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By Yeom Sang Seop and Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

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By Yeom Sang Seop and Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer Vol. 31, No. 2 (June 2019) HUMANIORA page 188—198 https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v31i2.42797 The Clash of Traditional and Modern Cultures in the Novels Samdae (Three Generations) by Yeom Sang Seop and Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer Febriani Elfida Trihtarani Department of Language and Literature, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study analyzes Korean writer Yeom Sang-seop's colonial-era novel Samdae (Three Generations) (1931) and Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet). Although Korea and Indonesia have different cultures, they share a history of colonization by imperial countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the writers' cultural differences as they appear in these novels. Yeom Sang-seop’s Samdae (Three Generations) is shown to capture the conflict of traditional and modern cultures. In this novel, characters who follow traditional culture consider customs and honor very important. Meanwhile, the characters in Pramoedya’s quartet consider honor to be important. In Yeom Sang-seop’s novel, those seeking modernity hold only modern ideas and ultimately fall victim to consumerism. On the other hand, in Pramoedya’s novels, while characters with modern ideas do exist, they are not trapped in a world of consumerism. Yeom Sang-seop seeks a solution to escape colonialism through one character who is not interested in traditional culture but also shows no significant interest in modern culture. He instead supports socialism, which can be considered an attempt to avoid the downsides of modernity. In the novels of Pramoedya, one character Minke faces a similar situation. Through his national organizing activities, he shows the possibility that Indonesia can break free of colonialism. Keywords: Yeom Sang-seop; Pramoedya Ananta Toer; cultural difference; cultural conflict; modernity; traditional INTRODUCTION The process through which communities are built in Korea’s Joseon Dynasty. Japanese occupation of Korea new lands involves the erasure or reshaping of existing is described as a dark time in the country’s history, where communities. This process, broadly speaking, may the Japanese controlled almost all aspects of life and emerge as a result of trade, occupation, negotiation, war, the Korean people suffered (Seth 2011). Meanwhile, genocide, slavery, or rebellion. Meanwhile, colonialism Indonesia was occupied by Japan for three and a half may be defined as a form of occupation or conquest, years, between 1942 and 1945, following more than 350 including the control of land and goods belonging to years of Dutch colonialism. others (Loomba 1998). Based on the historical similarities between these Korea and Indonesia are both countries with two countries, despite having different cultures, it is colonial pasts. Both experienced a time of Japanese interesting to compare and contrast colonial literary works occupation, and both obtained their independence in a from these countries. The important role of literature in similar time span. The Japanese occupation of Korea colonial and anti-colonial discourse has been widely lasted 35 years (1910–1945), beginning with the fall of explored. Literature has served as a mediator of the real Trihtarani - The Clash of Traditional and Modern Cultures in the Novels... and the imagined. Literary texts, collections of linguistic he was considered a leftist and thus imprisoned for four units and complex signs, can be viewed as fertile sites for years, from 1965 to 1969. In 1969, he was exiled to Buru ideological interactions. Works of literature written during Island, where he was held with other prisoners until 1979. and after such colonial occupations have commonly While in exile, Pramoedya wrote his most famous works: applied, adapted, and embedded ‘other’ cultures into the Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet), consisting of Bumi them, creating new genres, ideas, and identities (Loomba Manusia (This Earth of Mankind, 1980), Anak Semua 1998). Bangsa (Child of All Nations, 1980), Jejak Langkah By examining works of Korean and Indonesian (Footprints, 1985) and Rumah Kaca (House of Glass, literature, it is thus possible to understand the different 1988) (Koh 1993). colonial viewpoints and conflicts reflected within Although Yeom Sang-seop and Pramoedya were them. This research will examine the works of two active in different countries in different eras, they both internationally recognized writers, one Korean and one actively wrote during the colonial era. Unlike other writers, Indonesian. The Korean writer most worthy of being they realistically depicted the conditions experienced