 5). Apparently, only a few individual residences were constructed within the thick forests of the Orting Plateau at this time, primarily near Orting Lake, Rhode(s) Lake and along Fennel

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Creek. Overlays of the study area with an early 1900 map suggest the eastern portion of the proposed routes for Alternatives B, C and D could intersect one of these earlier properties, as highlighted in Figure 4.

Figure 3. 1873 General Land Office (GLO) map detailing proposed alternatives for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor (United States Surveyor General 1873).

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Possible intersection with historic property

Figure 4. Land Classification Sheet detailing the thick forests on the Orting Plateau and early Orting rural development in 1900 (United States Surveyor General 1900).

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Figure 5. 1913 Kroll’s Atlas map detailing proposed alternatives for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor.

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PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS AND RECORDED SITES Previously recorded archaeological sites, cultural resources surveys, historical properties on the National Register of Historical Places (NRHP) and the Washington Heritage Register (WHR), and historic structure inventory forms were reviewed on May 5 and 18, 2006 to determine if any recorded cultural resources might be adversely affected by the proposed alternatives.

Within a one-mile radius of the general area, several cultural resources investigations have been completed in support of a variety of construction-related projects including residential development, commercial improvements and rail-to-trail conversion projects (Table 1). These local investigations have been primarily centered within the lowlands of the Puyallup River Valley. No cultural resources surveys have been previously conducted in the immediate study area.

Table 1. Summary of previously conducted cultural resources investigations within a one-mile radius of the study area.

Date Author Title Results and Recommendations 1977 Kennedy Lake Tapps Wastewater Facilities Archaeological 45PI79, surface-level precontact Investigation. period lithic scatter. 1999 Hedlund Investigations of the Van Horn Property Near Fennel Noted several historical properties Creek. but did not record. 1999 Nelson Cultural Resources Investigation of Proposed Identified scatter of historic refuse. Panorama Heights Development, Bonney Lake, Washington, T19N, R5E, Sections 5 and 8. 2002 Cole Cultural Resources Investigations for the Foothills No significant cultural resources Linear Park/Trail, McMillin to Meeker (CSM 6169) identified. 2002 Hedlund Archaeological Observation and Supervision of Land 45PI482, precontact period “solar Clearing at the Naches Terrace Development Site. observatory.” 2003 Shong Heritage Resource Assessment for Abandonment of a No cultural resources identified. Railroad Line between BNSF MP 28.10 and MP28.34 near McMillin in Pierce County, Washington. 2004 Hicks Report of Archaeological Survey of Garden Meadows No cultural resources identified. Plat 2004 Hodges Cultural Resources Investigation for the Panorama No cultural resources identified. and West LLC Development Project, Bonney Lake, Pierce Parvey County, Washington. 2005 Kent Cultural Resources Survey for the Cancelled Orting 45PI717, a broad historic scatter Soldier’s Home Setback Levee Ecosystem site, identified outside APE. Restoration Project on the Puyallup River, Orting, (Located over one-mile south of Pierce County, Washington. study area.)

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These previous investigations coupled with local area studies have resulted in the recording of several cultural resources sites and historic structures in the vicinity of the proposed alternatives. The following tables detail the precontact and historic sites that have been recorded within a one- mile radius of each alternative; overall, nine precontact and historic cultural resources sites have been recorded. The following tables also list historic properties that have been inventoried within about a 0.5-mile radius of the general study area; seventeen historic structures have been inventoried. However, one inventoried structure, the McMillin Bridge (II), no longer exists and was replaced by the 128th Street Bridge in 1987. Inventoried historic structures largely consist of residential, agricultural, and transportation properties located in the lowlands of the Puyallup River Valley and associated with the early development of the town of McMillin. The location of selected archaeological and historic sites in relationship to each proposed alternative is presented below and illustrated in Figure 6.

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Figure 6. Map detailing selected archaeological sites and inventoried historic structures located in the immediate vicinity of the proposed alternatives (USGS Sumner [1993] and Orting [1994], WA, 7.5’ Quads).

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Alternative B Within a one-mile radius of Alternative B, two precontact period and five historic period cultural resource sites have been recorded (Table 2).

Table 2. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative B.

