AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1600 BLADENSB URG ROAD, NORTHEAST / WASHINGTON, D. c. 20002

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate l/o1"licullural information

Ediloria I Committee

fRA NCIS DE Vos, Chairman Terllls ExjJiring 1967 MRS. ROBERT L. EMERY, JR. JOHN L. CREECH Louisiana A. C. HILDRETH FREDERIC P. LEE Colorado DAVID LEACH CO"'RAD B. LINK Pennsylvania CHARLES G. MEYER FREDERICK G. MEYER New York MRS. STANLEY ROWE " V II .BUR H . YOUNGMAN Ohio T erms Expiring 1968 FRANCIS DE Vos Officers Maryland 1\IRS. ELSA U. KNOLL PRESIDENT California VICTOR RIES JOHN H. WALKER Ohio A lexan dria, Virginia STEWART D. '''' INN Georgia FIRST v ICE-PRESIDENT ROBERT WINTZ lIIirlOis FRED C. GALLE Pine "'[ountain, Georgia T erill s ExjJiring 1969 JOHN PATEK

Sf.COND VICE-PRESIDENT MRS. fRAN CIS P ATTESON-KNIGHT TOM D. THROCKMORTON Virginia Des ll'loines, Iowa LEON C S NYDER Minnesota EARL E. VALLOT ACTING SECRETARY-TREASURER Louisiana GRACE P. WILSON I' RED B. WIDMOYER Bladensburg, Maryland New Mexico

The American Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, J~ly and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growmg ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal. and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic imrortance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editonal Committee should be consu lted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copics- -2 pp $7.20; 4 pp $13.20; 8 pp $27.60; 12 pp $39.60; Covers $13.20.

Second class postage pa id at Baltimore, Maryla nd and at additional mailing offices. Copyright. (1) 196i by The Am e r~ ca ~ H ortl cultura] SocIety, lnc. T he America n H orticulhlral Jl rf agazine is included as a benefit of mem­ bership In T he American Horticultural Society, Individual Membership dues being $6.00 a year. OCTOBER • 1967

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULT URAL MAGA ZI NE VOLUME 46 • NUMBER 4

Contents

The Cultiva ted R aspberry and Blackberry in N orth Am erica-Breeding and Improvement GEORGE M. DARROW ______203

Ferns for an Indoor Limestone Boulder H abitat W. H . WAGNER} JR. and ROBERT C_ WOODSIDE ______219

Callaway Gardens PATRICIA LEGRANDE 224

M agnolia virgin iana. var. australis 'Henry Hicks', a n ew evergreen magnolia JOSEPH C. M cD ANIEL ______230

Squills and Bluebells J . F. CH. DIX ______--- ______------______236

Award Winners of the Society for 1967 ______N O

The Gardener's Pocketbook

Nymphaea X 'Antares', A N ew H ybrid WaterlilY-PATRI CK A. N UTT and DONALD G . H UTTLESTON ______243

The Variegated Bitter Ginger, Zingiber zeTu.mbet 'D arceyi'- ALEX D . H AW'KES ------______244 Ornamental Mountain-laurel and a New Cultivar: Kalmia latifolia 'Bettina'- T. R . D UDLEY ------______245 The Carpathian Walnut-F. L. S. O 'ROURKE ------______248 A Book or Two ______------____ ------250

Index to Volume 46 ------.. _____ 255

OCTOBER COVER ILLUSTRATION Grassula. Original drawing by R. H ays. Courtesy of Mrs. Charles Bittinger. Fig. 1. Where some blackberry varieties are adapted. The blackberry is not so hardy as the red raspberry and is grown mostly farther south and not so far north. Many different species are in the ancestry of different varieties, hence their different adaption.

Fig. 2. Where some red raspberry varieties are adapted. The red raspberry is hardier and is raised farther north than the blackberries and is not well­ adapted to the south. The largest acreage is in western Washington and north­ western Oregon. The Cultivated Raspberry and Blackberry in North America­ Breeding and Improvement

By GEORGE M. D ARROW*

Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus ries harvested extensively in the wild spp.) have been important in the helped to make it a popular fruit. The United States and Canada for about 100 'Brinkles Orange' raspberry of European years. The first raspberry varieties or parentage, raised by Dr. Brinkle of Phil­ cultivars were of European origin intro­ adelphia in 1845, of exceedingly high duced before 1800. Native red raspber- flavor, and 'Turner' of American par­

'Retired and formerly principal horticulturist in entage, raised about the same time in charge (now collaborator) of Small Fruit Investiga­ Illinois, made this fruit popular in gar­ tions, V.S.D.A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Mary­ land. dens and for the local market. Later in the 1870's and 1880's, the 'Antwerp' (R. idaeus) and 'Cuthbert' (R. idaeus X About the Author strigosus) were good enough to make an It has been over 50 years since the important commercial industry. Abou t author first became interested in rasp­ 1870, black raspberries became im por­ berry and blackberry improvement. tant with the general distribution of The first farmers' bulletins by him on 'Doolittle'. The purple raspberry, fol­ berries were published in 1915 (Black­ lowing the introduction of 'Columbian' berry Culture), 1916 (Dewberry CuI· in 1891, said to have been grown from ture) , 1917 (Raspberry Culture) , and seed of 'Cuthbert' (but probably not) 1918 (Logan Blackberry Culture) . A became of some importance. The review of the world information on greatest acreage in cane fruits was from the improvement of these fruits was about 1890 to 1910. Blackberry varieties published 20 years later in 1937 in the are not so hardy as raspberry varieties Yearbook of the U. S. Department of and are grown mostly south of the cen­ Agriculture. When the author retired ter of raspberry production. (See maps in 1957, even though important reo Figs. 1 and 2) search had been done, there was doubt Through the past 60 years the acreage as to the future of the raspberry and of these berries has steadily decreased: blackberry as important fruilts due to for blackberries and dewberries from the increasing harvesting costs, the dif­ 50,211 acres in 1899, to 49,004 acres in ficulty of disease and insect control, 1909, to 43,684 acres in 1959; and for and the changing food habits of the raspberries from 60,916 acres in 1899, to public. Now with the mechanization 48,668 acres in 1909, to 24,215 acres in of cultural operations, the actual be· 1959. The decrease has been due largely ginning of mechanical harvesting, the to labor costs in h arvesting but in part great improvement in pest control, to disease and insect pests which have especially in the commercial produc­ been difficult or costly to control with tion of virus free plants of some vari­ available methods. etjes and soon of many varieties, and New research on virus and other dis­ the introduction of high-flavored, very eases, the production of virus-free stocks productive, and thornless varieties, (Fig. 3), and the introduction of new their future is much more promising. cultivars, even thornless blackberries offer gardeners and commercial grower~ 203 204 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

