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Estimated Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in Ghana
Journal of Fungi Article Estimated Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in Ghana Bright K. Ocansey 1, George A. Pesewu 2,*, Francis S. Codjoe 2, Samuel Osei-Djarbeng 3, Patrick K. Feglo 4 and David W. Denning 5 1 Laboratory Unit, New Hope Specialist Hospital, Aflao 00233, Ghana; [email protected] 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box KB-143, Korle-Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, P.O. Box 854, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; [email protected] 4 Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; [email protected] 5 National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital and the University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +233-277-301-300; Fax: +233-240-190-737 Received: 5 March 2019; Accepted: 14 April 2019; Published: 11 May 2019 Abstract: Fungal infections are increasingly becoming common and yet often neglected in developing countries. Information on the burden of these infections is important for improved patient outcomes. The burden of serious fungal infections in Ghana is unknown. We aimed to estimate this burden. Using local, regional, or global data and estimates of population and at-risk groups, deterministic modelling was employed to estimate national incidence or prevalence. Our study revealed that about 4% of Ghanaians suffer from serious fungal infections yearly, with over 35,000 affected by life-threatening invasive fungal infections. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1. In the book, we use the terms ‘fungal infections’ and ‘mycoses’ (or singular fungal infection and mycosis) interchangeably, mostly following the usage of our historical actors in time and place. 2. The term ‘ringworm’ is very old and came from the circular patches of peeled, inflamed skin that characterised the infection. In medicine at least, no one understood it to be associated with worms of any description. 3. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 4. Burnham, J. C., ‘American medicine’s golden age: What happened to it?’, Sci- ence, 1982, 215: 1474–1479; Brandt, A. M. and Gardner, M., ‘The golden age of medicine’, in Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. V., eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000, 21–38. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of ‘side-effect’ was in 1939, in H. N. G. Wright and M. L. Montag’s textbook: Materia Med Pharma- col & Therapeutics, 112, when it referred to ‘The effects which are not desired in any particular case are referred to as “side effects” or “side actions” and, in some instances, these may be so powerful as to limit seriously the therapeutic usefulness of the drug.’ 6. Illich, I., Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, London, Calder & Boyars, 1975. 7. Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Society, New Delhi, Sage, 1992, 56 and 63; Greene, J., Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Dis- ease, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007; Timmermann, C., ‘To treat or not to treat: Drug research and the changing nature of essential hypertension’, Schlich, T. -
A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Tinea Imbricata
Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res. 2019 Oct; 9(4): (L) 28-33 ISSN 2250-0480 Review Article Dermatology International Journal of Life science and Pharma Research A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TINEA IMBRICATA RANA ABDULAZEEM AL-BASSAM1, BASMAH SALEM AL AFARI 1 AND MANAL HASSAN MOHAMED SALEM2* 1Intern doctor, Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., 2Mater degree of dermatology,venereology and andrology , Doctor Abdulazeem Albassam Medical Group, Department of Dermatology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT Tinea imbricata is a cutaneous fungal disease and sometimes called (Tokelau). The causative agent is a dermatophyte known as Trichophyton concentricum. It is an endemic in developing countries particularly in South Pacific, India, Central and South America, as well as Mexico. It is generally observed in people with poor living conditions and poor personal hygiene. Predisposing factors are hot weather, humidity, and host immunity in addition to genetic factors. The patients usually presented with concentric or lamellar skin lesions. The aim of this review is to highlight important information about microbial, clinical and therapeutic aspects of tinea imbricta. In this review, we search the literature to identify articles talking different aspects of tinea imbricta. The electronic search was performed in four databases to identify eligible articles in the literature. Electronic databases were searched including MEDLINE and EMBASE using PubMed search engine. In addition, Cochrane library and ovid was searched. The titles and abstracts of the resulted articles were screened to identify eligible studies. Based on the primary screening results the irrelevant studies, duplicated and reviews were excluded. Tinea imbricta is found to be endemic in 3 main geographical regions, Southwest Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. -
NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2
NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2 page 2 Deep dermatophytosis page 4 Deep dermatophytosis: A case report page 5 Fereydounia khargensis: A new and uncommon opportunistic yeast from Malaysia page 6 Itraconazole: A quick guide for clinicians Visit us at AFWGonline.com and sign up for updates Editors’ welcome Dr Mitzi M Chua Dr Ariya Chindamporn Adult Infectious Disease Specialist Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Microbiology Department of Microbiology & Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Cebu Institute of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Cebu City, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand This year we celebrate the 8th year of AFWG: 8 years of pursuing excellence in medical mycology throughout the region; 8 years of sharing expertise and encouraging like-minded professionals to join us in our mission. We are happy to once again share some educational articles from our experts and keep you updated on our activities through this issue. Deep dermatophytosis may be a rare skin infection, but late diagnosis or ineffective treatment may lead to mortality in some cases. This issue of the AFWG newsletter focuses on this fungal infection that usually occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Dr Pei-Lun Sun takes us through the basics of deep dermatophytosis, presenting data from published studies, and emphasizes the importance of treating superficial tinea infections before starting immunosuppressive treatment. Dr Ruojun Wang and Professor Ruoyu Li share a case of deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. In this issue, we also feature a new fungus, Fereydounia khargensis, first discovered in 2014. Ms Ratna Mohd Tap and Dr Fairuz Amran present 2 cases of F. khargensis and show how PCR sequencing is crucial to correct identification of this uncommon yeast. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
FUNGI Why Care?
