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Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils by Deep Ploughing—Part 2: Plot Field

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Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils by Deep Ploughing—Part 2: Plot Field Research Paper EAEF 4(1) : 25-32, 2011 Improvement of Salt-affected Soils by Deep Ploughing ―Part 2: Plot Field Tests in a Sodic Soil (Solonetz) Region*― Xuanrui XONG*1, Huijun ZHANG*2, Ken ARAYA*3, Chinao TERAMOTO*4, *5 *6 *7 Kazuhiko OHMIYA , Baoguo ZHU , Shucun YANG Abstract A method was investigated for improvement of salt-affected soils in regions where a sufficient amount of rainfall to percolate into subsoil occurs in summer. A coarse layer is provided in the subsoil by deep tillage, making soil clods to cut off the capillary rise from groundwater. This paper deals with plot test fields constructed by hand in a local spot of a sodic soil (solonetz) region. The results showed that deep tillage up to the subsoil (C horizon) was beneficial for improvement of the solonetz soil. Application of the gypsum also reclaimed the solonetz soil, and should be mixed into the A horizon. The pH values decreased from about 10 to 9. The EC values decreased from about 8 dSm-1 to 2 dSm-1. [Keywords] sodic soil (solonetz), salt-affected soil, soil improvement, deep ploughing I Introduction surface. It was shown that the salts accumulating in the A horizon were leached out by rainfall, which then decreased Salt-affected soils are formed in dry areas of the world. In the pH values to acceptable levels. this paper, the sodic soil (solonetz) in the salt-affected soils In order to cut off the capillarity, deep ploughing had been distributed in the People's Republic of China was examined. achieved (Antipov, 1954; Botov, 1959; Cairns, 1962; 1976a). The sodic soil in China is called meadow alkali soil (Fig. 1), which is common in the Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces (about 35 Gm2). As this soil contains sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), it belongs to the sodic soil group (solonetz) according to pedological classification (Dudal, 1969; Scheffer & Schatschabel, 1976; Abrol et al., 1988; Cardon & Mortvedt, 2001). If this soil is left undisturbed for a long time, white crystals of efflorescence (alkali spots) accumulate on the soil surface, and no plant can survive (Fig. 2). In the previous paper (Guo et al., 2006), a method of soil improvement was discussed for the salt-affected soils with sufficient rainfall to percolate into subsoil in summer Fig. 1 Typical sodic soil (solonetz) in Dajing City, season; basically, a coarse layer was provided below the B Heilongjiang Province, P. R. of China. Ana horizon, soil horizon (subsoil). It was demonstrated with soil column where sodium carbonate accumulates; A horizon, humic soil experiments that the capillary water from groundwater could with organic matter; B horizon, soil where A horizon be cut off, thus preventing the rise of dissolved salts to the soil leaches; C horizon, parent material. * Partly presented at the JSAM Conference-Hokkaido in September 2009 *1 Environmental Science, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 060-8610, Japan *2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan *3 JSAM Member, Corresponding author, Environmental Science Laboratory, Senshu University, Bibai, Hokkaido 079-0197, Japan, e-mail: [email protected] *4 Environmental Science Laboratory, Senshu University, Bibai, Hokkaido 079-0197, Japan *5 JSAM Member, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 060-0009, Japan *6 Jamusi Branch, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China *7 Foreign Expert Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Minjiang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China 26 Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food Vol. 4, No. 1 (2011) Table 1 shows the chemical properties of the solonetz soil in this study. Every horizon is extremely alkaline with pH of about 10, and the pH value of the soil surface (Ana) where Na2CO3 was accumulated was more than 10. A pH value more than 8.5 is characteristic for the sodic soil group (solonetz) which is mainly due to Na2CO3, and that less than 8.5 is for the saline soil group (solonchak) which is mainly due to CaCO3 (Abrol et al., 1988; Cardon & Motvedt, 2001). The soil in this study, therefore, belongs to the solonetz group according to this parameter. The EC of the solonetz group is less than 4 dSm-1, and that of the solonchak group is more than 4 dSm-1 (Abrol et al., 1988; Cardon & Fig. 2 White efflorescence (alkali spots) on the soil surface of Motvedt, 2001). The EC values of the Ana and A horizons solonetz field in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. of