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Human Smoking Behaviour in Comparison with Machine Smoking Methods

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Human Smoking Behaviour in Comparison with Machine Smoking Methods Beitriige zur Tabakforschung International·Volume 16 ·No. 4 ·November 1995 Human Smoking Behaviour in Comparison with Machine Smoking Methods: A Summary of the Five Papers Presented at the 1995 Meeting of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups in Vienna* by Hans-Jochen Eberhardt and Gerhard Scherer Verband der Cigarettenindustrie KOnigswinterer Strajle 550 D-53227 Bonn SUMMARY Aufnahmemengen dieser Substanzen beim Raucher zu­ lassen. Dieses Thema bildete einen Schwerpunkt bei der During the last months there have been extensive dis­ Tagung der CORFSTA Smoke and Technology Group cussions, particularly in the United States, whether and to vom 10. his 14. September 1995 in Wien. Insgesamt wur­ what extent data obtained by machine smoking using den fiinfUntersuchungen zu dieser Thematik vorgestellt, standardized methods (e.g. ISO, FTC, CORFSTA) permit wovon sich vier mit dem Vergleich von Standardabrauch­ conclusions about the actual uptake of smoke constituents wenen und Rauchausbeuten bei menschlichem Rauchen (nicotine, condensate, etc.) by a smoker. This topic was a beschaftigten. In der fiinhen Studie wurde der EinfluB majorfocus of interest at the meeting of the CORESTA veriinderter Abrauchparameter sowie des Blockierens der Smoke and Technology Group in Vienna from lOth to FilterventilationslOcher auf die Kondensat· und Nikotin­ 14th September 1995. A total of five studies were pre­ ausbeute von Cigaretten untersucht. In diesem Beitrag sented, four of which compared smoke yields obtained by werden die wesentlichen Befunde der fiinf Studien standard machine smoking with actual yields obtained by zusammenfassend da!f;estellt. human smoking. The fihh study investigated the effect of alternative puffing regimens and filter vent blocking. on "tar" and nicotine yields of cigarettes. This paper summa­ RESUME rizes the essential findings of the five studies. Au cours des demiers mois il a ete discutC vivement, parti­ culierement aux Etats Unis. la question a savoir si les ZUSAMMEN!'ASSUNG rendements en nicotine, "goudrons", etc. determines par les methodes de fumage normali*s (ISO, FTC, Co­ In den letzten Monaten gab es besonders in den USA RESTA) permettent de pr&lire les rendements generes par intensive Diskussionen dariiber, ob die nach Standard­ consommateurs individuels. Ce sujet a domine la reunion ·abrauchnormen (z.B. ISO, FTC, CORESTA) gewonnenen commune des Groupes Fumee et Technologie du Werte fiir Nikotin, Kondensat usw. Riick.schliisse auf die CORESTA qui s'est tenue 3. Vienne, Autriche, du 10 au 14 September 1995. La session comportait cinq communica­ •Received: 15th November 1995 tions scientifiques; quatre communications ont compare 131 les resultats obtenus par application de ces methodes nor­ less, the differences between .human smoking behaviour malisees avec les valeurs etablies pour le fumage humain. and machine smoking methods have increasingly become La cinquieme communication a etudie 1I influence des a focus of interest and have led to public debate, particu­ parametres de fumage specifies et 1' obturation des orifices larly in the USA. However, only a few studies have been de ventilation du filtre sur le rendement en "goudrons" et published to date in which smoke yields are determined nicotine. Les resultats de ces communications seront re­ on the basis of standardized methods and compared with sumes et presentes. those yields obtained with individual smoking profiles recorded from smokers (4, 5, 6, 7). This issue was discussed in five papers at the 1995 meeting INTRODUCTION of the COR.ESTA Smoke and Technology Group in Vienna. The most important results of these studies will For more than fifty years, great efforts have been directed be reviewed in the following. towards developing standardized machine smoking methods for determining nicotine and particulate matter in-the mainstream smoke of cigarettes (1, 8, 10), in order VARIATIONS IN TAR, NICOTINE AND CARBON to compare the nicotine and condensate yields of different MONOXIDE DELIVERIES OBTAINED BY brands under precisely defined conditions (e.g. COR.ESTA, SMOKERSOFTHESAMEBRAND ISO, TIOJ, FTC methods) (2, 3, 9, 11, 12). In the mean­ time, some have been developed further to become na­ Bentrovato, B., A. Porter, M. Youssef and P.L Dunn: Im­ tional as well as international standards. For example, the perial Tobacco Ltd. Federal Trade Commission method (FTC) which is used in the United States has much in common with the In their study, Dunn et al. recorded the individual puffing method of the International Standard Organization (ISO) profile of 13 smokers (5 men, 8 women) who regularly which is used widely throughout