have been freed of virus diseases in the U . S. Department of Agriculture and cooperating states research programs and 20 raspberry and 13 blackberry cuI­ tivars have been released to nurseries for propagation as free of known virus. Stock of some of these may now be purchased from nurseries. The increase in yield of the virus-free over the ordi­ nary stocks varies greatly, both with the cultivar and with the virus, but in some cases it has been four-fold. (Fig. 4) The present commercial American raspberries are from three species, U.S.D.A. Rubus st?-igosus (red) and R. occiden­ Fig. 3. 'Latham', the standard red talis (black), both American, and the raspberl'Y of eastern U. S. since about 1920. It originated and was selected at the Minnesota Experiment Station so is very hardy. Now that virus-free stock is available it should be even more valuable. Though of only fair dessert quality, it has very good flavor when frozen or in jam. a far better opportunity with these fruits than for many years past. In the latitude of Maryland, the fall-fruiting red raspberries, 'September', 'Fallred', and others make it possible to have this fruit for more than three Fig. 4. A. Each basket of berries is months instead of three weeks -'Fall red' the yield for one picking of a 15-foot for high flavor, and 'September' for both row of mosaic-virus infected plants of eating and freezing. By cutting all canes the Newburgh red raspberry. off in winter of the fall-fruiting red B. Each two baskets is the yield of a cultivars so as to have no fruit in June, a 15-foot row, virus-free plants of the Newburgh red raspberry. heavier crop is obtained on the new canes from August to the end of Octo­ ber. By growing the new 'Smoothstem' thornless blackberry which has pinkish flowers and nearly evergreen foliage, a heavy crop is harvested in August when, in the Maryland area at leas t, birds have quit eating the berries. The thorny erect-growing hardy 'Darrow' blackberry of high quality ripens in July in Mary­ land, but in some years in garden patches the birds may take all the fruit; at most they leave only haH the crop. When birds are not a probl ~ m this vari­ ety is a most worthwhile addition for gardeners and commercial growers. The year 1967 should see the fi rs t ex tensive use of a harvesting m achine for the 'Raven' blackberry in Arkansas. Many raspberries and blackberries OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 205

European R. idaeus (red). Most, if not Blackberry (Rubus) species north of all of the widely grown red raspberry Mexico are numerous (conservatively cultivars of today have both red-berried about 35) and form a genetically varia­ species in their paren tage-s trigosw ble series from diploid to 12-ploid. provides genes for resistance to low win­ Bailey (1941-45) recognized over 350 ter temperatures and idaeus, genes for species, most now considered to be mere­ large firm fruit. The purple raspberries ly natural hybrids. The blackberry (hybrids of the red X black) have all group as a whole is highly variable. three species in their ancestry. Some species, such as Himalaya black­ Blackberries, including the trailing berry (R. procerus) and evergreen ones often called dewberries, became im­ blackberry (R. laciniatus) , may reach 20 pOl-tant about 1870. The early cultivars feet in height, others barely two inches. were selected from the wild. Today's Some are evergreen and subtropical (R. cultivars are derived from at least ten trivialis) , others are deciduous and species, probably as listed below. range far north in Canada (R. hispidus and R. chamaemorus); some produce Wild Relatives of Raspberries few, others many stems from the crown, and Blackberries and they vary greatly in drought, heat, Raspberry species and cultivars of cold, disease, and insect resistance, in North America are diploid (2n = 14) productiveness, in fruit size and color, with two sets of chromosomes. No and in flower and seed size. The homo­ triploids (with three chromosome sets) ploid blackberry species (those with the or tetraploids (with four chromosome same chromosome number) are mostly sets) have succeeded, though some are interfertile. Even some of the hetero­ grown occasionally in Europe. The wild ploid blackberry species (those with diff­ black raspberries do not show a great erent chromosome numbers) are some­ range of variability and black raspberry what interfertile. Self-sterility is very cultivars are relatively uniform. The widespread in wild blackberry species only native American red raspberry spe­ which differ in chromosome number and cies, R. strigosus) is much more varia­ are cross-pollinated by bees. Now im­ ble than the black raspberry, and most mense numbers of hybrids, hundreds of red-fruited raspberry cultivars now thousands of them, some fertile, many grown are highly variable genetically. not, are to be found throughout eastern Blackberry Cultivars Erect growing cultivan: Early Harvest R. argutus Eldorado R. alleghanensis X argutus Lawton R. alleghanensis X frondosus Darrow R. alleghanensis X argutus X (unknown) Tmiling) eastern type: Lucretia R. baileyanus X argutus Rogers R. trivialis Semi-trailing) western type: Logan R. uninus X idaeus Boysen R. (ursin us X idaeus) X (baileyanus X argutus) Olallie R. ursinus [(uninus X idaeus) X (baileyanus X argutus) ] Chehalem R. macropetalus X proce?'us Cascade R . macropetalw X (ursinus X idaeus) Semi-erect: Himalaya R. pmcerus (introduced) Evergreen (and Thornless Evergreen) R. laciniatus (introduced) 206 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Torth America. Einset (1951) examined stem' blackberry; and (3) new combina­ some of these and found all that he tions of characters in wild species may tested produced a high proportion of be made looking toward entirely new apomictic (non-sexual) seedlings. He kinds of berries. even found many haploid plants with only one set of chromosomes. In one Recombining Germ ,Plasm of population of 681 seedlings of a wild Present Cultivars tetraploid raspberry having four sets of Greatly improved new cultivars could chromosomes, 43 haploids were found. be obtained quickly if all the best char­ The original culti vars selected from the acters in present or old cultivars were wild were self-fertile, often tetraploid combined. Cultivars introduced by pub­ variants or hybrids of largely self-fertile lic agencies since 1936 have resulted diploid populations. A great many fine mostly from recombinations listed in fruiting wild blackberries have been Table 1. tested under cultivation only to fail be­ cause they required cross-pollination. Vi­ Raspberry Breeding rus, causing sterility, is also present in Black raspberries are relatively uni­ wild blackberry plan ts in some areas. form (homozygous) although named Fungi and insects in the flowers may be cultivars are quite superior to wild a factor in the sterility of native plants forms, for example 'Older' is hardier, as well as of cultivated blackberries. 'Bristol', larger-fruited, and 'Cumber­ Many desirable characters are present land' somewhat freer from mildew and in the various native and naturalized leaf spot. Most of the black raspberry blackberry species-some listed by Dar­ breeding has been done at the New York row in 1937 are: Experiment Station, with less emphasis at the North Carolina, Oregon, Missou­ cold hardiness firm fruit crown gall resistance ri, Iowa, and Maryland stations. Breed­ thomlessness large fruit leaf spot ing in Maryland and North Carolina resistance aimed for cultivars better adapted for vigor excelIent flavor anthracnose resistance the South, in Iowa for hardy varieties, drought small seed vel'ticiiliuID and in New York for larger size and resistance resistance greater production by straight black immense flower early to late root knot cI usters Iipening resistance raspberry breeding and through back­ orange rust double blossom crosses with purples. At the Maryland resistance resistance Three Methods of Raspberry and Blackberry Breeding Obviously the problem of breeding must be approached with a recognition of the great range of available charac­ ters. Three methods are available: (1) characters in present cultivars may be MD. ExPT. STA. recombined to originate greatly superior Fig. 5. Comparative size of stomates ones as has been done in breeding 'La­ of a normal diploid, (2x) on left and tham', 'Taylor', and 'Willamette' red of a tetraploid (4x) , on right, black raspberry seedling. 500x. raspberries and the 'Cascade' 'Olallie' and 'Darrow' blackberries; (2) beside~ Fig. 6. Comparative size of pollen of normal (2x) diploid, left, and a tetra­ the hitherto relatively limited use of ploid (4x) black raspberry. 960x. American species there are hundreds of MD. ExPT. STA. foreign wild species and many cultivars from which new breeding stock (germ plasm) may be introduced, as has been done in obtaining the 'Van Fleet' and 'Mandarin' raspberries and the 'Smooth- OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 207

and U. S. Experimen t Stations, the duo­ mosome number has been doubled and the tetra ploids used in breeding. (Figs. 5 and 6) T he 'Mysore' raspberry, selected at the Sou th Florida station, is a seedling of R u bus albescens, a subtropical black raspberry species of sou them As ia. Drain (1956) has used the latter species in T ennessee and also R. crataegifolius, another Asiatic species, in extensive crosses with black raspberry varieties. Williams in North Carolina and Waldo in Oregon have used Asiatic species, R . COTeanus, bi[loTtls, kunlzeanus (Figs. 7 and 8), and others but no commercial varieties have ye t resulted. Slate in New York a nd others have used the wineber­ ry, a black raspberry ty pe. (Fig. 9) Purple raspberries are fi rst generation hybrids of black X red raspberries, al­ though 'Success', a s'vv ee t cultivar that suckers sparingly, may possibly have some genes from R . chamaem01"tlS, as its red parent was a sister of 'New H amp­ shire' (see T able I) . Purple raspberries h ave not ye t been successfully back­ crossed to obtain the desired combina­ tion of characters derived from the par­ ent black and red cultivars. A few purple

