Generation Tahrir‹ Die Ägyptische Revolution Von 2011 Und 2012 Als Generationelle Erfahrung

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Generation Tahrir‹ Die Ägyptische Revolution Von 2011 Und 2012 Als Generationelle Erfahrung ›Generation Tahrir‹ Die ägyptische Revolution von 2011 und 2012 als generationelle Erfahrung Dissertation zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Isabelle Wöhler-von Treskow aus Lüneburg Göttingen 2016 1. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Irene Schneider 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Carola Lipp Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.06.2016 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich an Eides statt, dass ich die eingereichte Dissertation „›Generation Tahrir‹ – Die ägyptische Revolution von 2011 und 2012 als generationelle Erfahrung“ selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe verfasst habe. Anderer als der von mir angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Schriften habe ich mich nicht bedient. Alle wörtlich oder sinngemäß den Schriften anderer Autorinnen oder Autoren entnommenen Stellen habe ich kenntlich gemacht. Die Abhandlung ist noch nicht veröffentlicht worden und noch nicht Gegenstand eines Promotionsverfahrens gewesen. Danksagung Die hier vorliegende Arbeit ist eine leicht überarbeitete Version meiner im Juni 2016 an der Georg- August-Universität Göttingen verteidigten Dissertation. Die Arbeit wurde durch ein dreijähriges Stipendium im Rahmen des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs „Generationengeschichte“ ermöglicht. Für die freundliche Aufnahme in das Graduiertenkolleg möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Dirk Schumann und Herrn Prof. em. Dr. Bernd Weisbrod bedanken. Beide haben das Kolleg mit der letzten Kohorte von Stipendiaten und Stipendiatinnen über die Geschichtswissenschaften hinaus interdisziplinär erweitert. Diese Arbeit wurde durch ein Abschlussstipendium der Graduiertenschule für Geisteswissenschaften (GSGG) unterstützt. Ich möchte mich herzlich bei meiner Doktormutter Frau Prof. Dr. Irene Schneider bedanken, die diese Arbeit von Beginn an mit Interesse und Wohlwollen begleitet hat. Ebenso habe ich es dem wissenschaftlichen Enthusiasmus meiner Zweitgutachterin, Frau Prof. Dr. Carola Lipp, zu verdanken, dass ich als Historikerin das Wagnis der Feldforschung auf mich genommen habe. Dr. Holger Albrecht hatte sich ohne zu zögern bereit erklärt, als externer Betreuer im Rahmen der GSGG mitzuwirken. Ihm, als Experten für das Ägypten der Gegenwart, verdanke ich viele der besten Hinweise und Anregungen für die Anfangsphase der Feldforschung. Für die immerwährende Bereitschaft theoretische und inhaltliche Fragen zu diskutieren und meine Arbeit zu lesen möchte ich mich bei Dr. David Sittler bedanken. Mein Dank gilt den Kollegen und Kolleginnen im Graduiertenkolleg. Der Austausch über Fächergrenzen hinweg hat diese Arbeit und meine Sicht auf viele Dinge sehr bereichert. Zuletzt gebührt der Dank meinem lieben Mann, der mir in der Abschlussphase der Arbeit ermunternd zu Seite gestanden hat. Hinweise zur Umschrift des Arabischen Das Forschungsumfeld mit seinen mehrsprachigen post-kolonialen Traditionen in der Schriftsprache machte es notwendig, bei der Umschrift des Arabischen Kompromisse einzugehen. Die Umschrift des Arabischen erfolgte generell nach den Regeln der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (DMG). Bei Personen, deren arabische Namen in nicht-arabischen Primär- und Sekundärquellen in einer anglisierten Umschrift geschrieben werden, wurde diese aus Gründen der Nachvollziehbarkeit beibehalten. Bei der erstmaligen Nennung wird der Personenname daher einmalig in DMG-Umschrift in Klammern wiedergegeben. Im Text wiederkehrende Straßen- und Ortsnamen wurden eingedeutscht, um den Lesefluss zu erhöhen. Daneben wurden feststehende Begriffe wie z.B. Scharia in der deutschen Form übernommen. Dialektale Begriffe oder Sätze wurden als „Ägyptisch-Arabisch“ gekennzeichnet und in der dialektalen Form transkribiert, wie zum Beispiel el-Mīdān anstatt al-Maidān sowie el-gēš anstatt al- ǧaiš. Die arabischsprachigen Interviews wurden im Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialekt in arabischer Schrift transkribiert. Dabei wurde eine Schreibweise gewählt, die nah an der in den Interviews gesprochenen Sprache ist und eine gewisse Freiheit in der Schreibweise gewährt. Inhalt I. Einführung und Forschungsaufbau ................................................................................ 11 1. Einteilung der „Übergangsphase“ ............................................................................................. 12 1.1 Hintergrundinformationen zur „Übergangsphase“ ........................................................... 14 2. Konzeptioneller Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................................... 