Site Name Legals Period Location and Description NRHP Number

45PI079 T19N/R5E/S6 Precontact Surface-level lithic scatter located about No 0.8 mile north of the west half of Alternative B. 45PI444 Alderton West T19N/R4E/S1 Historic Localized historic scatter containing No Site glass, ceramic, brick debris located just over one mile north of the west half of Alternative B. 45PI445 McMillin T19N/R4E/S1 Historic Localized historic scatter containing No North Site glass fragments located about one mile north of the west half of Alternative B.

45PI482 Van Horn T19N/R5E/S8 Precontact Flat-topped erratic with seven drilled No Property (Sky holes oriented to cardinal directions and Stone) believed to be a “solar observatory” located about one mile north of the east half of Alternative B.

45PI559 PAN-1 T19N/R5E/S5 Historic Early 1900s historic disturbed dump site No Historic largely containing glass and ceramic Refuse fragments located about 0.75 mile north of the east half of Alternative B. 45PI633 McMillin T19N/R4E/S12 Historic One story brick schoolhouse located 0.5- Yes School (aka mile feet south of the west half of McMillin Alternative B on the eastside of Pioneer Grange) Way North of 128th St. E. 45PI638 Alderton T20N/R4E/S36 Historic 9512 Orting Hwy E, Alderton, WA. Yes School Two-story brick structure built 1915 located just over one mile north of the west half of Alternative B.

45PI79 is a lithic scatter site consisting of a cobble chopper and lithic flake found on the upper slope of a knoll, approximately 0.8-mile north of Alternative B, along the Puyallup River near Alderton (Kennedy 1977). 45PI444, the Alderton West Site, and 45PI445, the McMillin North Site, consist of historic refuse scatters containing amethyst glass; both sites are located 1.5- and one-mile north of Alternative B, respectively (Heidgerken and Wilt 1996a, 1996b). 45PI482, the Van Horn site, is a flat-topped glacial erratic with drilled holes at the top thought to be used as a “solar observatory” (Hedlund 2000); site 45PI482 is located on the uplands nearly one-mile

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north of the east half of Alternative B. 45PI559, the PAN-1 Historic Refuse site, consists of a scatter of disturbed historic refuse located approximately 0.75-mile north of Alternative B (Liddle 2000). Site 45PI633, McMillin School, is a one story, two-classroom brick schoolhouse located about 0.5 mile south of the proposed route for Alternative B (Gallacci 1986a). Site 45PI638, Alderton School, is a two-story brick structure located over one-mile north of Alternative B (Gallacci 1986b). The McMillin School and Alderton School sites are listed on the NRHP.

Local area studies have also inventoried six historic structures within about 0.5-mile of Alternative B (Table 3).

Table 3. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative B. Name Legals Location and Description Approximate Distance

House T19N/R4E/S12 Domestic cottage located on the Within 1000 feet of the west (PC-119-13a) eastside of Pioneer Way at Military half of Alternative B Road. Reise House / Reise T19N/R4E/S12 1906 wooden residential structure Within 1000 feet of the west Farm located at 11822 Orting Highway half of Alternative B Reise Bungalow T19N/R4E/S12 Bungalow constructed in 1920s on Approximately 0.5-mile Reise Farm, located at 11822 Orting south of the west half of Highway. Alternative B McMillin Store T19N/R4E/S12 Commercial structure located on the Over 1000 feet south of the (PC-119-4a) northeast corner of Pioneer Way and west half of Alternative B 128th Street East. House T19N/R5E/S9 Cottage located on the south side of Nearly 0.5-mile northwest of (G-97-15) Rhode (Rhodes) Lake Road East near east half of Alternative B its junction with Angeline Road. Victor Falls and T19N/R5E/S9 Gable-roof building located on the Within 1000 feet south of Rhode Lake north side of 198th Avenue East and the east half of Alternative B Community Club Bissom Scannel Road.

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Alternative C One precontact period and three historic sites have been recorded within one mile of Alternative C (Table 4).

Table 4. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of the Alternative C.

Site Name Legals Period Location and Description NRHP Number 45PI456 Japanese T19N/R4E/S13 Historic Domestic historic refuse site located No Picnic Site about 0.75 mile south of the west half of Alternative C.