Fig. 7 (top). Rubus biflorus, an ex­ tremely vigorous and very large rasp­ berry of the black type. The fruit may be yellow, orange, or dark red and each berry is densely covered with a mat of hairs. The berries are borne in small clusters and are up to one and a half inches across. Though quite flavorful when eaten, a mat of hairs remains in the mouth. Fig. 8 (center). Rubus kuntzeanus, a raspberry from China. It has enor­ mous flower and fruit clusters, wine­ colored berries like a small black raspberry, and is a very vigorous plant. The cultivar 'Van Fleet' result­ ed from a cross of the species w ith 'Cuthbert' red raspberry. Fig. 9 (bottom). The wineberry, Ru­ bus phoenicolasius, an Asiatic black raspberry type widely naturalized, es­ pecially east of the Appalachians from New England to Georgia. It has glossy, wine-colored, rather tasteless berries with densely glandular, red hairy calyx and stems. It is sometimes found U.S.D.A. in the markets. 208 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

TABLE I RasjJbeTTY and Blachben-y Cuitivars 0 1'iginated by PLlblic Agencies, Introdu.ced 1937-1966 Raspberries Introduction Black Cullivar Cmss Place Yeal' 1 Allen Bristol X Cumberland Geneva, N. Y. 1957 2 Black Hawk Quillan X Black Pearl Ames, Iowa 1955 3 Huron Rachel X Dundee Geneva, N. Y. 1965 4 Manteo Cumberland X self Raleigh, N. C. 1951 5 Mysore R . albescens Homewood, Fla. 1948 6 Somo unknown Mt. Grove, Mo. 1956 Purple 7 Clyde Bristol X NY 17861 Geneva, N. Y. 1961 8 Purple Autumn Bristol X Indian Summer Urbana, Ill. 1953 9 Success Morrison X N. H. 100 Durham, N. H . 1956 Yellow 10 Amber Taylor X Cuthbert Geneva, N. Y. 1950 11 Goldenwest Cuthbert X Lloyd George Puyallup, Wash. 1953 H y brid reds 12 Dixie R. biflorus X Latham Raleigh, N. C. 1938 13 Mandarin (R . parvifolius X Taylor) X Raleigh, N. C. 1951 Newburgh 14 New Hampshire F2 (Taylor X R. chamaemorus) Durham, N. H . 1955 X Newburgh 15 Tennessee Luscious Lloyd George X Tenn. 169 (Van Knoxville, T enn. 1944 Fleet X Viking) 16 Tennessee Prolific Lloyd George X Tenn. 169 Knoxville, Tenn. 1948 17 Vandyke Adams 87 X Viking Vineland, Onto 1947 Red 18 Antietam Marcy X Sunrise College Park, Md. 1953 19 Boyne Chief X Indian Summer Morden, Man. 1960 20 Canby Viking X Lloyd George Corvallis, Ore. 1953 21 Carnival Ottawa X Rideau Ottawa, Ont. 1955 22 Citidel Complex Hybrid College Park, Md. 1967 23 Comet Ottawa X Modawaski Ottawa, Onto 1955 24 Crimson Cone Latham X Milton Urbana, Ill. 1955 25 Durham Taylor X Boysen Durham, N. H. 1947 (Presumed apomictic from mother plant) 26 Early Red Lloyd George X Cuthbert S. Haven, Mich. 1952 27 Fairview US-Oreg. 782 X Washington Corvallis, Ore. 1961 28 Fallred N. H. 7 X N. Y. 287 Durham, N. H . 1964 29 Fraser Chief X Viking Saskatoon, Sask. 1960 30 Gatineau Lloyd George X Newman 23 Ottawa, Onto 1950 31 Hilton Newburgh X St. Walfreed Geneva, N. Y. 1965 32 Ithasca St. Paul, Minn. 1956 33 Killarney Chief X Indian Summer Morden, Man. 1961 34 Madawaska Lloyd George X Newman 23 Ottawa, Ont. 1943 35 Meeker Willamette X Cuthbert Puyallup, Wash. 1967 36 Milton Lloyd George X Newburgh Geneva, N. Y. 1942 37 Muskoka Newman 23 X Herbert Ottawa, Onto 1950 38 Ottawa Viking X (Logan X Ranere) Ottawa, Onto 1943 (Presumed apomictic from mother plant) crosses have been introduced but have been used as parents at several stations as not been successful. 'Vandyke', derived in possible sources of resistance to leaf, cane, part from 'Adams 87' (with purple an­ and virus diseases and adaptation to cestry) and a true red in appearance, southern regions. may be the first successful purple hybrid. Red raspberry breeding has been No hybrid from R. coreanus, R. albescens relatively successful in the production or other black raspberry species has yet of successful new cultivars which have been named, although these species have replaced older ones. The commercial OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 209

TABLE I (can'L) Raspberries 39 Puyallup Washington X Taylor Puyallup, Wash. 1953 40 Reveille Complex Hybrid College Park, Md. 41 Rideau Lloyd George X Newman 23 Ottawa, Onto 1943 42 Scepter Complex Hybrid College Park, Md. 1967 43 Sentinel Complex Hybrid College Park, Md. 1967 44 Sentry Complex Hybrid College Park, Md. 1967 45 September Marcy X Ranere Geneva, N. Y. 1947 46 Summer Washington X Tahoma Puyallup, Wash. 1956 47 Sunrise Latham X Ranere Glenn Dale, Md. 1939 48 Tahoma Latham X Lloyd George Puyallup, Wash. 1938 49 Tennessee Autumn Tenn 181 X Lloyd George Knoxville, Tenn. 1948 50 Thames Lloyd George X Newman 23 Ottawa, Onto 1952 51 Trent Newman 23 X Lloyd George Ottawa, Ont. 1943 52 Tweed Newman 23 X Lloyd George Ottawa, Ont. 1946 53 Washington Cuthbert X Lloyd George Puyallup, Onto 1943 54 Willamette Newburgh X Lloyd George Corvallis, Ore. 1942