FUNGI Fungal Classification, Structure, and Replication -Commonly present in nature as saprophytes, -transiently colonising or etiological agenses. -Frequently present in biological samples. -They role in pathogenesis can be difficult to determine. Why Care? • Fungi are a cause of nosocomial infections. • Fungal infections are a major problem in immune suppressed people. • Fungal infections are often mistaken for bacterial infections, with fatal consequences. Most fungi live harmlessly in the environment, but some species can cause disease in the human host. Patients with weakened immune function admitted to hospital are at high risk of developing serious, invasive fungal infections. Systemic fungal infections are a major problem among critically ill patients in acute care settings and are responsible for an increasing proportion of healthcare- associated infections THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI • saprobes • symbionts • commensals • parasites The fungi represent a ubiquitous and diverse group of organisms, the main purpose of which is to degrade organic matter. All fungi lead a heterotrophic existence as saprobes (organisms that live on dead or decaying matter), symbionts (organisms that live together and in which the association is of mutual advantage), commensals (organisms living in a close relationship in which one benefits from the relationship and the other neither benefits nor is harmed), or as parasites (organisms that live on or within a host from which they derive benefits without making any useful contribution in return; in the case of pathogens, the relationship is harmful to the host). Fungi have emerged in the past two decades as major causes of human disease, especially among those individuals who are immunocompromised or hospitalized with serious underlying diseases. -
Standard Methods for Fungal Brood Disease Research Métodos Estándar Para La Investigación De Enfermedades Fúngicas De La Cr
Journal of Apicultural Research 52(1): (2013) © IBRA 2013 DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.13 REVIEW ARTICLE Standard methods for fungal brood disease research Annette Bruun Jensen1*, Kathrine Aronstein2, José Manuel Flores3, Svjetlana Vojvodic4, María 5 6 Alejandra Palacio and Marla Spivak 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1817 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. 2Honey Bee Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2413 E. Hwy. 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA. 3Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales (Ed. C-1), 14071, Córdoba, Spain. 4Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, PO Box 210106, Tucson, AZ 85721-0106, USA. 5Unidad Integrada INTA – Facultad de Ciencias Ags, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 276,7600 Balcarce, Argentina. 6Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. Received 1 May 2012, accepted subject to revision 17 July 2012, accepted for publication 12 September 2012. *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Summary Chalkbrood and stonebrood are two fungal diseases associated with honey bee brood. Chalkbrood, caused by Ascosphaera apis, is a common and widespread disease that can result in severe reduction of emerging worker bees and thus overall colony productivity. Stonebrood is caused by Aspergillus spp. that are rarely observed, so the impact on colony health is not very well understood. A major concern with the presence of Aspergillus in honey bees is the production of airborne conidia, which can lead to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma, or even invasive aspergillosis in lung tissues upon inhalation by humans. In the current chapter we describe the honey bee disease symptoms of these fungal pathogens. -
Ringworm & Other Human Fungal Infections
Ringworm & Other Human Fungal Infections McKenzie Pediatrics Ringworm, medically known as Tinea Corporis, is a common skin infection of childhood, and is not caused by a worm at all, but rather by a fungus. It is usually easily treated, and should not be seen as a source of social stigma. It is just one of many types of Tinea infections that affect humans. Tinea is a widespread group of fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. It is second to acne as the most frequently reported skin disease in the United States. Infection may occur through contact with infected humans (by way of shared combs, brushes, hats, pillows, clothing, or bedding) and animals (especially dogs and cats), soil, or inanimate objects. Tinea should be suspected in any red, scaly, itchy, and enlarging rash. Tinea is a superficial infection of the skin (Tinea Corporis), scalp (Tinea Capitis), nails (Tinea Unguium), groin (Tinea Cruris), hands (Tinea Manuum) or feet (Tinea Pedis). There are three types and 27 varieties of dermatophytes that cause human Tinea: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. Tinea Corporis (Ringworm) causes smooth and bare skin, typically surrounded by a raised, red, scaly “ring”. Lesions are often solitary, though may be multiple, and even overlapping. It is not nearly as common as what it is most often mistaken for: nummular eczema, a variety of eczema that causes round or oval scaly patches but without a clear area in the center. Nummular eczema tends to be more numerous, and is often less itchy than Ringworm. Topical treatments that are available over-the-counter usually work quite well for Tinea Corporis. -
Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut
