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In Vitro Production and Exudation of 20-Hydroxymaytenin from Gymnosporia Heterophylla (Eckl

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In Vitro Production and Exudation of 20-Hydroxymaytenin from Gymnosporia Heterophylla (Eckl plants Article In Vitro Production and Exudation of 20-Hydroxymaytenin from Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Loes. Cell Culture Thanet Pitakbut 1 , Michael Spiteller 2 and Oliver Kayser 1,* 1 Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; [email protected] 2 Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The metabolite 20-Hydroxymaytenin (20-HM) is a member of the quinone-methide penta- cyclic triterpenoids (QMTs) group. This metabolite group is present only in Celastraceae plants, and it has shown various biological activities from antioxidant to anticancer properties. However, most QMTs metabolites including 20-HM cannot be synthesized in a laboratory. Therefore, we optimized a plant tissue culture protocol and examined the potential of Gymnosporia heterophylla (synonym. Maytenus heterophylla) to produce 20-HM in an in vitro experiment. For the first time, we reported the optimum callus induction medium with a high percentage success rate of 82% from the combination of 1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid and 5 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid. Later, our cell suspension culture cultivated in the optimum medium provided approximately 0.35 mg/g fresh weight of 20-HM. This concentration is roughly 87.5 times higher than a concentration of 20-HM presenting Citation: Pitakbut, T.; Spiteller, M.; in Elaeodendron croceum (Celastraceae) leaves. In addition, we also found that 20-HM presented Kayser, O. In Vitro Production and in a cultivation medium, suggesting that G. heterophylla cells secreted 20-HM as an exudate in our Exudation of 20-Hydroxymaytenin experiment. Noticeably, 20-HM was missing when Penicillium cf. olsonii occurred in the medium. from Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. These findings hint at an antifungal property of 20-HM. and Zeyh.) Loes. Cell Culture. Plants 2021, 10, 1493. https://doi.org/ Keywords: plant cell culture; plant exudate; 20-hydroxymaytenin; Gymnosporia heterophylla 10.3390/plants10081493 Academic Editor: Iyyakkannu Sivanesan 1. Introduction The triterpenoid metabolite 20-Hydroxymaytenin (20-HM) belongs to a unique group Received: 4 May 2021 known as quinone-methide pentacyclic triterpenoids or QMTs [1]. In previous reports, a Accepted: 10 July 2021 Published: 21 July 2021 wide range of biological activities was reported from QMTs metabolites, such as antiox- idant [2,3], anti-inflammatory [4,5], antimicrobial [6,7], and antidiabetes [8]. In addition, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral QMTs metabolites also provided hepato- and cardioprotective effects [9,10]. Among all with regard to jurisdictional claims in these biological activities, an anticancer property is the most promising one [11]. Even published maps and institutional affil- though no QMTs derivative has been brought to a clinical trial yet, QMTs metabolites, espe- iations. cially celastrol, are known as a hit compound for developing new anticancer agents [11–13]. Recently, Hernandes et al. (2020) reported that two bioactive QMTs metabolites from Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae), namely maytenin and 22-hydroxymaytenin (22-HM), exhibited a promising antineoplastic effect against head and neck squamous cell carci- noma [14], the sixth most common cancer in the world [15,16]. Moreover, it was indicated Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. that maytenin could effectively and specifically target cancer cells. However, maytenin This article is an open access article demonstrated an inferior effect compared to cisplatin (the standard treatment), but it also distributed under the terms and showed less toxicity [14]. Lastly, Hernandes and his team also suggested that maytenin conditions of the Creative Commons might prevent cancer cells from resisting cisplatin treatment by downregulating microR- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// NAs such as miR-21-5p [14]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Despite the attractive biological activities of the QMTs metabolites, research and devel- 4.0/). opment have been left behind. One of the major limiting factors is that QMTs metabolites Plants 2021, 10, 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081493 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2021, 10, 1493 2 of 16 cannot be synthesized chemically due to their structural complexity [17–19]. A possible way to obtain QMTs metabolites is plant extraction. The problem is a