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Apache : Analyse D'un Succès Passé Et Présent Apache : analyse d’un succès passé et présent Le serveur HTTP Apache, avec plus de 60% de parts de marché, possède une position de leader incontesté. Des concurrents, tant libres que propriétaires, existent pourtant. Mais il n’ont jamais mis en péril la position d’Apache. Ce document se propose d’en analyser les causes de succès passées et présentes. Apache et le NCSA fork communautaire eut lieu. Ainsi naquit Caudium, basé sur le code de Roxen 1.3 Début 1995, le serveur HTTP le plus de fin juillet 2000. populaire était le logiciel du domaine public HTTPD, développé par Rob McCool Les compétiteurs propriétaires du NCSA (Centre National des Applications sur Super-ordinateurs, Le principal compétiteur propriétaire Université de l’Illinois, USA). reste, en terme de part de marché, Microsoft, avec son Internet Information Le développement ‘HTTPD s’étant arrêté Server (IIS), avec environ 30% de part à la mi-1994, suite au départ du NCSA de marché. D’autres se sont développés de McCool, un petit groupe de sur des marchés de niche, comme Zeus webmestres se regroupe en vue de (moins de 2%), dédiés aux sites à très mettre en commun les modifications forte fréquentation. ¨ apportées. Fin février 1995, huit programmeurs bénévoles travaillaient Pourquoi Apache et pas Roxen ? sur ce projets, baptisé Apache (a patche). Basée sur la version 1.3 du Le premier serveur HTTP portable est serveur HTTPD, la première version celui du NCSA (1993), dont est issu d’Apache (version 0.6.2) fut publiée en Apache. Mais la lignée des serveurs avril 1995. Spider/Spinner/Roxen/Caudium est antérieure à Apache ! L'argument du Complètement réécrit, amélioré, testé et « first mover advantage » ne s'applique documenté, Apache 1.0 sortit en donc pas à Apache. décembre 1995. Moins d’un an après, le serveur HTTP Apache était le premier Les choix techniques sont différents : serveur utilisé sur Internet, devant celui du NCSA ! - Apache est un serveur HTTP. Par contre, Roxen est un méta-serveur, Apache est depuis 1999 un organisme à c’est-à-dire qu’il est capable de but non lucratif (Apache Software répondre à des requêtes HTTP, Foundation). FTP,... et apporte un niveau d'abstraction plus élevé. Cela De Spider à Caudium s’oppose à la conception traditionnelle du monde UNIX voulant D’autres serveurs existaient à l’époque. qu’un logiciel fasse bien une et une seule chose. Ainsi en 1993, Per Hedbor écrivait le - Apache recourt au fork. Par contre, premier serveur WEB suédois. Baptisé Roxen est threadé depuis 1994 (cette Spider 1.0, il était écrit en C. Plusieurs caractéristique se retrouve dans versions lui succédèrent, écrites dans Apache depuis la 2.x). des langages différents : Spider 2.0, - Apache est associé au langage de écrit en LPC4 puis Spider 3.0, devenu script PHP. Par contre, Roxen est lié à Spinner 1.0, écrits en µLPC. Il fut ensuite des langages maison (Rxml et Pike) développé par la société suédoise Roxen, et supporte plus ou moins bien PHP. dont il pris le nom. Suite à la sortie de la - Apache est développé en C (LE version 2.0, incompatible avec la 1.x, un langage du monde UNIX), au contraire de Roxen qui est développé ont maintenu la communauté dans une en C (µLPC initialement) et Pike. taille réduite. D’un point de vue commercial : Apache profite aujourd’hui de sa popularité, de sa stabilité, de sa sécurité, - Apache possède environ 60% du de sa modularité et de sa complétude. Il marché des serveurs WEB. Il est est en outre associé au langage PHP, considéré comme stable et sécurisé. moyennement supporté par Roxen / - Par ailleurs, les licences sont Caudium. différentes : GPL pour Roxen / Caudium & licence Apache (libre mais L'impact du choix de la licence est incompatible avec la GPL et plus difficilement quantifiable, de même que permissive que cette dernière) pour l'impact de la présence d’une société Apache. derrière le serveur Roxen. Apache Ajoutons que l’Apache Software + issu du serveur NCSA (populaire) Foundation possède aujourd’hui un fork + facile facile à débugger et mieux important portefeuille de projets à la vu pointe, à commencer par Tomcat, associé à PHP l’implémentation de référence de - pas de FTP l’architecture J2EE de Sun. Roxen / Caudium + méta-serveur (abstraction) threadé (performance) Et IIS ? - threadé (débug difficile, mal vu -> pas de fun pour le hacker) Microsoft IIS possède pour sa part pike interprété et peu connu environ 30% du marché des serveurs Avantages / inconvénients à l’origine Internet et reste stable. Mono-plate- forme, il bénéficie d’une diffusion Apache maximale (intégré à Windows depuis NT + image de marque 4.0) et d’une administration simplifiée. part de marché (-> retour de la communauté) Il est par contre assez lourd et a souffert complet (modules, notamment Java) de bogues et de failles de sécurité. Il est bien intégré (ex. : EasyPHP) en outre arrivé assez tard sur le marché, associé à PHP en juillet 1996 ! Apache était déjà n°1 - - Roxen / Caudium depuis un an… + convivial gestion de site en option Des serveurs de niches - PHP moyennement supporté petite communauté De nombreux autres serveurs existent. manque de finition (car moins de retour) Citons aolserver, cern-httpd, fnord, wn, société par derrière (mal vu des hackers boa, bozohttpd, dhttpd, thttpd, thy dans ?) une distribution Linux Debian. Ou encore Avantages / inconvénients à l’heure Zeus. actuelle Ce dernier est un serveur Internet Apache semble donc avoir su profiter : propriétaire. D’un prix élevé (environ 1700 euros), il est ergonomique, très - de sa filiation avec le très populaire stable et permet de faire face à de très HTTPD du NCSA ; gros pics de fréquentation. Il anime - de ses choix technologiques en phase notamment le site d’enchère eBay. avec le monde UNIX. Permettant donc de faire face à des exigences très fortes, il occupe une niche Caudium a pour sa part débuté avec un de marché (environ 1,4%). déficit d’image et a été pénalisé par des choix techniques originaux. Ces derniers Synthèse -> Les chantiers de la fondation Apache, http://news.zdnet.fr/cgi- bin/fr/printer_friendly.cgi?id=2124424 Apache a donc développé un avantage -> Zeus, http://www.zeus.com/products/zws/ de départ (se baser sur un précédent développement et sur des choix Articles sur forums techniques populaires) et le conserver -> Apache vs Caudium / Roxen, grâce à une image de marque maintenue http://linuxfr.org/2001/04/21/3244.html au plus haut niveau. ¨ -> Roxen WebServer 2.2: alternative à Apache, http://linuxfr.org/2002/03/21/7646.html © Robert VISEUR, 2003 [email protected] Questions en suspens Sources - Y a-t-il une différence dans le modèle de Articles développement (cô bazaar vs cathédrale ?) entre Apache et Roxen ? -> Apache – HTTP Server Project, - Influence de la Fondation Apache http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html (partenariats externes notamment). -> The history of Caudium, http://caudium.net/server/history.rxml -> Netcraft Web Server Survey, http://www.netcraft.com/survey/ -> Serveurs Web : le martch Apache, IIS, Zeus, http://solutions.journaldunet.com/0212/021218_w eb.shtml -> Roxen WebServer 2.2, http://www.linuxjournal.com//article.php?sid=565 1 .
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