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Fear in the Mind and Works of Gregory of Tours

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Fear in the Mind and Works of Gregory of Tours Fear in the Mind and Works of Gregory of Tours Catherine-Rose Hailstone PhD University of York History March 2020 Abstract This thesis uncovers and analyses Gregory, Bishop of Tours’ attitude towards the philosophical and theological concepts of the fear of God and demonically-inspired fear. It presents a new contribution to the history of Gregory of Tours and the Merovingian World, the intellectual and theological history of the wider late antique west, the history of emotions, and the history of fear. Chapters one and three use the Vulgate and a selection of theological literature from those late antique writers whose views drastically shaped the doctrine of the Church in Gaul and perspectives of Gregory of Tours, to establish what the wider intellectual attitudes towards the fear of God and those associated with demonic figures were, and to show how they developed from the fourth to the sixth centuries. Chapters two and four use Gregory’s textual references to the fear of God and those associated with demonic beings, in his Ten Books of Histories, books of Miracles, and The Life of the Fathers, to argue that he used these fears to participate in the long- standing tradition of debating Christian paideia and the formation of the virtuous self. 2 Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………2 List of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………3 List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………7 Note on Translation……………………………………………………………………………………..8 Acknowledgements…….……...…………………………………………………………………………9 Authors Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………11 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………12 1. Thesis Structure……………………………………………………………………………..13 2. Methodology and Problems…………………………………………………………………16 3. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………24 4. Gregory of Tours, the Histories, and hagiography………………………………………..........25 4.1. Gregory of Tours: A Biography…………………………………………………...26 4.2. The Histories and hagiography: A Background………………………………….......29 4.2.1. Composition of the Histories………………………………………..........30 4.2.2. The Composition of Gregory’s hagiographical corpus………………......42 4.2.3. Agendas………………………………………………………………...46 5. The Intellectual and Theological History of the Late Antique West………………………......48 6. The History of Emotions and Gregory of Tours…………………………………………......56 6.1. Gregory of Tours in The History of Emotions…………………………………......56 7. The History of Fear and Gregory of Tours’ hagiography and Histories…………………….......62 7.1. Histories of Fear……………………………………………………………….......62 7.2. Histories of Fear and Gregory of Tours……………………………………………69 Conclusion…...……………….………………………………………………………………..71 Chapter 1: The Fear of God in the Late Antique Gallic Worldview…………………………………….73 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...73 A Brief Note on Influence and the Transmission of Ideas……………………………………..74 1.1. Methodology……………………………………………………………………...75 1.2. The Foundation Stone: The Fear of God in the Vulgate…………………………..80 1.3. The Fear of God in Gaul during the Middle of the Fourth Century…………...…..84 1.4. The Fear of God in Gaul from the Middle of the Fourth to the Middle 3 of the Fifth Century…………………………………………………………………...88 1.5. The Fear of God in Gaul from the Middle of the Fifth to the Middle of the Sixth Century……………………………………………………….………....101 1.6. The Fear of God in Gregory’s Gaul……………………………………………..112 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………....117 Chapter 2: Gregory of Tours and the Fear of God…………………………………………………….119 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….119 2.1. Gregory and the Fear of God: The Raw Data…………………………………....120 2.2. The Fear of God and Self-Control…………………………………………….....127 2.2.1. Notions of Self-Control and the Formation of the Self from the Classical to Early Christian World…………………………………................128 2.2.2. Having the Fear of God………………………………………………133 2.2.3. The Lack of the Fear of God……………………………………….....143 2.3. Gregory, the Fear of God, and Self-Control in Merovingian Realpolitik………....151 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...167 Chapter 3: The Devil, Demons, and Fear in the Late Antique Gallic Worldview……………………....169 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………......169 3.1. Methodology…………………………………………………………………….170 3.2. The Foundation Stone? The Devil, his Demons, and Fear in the Vulgate………………………………………………………………………..……....172 3.3. The Devil, Demons, and Fear in Gaul during the Middle of the Fourth Century……………………………………………………………………....176 3.4. The Devil, Demons, and Fear in Gaul from the Middle of the Fourth to the Middle of the Fifth Century…………………………………………………...180 3.5. The Devil, Demons, and Fear in Gaul from the Middle of the Fifth to the Middle of the Sixth Century……………………………………………............198 3.6. The Devil, Demons, and Fear in Gregory’s Gaul…………………………….