16 3. Forschungsstand und Forschungsansatz ................................................................................... 17 3.1. Deutschsprachige Generationenforschung ....................................................................... 17 3.2 „Politische Generationen“ im ägyptischen Forschungskontext ........................................ 19 3.3 Der „Generationenkonflikt“ in der Muslimbruderschaft .................................................. 23 3.4 Forschung zu „neuen sozialen Bewegungen“ in Ägypten ................................................. 26 3.5 Jugendstudien in Ägypten ................................................................................................. 31 3.6 Forschung zur Mobilisierung im Internet .......................................................................... 35 3.7 Zusammenfügung mit Ansätzen aus der „Generationenforschung“ ................................ 40 3.8 Definition des Begriffs ›Generation Tahrir‹ ....................................................................... 41 4. Die Feldforschungsaufenthalte zwischen 2011 und 2012 ........................................................ 42 4.1 Das Setting in Downtown Kairo/Wusṭ al-balad ................................................................. 43 4.2 Der erste Feldforschungsaufenthalt 20.10.2011-19.12.2011 ........................................... 45 4.3 Der zweite Feldforschungsaufenthalt vom 27.02.2012-6.5.2012 ..................................... 47 4.4 Der dritte Aufenthalt vom 4.11.2012-14.12.2012............................................................. 49 4.5 Zum Abschluss der Feldforschung im Dezember 2012 ..................................................... 50 5. Die teilnehmende Beobachtung im Feld ................................................................................... 51 5.1 Die Rolle der Forscherin im Feld ........................................................................................ 51 5.2 Teilnehmende Beobachtung unter den Bedingungen der „Übergangsphase“ ................. 54 5.3 Mehrsprachigkeit im Feld und Sprachbarrieren................................................................ 54 5.4 Das Setting der Interviews ................................................................................................. 56 5.5 Die Form der Interviews .................................................................................................... 56 5.6 Das Alter der Interviewten ................................................................................................ 57 5.7 Der soziale Status der Interviewten .................................................................................. 57 5.8 Tabellarische Darstellung der Interviewten ...................................................................... 58 6. Zur Quellenlage während der Feldforschung 2011 und 2012 ................................................... 59 6.1 Das Internet in Ägypten ..................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Sekundärquellen während der Feldforschung .................................................................. 61 6.3 Facebook als Quelle ........................................................................................................... 62 6.4 Twitter als Quelle .............................................................................................................. 65 6.5 Blogs als Quelle .................................................................................................................. 67 7 6.6 Fernsehsender und Tageszeitungen .................................................................................. 69 6.7 Das webbasierte Journal Jadaliyya Online ........................................................................ 70 6.8 Zur Kategorie ›regimetreue Medien‹ ................................................................................ 71 7. Zusammenfassung des ersten Kapitels ..................................................................................... 72 II. Der Mīdān at-Taḥrīr als Aushandlungsraum der Revolution ............................... 75 1. Die Tahrir-Erzählung der „18 Tage“ (25.02.2011-11.02.2011) .................................................. 78 III. Paralleler Aktivismus im Internet und auf der Straße – biografische Verflechtungen ............................................................................................. 85 1. Erstes Beispiel: Alaa Abd El Fattah und die Gruppe No Military Trials ..................................... 92 1.1 Der Blog manalaa.net ........................................................................................................ 94 1.2 Blogeinträge und Briefe aus dem Gefängnis – vorgelebte generationelle Erfahrung ...... 98 1.3 Das „Maspero-Massaker“ aus Sicht eines Bloggers und Aktivisten ................................ 100 1.4 Die Arbeit der Gruppe No Military Trials zum „Maspero-Massaker“ ............................
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