45PI456, the Japanese Picnic Site, is a concentration of domestic historic-period refuse dump site located on west of the Puyallup River, approximately 0.75-mile south of Alternative C (Forgeng 1997). 45PI482, the Van Horn site, is a flat-topped glacial erratic with drilled holes at the top thought to be used as a “solar observatory” (Hedlund 2000); site 45PI482 is located on the uplands nearly one-mile north of the east half of Alternative C. 45PI559, the PAN-1 Historic Refuse site, consists of a scatter of disturbed historic refuse located approximately 0.75-mile north of the east half of Alternative C (Liddle 2000). Site 45PI633, McMillin School, is a one story, two-classroom brick schoolhouse located within 1000 feet of the proposed route for Alternative C (Gallacci 1986a). The McMillin School site is listed on the NRHP.

Thirteen historic structures have been recorded within about 0.5-mile of Alternative C (Table 5). At least one of the properties, the McMillin Bridge (II) no longer exists.

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Table 5. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative C.

Name Legals Location and Description Approximate Distance

McMillin Bridge (1) T19N/R4E/S13 1934 bridge over the Puyallup River Over 0.5-mile south of aka Puyallup River located on Route 162, 5.3 miles south of the west half of Bridge (also listed as Puyallup. Alternative C 45PI660) House T19N/R4E/S12 Wooden cottage located on the east side Within 1000 feet of the (PC-119-5a) of Pioneer Way, north of 128th Street west half of Alternative East. C McMillin Community T19N/R4E/S12 Wood-framed church located on the north Within 1000 feet of the Church side of 128th street East, east of Pioneer west half of Alternative (PC-119-7a) Way. C House T19N/R4E/S12 Domestic cottage located northwest Within 1000 feet of the (PC-119-3a) corner of Pioneer Way and 128th Street west half of Alternative East. C House T19N/R4E/S13 Residential cottage located on southeast Over 1000 feet south of (PC-119-9a) corner of Pioneer Way and 128th Street. the west half of Alternative C House T19N/R4E/S13 Two-story cottage located on the south Over 1000 feet south of (PC-119-10a) side of 128th Street East, east of Pioneer the west half of Way. Alternative C House T19N/R4E/S13 One and one-half story wood structure Over 1000 feet south of (PC-119-11a) located on the south side of 128th Street the west half of East, east of Pioneer Way. Alternative C Service Station T19N/R4E/S13 Wood structure with flat roof located on Over 0.5-mile south of (PC-119-0a) the eastside of Pioneer Way, south of the the west half of Puyallup River. Alternative C [Water-carrying] T19N/R5E/S7 1926 truss bridge that carries water pipes Within 500 feet of the Bridge located adjacent to McMillin Bridge. west half of Alternative (27-3217) Modifications to the bridge may have C been made in 1954. McMillin Bridge (II) T19N/R5E/S7 Vehicular bridge across the Puyallup Bridge no longer exists (Demolished) River constructed in 1926 and possibly and was replaced with modified in 1954. the 128th Street Bridge in 1987. House T19N/R5E/S9 Cottage located on the south side of Nearly 0.5-mile (G-97-15) Rhode (Rhodes) Lake Road East near its northwest of the east half junction with Angeline Road. of Alternative C Victor Falls and Rhode T19N/R5E/S9 Gable-roof building located on the north Within 1000 feet of the Lake Community Club side of 198th Avenue East and Bissom east half of Alternative C Scannel Road.

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Name Legals Location and Description Approximate Distance

House T19N/R5E/S18 Cottage located on the eastside of Within 1000 feet of the (G-112-19) McCutcheon Road, south of 128th Street west half of Alternative East (Colburn Road). C

Alternative D Within a one-mile radius of Alternative D, one precontact and three historic sites have been recorded (Table 6).

Table 6. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative D.

45PI456, the Japanese Picnic Site, is a concentration of domestic historic-period refuse dump site located on west of the Puyallup River, approximately 0.75-mile south of Alternative D (Forgeng 1997). 45PI482, the Van Horn site, is a flat-topped glacial erratic with drilled holes at the top thought to be used as a “solar observatory” (Hedlund 2000); site 45PI482 is located on the uplands nearly one-mile north of the east half of Alternative D. 45PI559, the PAN-1 Historic Refuse site, consists of a scatter of disturbed historic refuse located approximately 0.75-mile north of the east half of Alternative D (Liddle 2000). Site 45PI633, McMillin School, is a one story, two-classroom brick schoolhouse located within 1000 feet of the proposed route for the west half of Alternative D (Gallacci 1986a). The McMillin School site is listed on the NRHP.

