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Quand L'histoire Déraille Albert Delahaye Quand l’histoire déraille… Titre original : Ontspoorde historie (1992, Editions Gianotten, Tilburg) Revu et augmenté par le Dr. H. ten Doeschate Traduit du néerlandais par Jacques Fermaut © Jacques Fermaut, éditeur – Bierne 2009 I.S.B.N. : 978-2-9531219-5-7 Dépôt légal : DLE-20090202-5600 2 3 TABLE DES MATIÈRES AVANT-PROPOS ………………………..... 4 D : BONIFACE, LE PIONNIER ……….… 92 Débuts chez les Fresones ………… 92 AVERTISSEMENT AU LECTEUR …..… 6 Turingi, Hessi, Baguarii ………….. 94 Moguntiacum …………….………. 98 L’ETAT DES CHOSES AVANT Boniface et Pépin ..……………… 100 DELAHAYE …………….…………...……12 Fin chez les Fresones ……………. 102 E : LES SUCCESSEURS DE WILLIBRORD A : LA PRÉHISTOIRE DE LA MISSION Gregorius (707-776) ………...……. 105 CHEZ LES FRESONES ……….…...…... 22 Lebuinus (vers 780) …………..… 108 B : WILLIBRORD, FIDÈLE PASTEUR … 33 Ludger (742-809) …………………. 113 La traversée et le début de la Willehad (avant 730-789) ………… 117 prédication …………………….... 33 Albricus (776-783) ……………….. 120 De Souastre à Inchy ……………. 41 Odulphus (765-après 851) – Rixfridus († Fositesland, Dani et Walachria …... 46 820) – Fredericus († 838) ………. 123 L’abbaye d’Eperlecques …..……. 49 Alfricus – Hegihardus – Ludgerus (838- Dernières années …………….…. 51 851) ………………….…………… 128 In Pace …………………………..... 55 Anscharius (801-865) ………..…… 131 Vindicamus haereditatem ………. 59 Hungerus (851-870) ………….…… 137 Echternach se situe bien loin Odilbaldus (870-899) ……….…….. 140 d’Eperlecques …………………… 63 Radboud (899-917) ……..………… 145 Le chemin suivi par les reliques ... 67 Derniers échos du diocèse de Traiectum La Hollande « se réveille » …….. 72 (Tournehem) ……………………… 149 Le corps d’Abbeville …………… 75 Conclusion pour Traiectum Mieux vaut tard que jamais ! …… 78 (Tournehem) ………………...……. 153 C : LES MISSIONNAIRES AUX CÔTÉS DE F : DÉBUTS DU DIOCÈSE D’UTRECHT . 154 WILLIBRORD ………………….……… 81 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ……….……………….. 172 Ouvriers dans la Vigne …….…… 81 Traiectum (Trith-Saint-Léger) …. 84 INDEX ………………………..…………… 175 ILLUSTRATIONS Albert Delahaye ……………….…………. p. 5 Carte de la charte de la donation de 777 à Vue de la région concernée …………..…. p. 20 l’église de Traiectum ….……………… p. 129 Saint Willibrord entre deux diacres ……. p. 32 Localités des biens du diocèse de Sceau de Gravelines de 1244 ………..….. p. 35 Traiectum/Tournehem ………..……… p. 129 Carte : Wilbort Sant ……………...…….. p. 36 - le complexe de Tournehem ….. p. 130 Calendrier de S t Willibrord ………...…… p. 39 - le complexe de Béthune/Arras . p. 131 Scriptorium d’Echternach …………...….. p. 57 Carte du De Morinis de Malbrancq ….… p. 152 Buste de Saint Willibrord avec reliques Biens du diocèse de Trajectum : (Gravelines) ……………………………... p. 80 - Trajectum – Tournehem ….….. 170 Aduaga Tungrorum …………...………… p. 86 - Complexe de Flandre ……...… 171 Codex Livius …………………………. p. 107 - Complexe d’Arras ……...……. 171 4 AVANT-PROPOS En 1986, à la demande d’Albert Delahaye, naquit la Fondation qui porte son nom et qui s’assigne pour tâche d’éditer ses textes et études inédites. « Ontspoorde historie » fut sa première publication. Pour cette parution, la Stichting Albert Delahaye (Fondation Albert Delahaye) remercie tout particulièrement : - Le Dr. H. ten Doeschate qui a revu et augmenté l’ouvrage selon les vues les plus récentes de feu Albert Delahaye, - H.P.C. Jochems pour sa connaissance des régions de France concernées, acquise au long des années où il accompagna Albert Delahaye au cours de ses voyages d’étude. - Doctorandus A.G.F. Laenen, historien, pour l’évaluation critique du manuscrit, - Doctorandus A.A.F. Jochems pour sa relecture critique du manuscrit et pour la réalisation de la Bibliographie et l’élaboration des Index. La Fondation remercie enfin les Editions Gianotten pour leur agréable collaboration. Breda, novembre 1992 Doctorandus J.T. Dieckmann Président de la Stichting Albert Delahaye Contact : Stichting Albert Delahaye Hof 6 NL-4854 AZ Bavel [email protected] 5 Albert Delahaye (1915-1987) 6 AVERTISSEMENT AU LECTEUR En cette année Saint Willibrord, notre Fondation, ne pouvait rester inactive. Car qu’on se garde de penser – comme l’affirment les mauvaises langues – que nous ayons quelque chose contre Saint Willibrord. Bien au contraire ! Mais il nous paraît plus respectueux d’un saint de l’apprécier pour tout le bien qu’il a réellement accompli que de l’inquiéter en le louant pour le bien qu’il n’a pas fait et n’a pas pu faire. Ces douteuses louanges, on en a accablé Willibrord (et divers collègues en sainteté qui ont essentiellement christianisé avec lui le nord de la France). Le présent ouvrage prouve ce douteux hommage et étudie selon quel processus il a pu avoir lieu. Il le fait à partir de 270 textes authentiques, en gardant donc, pour ainsi dire, la main au pouls. Il s’inscrit dans une étude