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A Study of English Loanwords in French Written Texts and Advertisements and the Perceptions and Attitudes of the Francophone

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A Study of English Loanwords in French Written Texts and Advertisements and the Perceptions and Attitudes of the Francophone A STUDY OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN FRENCH WRITTEN TEXTS AND ADVERTISEMENTS AND THE PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FRANCOPHONE READERSHIP by ANTOINETTE AFRIYIE BARFFOUR MICHAEL D. PICONE, COMMITTEE CHAIR CATHERINE EVANS DAVIES ERIN O’ROURKE DILIN LIU ISABELLE DREWELOW A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the department of Modern Languages and Classics in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2016 Copyright Antoinette Afriyie Barffour 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT The frequency, scope and perception of the use of English loanwords (ELWs) in the French language remains incompletely understood. This study examined the frequency and types of ELWs appearing in French written texts (FWTs) and advertisements (ads); and also explored the perceptions of natives of France toward this usage. To ascertain the frequency and types of ELWs, excerpts were randomly selected from two French dailies, le Figaro Quotidien and la Croix, and two French magazines, Les Inrocks and Paris Match from 2010 to 2015. For each year, a single issue was subsequently selected and reviewed using a systematic procedure which took into account the number of issues produced per year, and the approximate volume of each issue. A total of 30 natives of France resident in France and the United States participated in an attitude and perceptions’ survey composed of a structured questionnaire. Results of the study are consistent with previous evidence that nouns are the most affected category of lexical borrowings and that ELWs in French are adapted to reflect the morpho-phonological structure of the French language. The majority of the ELWs identified were well-established borrowings some of which do not seem to have French equivalents and hence may be seen as filling a linguistic lacunae in the French language. Hybrid and pseudo-Anglicisms, which are lexical creations as opposed to integral borrowings were also identified - majority of which consisted of compounds simply juxtaposed (N+N, ADJ+N) instead of the traditional compounding structure often used in French that requires a relational particle (N of N). Although there is some historical precedent for it, the greatly expanded use of simply juxtaposed compounds (especially N+N ii binomials) is likely influenced by contact with the English. Les Inrocks had the highest prevalence of the use of ELWs, but there was not a significant pattern of increase observed. In terms of natives’ attitudes, both native groups consider the use of ELWs as due to laziness and as part of “trendy” language use with no threat to the French language. However, natives expressed concern about the need to protect French language from English influence. iii DEDICATION To my sweet husband who has always been my pillar; and to my family whose love and support continue to uphold me at every stage of my life’s journey. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ELWs English Loanwords ADs Advertisements FWTs French written texts N Noun (in grammatical contexts) Adj Adjective Adv Adverb Prep Preposition N Number of respondents (in statistical contexts) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I believe everything that comes into my life is divinely inspired, and for that, I am grateful to God, for bringing me this far. I am grateful to Him for giving such a supportive and dedicated committee who have guided me with their unparalleled academic experience. My dissertation has been fulfilled thanks to my committee members and the French program in the Department of Modern Languages and Classics at the University of Alabama. I would like to thank Dr. Catherine Evans Davies, who was always available to advise me on many occasions throughout my academic pursuits at this university. Her expert critiques on my work was exceptional. I also appreciate how her unique knowledge in the history of English and her insightful feedback helped expand my research and understanding. I would like to thank Dr. Isabelle Drewelow for contributing so much of her knowledge in the French language and culture and her expertise in methodology to enrich my work. I particularly appreciate her meticulous reading of my work and her insightful feedback. Along with all the opportunities she gave me to develop my teaching skills and to build up my confidence in teaching French language and culture, I couldn’t be more grateful. I would like to thank Dr. Erin O’Rourke whose expertise in language contact helped me better structure my work and broaden my research and knowledge in the field of languages in contact. Her extensive comments on the analysis of my dissertation results was invaluable. Although an expert in her field, she carries a positive aura that makes novice researchers feel welcome and confident to approach her. Dr. Dilin Liu’s constructive feedback regarding corpus linguistics was uniquely vi helpful in expanding my knowledge into the new ways of approaching my research. I owe him my appreciation for his constant and continuous support toward my future professional career. I will always remember the love, dedication and the hard work of the staff and students of the Department of Modern Languages and Classics. I am thankful to the students who contributed so much to my research especially Josie, Martha, Keaton and Timothy. My special thanks also goes to my colleagues and friends especially Henry, Adina, Maud, Feyi, Honorine and Michael. Even though I was far from home, the many interactions we had brought so much laughter and made me feel at home once again. To Dr. Michael D. Picone, the chair of my committee, there are no words to express my deepest gratitude for the support and dedication shown to make sure my research has come to a complete success. I remember the first time I presented my topic to him, the interest he showed, the encouragement he gave me, and the enthusiasm with which he accepted to guide me gave me all the hope and confidence I needed to embark on this dissertation. I thank him for his continuous input, encouragement and demonstration of genuine interested in my academic development. He was not only supportive in my professional work but also my social development. I can never forget the many times he and his wife, Jill (a kindest soul), invited me and my family for Thanksgiving celebrations, giving me the opportunity not only to interact and learn from other distinguished professors; but also to gain insight into the culture of the South. Dr. Picone showed so much kindness to everyone who is dear to me and everything that I represented, and for that I will forever remain grateful. vii Finally, I dedicate my work to my loving husband, Dr. Maxwell Barffour, who has always been my backbone through it all. For him, it was all about me. So that I would feel loved, happy and fulfilled, he will go that extra mile for his wife. To my boys, Jeriel Barffour and Maxwell Barffour Jr., it has been an exciting challenge embarking on this dissertation journey with you two. Even in the midst of all the challenges, you brought so much joy to my soul in every moment; thank you! You three big men are the greatest gifts I have received from God, and I love you dearly. To God who has been my banner, take the glory father. Without you, I can do nothing. What could I have done without you? I praise you for it is indeed from you that all blessings flow. viii CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ........................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Languages in contact................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Historical exchange between French and English .................................................................... 1 1.3 The linguistic culture in France ................................................................................................ 1 1.4 Journalistic writing corpus ........................................................................................................ 2 1.5 Borrowing in casual contact...................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Purpose and rational .................................................................................................................. 1 1.7 Research questions .................................................................................................................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................................
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