…..213 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………....216 Chapter 4: Gregory of Tours, the Devil, Demons, and Fear…………………………………………...217 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….217 4 4.1. Demons and Notions of Self-Control in the Late Antique Christian World…………………………………………………………………………...…....218 4.2. The Presence of Fear and Demonic Figures in the works of Gregory of Tours: The Raw Data………………………………………………….....222 4.3. Gregory, Demonically-inspired Fear, and the Loss or Lack of Self-Control……………………………………………………………………..…...225 4.3.1. Anatolius of Bordeaux………………………………………………...225 4.3.2. Caluppa……………………………………………………………….229 4.3.3. Portianus……………………………………………………………...235 4.3.4. Nicetius of Trier…………………………….………………………...237 4.3.5. The Two Boys of Voultegon………………………………………….238 4.3.6. Gregory of Tours……………………………………………………..240 4.4. Gregory, the Fear experienced by Demonic Figures, and Self-Control…………..245 4.4.1. The Devil and the Fear of God………………………………………..246 4.4.2. Demons and the Fear of God…………………………………………248 4.4.3. The Fear of God as the Foil of the Devil and his Demons…………….249 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………....252 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………254 Appendix 1 – Table 2: A Catalogue of Fear in Gregory’s Ten Books of Histories…………………………262 Appendix 2 – Table 3: A Catalogue of Fear in Gregory’s hagiographical corpus……………………….285 Appendix 3 – Table 4: A table illustrating the range of fear vocabulary used by each of the authors cited in this thesis……….………………………………………..……....307 Appendix 4 – Table 5: A table showing how each of the authors and sources used in this thesis employ fear constructions ………………………..……….…………308 Appendix 5 – Table 6: A list of biblical texts that are cited in Gregory of Tours’ Ten Books of Histories….…....…………………………………………………………….316 Table 7: A table showing the frequency with which Gregory uses biblical texts in his Ten Books of Histories….………..….………....………………………318 Appendix 6 – Table 8: A list of the biblical texts Gregory uses in his books of Miracles and The Life of the Fathers……………………………………………………..320 Table 9: A table showing the frequency with which Gregory uses various biblical texts in his books of Miracles and The Life of the Fathers…….……………..322 5 Appendix 7 – Table 10: A table showing which of the authors discussed in the thesis cite each of the three different branches of demonic fear……………………………......324 Abbreviations….…………………………………….………………………………………………...325 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………...328 6 List of Tables Table 1: The Cases of Demonic Fear in Gregory’s works Table 2: A Catalogue of Fear in Gregory’s Ten Books of Histories Table 3: A Catalogue of Fear in Gregory’s hagiographical corpus Table 4: A table illustrating the range of fear vocabulary used by each of the authors cited in this thesis Table 5: A table showing which authors use fear constructions in their works Table 6: A list of biblical texts that are cited in Gregory of Tours’ Ten Books of Histories Table 7: A table showing the frequency with which Gregory uses biblical texts in his Ten Books of Histories Table 8: A list of the biblical texts Gregory uses in his books of Miracles and The Life of the Fathers Table 9: A table showing the frequency with which Gregory uses various biblical texts in his books of Miracles and The Life of the Fathers Table 10: A table showing which of the authors discussed in the thesis cite each of the three different branches of demonic fear 7 Note on Translation Throughout this research, a wide variety of Latin, French, and German source material has been used. All translations which appear in this thesis are my own. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, while there are many excellent, published translations of most of the primary texts already available, there are several cases in which a published English translation does not yet exist (i.e. Paulinus of Périgueux’s De Vita Sancti Martini and Gregory of Tours’ Miracles of the Blessed Apostle Andrew). For the sake of maintaining continuity and consistency throughout this thesis, I considered it practical to use my own translations. Secondly, as the tables in Appendices 1 and 2 show, there are several cases in which I have felt that the published translations available have not accurately translated or even included ‘fear’ where it is present in the Latin source. In some cases (i.e. P. De Letter’s translation of Prosper of Aquitaine’s The Call of All Nations, 13.6, p. 108), I have found that a translator has inserted ‘fear’ where it is not signified by the presence of a Latin fear-word. In others, the translator has substituted a Latin word for ‘fear’ with a different emotive word (i.e. Thorpe, History of the Franks, 1.19, p. 81). Since fear is a primary topic of this research, correctly
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