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Within about 0.5-mile of Alternative D, thirteen historic structures have been inventoried during local area studies (Table 7). At least one of the properties, the McMillin Bridge (II) no longer exists.

Table 7. Inventoried historic structures located within about 0.5 mile of Alternative D.

Name Legals Location and Description Approximate Distance

McMillin Bridge (1) T19N/R4E/S13 1934 bridge over the Puyallup River Over 0.5-mile south of the aka Puyallup River located on Route 162, 5.3 miles south west half of Alternative D Bridge of Puyallup. House T19N/R4E/S12 Wooden cottage located on the east Within 1000 feet of the west (PC-119-5a) side of Pioneer Way, north of 128th half of Alternative D Street East. McMillin Community T19N/R4E/S12 Wood-framed church located on the Within 1000 feet of the west Church north side of 128th street East, east of half Alternative D (PC-119-7a) Pioneer Way. House T19N/R4E/S12 Domestic cottage located northwest Within 1000 feet of the west (PC-119-3a) corner of Pioneer Way and 128th Street half of Alternative D East. House T19N/R4E/S13 Residential cottage located on Over 1000 feet south of the (PC-119-9a) southeast corner of Pioneer Way and west half of Alternative D 128th Street. House T19N/R4E/S13 Two-story cottage located on the south Over 1000 feet south of the (PC-119-10a) side of 128th Street East, east of west half of Alternative D Pioneer Way. House T19N/R4E/S13 One and one-half story wood structure Over 1000 feet south of the (PC-119-11a) located on the south side of 128th Street west half of Alternative D East, east of Pioneer Way. Service Station T19N/R4E/S13 Wood structure with flat roof located Over 0.5-mile south of the (PC-119-0a) on the eastside of Pioneer Way, south west half of Alternative D of the Puyallup River. [Water-carrying] T19N/R5E/S7 1926 truss bridge that carries water Within 500 feet of the west Bridge pipes located adjacent to McMillin half of Alternative D (27-3217) Bridge. Modifications to the bridge may have been made in 1954. McMillin Bridge (II) T19N/R5E/S7 Vehicular bridge across the Puyallup Bridge no longer exists and (Demolished) River constructed in 1926 and possibly was replaced with the 128th modified in 1954. Street Bridge in 1987. House T19N/R5E/S9 Cottage located on the south side of Nearly 0.5-mile northwest (G-97-15) Rhode (Rhodes) Lake Road East near of the east half of its junction with Angeline Road. Alternative D

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Name Legals Location and Description Approximate Distance

Victor Falls and T19N/R5E/S9 Gable-roof building located on the Within 1000 feet south of Rhode Lake north side of 198th Avenue East and the east half of Alternative Community Club Bissom Scannel Road. D House T19N/R5E/S18 Cottage located on the eastside of Within 1000 feet of the west (G-112-19) McCutcheon Road, south of 128th half of Alternative D Street East (Colburn Road).

Alternative E One historic site has been recorded within a one-mile radius of Alternative E (Table 8).

Table 8. Previously recorded cultural resources sites within a one-mile radius of Alternative E.

Site Number Name Legals Period Location and Description NRHP

45PI252/ Woolrey-Koehler Hop T19N/R5E/S30 Historic 176th Street East (Leech Road), Yes 45PI579 Kiln Vicinity of Orting. Large wooden structural hop kiln constructed late 19th century located within one mile of Alternative E.

45PI252/45PI579, the Woolrey-Koehler Hop Kiln site, is a large, 19th century wood building and kiln located at 176th Street East (Leech Road) in Orting, just over one-mile west of Alternative E (Graham and Gallacci 1983). The Woolrey-Koehler Hop Kiln is listed on the NRHP.

No inventoried historic structures are recorded in the vicinity of Alternative E.

RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Two precontact period, five historic period sites, and six historical structures have been recorded within one-mile of Alternative B; two of these historic period sites are listed on the NRHP. One precontact period, three historic period sites, and thirteen historic structures have been recorded within one-mile of Alternative C; one historic period site is listed on the NRHP. One precontact period and three historic period sites have been recorded within one-mile of Alternative D; one historic period site is listed on the NRHP. Thirteen historic structures have also been inventoried within about 0.5 mile of Alternative D. One historical site, listed on the NRHP, was recorded within a one-mile radius of Alternative E.

