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Lysenkoism: the Danger of Political Correctness Emily G. Badger
Badger !0 Lysenkoism: The Danger of Political Correctness Emily G. Badger Senior Division Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,334 words Badger !1 What is truth? A simple definition of truth would be anything that can be tested and proven in a universal process, for example, the scientific method. What happens in an environment where truth is not allowed to be tested? What would the consequences be? Unfortunately, there was a time in history when this was true, and it was strikingly recent. In the late 1920’s Mendelian genetics were replaced by Lysenkoism in Soviet Russia, just before the start of World War II. Though the conflict started as a dispute of truth within scientific circles, it quickly became evident that Lysenko’s underlying motive was not to make scientific discoveries, but to gain political power. The tragic result of politically correct truth replacing scientific truth was mass starvation and ultimately the crippling of a world superpower. To understand how such a catastrophic event could occur, it is necessary to understand the political climate of the Soviet Union at the time. First, it is important to note that Russia was a communist state, which meant there was an intense hatred of anyone who was considered bourgeois, a member of the middle class who upheld the interests of capitalism rather than communism (Collins English Dictionary). Bourgeois members of Russian society were hated because they were property owners; they were not considered to be working for a living and thus were the enemy of Communism. Being called bourgeois in Russia at this time was essentially a death sentence, as those who disagreed with Communist values were “removed” by the government. -
Global Event for Biotechnology Returns to Chicago
WINTER/SPRING 2010 Special BIO International Convention Edition Global Event for Biotechnology Returns to Chicago Essays from BIO, ADM, Abbott and Baxter Updates on Nanotechnology Overviews of Astellas and Lilly Highlights from Illinois Technology Parks and Midwest Research Universities Network Guidance on Patents and Payers James Greenwood President and CEO Biotechnology Industry Organization WINTER/SPRING 2010 Contents BioLogical Quarterly SM Responding to Challenges, Capitalizing on Opportunities Editorial Advisory Committee 4 Kris Lutt, iBIO Chairman of the Board Steven E. Ducommun Partner 6 Meeting Agriculture’s Challenges, Sustainably K & L Gates LLP Dr. Robert Fraley, Chief Technology Officer, Monsanto Company William Fitzsimmons Senior VP 12 Global Expertise at the Nanoscale Research & Development Jed Weiner, Editor, BioLogical Quarterly Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Dr. Alicia Löffler 20 Patient-Focused Medical Innovation Executive Director & Bart Peterson, Senior Vice President, Eli Lilly and Company Associate VP for Commercialization Northwestern University 26 Astellas, Moving Forward Kris Lutt Seigo Kashii, President & CEO, Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Advisor, Office of the Chairman Archer Daniels Midland Company 30 Research Institutions in the Midwest: Powerful & Diverse Allen J. Dines and Marc Oettinger, Midwest Research University Network Terrence J. Noetzel Global Lead Client Service Partner Deloitte Consulting LLP 36 Leading the Charge for Education Reform David Miller, iBIO Institute President & CEO Dr. Norbert Riedel Corporate -
Obi-Wan Kenobi “May the Force Be with You”
Obi-Wan Kenobi “may the Force be with you” Chinese abacus Mayan abacus Yupana Calculator, Inca Brahmagupta India 598–668 Mu ḥammad ibn M ūsā al-Khw ārizm ī Uzbekistan / Persia 780 – 850 Founder of Algebra On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum Aristotle 384 to 322 BCE Why →→→ How The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosophers' Stone by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1771 1661 Robert Boyle (gas volume varies inversely to its pressure) 1787, Antoine Lavoisier (matter is conserved) Nicolas Flamel France (1330 – 1418) (died at age 88) Imaginative portrait. Abraham the Jew: Levite, Astronomer & philosopher. To the Jewish people that is in exile in France due to the fury of God. Hello in the name of the God of Israel. Prophecy Metal transformation City of Leon the substance of the eternal spirit emerged. Aristotle 384 to 322 BCE Why →→→ How Galileo Galilei 1564 – 1642 Aristotle Why →→→ How Galileo challenge Greek philosophy Newton science = how ; religion = why Sir Isaac Newton 1643 – 1727 Force ~ motion change Sir Isaac Newton 1643 – 1727 Why bother? Moving objects ? 1 + 1 = 1.9 Albert Einstein 1879 – 1955 E = m c 2 Trofim Denisovich Lysenko speaking at the Kremlin in 1935 Claiming x3 to x4 wheat crop Imprisoned and died Due to Lysenko Isaak Agol, Solomon Levit, Grigorii Levitskii, Georgii Karpechenko, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Georgii Nadson, world's largest collection of plant seeds November 1887 (Moscow city) Nikolai Vavilov – January 1943 (Moscow prison) (of malnutrition) Many more … NSF Grant No. DMR-0619458 NSF Grant No. CBET-0960229 Guillaume Amontons, 1663 – 1705 Friction ~ load Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 1736 – 1806 David Tabor (23 October 1913 – 26 November 2005) Friction ~ contact area Lamar University, Dec 2009 Drop Friction ~ Inverse of Load Drop Friction ~ Inverse of contact area Centrifugal Adhesion Balance CAB Centrifugal Adhesion Balance, CAB Waiting! NSF Grant No. -