Blackberries Trailing to Semi·eTect 1 Big·Ness F. (R. rubrisetus [= trivialis] X Nessberry) College Sta., Tex. 1946 2 Cameron Young X Lucretia Raleigh, N. C. 1938 3 Carolina Austin Thornless X Lucretia Raleigh, N. C. 1951 4 Earli-Ness F. (R. rubTisetus X Nessberry) College Sta., Tex. 1946 5 Flordagrand F2 (Regal-Ness X R. trivialis) Gainesville, Fla. 1958 6 Oklawaha Fa (Regal-Ness X R. trivialis) Gainesville, Fla. 1964 7 Ranger Dewblack X Eldorado College Park, Md. 1966 8 Raven Dewblack X Eldorado College Park, Md. 1961 9 Regal-Ness F. (R. TUbrisetus X Nessberry) College Sta., Tex. 1946 10 Aurora U. S.-Oreg. 616 X U. S.·Oreg. 73 Corvallis, Ore. 1961 II Cascade Zelienski X Logan Corvallis, Ore. 1940 12 Chehalem Santiam X Himalaya Corvallis, Ore. 1948 13 Marion Chehalem X Olallie Corvallis, Ore. 1956 14 Olallie Black Logan X Young Corvallis, Ore. 1950 15 Pacific Zelienski X Logan Corvallis, Ore. 1940 16 Early June Oreg·US 266 X NC-US 36 Experiment, Ga. 1959 17 Flint Brainerd X Eldorado Experiment, Ga. 1957 18 Jersey Black Evergreen X Eldorado New Brunswick, N. J . 1953 19 Williams Himalaya X Taylor Raleigh , N. C. 1961 Erect 20 Bailey Unknown Geneva, N. Y. 1950 21 Brazos F. (Lawton X Nessberry) College Sta., Tex. 1959 22 Darrow (Eldorado X Brewer) X Hedrick Geneva, N. Y. 1958 23 Hedrick (Eldorado X Brewer) Geneva, N. Y. 1950 Trailing Thornless 24 Smoothstem US 1482 (Merton Thornless X Beltsville, Md. 1966 US 1411) X open 25 Thornfree US 1410 (Brainerd X Merton Beltsville, Md. 1966 Thornless) X US 1414 (Merton Thornless) X Eldorado canning, freezing, and preserving in­ ceeding there also. The 'Latham' is still dustry for red raspberries is cen­ important in Eastern North America tered largely in western Oregon and because of its low-temperature resistance Washington and the most important cuI­ and virus tolerance, but 'Sunrise', 'Tay­ tivar 'WiIlamette', is much larger, lor', 'Durham', and 'September' are also firmer, hardier, and more productive important. Virus-free stocks of 'Latham' than the older 'Cuthbert'. 'Canby', a are much more productive than older relatively new cultivar, seems to be suc- stocks. 'Sunrise' has been useful as a very 210 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE early, very hardy reliable cultivar of Blackberry Breeding medium size and flavor, and 'Taylor' as In general, blackberry breeding re­ a later, large, high-flavored cultivar for search is further advanced than rasp­ northeastern states. 'Sunrise' has also berry breeding. 'Waldo and Darrow been useful as a parent for its leaves (1948) reported on their crosses of octo­ which persist well in summer. T he late­ ploid western blackberries with a tetra­ summer and fall-fruiting habit on the ploid raspberry and with a tetraploid current season's canes makes 'Indian blackberry. None of the blackberry X Summer', 'Durham', and 'September' es­ raspberry hybrids were equal in fruit pecially important for home use. They characters to 'Logan', of similar par­ are all cold hardy. entage, but the octoploid X tetraploid Fischer et al (1943) treated 2,500 blackberries gave many seedlings superi­ raspberry seedlings with the drug col­ or to 'Mammoth'. chicine and obtained 17 partially or The review of blackberry breeding at completely tetraploid plants. Larger the Oregon Station at Corvallis by 'il\Taldo and thicker leaves and calyx were the (1950) and his introduction of a series most obvious induced changes due to of new cultivars, several of which are polyploidy. Pratt et al (1958) grew seed­ now of commercial importance, has been lings of a triploid R. idaeus in vari­ especially rewarding. Selections of prom­ ous crosses and 0btained 38 diploid, 385 ise were obtained from many crosses in­ triploid, 93 tetraploid, three pentaploid, volvi ng parents with different but high, and 13 aneuploid (those not having chromosome numbers. (Table II) multiples of the basic chromosome num­ Though many seedlings resulting from ber) seedlings. When so many triploid 'il\Taldo's breeding work were partially or seedlings come from a triploid, it seemed completely sterile, several crosses between to be the beginning of a triploid apomic­ cultivars with different chromosome num­ tic population of red raspberries. Pollen bers gave 40 to 75 per cent fertile perfect­ and seed were much larger in the tetra­ flowered seedlings. Crosses between ploids and could be used in identifying widely different cultivars, such as 'Santi­ the 4X or tetraploid progeny. am' (='Ideal') , a selection from the Hull and Britton (1958) raised 1,200 wild western trailing blackberry (8x) X tetraploid black raspberry seedlings Himalaya (4x) with 47 per cent of the from some 40 partially or almost fully seedlings fully fertile, resulted in pro­ fruitful colchiploid seedlings (a tetra­ d uctive named cultivars. The cultivar ploid produced by treating with colchi­ TABLE II cine) that had flowered. They also BLACKBERRY SELECTIOI\S-OREGON, 1951 crossed the colchiploids with various Number of blackberries of mixed ploidy and with Cross selections tetraploid red raspberries. The one tet­ Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Oreg. 73 (6x X 8x) 5 raploid red raspberry seedling bore pur­ Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Oreg. 877 (8x X 4x) 17 Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Oreg. 878 (8x X 4x) 2 ple fruit and gave a good fruit set. Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Oreg. 880 (8x X 4x) 16 Yellow cultivars of the red raspberry Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Boysen (6x) 1 type, 'Amber' and 'Goldenwest', are of Oreg. 743 (9)( X 6x) X Chehalem (6x) 3 high quality and of value for home Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Himalaya (4x) 2 Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) X Olallie (6x) 2 gardens where adapted to soil, climate, Oreg. 876 (8x X 4x) X Oreg. 73 (6x X 8x) 1 or other factors. Oreg. 880 (8x X 4x) X Boysen (6x) 1 Hybrid red raspberries have not yet Oreg. 884 (8x X 4x) X Oreg. 743 (9x X 6x) 4 become important although 'New In this list Of 54 very fruitful se lections Hampshire' (showing only red raspberry fTOni va?'ious CTOsses only one) Oreg. 880 genes) seems promising in New England X 'Boysen') was between parents of like and 'Ottawa' (showing no 'Logan' chromosome number. Even that cross genes) in parts of Canada. 'Dixie' and may not have been between like chTOmo­ 'Mandarin' show disease resistance and some number parents) for later stocks of may yet prove important in breeding. 'Boysen' in the trade were seven-ploid. OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 211