the world (Table 1). smoked the same commercial king size filter brand. The Both methods define a puff volume of 35 ml, a puff dura­ standard machine smoking yields of this brand were 15.4 tion of 2 seconds and a puff frequency of 1 per minute. mg "tar", 1.43 mg nicotine and 16.0 mg carbon monoxide The two methods differ only in terms of butt length, air (CO). Puffing parameters such as puff volume, flow rate, velocity and in the conditioning atmosphere for tobacco puff duration, puff interval and puff number were deter­ products (2, 3, 9, 13). mined in each individual once per day on four consecu­ The data obtained-by machine smoking procedures enable tive days by means of a cigarette holder containing a criti­ the consumers to compare the nicotine and "tar" yields of cal flow orifice. The mouth smoke deliveries were ob­ different brands. They are not intended to indicate the tained by duplicating the averaged smoking profile of smoker's actual uptake of nicotine and "tar". Neverthe- each individual on a 4-port smoking machine. In addition, Table 1. Conditions for standard machine smoking according to ISO and FTC. Conditioning and smoking ISO FTC parameters Conditioning temperature 22±1°C 24 ± 1 oc Relative humidity(%) 60±2% 60±2% Air velocity (mm/s) 200 Minimum required to remove smoke Puff volume (ml) 35 35 Puff duration (s) 2 2 Puff frequency (puff/s) 1/60 1160 Butt length 23 mm, but not less than length of 23 mm or lenght of filter-overwrap + filter tip + 8 mm and not less than 3 mm (whichever is longer) overwrap length + 3 mm 132 Table 2.:; : ·· Puffing ij,!~~ylour of smokers and duplicated mouth smoke deliveries of "tar", nicotine and CO as compared to the valu~Jielng standard machine smoking methods (Bentrovato, B., A. Porter, M. Youssef and P.J. Dunn: Imperial Tobaccd(lfci;j,. ;.i .~ ' .. Means± standard deviations (ranges) Parameters Human smoking Machine smoking (FTC) Puff voiUfti~. (m I) 46.9 ± 15.5 35 (18.5-64.3) Mean flow .rate (mlls) 24.4 ± 4.2 17.5 (16.2-28.8) Puff dufatlon (s) 1.98 ± 0.66 2 (0.88-2.98) Puff int~iVal(s) 40.7 ± 16.9 58 (23.6-71.4) Puffs pi:lr dt~arette 10.8 ± 3.4 8.1 (6-18) "Tar"(rri~clgarette) 18.0 ± 6.0 15.4 (8.7-26.4) Nicotin$ (mQtcigarette) 1.50 ± 0.56 1.43 (O.SQ-2.46) eo (meVoigarette) 18.3 ± 5.9 16 (8.3-25.3) cigarette butt lengths and alveolar carbon monoxide nicotine/cigarette and 18.3 (8.3-25.3) mg CO/cigarette conconcentrations were measured. and thus were somewhat higher than the yields obtained The results are summarized in Table 2. Whereas quite by machine smoking (15.4, 1.43 and 16.0 m.g/cigarette for consistent individual smoking patterns across the 4 smok­ "tar", nicotine and CO, respectively). The authors men­ ing sessions were observed, the inter-individual variations tion that smokers in smoking experiments tend to in­ were rather high. The average puff, volume of the 13 crease their puff number and reduce their puff intervals, smokers ranged from 18.5 to 64.3 ml. The observed mean leading to increased smoke yields. This has also been puff volume of 46.9 ml was higher than the standard puff found by other investigators (14,15). volume for machine smoking (35 ml). As observed in A very good correlation was found between the total other studies, the average puff volume for all subjects volume of smoke taken from the cigarette and the mouth decreased as a function of puff number. The average flow delivery of "tar" (i - 0.96). However, when this re­ rate of 24.4 mlls (range: 16.2-28.8 mlls) was also higher gression was used for the machine-derived total volume of than the standard flow rate of 17.5 mlls for machine smo­ 283.5 ml/cigarette, a "tar" yield of 10.3 mg could be calcu­ king. The average puff interval of 40.7 s {range: 23.6-71.4 lated, which is much lower than the standard yield of s) was lower than that under standard smoking conditions 15.4 mg. The authors suggest that for a given puff (58.0 s) .. The mean puff duration was 1.98 sand equal to volume; humans tend to get considerably less "tar" than the standard parameter (2.00 s), but the inter-individual does a smoking machine. Only weak correlations were variations again were high (range: 0.88-2.98 s). The aver­ found between the alveolar CO concentration and the age number of puffs per cigarette was 10.8 (range: 6-18) mouth CO deliveries {i - 0.44) or the mouth "tar" deli­ and thus higher than under standard smoking conditions veries (i - 0.43). The authors state that the amount of {8.1). The average butt length after human smoking was smoke taken up or absorbed by the smok~r will depend 32.8 mm {28-37.5 mm) compared to 28 mm after not only on the mouth level but also on the amount of machine smoking. mouth spill (smoke lost from the mouth before inhala­ The duplicated mouth smoke deliveries were 18:0 {range: tion) as well as on the depth and duration of inhalation.
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