County of Santa Cruz
County of Santa Cruz HEALTH SERVICES AGENCY POST OFFICE BOX 962, 1080 EMELINE AVENUE SANTA CRUZ, CA 95061-0962 (831) 454-4000 FAX: (831) 454-4488 TDD: (831) 454-4123 PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION Genetic Engineering (GE) A Report from the GE Subcommittee of The Public Health Commission May, 2006 Contributing Members Laurie Howard 1st District * Richard Nutter 4th District Katherine 1st District * Arty Mangan 5th District Sweet Ken Kimes 2nd District * Wesley Van Camp 5th District Steve 2nd District * David Moeller Agricultural Bontadelli Commissioner Phil Howard 3rd District * Matt Farrell Public Health Commission Lisa Bunin 3rd District * Poki Namkung Health Service Agency Thomas Rider 4th District * Laura Tourte Ex-Officio (non-voting) UC Cooperative Extension 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The intent of the Genetic Engineering (GE) Subcommittee of the Public Health Commission is to provide information and recommendations to the Board of Supervisors regarding the issues of growing Genetically Engineered or Genetically Modified (GE or GM) crops in Santa Cruz County. Although “genetic modification” and “genetic engineering” are sometimes used interchangeably, this task force strictly limited its research and recommendations to genetically engineered (GE) food crops. Genetic engineering refers to only recombinant deoxyribonucleaic acid (rDNA) methods that allow a gene from one species to be inserted, and subsequently expressed, in a food crop or other food product. Recombinant DNA technology combines genes from different organisms in ways that would not otherwise occur in nature, or through traditional plant breeding. An example of a GE crop currently on the market is a corn variety which contains the pesticide Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt). Because the Bt toxin is contained in every cell of the plant, pests die when they eat the plant. -
Livingston Tomato Report 2016 NM Livingston THESIS PRINT MASTER
The Livingston Tomato Report 2016: The philosophical environmentalist’s guide to Justice in the Global Food System “A Major Paper submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Environmental Studies, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada.” Author: Supervisor: _______________________ ______________________ Neil M. Livingston Martin J. Bunch Date: 30 November 2015 Date: 30 November 2015 © 2016 Neil Marcellus Livingston The Livingston Tomato Report 2016: The philosophical environmentalist’s guide to Justice in the Global Food System “Everyone should have a fresh tomato to eat: A critical assessment of this proposition in the Costa Rican and Canadian cases.” Abstract This research paper sets the groundwork for an explanation of the global food system using complexity science as the theoretical framework to recount the story of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), its origin (Solanum pimpinellifolium), its role in popular culture how the tomato enters and exits the global food system and our digestive systems. By arguing in defense of the right of every person to eat a healthy tomato this study focuses upon the benefits and risks of herbicides, specifically N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine. I approach solutions from an environmental justice standpoint. I focus on the role of access to information as a leverage point. Methodologically, a detailed media survey led to the creation of a database that produced a timeline. Critical analysis of this timeline, actors and institutions allowed for focus on specific touchstones by which to ground my account. A review of the literature including environmental novels frames this timeline starting in the mid-to late 1800’s, through the age of industrialization incorporating the aftermath of Breton-Woods to 1971, Nixon, the Club of Rome, the year of my birth and Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. -
Field-Testing Engineered Organisms: Genetic and Ecological Issues