Based on the environmental, cultural and archaeological background of the study area, all build alternatives are considered to exhibit moderate to low archaeological probability for affecting significant precontact- to ethnohistoric-period archaeological sites. The steep slopes and heavy forestation of the Orting Plateau are not conditions typically favored by Northwest Coast peoples

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for long-term occupation sites. To date, only two precontact period sites has been identified on the uplands of the plateau, one lithic scatter site and a possible solar observatory. The low frequency of precontact cultural resources site is also likely a result of the relatively minor development of the plateau.

However, there is a relatively greater probability for significant precontact and ethnohistoric period cultural resources within the lowland portions of the proposed build alternatives. Although a portion of the build alternatives are situated in close proximity to the Puyallup and Carbon Rivers, archaeological evidence suggests precontact period occupation sites were generally located at the convergence of two waterways, such as a stream and a river. The nearest stream convergence occurs where Canyon Falls Creek meets the Puyallup River near where Alternative B would cross the Puyallup River.

Nonetheless, if precontact- or ethnohistoric-period cultural resources are present in the study area, possible cultural materials may include the evidence of occupation sites such as postholes, hearth features with charcoal and fire cracked rocks, or stone tools. The remains of fishing weirs, baskets, faunal remains and evidence of burning for resource procurement could also occur in the area. Archaeology in the lowlands of the valley would expect to be relatively young as archaeology older than mudflows would have been destroyed and or buried beneath up to 20- feet of dense, mudflow and alluvial deposits.

In contrast, the probability for historical cultural resources is considered moderate to high as portions of the proposed build alternatives extend into historic areas of McMillin and Orting. Seventeen historic structures have been inventoried within about a 0.5-mile radius of Alternatives B, C, and D. No historic period structures have been previously inventoried within a 0.5-mile radius of Alternative E. Nonetheless, the southernmost extent of Alternative E connects near the originally platted location of Orting on D. Varner’s homestead and it seems plausible that historical properties may be located in the vicinity that have not yet been subject to inventory.

Proposed project activities should consider the inventoried structures when determining the preferred alternatives, as to not modify, damage or obstruct the viewsheds of the structures. Inventoried properties that may be affected by the alternatives will need to be evaluated by a professional historian or historic architect. If the property is considered eligible for listing on the NRHP, a Determination of Effect (DOE) form will need to be prepared. If a property is eligible for listing on the NRHP, and effects to the property by the alternative cannot be avoided, mitigation measures would need to be developed in coordination with the DAHP.

In addition to historical structures, other historical-period materials that may be expected for any of the alternatives could include evidence of local historic occupation including but not limited to buildings and equipment associated with logging, mining, farming, and agriculture. Features associated with the historic development or operations of the railroad may also be present and might include ballast, railroad stakes, structures, and discarded debris.

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In the uplands of the Orting Plateau, terraces, and other flat surfaces in the proposed build alternatives should be investigated for evidence of buried cultural resources. Investigation should also be employed along the margins of riverbeds where proposed roadways intersect.

If cultural resources are encountered during construction, work should cease immediately in that location and a qualified archaeologist should assess the discovery.

LIMITATIONS OF THIS ASSESSMENT No cultural resources study can wholly eliminate uncertainty regarding the potential for prehistoric sites, historic properties or traditional cultural properties (TCPs) to be associated with a project. The information presented in this report is based on professional opinions derived from our analysis and interpretation of available documents, records, literature, and information identified in this report, and observations as described herein. Conclusions and recommendations presented apply to project conditions existing at the time of our study and those reasonably foreseeable. The data, conclusions, and interpretations in this report should not be construed as a warranty of subsurface conditions described in this report. They cannot necessarily apply to site changes of which WSHS is not aware and has not had the opportunity to evaluate.

It should be recognized that this assessment was not intended to be a definitive investigation of potential cultural resources concerns within the study area of potential effect. Within the limitations of scope, schedule and budget, our analyses, conclusions and recommendations were prepared in accordance with generally accepted cultural resources management principles and practice in this area at the time the report was prepared. We make no other warranty, either express or implied. These conditions and recommendations were based on our understanding of the project as described in this report and the site conditions as observed at the time of our site visit.

This report was prepared by WSHS for the sole use of Pierce County and Parametrix, Inc. Our conclusions and recommendations are intended exclusively for the purpose outlined herein and the project indicated. The scope of services performed in execution of this investigation may not be appropriate to satisfy the needs of other users, and any use or re–use of this document, including findings, conclusions, and/or recommendations, is at the sole risk of said user. If there is a substantial lapse of time between the submission of this report and the start of construction, or if conditions have changed due to project (re)design, or appear to be different from those described in this report, WSHS should be notified so that we can review our report to determine the applicability of the conclusions and recommendations considering the changed conditions.