'Cascade', with the finest flavor ye t colchiploid Rubi were almost invariably known in blackberries and adapted to chimeral in nature." Propagation by western Oregon and 'Was hington, re­ leaf-bud cuttings or tip plants assured sulted from a cross of 'Zielinski', a native their perpetuation. "Fruit size varied selection (12x) X 'Logan' (6x). New directly with the ploidy (chromosome forms of blackberries are still being in­ level) of the third histogenic layer (L- troduced from this work. 'Aurora', intro­ 3) if the plants were otherwise compara­ duced in 1961, was selection Number ble. Unstable plants were found among 616 [Zielinski (12x) X Logan (6x)] X both colchi ploids and natural poly­ Number 73 [Logan (6x) X Austin ploids." Thornless (8x)] having cultivars with Instability was associated with poly. three different chromosome numbers in ploidy and when breeding near or its ancestry. above the 6x level of ploidy, the breeder Verticillium wilt has been a major must take this instability into account. A trouble in blackberries on the Pacific seedling apparently worthy of introduc­ Coast. The standard cultivars 'Boysen', tion may become altered in character 'Young', and 'Eldorado' are susceptible and become worthless. Some of the and 'Logan', 'Evergreen', and 'Himalaya' unstable seedlings produced two or more are resistant. The 'Cascade', 'Chehalem', different plants with different chromo­ 'Marion', 'OlaUie', and 'Pacific', all from some numbers from the same root, as the U. S.-Oregon breeding work, are also different as widely different species. (Fig. resistant. 11 ) A fertile, synthetic, erect-growing Hull and Britton (1956, 1958), in 'Logan' was vigorous and hardy (Figs. Maryland, induced polyploidy in many 12a and 12b) . Britton and H all (1959) types of R ubus. They obtained an octo­ have also reported a fertile tetraploid ploid of the erect-growing 'Eldorado' black raspberry-blackberry hybrid. Both blackberry (4x) and tetraploids of the Darrow (1955) and Einset and Pratt diploid black (Figs. 5 and 6) and red (1954) have reported similar raspberry- raspberries. Thornless seedlings were blackberry hybrids. (Fig. 13) In a study also obtained from 'Eldorado' parentage of thornlessness in 'Austin Thornless' and from 'Thornless Logan'. They the latter authors obtained 91 entirely state, "many colchiploid (4n) blackber­ thornless out of over 1,000 Fl seedlings. ries, black raspberries, and red raspber­ There was a range of expression of ries showed promise for developing thornlessness from completely thornless breeding lines in their own right besides to very thorny, and thornlessness was serving as paren ts in wide crosses. The transferred in the Fl generation to many different types at different levels of chro­ Mo. ExPT. STA mosome number. Hull (1961) used 'Austin Thornless' in crosses to obtain thornless plants of widely different types. "U nred uced" fertilized eggs were of frequent enough occurrence in Rubus to warrant the making of crosses to take advantage of this character (Britton and Hull, 1956). Mitotically unstable seed lings at about and above the 6-ploid Fig. 10. Effect of chromosome num­ ber on leaf appearance. To left a leaf of the tetraploid (4x) 'Eldorado' blackberry cultivar; to the right a leaf of the octoploid (8x) of the 'Eldo­ rado' and, above, a haploid (2x) seed­ ling of the 'Eldorado' (after Hull and Britton). THE Al'vIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

FIG. II MD. EXPT. STA.

Fig. 11. Very different canes from roots of a single seedling blackberry of the cross 'Austin Thornless' (8x) X 'Eldorado' (4x). Cane to left is pentaploid (5x), center cane is deca­ ploid (lOx), and cane to right is aneuploid (8x + about 4). Such un­ stable plants can affect a breeder's work with Rubus and a selection, ap­ parently worthy of introduction, may become altered in character (after Hull and Bitton).

Fig. 12a. Fruits of the (left) 'Hail­ - 1',,10. EX!'T. STA. Fig. I2a sham' (4x) red raspberry, (right) 'Austin Thornless' (8x) blackberry, and (center) the Fl hybrid (6x). This hybrid pulls off the receptacle like a ras pberry (after Hull and Britton).

Fig. 12b. Fruit of two seedlings of the cross of 'Hailsham' (4x) red rasp­ berry X 'Austin Thornless' (8x) blackberry. Above, raspberry-like sep­ aration with the core remaining with the pedicel; bottom, blackberry-like . separation with core remaining in the Fig. I2b MD. E XPT. $TA. fruit (after Hull and Britton). OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUi'vIBER 4 213

level were found among both col­ chiploids and natural polyploids. Such plants were of widely different types with different ,and lower chromosome numbers than the mother plants. Kerr (1954) in Ontario studied seed development in three apomitic cultivars of blackberries and in five normally de­ veloping cu1tivars (three blackberries and two native raspberries). :Many cI1fO­ mosome irregularities were common in the apomitic species and about one-third of the seeds that started development contained no embryo. Einset (1951) ob­ tained 41 triploid, one tetraploid, and 14 pentaploid seedlings from open pol­ linated R . canadensis (3x) but no seed from 156 emasculated bagged flowers. U,S.D .A. He concluded that this thornless species Fig. 13. The raspberry and black. was largely pseudogamic (parthenoge­ berry have often been crossed and a netic) . few hybrids named. None have sue· Craig (1960) found all the nativ~ ceeded commercially except raspberry American thornless R . canadenszs crosses in the Pacific Coast species, studied by him to be triploid apomicts R. ursinus (Logan Phenomenal). The seedling on the left is sterile. The but pollen of canadensis used on com­ berries on the seedling on the right mercial blackberries formed fertile hy­ do not pick as a blackberry nor fall brids. Its pollen on tetraploid varieties off as a raspberry, but mash in the produced 2x, 3x, 4x, and 5x seedlings as hand. well as some cytologically unstable. As a female parent, R. canadensis also pro­ kuntzeanus (for adaptation to the South duced some sexual pentaploid seedlings. and for disease resistance) . vViIliams It was concluded that R. canadensis found it was desirable to combine the could be used successfully in broadening desired characteristics of two or more parental material for breeding thornless species into a single selection and use it hardy plants. (Fig. 14 and 15) to cross with the best cultivars. Darrow and others have attempted to use the giant-fruited Rubus of northern South Use of Diverse Rubus Species America, but true crosses have not yet Besides the species already referred to, been obtained. (Figs. 17 and 18)

YeaO'erb and Meader at the New Hamp- shire station have crossed the raspberry Summary and blackberry and in breeding have Much background information is now used R. canadensis (for thornlessness), available that should stimulate further R. odoratus (for hardiness and disease breeding of raspberries and blackberries. resistance) , R. arcticus and R. Many cultivars resulting from the breed­ chamaemorus (for flavor), and R . pun­ ing have been, and others recently intro­ gens 'Oldhami' and R. morifolius (for duced undoubtedly will be successful. earliness) . In cooperative work in North These have resulted from breeding to Carolina, C. F. Williams used R. parvi­ pyramid desirable qualities within the folius (for large size, productiveness, dis­ raspberry and blackberry groups; the ease, and heat resistance), R . glaucus use of introduced and native wild spe­ (for large size, disease resistance, and cies, and new combinations looking adaptation to the South) , R. bifloTus, R . toward new kinds of berries. Research coreanus, R. ellipticus (Fig. 16), and R. within the raspberry and blackberrl 214 THE AMERICAN HORT ICULTURAL MAGAZINE

I Fig. 14. Canes of some of I the best known species- of I blackberries of Eastern I NorthAmerica. Thecanes of different clones of Ru­ bus canadensis range from entirely thornless to those with scattered prickles. It is a high mountain species of the I Appalachians from Geor­ I gia northward. It is a 1. R . ",l leghaniens;s 2. R. ,,"gutus ,3 . R. pepsn{us 4· R. ·fr·ondos us I triploid and, therefore, I an ancient polyploid. I I I

Fig. 15. Typical appear­ ance of a plant of the 5. R. r'eCI"I.,f'vans 6. R. canadensis 7. R.. elega.ntulus 8. R.vermontanusl native American thorn­ I less blackberry, Rubus I canadensis as grown in the Arnold Arboretum, I Boston, Massachusetts. This plant was about five feet high and ten feet across. It is a triploid, often fruitful in the wild and though seedlings of it may have variable chro­ mosome numbers those that succeed seem always 10. R. hi 11. R. to be triploid.