New Developments in Biotechnology: Field-Testing Engineered Organisms: Genetic and Ecological Issues May 1988 NTIS order #PB88-214101 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, New Developments in Biotechnology- Field-Testing Engineered Organisms: Genetic and Ecological Issues, OTA-BA-350 (Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1988). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-600522 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (order form can be found in the back of this report) Foreword Since the discovery of recombinant DNA technology in the early 1970s much atten- tion has focused on the potential benefits and risks presented by the new abilities of researchers to manipulate DNA. The importance of ecological issues was heightened in 1982 with the proposal by researchers to field test bacteria engineered to reduce crop losses due to frost damage. Additional pressures have come to bear as a result of developments in the economics of American agriculture and with foreign trade im- balances. In this special report OTA analyzes some of the scientific and public opinion issues surrounding the planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. The assessment of New Developments in Biotechnology was requested by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The first publication in the series was Ownership of Human Tissues and Cells, and the second was Public Perceptions of Biotechnology. Subsequent studies will examine U.S. investment in biotechnology and issues relevant to the patenting of plants, animals, and microorganisms. -
Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants Science and Regulation
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PEST-PROTECTED PLANTS SCIENCE AND REGULATION Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Genetically modified pest-protected plants : science and regulation / Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-06930-0 (casebound) 1. Transgenic plants—Risk assessment. 2. Plants—Disease and pest resistance—Genetic aspects. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants. SB123.57 .G48 2000 631.5’233—dc21 00-009457 Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation is available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. -
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science Jules Janick1 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Additional index words. centers of origin, centers of diversity, germplasm, plant breeding Abstract. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887–1943), one of the pioneers of 20th century plant breeding, is best known for seminal work in identifying centers of origins and diversity for cultivated plants. Vavilov studied genetics with William Bateson from 1913 to 1914 at the John Innis Horticultural Institute. In 1921, he was chosen by Vladimir Lenin to head the Branch of Applied Botany in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and rose to be the Director of the All-Union Institute of Agriculture in Leningrad, where he oversaw agricultural research for the entire country. By 1934, Vavilov established more than 400 research institutes and experiment stations with a staff of 20,000. His efforts established the Soviet Union as a world leader in genetics and plant breeding in the 1920s and early 1930s. Vavilov carried out an extensive series of expeditions worldwide, including the United States, to collect germplasm; and he created the world’s largest repository, over 250,000 seed accessions. However, as a result of famine in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s, partly as a result of forced collectivization of peasants, Vavilov came in conflict with an ambitious agronomist, Trofim Lysenko, who came to prominence with an agricultural technique proposed in 1928, of exposing chilled, soaked seeds of wheat (dubbed vernalization) to extend production in northern areas of Russia. Lysenko’s rejection of Mendelian genetics won the support of Joseph Stalin, leading to the arrest and death sentence of Vavilov, although this was later commuted to 20 years imprisonment. -
Can Gmos Help Feed a Hot and Hungry World? Not If Activists Succeed in Making the Genetic Modification of Food Politically Unsustainable
July 22/29, 2014 The Nation. 23 Can GMOs Help Feed a Hot and Hungry World? Not if activists succeed in making the genetic modification of food politically unsustainable. by MADELINE OSTRANDER ILLUSTRATION BY TIM ROBINSON PHOTO CREDIT TK 24 The Nation. September 1/8, 2014 and so he and his researchers are scouring the world for varieties of fruits, vegetables and some basic staples— rice, millet, wheat, maize—that grow well without much water. Then, using a device called a “gene gun,” which duardo blumwald’s ge- inserts DNA on microscopic gold particles, or a soil netically modifi ed plantsE don’t look much like “Franken- bacterium capable of changing plant genes, they alter food.” Filling four modest greenhouses in a concrete lot or silence parts of the plant’s genome, adjusting how behind Blumwald’s laboratory at the University of Cali- and when the plant makes the hormones that let it know fornia, Davis, the tiny seedlings, spiky grasses, alfalfa, when to grow and when to wither. The researchers say and peanut and rice plants in plastic terracotta-colored the methods are more precise and much faster than de- pots look exactly like the ordinary varieties from which veloping new plant varieties by conventional breeding, he and his fellow researchers created them. Blumwald’s which can take decades. lab lies just ten miles from Monsanto’s 90,000-square- Because When I tour the rows of rice and peanuts with one foot vegetable seed building, a glassy edifi ce larger than of your of Blumwald’s assistants, a postdoctoral researcher from the hangar for a 747. -