very low accu- mulation of QMT in the plant. For example, Yelani et al. (2010) reported that 14 mg of 20-HM was isolated from 3.7 kg of Elaeodendron croceum (Celastraceae) leaves only [20]. It is approximately 0.004 mg/g dry weight of 20-HM presenting in E. croceum leaves. However, Coppde et al. (2014) reported a higher concentration of 22-HM at 0.060 mg/g dry weight in one-year-old M. ilicifolia roots. The concentration of 22-HM is roughly a quarter of a total concentration of QMTs metabolites presenting in one-year-old M. ilicifolia roots at 0.234 mg/g dry weight. Noticeably, plant tissue culture has been commonly used to overcome this obstacle [21–23]. Since there is no standard protocol for a cell suspension culture from Gymnosporia heterophylla (synonym. Maytenus heterophylla), we worked to establish one. We evaluated the possibility of using G. heterophylla cell suspension culture as an alternative source for the production of 20-HM. We optimized a callus induction medium using various combinations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and optimized the phytohormone concentration. Finally, a growth curve and biosynthetic rate of 20-HM in G. heterophylla cells were determined. Following a suggestion from Pina’s study, we also analyzed a chemical profile of a cultivation medium to track 20-HM since Pina and co-authors reported that an in vitro root culture of Cheiloclinium cognatum could secrete 22-HM (a derivative of 20-HM) extracellularly [24]. In this study, plant calli (groups of dedifferentiated cells) were initiated from leaves of G. heterophylla [25]. Callus culture of G. heterophylla was optimized and provided a high percentage success rate of 82%. In addition, a five-fold increase of the biomass was obtained from a cell suspension culture after five-week cultivation. Biomass provided 0.35 mg/g of 20-HM, being approximately 87.5 times more highly concentrated than previously reported by Yelani et al. (2010) [20]. Our result showed that the leaf cells of G. heterophylla produced and secreted 20-HM as an exudate in our in vitro culture, similar to Pina’s report [24]. 2. Results 2.1. Isolation, Identification, and Proposed Mass Fragmentation of 20-HM from G. heterophylla High purity of 20-HM is required as a standard reference for our chemical analysis, an essential part of this study. Since it is impossible to purchase any high purity of 20-HM from a company, we extracted, isolated, and identified 20-HM from G. heterophylla. As a result, 97% purity of 20-HM based on a high-performance liquid chromatography or HPLC analysis was obtained (see Supplementary Material, Figure S1). Later, 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR spectroscopic data of the obtained 20-HM were compared to previous spectroscopic data reported by Gunatilka et al. (1989) presented in Table1[ 26]. As a result, a chemical structure of the obtained 20-HM from G. heterophylla was confirmed (see Supplementary Material, Figures S2 and S3). We proposed a mass fragmentation of 20-HM based on electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry or ESI-MS (Figure1). Table 1. Comparison of 13C and 1H-NMR spectroscopic data between a previous report and a self-isolation of 20-HM from this study. 13C—NMR 1H—NMR Position Reference * IsolatedPosition Reference * Isolated δ (ppm) δ (ppm) δ (ppm) Multiplicity J value (Hz) δ Multiplicity J Value (Hz) 1 119.8 119.8 1 6.53 d 1.0 6.55 d 1.0 2 178.4 178.4 2 3 146.2 146.1 3 6.97 s 6.69 s 4 117.1 117.1 4 5 127.9 127.7 5 6 133.3 133.6 6 7.01 dd 7.0, 1,0 7.03 dd 7, 1 7 118.3 118.2 7 6.36 d 7.0 6.37 d 7.0 8 168.7 168.7 8 9 42.9 42.7 9 10 164.2 164.7 10 11 33.2 32 11α 1.95 td 14.0, 7.0 1.95 m Plants 2021, 10, 1493 3 of 16 Table 1. Cont. 13C—NMR 1H—NMR Position Reference * IsolatedPosition Reference * Isolated δ (ppm) δ (ppm) δ (ppm) Multiplicity J value (Hz) δ Multiplicity J Value (Hz) 11β 2.21 ddd 14.0, 5.0, 3.0 2.26 ddd 14.0, 5.0, 3.0 12 29.9 29.9 12α 1.76 ddd 14.0, 7.0, 3.0 1.76 m 12β 1.82 td 14.0, 5.0 1,79 m 13 40 40.6 13 14 44.2 44.6 14 15 29.4 29.5 15α 1.84 ddd 12.5, 10.5, 4.5 1.83 m 15β 1.73 m 1.74 m 16 35.7 34 16α 1.65 ddd 13.5, 4.5, 2.5 1.67 m 16β 1.91 ddd 13.5, 10.5, 5.5 1.86 m 17 35.9 35.5 17 18 43.3 43.5 18 1.93 dd 9.5 1.88 m 19 36.9 38.2 19α 2.28 dd 15.0, 9.0 2.21 dd 15.0, 9.0 19β 2.2 dd 15.0, 5.0 2.19 dd 15.0, 7.0 20 73.7 - ¥ 20 3.24 s 3.5 d 5.0 21 214.9 213.6 21 22 50.5 50.9 22α 2.99 d 14.0 2.93 d 14.0 22β 1.95 d 14.0 1.99 m 23 10.3 10.3 23 2.22 s 2.23 s 24 - - 24 Plants25 2021, 10, x FOR 38.5 PEER REVIEW 39 25 1.48 s 1.51 s 3 of 16 26 23.3 21.5 26 1.36 s 1.35 s 27 19.4 19.7 27 0.89 s 0.87 s 28 33.2 32 28 1.13 s 1.26 s 29 - - 29 - - - 30 29 28.5fore, they were 30 still in a 1.36 tolerated mass s range reported by 1.35Zhang et al.
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