U.S.D.A. OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 215

V .S.D.A. Fig. 16. Base of plant of the semitropical golden evergreen, Rubus ellipticus, at Watsonville, California showing a foot ruler. Some of the densely red hairy canes shown are three inches in diamter and 15 feet high. This species is from southern Asia. The author has seen it naturalized at Cartago, Costa Rica at the foot of Mt. Irazu. It bears blackcap.like berries of a golden yellow color of only fair flavor~

V.S.D.A. V .S.D .A. Fig. 17. Fruit of Rubus macrocarpus, Fig. 18. A fruit cluster of Rubus the giant blackberry or raspberry at roseus. This species grows at 9,000 El Penon near Bogata, Colombia. This to 13,000 feet near Banos, Ecuador berry pulls off like a raspberry but and is allied to the giant blackberry or the plant is more like a blackberry. raspberry of Colombia. X~. fungus diseases and insects, and new bird control devices are available. (Fig. 19)

Cultivars for the Home Gardener The maps in Figures I and 2 show the approximate regions of the U . S. where today's blackberry and raspberry cul­ tivars are adapted. Notably, there is 'Thornless Logan' for California (Fig. 20) , and the 'Thornless Evergreen' (Fig. 21) for western Washington and Oregon and for central and southern New Jer­ sey. Then there is the new 'Smooths tern' thornless blackberry for the region from Maryland to Missouri and Arkansas. 'Smoothstem' also lends itself to use on arbors and in the landscape for it has large pinkish flowers in immense clusters and its deep green foliage is resistant to troubles and stays green in Maryland until midwinter. The large berries (with large seeds) ripen in August after other U.S.V.A. varieties are past. In Florida the new Fig. 19. The leading fungus disease 'Flordagrand' and 'Oklawaha' are ex­ of raspberries in most of the U. S. is tremely productive and have very large anthracnose. Infected plants have light fruit of very good quality. The 'Cascade' spots on the canes. The disease is of western Washington and Oregon is readily controlled with Fermate. Many considered to be the highest flavored Asiatic species are resistant to this blackb'erry in the world. It is, however, disease and may be useful in breeding. mO're difficult to grow than some. The 'Darrow' blackberry seems to have all group seems especially favorable in help­ the good qualities of 'Eldorado', is a little ing to solve many genetic problems: hardier, and, so far, has not shown sus­ production of haploids and various poly­ ceptibility to diseases of other blackber­ ploids can be planned and obtained ries. with relative ease in Rubus; the produc­ tion of apomitic cultivars offers a meth­ The new varieties of red raspberries od of freeing propagating stock of virus; do not differ as greatly as the newer interspecific crosses can be made for new blackberries. However, the fall-fruiting forms and for obtaining unstable plants 'Fallred', besides producing well, has ex­ that can result in the production of new cellent flavor. The fall-fruiting 'Septem­ species. The genus Rubus is a large one ber' does not have as good flavor fresh with a wide distribution in North Amer­ but has excellent flavor in preserves and ica. Many problems have been solved after freezing. In Maryland, by cutting and many remain. all canes to the ground in late winter, Results of recent research make black­ the new canes bear more heavily in berry and raspberry growing much more August, September, and October. A crop in teresting for the home gardener than is obtained for three months in late in years past. There are some new varie­ summer and in the fall rather than for ties for most parts of the United States three to four weeks in early summer. and in all regions far higher yielding, virus-free stocks are becoming available. Blackberry Culture Weedicides and mulching make weed The trailing blackberries 'Florda­ control easier. There are new sprays for grand', 'Oklawaha', 'Thornless Logan', OCTOBER 19 67, VOLU:ME 46, NUMBER 4 217

'Boysen·, 'Olallie', 'Chehalem', and 'Cas­ cade' are planted about six feet apart in the row; the more vigorous semi-trailing 'Thornless Evergreen' and 'Smoothstem' eight to ten feet apart; the semi-erect 'Early VlTonder' about six feet apart and the erect 'Eldorado' and 'Darrow' about four feet; all with rows eight to ten feet apart. About ten canes of the trailing and semi-trailing and four canes of the erect-growing hould be left to fruit. When the new yo ung shoots of the erect varieties reach twenty-four inches the cane tips should be pinched off to make them branch. In the dormant season oanes of the erect-growing cultivars are pruned to a convenient height, about five feet, and the lateral branches back to twelve to eighteen inches. The plants may be mulched with hay, Fig. 20. Training the 'Logan' black­ straw, wood chips, leaves, etc. to keep berry to a two-wire horizontal trellis. down weeds and to conserve moisture. Ten canes are left for fruiting. A thornless chimaeral sport of this culti­ Blackberries and raspberries need ample var is just as productive and has en­ soil moisture, especially in the two to tirely replaced the thorny one in three weeks before ripening and, if rains California. Like the 'Thornless Ever­ do not occur, irrigation would be benefi­ green', it must be propagated by tip cial. To help keep down weeds, spray layering, for root-cutting plants are with Diuron or Simazine before growth always thorny. starts in the spring according to direc­ tions on the containers. The early history of raspberries and blackberries in America is given by Hedrick and associates in "The Small Fruits of New York" (1925) . Gruber, Knight, and Keep in the "Handbook of U.S.D.A. Plant Breeding" (German) in 1961 ab­ stracted the North American literature and provided an extensive bibliography. No attempt to repeat all this has been made here.

Fig. 21. Training the 'Evergreen' blackberry to a two-wire horizontal trellis. Here 13 canes were trained. The 'Evergreen' is tetraploid, trailing, and extremely productive. Now a thornless chimaeral sport of it has entirely replaced the thorny variety but must be propagated by tip layer­ ing to be thornless, for root cuttings grow from interior tissue and are always thorny. 218 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL ]'v[AG AZINE

References in breeding blackberries. Am. Soc. HO?'t. Sci. 78 :245. Bailey, L. H. 1941-1945. Species Batorum. The ____, Britton, D. M. 1956. Early..detec- genus Rubus in Nol'th America. Gentes H e?'· tion of induced internal ploidy in Rubus. Am. barum 5: 1·918 . Soc. H01·t. Sci. 68:171. Britton, D. M., Hull, J. W . 1956 Mitotic in­ ____ , . 1958. Development of stability in blackberry seedlings. H ered. 47:205. J. colchicine-induced and natural polyploid breed­ ----, . 1959. A raspberry·black. ing lines in the genus Rubus L. Md. Bull. A91. berry hybrid. Am. Soc. H01·t . Sci. 73:156. Kerr, E. A. 1954. Seed development in black­ Converse, R . H . 1961. Resistance of some Rubus berries. Can. J. Bot. 32:654. varieties to colonization by A. rubi in Massa­ Pratt, C., Einset, 1955. Development oE the chusetts. Am. So. Hart. Sci. 78:251. J. embryo sac in some American blackberries. Am. ----. 1963. Influence of heat·labile com­ Bot. 42:637. ponents of the raspberry mosaic virus complex J. ----, ,Clausen, R. T. 1958. Em­ on the growth and yield oE red raspberries. bryology, breeding behavior, and morphological Phytopath.53: 1251·1254. characteristics in apomictic triploid Rubus Craig, D. L. 1960. Studies on the cytology and idaeus L. T01"rey Bot. Club 85:242. the breeding behavior oE Rubus canadensis L. Waldo, G. F. 1950. Breeding blackberries. Oreg. Can. J. Genetics and Cytology 2:96. Bull. 475. Darrow, G. M. 1955. Blackberry·raspberry hy· ----, Darrow, G. M. 1948. Origin of the brids. J. He1'ed. 46:67. Logan and the Mammoth blackberries. J. Hered. Drain, B. D. 1956. Inheritance in black rasp' 39:99. berry species. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci. 68:169. Wilhelm, S., Thomas, H . E. 1950. Verticillium Einset, J. 1951. Apomixis in American polyploid wilt oE bramble fruits with special reference to blackberries. Am. J. Bot. 38:768. Rubus ursinus derivatives. Phytopath. 40: 1103. ----, Bailey, L. H . 1947. Studies in Rubus. Williams, C. F. 1950. Influence of parentage in Gentes H erbarum 7:181. species hybridization of raspberries. Am. Soc. ----, Pratt, C. 1954. H ybrids between Hart. Sci. 56:149. blackberries and red raspberries. Am. Soc. Hm't. ----, Darrow, G. M. 1940. The trailing raspberry, R . parvifolius L., characteristics and Sci. 63 :257. breeding. Tech. Bull. N. C. Sta. 65 . Fischer, H. E., Darrow, G. M., Perlmutter, F. ----, Smith, B. W., Darrow, G. M. 1949. 1943. Raspberry and blackberry breeding: pro­ A Pan-American blackberry hybrid. J. Hered. duction of tetraploid blackberries. Am. Soc. 40:261. Hart. Sci. 42:447. Yeager, A. F., Meader, E. M. 1958. Breeding Hull, J. W . 1961. Austin Thornless as a parent better fruits and nuts. N. H . Sta. Bull. 448. Ferns for an Indoor Limestone Boulder Habitat