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REFERENCES CITED

Cole, S.C. 2002 Cultural Resources Investigations for the Foothills Linear Park/Trail, McMillin to Meeker (CSM 6169). Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc. report prepared for Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Tacoma, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Crandell, D.R. 1971 Postglacial Lahars from Mount Rainier Volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 677.

Dancey, W. S. 1968 Archaeology of Mossyrock Reservoir, Washington. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.

Dragovich, J.D., P.T. Pringle, and T.J. Walsh 1994 Extent and Geometry of the Mid-Holocene Osceola Mudflow in the Puget Lowland – Implications for Holocene Sedimentation and Paleogeography. Washington Geology 22(3):3-26.

Duwamish et al. Tribes of Indians vs. The United States of America 1933 Testimony before the Court of Claims of the United States. Proceedings of the Indian Court of Claims, No. F-275.

Ficken, R.E. 2002 Washington Territory. WSU Press, Pullman.

Forgeng, E. 1997 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for Site 45PI456, The Japanese Picnic Site. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Gallacci, C. 1986a National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for 45PI633, McMillin School. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

1986b National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for 45PI638, Alderton School. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

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Graham, O. and C. Gallacci 1983 National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for 45PI579, the Woolrey-Koehler Hop Kiln. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Greengo, R. E. and R. Houston 1970 Excavations at the Marymoor Site. Reports in Archaeology No. 4. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.

Hedlund, G.C. 1999 Investigations of the Van Horn Property Near Fennel Creek. Report prepared for Columbia Construction. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

2000 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for The Van Horn Site, 45PI482. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

2002 Archaeological Observation and Supervision of Land Clearing at the Naches Terrace Development Site. Report prepared for Naches Terrace, LLC. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Heidgerken, K. and J. Wilt 1996a State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for Site 45PI444. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

1996b State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for Site 45PI445. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Hicks, B. 2004 Report of Archaeological Survey of Garden Meadows Plat. Entrix, Inc. letter report prepared for Hans Korve. On file at Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Hodges, C. and M. Parvey 2004 Cultural Resources Investigation for the Panorama West LLC Development Project, Bonney Lake, Pierce County, Washington. Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc. report prepared for Panorama West LLC. On file at Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Kennedy, H. 1977 Lake Tapps Wastewater Facilities Archaeological Investigation. Letter Report prepared for Philip M. Botch and Associates by the Office of Public Archaeology, University of Washington, Seattle.

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Kent, R.J. 2005 Cultural Resources Survey for the Cancelled Orting Soldier’s Home Setback Levee Ecosystem Restoration Project on the Puyallup River, Orting, Pierce County, Washington. Report prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. On file at Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Kirk, R., and C. Alexander 1990 Exploring Washington’s Past: A road guide to history. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Kroll 1913 Kroll's Atlas of Pierce County Washington, Township 19 North, Ranges 4 and 5 East, Pierce County, Washington.

Kruckeberg, A. R. 1991 The Natural History of Puget Sound County. University of Washington Press. Seattle.

Larson, L.L., and D.E. Lewarch (eds.) 1995 The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington: 4,000 Years of Hunter-Fisher- Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget Sound. Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, Washington.

Leopold, E. B., R. J. Nickman, J. I. Hedges, and J. R. Ertel 1982 Pollen and Lignin Records of Late Quaternary Vegetation, Lake Washington. Science 218: 1305-1307.

Liddle, J. 2000 State of Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form for 45PI559, PAN-1 Historic Refuse Site. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

McKee, B. 1972 Cascadia: The Geologic Evolution of the Pacific Northwest. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.

Morgan, M. 1979 Puget’s Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Morgan, V., G. Hartmann, S. Axton, and C. Holstine 1999 Cultural Context. In The SR-101 Sequim Bypass Archaeological Project: Mid- to Late- Holocene Occupations on the Northern Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County,

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Washington, edited by V.E. Morgan, pp. 3.1-3.36. Report prepared for Washington Department of Transportation. Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-108, Archaeology and Historical Services, Cheney.