■ CLINICAL REVIEW Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is a common imidazole, has been used for years both orally and top superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum. ically with great success, although it has not been Caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur, this chronical approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the ly recurring disease is most prevalent in the tropics but indication of tinea versicolor. Newer derivatives, such is also common in temperate climates. Treatments are as fluconazole and itraconazole, have recently been available and cure rates are high, although recurrences introduced. Side effects associated with these triazoles are common. Traditional topical agents such as seleni tend to be minor and low in incidence. Except for keto um sulfide are effective, but recurrence following treat conazole, oral antifungals carry a low risk of hepato- ment with these agents is likely and often rapid. toxicity. Currently, therapeutic interest is focused on synthetic Key Words: Tinea versicolor; pityriasis versicolor; anti “-azole” antifungal drugs, which interfere with the sterol fungal agents. metabolism of the infectious agent. Ketoconazole, an (J Fam Pract 1996; 43:127-132) ormal skin flora includes two morpho than formerly thought. In one study, children under logically discrete lipophilic yeasts: a age 14 represented nearly 5% of confirmed cases spherical form, Pityrosporum orbicu- of the disease.3 In many of these cases, the face lare, and an ovoid form, Pityrosporum was involved, a rare manifestation of the disease in ovale. Whether these are separate enti adults.1 The condition is most prevalent in tropical tiesN or different morphologic forms in the cell and semitropical areas, where up to 40% of some cycle of the same organism remains unclear.: In the populations are affected. -
(Sporanox Capsules) 280-A
PRIOR AUTHORIZATION CRITERIA BRAND NAME (generic) SPORANOX ORAL CAPSULES (itraconazole) Status: CVS Caremark Criteria Type: Initial Prior Authorization Policy FDA-APPROVED INDICATIONS Sporanox (itraconazole) Capsules are indicated for the treatment of the following fungal infections in immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised patients: 1. Blastomycosis, pulmonary and extrapulmonary 2. Histoplasmosis, including chronic cavitary pulmonary disease and disseminated, non-meningeal histoplasmosis, and 3. Aspergillosis, pulmonary and extrapulmonary, in patients who are intolerant of or who are refractory to amphotericin B therapy. Specimens for fungal cultures and other relevant laboratory studies (wet mount, histopathology, serology) should be obtained before therapy to isolate and identify causative organisms. Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known; however, once these results become available, antiinfective therapy should be adjusted accordingly. Sporanox Capsules are also indicated for the treatment of the following fungal infections in non-immunocompromised patients: 1. Onychomycosis of the toenail, with or without fingernail involvement, due to dermatophytes (tinea unguium), and 2. Onychomycosis of the fingernail due to dermatophytes (tinea unguium). Prior to initiating treatment, appropriate nail specimens for laboratory testing (KOH preparation, fungal culture, or nail biopsy) should be obtained to confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Compendial Uses Coccidioidomycosis2,3 -
Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium Keratinophilum
fmicb-08-00083 January 25, 2017 Time: 11:0 # 1 CASE REPORT published: 25 January 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00083 Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium keratinophilum Juhaer Mijiti1†, Bo Pan2,3†, Sybren de Hoog4, Yoshikazu Horie5, Tetsuhiro Matsuzawa6, Yilixiati Yilifan1, Yong Liu1, Parida Abliz7, Weihua Pan2,3, Danqi Deng8, Yun Guo8, Peiliang Zhang8, Wanqing Liao2,3* and Shuwen Deng2,3,7* 1 Department of Dermatology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China, 2 Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 3 Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 4 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands, 5 Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, 6 Department of Nutrition Science, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan, 7 Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China, 8 Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China Chrysosporium species are saprophytic filamentous fungi commonly found in the Edited by: soil, dung, and animal fur. Subcutaneous infection caused by this organism is Leonard Peruski, rare in humans. We report a case of subcutaneous fungal infection caused by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA Chrysosporium keratinophilum in a 38-year-old woman. The patient presented with Reviewed by: severe chromoblastomycosis-like lesions on the left side of the jaw and neck for 6 years. Nasib Singh, She also got tinea corporis on her trunk since she was 10 years old. -
Isolation and Characterization of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium Mutants Resistant to Antifungal Compounds Duy Vuong Nguyen
Isolation and characterization of Phanerochaete chrysosporium mutants resistant to antifungal compounds Duy Vuong Nguyen To cite this version: Duy Vuong Nguyen. Isolation and characterization of Phanerochaete chrysosporium mutants resistant to antifungal compounds. Mycology. Université de Lorraine, 2020. English. NNT : 2020LORR0045. tel-02940144 HAL Id: tel-02940144 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-02940144 Submitted on 16 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2-