By W. H. WAGNER, JR. AND ROBERT C. WOODSIDE*

Some of the most striking species of in our large conservatory-greenhouse native American plants grow mostly or where we might set up an artificial lime­ exclusively upon limestone cliffs or boul­ stone habitat, and we obtained enough ders. However, very few of them are limestone from a nearby quarry to carry actively used for indoor gardens or out the following steps. demonstrations. Outstanding among our An open place was selected, at the limestone plants are various species of south end of the conservatory. The ferns, whose culture is confined mainly "limestone boulder" was built against a to outdoor situations or terraria by a north-facing brick wall five feet high. small number of fern enthusiasts. Never­ Shade was provided not only by the waH, theless, it seemed to us that the appreci­ which protects from the sun's rays to the ation of these plants could be expanded south, but also by two large bougainvil­ to a wider audience, and the following lea vines above and on either side. account describes an artificial limestone The original plan was to form a solid habitat created in the greenhouses of the box-like arrangement of the limestone University of Michigan Botanical Gar­ rocks, the sides more or less vertical and dens for demonstration and instruction the top horizontal. Instead, we made a purposes. rounded mass of limestone, roughly The Michigan Gardens are devoted three and a half feet tall and fifteen feet primarily to staff research and the long. Not only did the idea of producing teaching of university students. Unfortu­ a rounded mass accord more with the nately, the Ann Arbor area lacks rock shape of a typical limestone boulder, but outcroppings in the immediate vicinity, the arrangement of the rocks proved to so tha:t the demonstration and study of be more stable and less likely to be rock inhabiting plants is in general very washed out. difficult without taking trips of 150 or A mound of leafmold was tightly more miles. It seemed desirable to have built up against the brick wall and available an artificially constructed lime­ shaped roughly to resemble a natural stone boulder upon which various lime­ boulder. Rocks of limestone mostly 6-12 loving plants could be cultivated, so that in. x 3-6 in. x 4-6 in. were built up by students could be made aware of the laying them one upon the other and nature of this habitat and the kinds of digging away leafmold as necessary. plants which prefer it or are limited to it The mound at the base is vertical for entirely. the first one to two feet, the rocks laid The idea of how this might be accom­ almost directly above one another, then plished was given us by C. E. De1champs gradually rocks were laid in a curved of the University of Miami, whose pri­ pattern. vate collection of living Florida lime­ The shape of the mound permits ob­ stone ferns is grown upon piles of lime­ servers to look down on the plants at all stone rock in his greenhouse. We there­ levels, those growing along the top and fore set out to find an appropriate place those growing nearly at the base. The maintenance of the artificial 'University of Michigan Botanical Gardens, Ann Arbor, Michigan. limestone habitat has been fairly easy. "We are indebted to Edward L. McWilliams for suggestions and to Richard Tetley for the photographs. The planting of delicate specimens is 219 PI-lOTOS BY RICHARD TETLEY Fig. 1. View of the indoor limestone habitat. done with forceps, placing them deep in normal growth. Indeed, in our studies of the crevices. Naturally, various green­ species of Dryopteris and Polys tichum house weeds have introduced them­ from temperate North America, we have selves, especially ferns. The small sorrel, discovered that in the fairly constant Oxalis repens, has to be removed from conditions of the greenhouse many time to time. Fern spores from ladder­ plants will form the next year's rosette brake (Pteris vittata) , holly fern (Cyrto­ of young crosiers (fern fronds) and then mium talcatum) , and species of Thelyp­ stop growing entirely, ultimately dying. teris ,are blown into the crevices where The cultural requirements of fern spe­ they find ideal moist conditions for ger­ cies is much in need of careful study. mination, so the sporelings of these pests The limestone ferns, however, seem not must be removed with forceps. The only to be badly influenced by year-round serious animal pests are slugs, which are culture in the greenhouse, and actually removed by hand or deterred by using a flourish under artificial conditions, dusting powder (Makon's "Arbortox") . growing in some cases to a larger size Watering is accomplished by spraying than is customary in their native habi­ with a fine mist. It was originally tats. thought that we could wa ter simply by ' Ne are indebted to a number of peo­ pouring water into the back of the lime­ ple who h ave contributed materials for stone along the brick wall, but this tend­ this demonstration. C. E. Delchamps ed to cause some washouts. Fertilizing is and Ernest M. Ford have sent living done once a month with a spray ("Plant plants from Florida; Dean Whittier, Marvel," 1 teaspoon per gallon of from Tennessee; and Mr. and Mrs. Dale water) . J. Hagenah, from northern Michigan. It In regard to most of the fern species is surprising to see limestone plants on display, it is extremely interesting to growing together from widely separated note that no winterizing is required to latitudes as for example the Canadian keep them growing normally. In fact, Zone Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the majority of them continue to pro­ the subtropical southern tip of penin­ duce fronds throughout the year, with­ sular Florida. Under the condi tions of out any interruption at all. This seems our artificial limestone habitat, never­ to be in contrast to the situation in theless, the species from such climatical­ various terrestrial ferns, which evidently ly different areas grow equally well. require a win ter cold period to foster 'Ne did not intend to grow a large Fig. 2. Spleenworts, Asplenium trichomanes and A. resiliens and Pu,.ple cliff­ brake (upper right) Pellaea atropurput·ea. number of species, and have chosen ap­ occur in C. b Illbi/I''1"a (Wagner and Hage­ proximately two dozen to illustrate either nah, 1956). It is doubtful whether hy­ unusual adaptations or great rarity. Of brid bulblets in the hybrid play any role the limestone ferns, those which possess in natural propagation. an ability to reproduce by special vege­ Three calciphilous ferns, blackstem tative means (propagules or gemmae) spleenwort (AsjJZenium resiliens), purple are perhaps the most interesting. The cliffbrake (Pellaea atropw'p7lTea) , and walking-fern, (CamptosoTUS Thizophyllw) smooth cliffbrake (P . glab ella) notable is a textbook example, in which the for their peculiar asexual reproduction long, tail-like leaf tip grows across the dry, exposed rock surface and inserts a young plant in another crevice. "Walk­ ing fern, though not entirely limited to limestone, flourishes best on cal­ careous rocks. The creeping star-hair fern (Goniopteris rep tans) is a striking fern of Florida and the Carribean which produces more than one prolifera tion, along the attenuate tip of a single leaf. The bulblet bladderfern (Cystopteris bulbifera) produces round bulb-like bodies (bulblets) 2-4 mm. in diameter along the upper midrib of the leaf; these bulblets fall off and roll into crevices to produce new plants. A particularly in­ teresting plant in our demonstration is the hybrid bulblet fern Cystopteris X tenn esseensis (C. bulbifem X C. PTa­ t?-usa). One of the parents (C. PTa­ trwa) lacks any device for propagation other than rhizome growth and spores. The hybrid is remarkable in that the bulblets are deformed, highly irregular Fig. 3. Walking-fern, Camptosorus objects in the same positions as they rhizophyllus. 222 THE A?lfERICAN HORTICULTUR.\L MAGA.ZINE