vaste et fouillée qui recherche d’une part comment les événements qui ont affecté le nord-ouest du continent européen au cours du premier millénaire se sont déroulés d’après les sources contemporaines et ce que d’autre part les historiens en ont fait au cours du second millénaire : le fossé qui sépare la réalité des faits des élucubrations des historiens bée en effet de l’arrivée des Romains au X e siècle. Anticipant la publication ultérieure des résultats de toute cette recherche, à l’occasion de cette commémoration du Saint, nous avons retravaillé le « chapitre » consacré à Willibrord afin de faire apparaître la problématique de l’historiographie du territoire et de la période concernés ; l’ouvrage fournira donc aussi la méthode susceptible de découvrir et d’établir l’histoire véritable : la géographie historique. Des doutes sérieux sur la reconstruction historique courante de l’histoire (pré)nationale néerlandaise ont surgi dès le départ pour être coup sur coup refoulés, ce qui ne les empêchait pas de réapparaître sans cesse. Alors que ces thèses étaient encore en voie d’élaboration et encore bien loin de devenir matière scolaire, dès 1654, l’historien brabançon Jacobus van Oudenhoven avait conclu de l’absence totale de tout écrit hollandais antérieur au X e siècle non pas au complet analphabétisme de ces pré-Hollandais, mais à leur totale absence des Pays-Bas (voir L’état des choses avant Delahaye, 1 ad b). Et tout récemment, à Nimègue, au cours du Congrès consacré à Willibrord, un archéologue très engagé a posé la question : « Pourquoi Utrecht n’a-t-elle pas été pillée par les Normands 1 ? » et lui a apporté la réponse : « Parce qu’il n’y avait rien à piller. Utrecht n’était pas plus qu’une ruine (romaine ?). A l’époque de Saint Willibrord, les Pays-Bas étaient un archipel d’îles sillonné de tous côtés par des fleuves et des chenaux de marée et chichement habité de ci de là. ». Ces deux déclarations, séparées par 335 ans, ne s’en rejoignent pas moins, Van Oudenhoven attribue l’absence d’écrits néerlandais à l’absence d’habitants en Hollande, Van Es attribue l’absence d’habitants aux transgressions. Il convient de se demander ici ce qui se serait passé si, il y a 35 ans, en dépit de la rigoureuse séparation entre disciplines, les géologues et stratigraphes n’avaient pas été retenus, par la crainte de franchir les frontières de leur spécialité, de transmettre les données dont ils disposaient certainement déjà sur le théâtre et le processus des transgressions, aux historiens qui interprètent les textes (et auxquels les archéologues manifestent souvent un respect par trop servile) ; il faut dire que lesdits historiens étaient du reste manifestement bien loin, tant s’en faut !, de souhaiter cette information dérangeante. Cette information aurait en effet disqualifié d’un seul coup et globalement les Pays-Bas dans l’attribution des toponymes des siècles en question et conduit à rejeter d’emblée les identifications les plus vitales. Elle aurait levé depuis longtemps le tabou qui pèse toujours sur l’œuvre de Delahaye et a failli empêcher son apparition. Car en quoi un Néerlandais pourrait-il s’offusquer que 1 Note du traducteur (dorénavant Ndtr.) : Delahaye avait du reste prouvé dès 1977 dans De mythe van de Normannen in Nederland (Le mythe des Normands aux Pays-Bas – par lequel j’ai découvert Delahaye) que les Normands, originaires de Dania/Normandie et non de Scandinavie, n’ont jamais eu l’idée saugrenue de risquer leurs drakkars dans les traitreux bourbiers, gadoues, schorres, maremmes, hauts-fonds, bas-fonds, mollières, tourbières, paluds et chenaux de marée du delta néerlandais pour y traquer quelques pauvres hères menant une précaire existence sur quelques taupinières assiégées par les flots. L’opuscule étant épuisé, on en trouvera une version plus élaborée dans ma traduction Des « histoires » à l’Histoire , Tome II, page 679 et suivantes, (Tome I : I.S.B.N. : 978-2-9531219-2-6 ; Tome II : I.S.B.N. : 978-2-9531219-3-3 ; Tome III : I.S.B.N. : 978-2- 9531219-4-0). On peut se procurer les ouvrages chez le traducteur. Voir site Internet Mythes et Histoire : http://home.nordnet.fr/~jacfermaut 7 quelqu’un essaie de repérer ailleurs des localités qui ne peuvent de toute façon pas avoir existé aux Pays-Bas. La Hollande n’aurait pas plus longtemps pris une part intéressée à la distribution des anciens toponymes contestés : elle n’aurait dans le meilleur des cas été qu’un spectateur attentif. Hélas ! Tant qu’une telle déclaration d’inhabitabilité des secteurs de transgression des Pays-Bas n’avait pas été proférée par des spécialistes autorisés, Albert Delahaye se voyait contraint d’opposer, dans un registre polémique, ses identifications personnelles – comme une preuve ‘ex alibi’ – aux éventuelles identifications déjà avancées dans la partie inondable
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