Nelson, C.M. 1990 Prehistory of the Puget Sound Region. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 481-484. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Nelson, M.A. 1999 Cultural Resources Investigation of Proposed Panorama Heights Development, Bonney Lake, Washington, T19N, R5E, Sections 5 and 8. Report prepared for Kent Wong by Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc. Seattle. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Ruby, R. H., and J. A. Brown 1992 A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London.

Samuels, S. R. (editor) 1993 The Archaeology of Chester Morse Lake: Long-Term Human Utilization of the Foothills in the Washington Cascade Range. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report No. 21. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.

Shong, M. 2003 Heritage Resource Assessment for Abandonment of a Railroad Line between BNSF MP 28.10 and MP 28.34 near McMillin in Pierce County, Washington. Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc. letter report prepared for Sarah Bailiff. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historical Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Smith, M. W. 1940 The Puyallup-Nisqually. Columbia University Press. New York.

Soderberg, L. 1980 HAER/ Washington State Bridge Inventory for Puyallup Waterway/Milwaukee Railroad Bridge crossing. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historical Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Spier, L. 1936 Tribal Distribution in Washington. General Series in Anthropology, Number 3. George Banta Publishing Company, Menasha, Wisconsin.

Suttles, W. 1990 Environment. In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 16-29. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

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Suttles, W. and B. Lane 1990 Southern Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 485 - 502. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

United States Surveyor General 1873 General Land Office Map, Township 19 North, Ranges 4 and 5 East, Willamette Meridian. Washington State Department of Natural Resources.

1900 Land Classification Sheet, Tacoma Quadrangle, 1:125,000. University of Washington, Libraries Map Collection.

Waterman, T. T. ca.1920 Puget Sound Geography. Unpublished manuscript, Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle.

2001 Puget Sound Geography. Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir, contributing editors. Lushootseed Press: Federal Way, WA.

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APPENDIX A: PROJECT CORRESPONDENCE

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Pierce County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Service, Inc.

March 8, 2006

Judy Wright Puyallup Tribe of Indians 1850 Alexander Avenue Tacoma, Washington 98421

Re: Cultural Resources Reconnaissance for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study, Pierce County.

Dear Ms. Wright,

On behalf of Pierce County, Western Shore Heritage Services, Inc. (WSHS) has been retained by Parametrix, Inc. to conduct a cultural resource reconnaissance for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study. The project intends to identify safe and effective routes for proposed road corridors to be constructed between developed areas on the plateau south of Bonney Lake, Washington to urban areas located to the west of the plateau. Two routes have been proposed and include the Rhodes Lake Road Southerly Route (and the three possible route alternatives) and the South Plateau Route (Figure 1). WSHS will be responsible for identifying and determining potential impacts of each of the routes and route alternatives to recorded, unrecorded, and as-yet identified cultural resources.

WSHS’ is currently in the process of researching available background information. Review will consist of a file search at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) in Olympia, review of previously recorded cultural resource reports, and review of pertinent published literature and ethnographies. Fieldwork will include a visual reconnaissance of the project area to verify background information. Subsurface testing will not be conducted as this phase of the project is intended to aid in the determination of the most suited and practical alignment for this project. In the event the reconnaissance determines a high probability for intact buried cultural resources, subsurface testing will be recommended. Results of the reconnaissance will be presented in a prepared technical report.

We are aware that not all information is contained within published sources. Should the Tribe have additional information to support our reconnaissance, we would very much like to include it in our study. Please contact me by phone (206.855.9020) or email ([email protected]) should you wish to provide any comments. I appreciate your assistance and look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely, Jennifer Chambers Archaeologist

Cc. Donna Hogerhuis, Cultural Specialist, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Pierce County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Service, Inc.

Figure 7. Portion of Sumner (1993) and Orting (1994), Washington USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle depicting project area for Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Pierce County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Service, Inc.

March 8, 2006

Donna Hogerhuis Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Cultural Resources Department 39015 172nd Avenue SE Auburn, WA 98092

Re: Cultural Resources Reconnaissance for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study, Pierce County.

Dear Ms. Hogerhuis,

Sincerely, Jennifer Chambers Archaeologist

Cc. Judy Wright, Tribal Historian, Puyallup Tribe of Indians

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Pierce County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Service, Inc.

Figure 8. Portion of Sumner (1993) and Orting (1994), Washington USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle depicting project area for Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Rhodes Lake Road Corridor Study Pierce County, Washington Western Shore Heritage Service, Inc.