Bratspies, Hunger and Equity in an Era of Genetic Engineering, 7 U.C
UC Irvine Law Review Volume 7 Article 3 Issue 2 Food Equity 6-2017 Hunger and Equity in an Era of Genetic Engineering Rebecca M. Bratspies CUNY School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilr Recommended Citation Rebecca M. Bratspies, Hunger and Equity in an Era of Genetic Engineering, 7 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 195 (2017). Available at: https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilr/vol7/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UCI Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UC Irvine Law Review by an authorized editor of UCI Law Scholarly Commons. Final to Printer_Bratspies (Do Not Delete) 12/12/2017 9:03 PM Hunger and Equity in an Era of Genetic Engineering Rebecca M. Bratspies* I. The Equity Crisis in Food Production and Distribution ...................................... 199 A. What Is Food Security? .............................................................................. 199 B. Will More Food Help? ............................................................................... 204 C. What the Past Teaches Us ......................................................................... 207 D. What Does Climate Change Do to Food Production? ..................... 209 II. Enter Genetically Engineered Crops ...................................................................... 212 A. What Are Genetically Modified Organisms? ........................................ 217 B. Can Genetically Engineered Crops Solve Food Insecurity? ............ -
Concentration of Market Power in the Eu Seed Market
1 CONCENTRATION OF MARKET POWER IN THE EU SEED MARKET AUTHOR: IVAN MAMMANA STUDY COMMISSIONED BY THE GREENS/EFA GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Concentration of market power in the EU seed market 3 INTRODUCTION 3 CONCENTRATION OF This study sheds light upon the increasing concentration of the EU seed market. It uses industry data to show that the mantra of the seed lobby and giant seed companies, that the EU market is healthy MARKET POWER IN and diversifi ed and there are some 7000 mainly small and medium enterprises (SMEs), is misleading. Notably, in the absence of freely available data and independently verifi able statistics, the European Commission is forced to rely upon industry statistics and further promotes the industry myth. This THE EU SEED MARKET allows the corporations to dominate the narrative and manipulate the arguments to the general public on what is in their best interest. The European Commission has been accused of drafting the seed marketing law 1 to benefi t the big seed lobby, who in turn claim they are not a big lobby but a multitude of some 7000 medium and small players. The DG SANCO of the European Commission routinely contradicts itself when its representatives state quote industry fi gures that there is no concentration in the EU market(s), while in their own impact assessment for the Seed marketing regulation they state that 95% of the vegetable seed sector is controlled by a mere 5 companies. In the case of maize, just 5 seed companies control around 75% of the EU market share. -
Nikolai Ivanovic Vavilov (1887-1943) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Nikolai Ivanovic Vavilov (1887-1943) [1] By: Baranski, Marci Keywords: Law of Homologous Lines [2] Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry [3] Lysenkoism [4] agricultural science [5] Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov proposed theories of plant genetic diversity and participated in the political debate about genetics in Russia in the early twentieth century. Vavilov collected plant species around the world, building one of the first and most comprehensive seed banks, and he spent much of his life researching plant breeding and genetics. Vavilov also developed a theory of the historical centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov spent most of his scientific career in Russia, although he studied abroad and traveled extensively. The ascent of geneticist Trofim Lysenko, favored by Joseph Stalin, and Vavilov's public criticism of Lysenko lead to Vavilov's arrest in 1940 and his death in prison three years later. Vavilov was born in Moscow, Russia, on 25 November 1887 to Aleksandra Mikhailovna and Ivan Ilich Vavilov, a wealthy merchant. Vavilov had three younger siblings: his sister Alexandra, who became a doctor; his sister Lydia, who studied microbiology but died in 1913 due to smallpox; and his brother Sergei, who became a physicist and later president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Vavilov began his undergraduate studies in 1908 at the Timiryazev Academy of Agriculture (formerly the Moscow Agricultural Institute) in Moscow, studying genetics and horticulture. Vavilov studied plant immunity and Charles Darwin [6]'s 1859 theory of evolution [7], and his undergraduate thesis was on slugs, titled, "Golye slizni (ulitki), povrezhdayushchie polya i ogorody v Moskovskoy gubernii" (Destructive Slugs of the Fields and Gardens of Moscow Province's).