of the soil in this study were greater than 4 dSm-1. The ESP China. value less than 15% is for the solonchak group, and that more However, above deep ploughing was performed by a than 15% is for the solonetz group (Abrol et al., 1988; Cardon back-hoe (Cairns, 1962) or a single mouldboard plough & Motvedt, 2001) and the ESP values of this soil were much (Bowser & Cairns, 1967), and so every soil horizons were greater 15%. Taking into account all values of pH, EC, ESP perfectly mixed. The A horizon in Fig. 1 contains pretty and Na2CO3, we determined that the soil in this study belongs amount of organic matter and are fertile, and should not be to the solonetz group on the whole. mixed into the lower infertile horizons (Guo et al., 2002). The CEC value of the soil surface (Ana horizon) of this soil Antipov & Pak (1965) and Cairns (1976b) also reported that was a little smaller than those in other horizons because the the A horizon should be retained on the surface during deep soil particles of the Ana soil are coarse (Guo et al., 2004). ploughing. The CEC values of the other horizons (A, B and C horizons) We envisaged a four-stage subsoil plough which tilled the were a little higher because of the presence of heavy clays subsoil up to 600 mm deep, retaining the A horizon and was (Fujiwara et al., 2003). modified from the plough for improvement of planosol (Guo The humus content in the topsoil (A horizon) of this soil et al., 2002). was about 2%, and that in the subsoil (B and C horizons) was In the current paper, we constructed plot test fields in a about 5%. In the planosol which is distributed in the local spot in a solonetz region. The goal of this study is to Heilongjiang Province, the humus content in the topsoil was improve salt-affected soils by deep ploughing. In 2004, the about 5%, and that in the subsoil was about 1% (Araya, 2001). four kinds of plot test fields were prepared, and in 2005, two In the meadow soil which is also distributed in Heilongjiang more kinds of plot test fields were constructed. After one Province, humus content in the topsoil was about 20%, and year (2005), two years (2006) and three years (2007), about 3% in the subsoil (Zhang, et al., 2000). The humus vegetation on the soil surface and soil properties were investigated. Table 1 Chemical properties of solonetz in Daqing City, II Materials and Methods Heilongjiang Province, P. R. of China 1. Chemical properties of solonetz soil Figure 1 shows a typical solonetz from a natural pasture field in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. of China, where no irrigation system is applied. On the top, the Ana horizon (pH 10.34) is a thin (50 mm) layer of accumulated Na2CO3 and whitish soil (suffix na means sodium). The A horizon (pH 9.93) is a 200 mm layer of humic, black and brown soil which contains organic matter. The B horizon (pH 9.81) is a 200 mm layer of brown soil into which the fine clayey soil particles leach from the A horizon due to rainfall. Below all of this is the brown parent material of the C horizon ( pH 9.84). XONG, ZHANG, ARAYA, TERAMOTO, OHMIYA, ZHU, YANG : Improvement of Salt-affected Soils by Deep Ploughing - Part 2: Plot Field Tests in a Sodic Soil (Solonetz) Region - 27 Table 2 Soil treatment and yields in each plot test field Fig. 3 Plot test fields. No. 1, A○, B○; No. 2, A○, B○ (m); No. 3, A○(m), B×; No. 4, A○, B× prepared in 2004; No. 5a, A○ (g), B○; No. 5b, A○ (g), B×; No. 6, A○, B○ (upside down) prepared in 2005. See Table 2. deep) were dug out by a shovel, and then the B horizon (including a part of C horizon) was tilled (about 35 cm deep) content of the solonetz soil in this study, especially in Ana and by the shovel to produce soil clods with the size of 100-140 A horizons, was low because the vegetation on the soil mm which size was suitable for interception of the capillarity surface is poor (Fig. 2) and the amount of organic matter rise (Araya et al., 2010). The soil clods on the soil surface produced in one year is small. of the tilled B horizon were pulverized a little, in order to The amount of exchangeable sodium (Na2O) in all horizons prevent collapse and loss of volume of the A horizon (Araya of this soil was more than 5000 mg kg-1, and the deeper two et al., 2010). Then, the Ana and A horizons were returned horizons had double that amount. The available phosphate back onto the coarse B horizon without soil mixing of the A (P2O5) was low in all horizons of the solonetz soil in this and B horizons (A○, B○) study, and all horizons had a deficiency of phosphate. In No. 2 field, when the B horizon was tilled, organic (cow) Consequently, P2O5 should be supplied with a chemical manure was mixed into the B horizon (2 kg m-2) [A○, B○ (m)].
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