called an international author is Yeom Sang-seop (Kim during the colonial era and after independence. A 2013). Yeom Sang-seop could be considered to have filled comparative study of the works by these authors will a gap in depicting Korea’s experiences in the colonial provide an in-depth understanding of their sharp criticism era through his works of literature. His main works, are and perspectives about the colonial experience. Even Samdae (삼대, Three Generations), Mansejeon (만세전, when they were active after independence, they used the Before Liberation), Haebang-eui Adeul (해방의 아들, colonial era as the background for their works and similar Children of Liberation), and Hyopung (효풍) (Kim 2009). themes. Many elements of these novels reflect the conflict between colonizers and the colonized, as well as conflict In writing his literature, he depicts characters with between tradition and modernity through interactions complicated lives, such that, compared to other with different cultures. It is these similarities that will writers, his are more realistic in their depiction. be examined in this article. The novels discussed are There are many views of literature. Elements those set in the colonial era, which include a number of that can be noted in his works include realism, post-colonial themes. These works are Yeom Sang-seop’s naturalism, nationalism, anti- feudalism, anti- Samdae (삼대, Three Generations, 1931) and Pramoedya imperialism, etc. Most prominent, essential to all Ananta Toer’s Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet). of Yeom Sang-seop’s literary works, are realism, Samdae (Three Generations) can be seen as Yeom nationalism, imperialism, and anti-feudalism Sang-seop’s most celebrated novel which presents as a (Munhakgwa Sasang Yeonguhoe 2008). canvas with varied characters including intellectuals, Yeom Sang-seop’s works took up issues of bourgeouis, working-class men and women, and also colonialism and reflected complex social problems revolutionaris. This novel portrays the conflict within an through their diverse and numerous characters, issues upper-middle class family during the Japanese colonial which had been neglected by other writers. This research period that also highlights the changing of everyday life will focus on one of Yeom Sang-seop’s early novels, of Korea in that period (Park, Gatrall 2010). This novel which takes the colonial era as its background, and centers on three generations of the Jo family: Jo Ui-gwan, compares this with Indonesian works set in the colonial his son Jo Sang-hun, and his grandson Jo Deok-gi. One of period. this novel’s most prominent themes is the conflict between The most internationally recognized Indonesian the conservatives who uphold traditions, represented author, though not widely known in Korea, is Pramoedya by Jo Ui-gwan, and people who have been influenced Ananta Toer (1925-2006) (Vltchek and Indira 2011). by modern thought and chase everything and anything Pramoedya was a writer who frequently used a colonial that appears modern, represented by Jo Sang-hun. The setting for his works. He was born during the Dutch youngest Jo, meanwhile, is located between these two colonial era, and the contemporary situation was opposite forces, and is key to the author’s message about frequently used as the setting for his works. His early how contemporary issues in Korea should be resolved. published work includes Keranji Bekasi Jatuh (The Fall Meanwhile, the Tetralogi Buru (Buru Quartet) of Kranji-Bekasi, 1947), Perburuan (The Hunt, 1950) follows Minke, the son of a Javanese nobleman which and Keluarga Gerilya (Guerilla Family, 1950). is called priyayi and those with whom he interacts in Java. However, because he was involved in the Lembaga In the first novel in the series,Bumi Manusia (The Earth Kebudajaan Rakjat (Lekra ‒ Institute for People’s Culture), of Mankind), Minke meets Annelies Mellema, and the 189 Humaniora, Vol. 31, No. 2 (June 2019) novel follows the love of an indigenous man and a mixed- cultural power, i.e. the dominance of a particular culture race woman. The indigenous characters Minke and Nyai where differences emerge. This process of enunciation Ontosoroh (Annelies’ mother) begin fighting against their introduces multiple elements, including cultural unfair treatment at the hands of the colonial government. identification. It problematizes the binary division By the time of the second work, Anak Semua Bangsa between past and present, tradition and modernity, within (Child of Nation), Minke has developed a great sense social representation and power (Bhabha 1994). of nationalism. He challenges colonialism and attempts Cultural differences, one of which is created from to uphold the rights of indigenous people by writing the colonization process, are able to create two cultural in Malay, after some time writing in Dutch. In Jejak forms, namely
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