Fig. 4. Hart's. tongue, Phyl. litis s colo· pendrium var. ameri· canum.

by spores (Wagner and Wagner, 1955), are included in the collection. Among the very rare species demonstrated is the American harts tongue fern (Phyllitis scolopendn'wn var. ameTicanum), known only from the Niagara limestone where it occurs sporadically in New York and northern Michigan. This unusual plant attracts much attention for its curious leaf shape, and it grows well in our arti­ ficial habitat. Among the Florida spleen­ worts we have included the excessively rare h ybrids Asplenium. X A. cUl"tissii and A. X plenum) along with their parents so that observers can see the interesting morphological combination of characters of the paren ts in the crosses. The odd least-halberd fern, T ectaTia minima, a miniature species from Florida and Cuba, thrives successfully in our indoor habitat, growing much larger than it does in many of its natural haunts in the limestone sinks of Florida. Thus far we have emphasized the ferns, largely because so many interest­ ing and highly characteristic species of this group of plants are confined to limestone in their natural occurrences. For references to the ideal species of ferns for this demonstration we have found the two field guides by Edgar T. Fig. 5. Stiff spleenwort, Asplenium Wherry (1961, 1964) to be especially resiliens. useful. Although his books give helpful OCTOBER 1967, VOLUI'vlE '!6, NUMBER 4 223

Fig. 6. Bulb· let fern ( cen· ter), Cystop. teris bulbi· fera.

tips on cultivation of the plants we are yield in display of interesting and un­ growing, his emphasis is on outdoor rock usual plants, and the educational value gardens. Further, for some of the species of illustrating the edaphic factor in we are growing his comment is "not plant habitat selection makes it a useful cultivated." We do not think it is com­ and worthwhile demonstration. monly realized how readily the plants described here will grow under green­ Literature Cited house conditions, given the proper light, "Wagner, W. H., Jr. and Hagenah, Dale J. 1956. Observations on some bulblet-producing pop­ humidity and substrate. ulations of the Cystopteris tragi lis complex. Of the few flowering plants, we have Arne?". Fern Jour. 46 (no. 4) :137-146. included two stonecrops (Sedum tema­ ---- and Wagner, Florence S. 1966. Pteri­ tLim and S. nevii) and the little-rock dophytes of the Mountain Lake Area, Giles Co., Virginia: Biosystematic Studies, 1964-65. saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis). We Castanea 31: 121-140. have also introduced species of mosses Wherry, Edgar T . 1961. The fern guide. North­ from the limestones in the vicinity of eastern and midland United States and adja­ Nashville, Tennessee. cent Canada. Doubleday and Co ., Garden An artificial indoor limestone boulder City, N. Y. ----- 1964. The southern fern guide. South­ habitat has much to recommend it. For eastern and south-midland United States. the little labor involved in its upkeep, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, N. Y. Callaway Gardens

By PATRICIA LEGRANDE*

Callaway Gardens is a haven [or thou­ horseback riding, tennis and Club sands seeking beauty and enjoyment. House dining. Continuous expansion Located at Pine Mountain, Georgia, ap­ and planning has made the Gardens proximately eighty-five miles south of what it is today and what it will be Atlanta and thirty miles northeast of in future generations. It is truly unique, Columbus, the Gardens are fifteen years for it is rare that one finds so many old this year. horticul tural and recreational facili ties The story of Callaway Gardens begins so well integrated yet each vitally signifi­ with a man, Cason J. Callaway, Sr., can t in itself. Georgia industrialist. It was here, in the Callaway Gardens is owned by the Ida Pine Mountain area where one finds an Cason Callaway Foundation. Its purpose abundance of Southern Appalachian is charitable, educational, recreational, vegetation that, during the late thirties, and inspirational. It is operated in its Mr. Callaway came to seek solitude from entirety, either by the Foundation or by the hectic life of a textile magnate. Farm­ the Gardens Services, Inc. (which is ing and lumbering had left their ugly wholly owned by the Foundation). All marks in much of the area. The un­ revenue derived from the Gardens is marred woodland where wildflowers and used solely for maintenance and im­ shrubs abounded was restricted to the provements toward furthering its pur­ isolated ravines. Mr. Callaway's aim was pose. to preserve these native plants and to Callaway Gardens is educational in revitalize the area. many of its endeavors. Much of the area The Gardens were initially conceived is actually used as an outdoor laboratory as an exclusive area for Mr. Callaway'S where plants are well labeled. The friends and associates to relax and enjoy Meadowlark area and the Greenhouse the natural beauty. The plan was al­ area are prime examples. On the tered by his desire to share its loveliness Laurel Springs Trail, one may take a with all people and, in 19.152, the area self-guiding booklet to become better was opened to the public as a living and acquainted with the area. School groups growing memorial to his mother, Ida from kindergarten to college, as well as Cason Callaway. The original undertak­ garden club members, avail themselves ing comprised eleven lakes, a nine-hole of the educational resources here and golf course, a 17th-century sytle club request tours through specific areas. house and restaurant, boating, fishing, Nature walks are conducted each and picnicking facilities, and many walk­ spring and fall by the horticultural ing. trails and scenic drives featuring staff. Held twice weekly, the flower and natIve flora, as well as specialized horti­ foliage succession determines the loca­ cultural areas. tion of these walks. Also, in the spring Some of the many recreational facili­ and fall, 'Nature Quests' are conducted ties now included in the 25,000 acre for Girl Scout Leaders. These are one­ predominately wooded area are the spar­ day nature study programs. After attend­ kling, spring-fed lakes, an excellent man­ ing a 'Nature Quest: leaders are enti­ made sand beach, fishing on the 175-acre tled to bring their troops into the Gar­ Mountain Creek Lake, golfing on one dens for a free educational tour. of the three golf courses, picnicking, The Horticultural Department has a student work program each summer. By ' Call away Gardens, Pine Mountain , Georgia. this means, students of the plant sciences 224 OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 225 acquire practical experience and broaden This trail includes extensive collections their knowledge of horticultural proce­ of ornamental azaleas, among them dures. Essentially, it is a program of being kurumes, indicas, Glenn Dales, learning by doing. and Beltsville hybrids, as well as the The Gardens also provide workshops later blooming Satsuki and Back Acre twice a year. The workshops generally cuI tivars. Mountain-laurel, dogwood, red­ consist of a lecture by some noted au­ bud, whitebud and fringe-tree also add thority on gardening, or a related sub­ color to this area. Many small perennials, ject, and conducted tours of the Gar­ such as Bellis, Digitalis, and Astilbe, dens. These workshops are open to the as well as native phlox, wild-ginger, foam public and are entirely free of charge. Howers, T1-illiumJ wild orchids, and sax­ Several thousand kinds of native, ifrage enhance the beauty of the trail naturalized, and exotic plants are ar­ and extend its colorful season. Still on ranged in a naturalistic manner the Azalea Trail, on the sloping hillside throughout the Gardens. As one enters of Mountain Creek Lake, near the Club the Main Gate, long-blooming floribun­ House and Overlook Pavilion, a great da roses and beautiful crape myrtle flank variety of flowering crab apples are the highway. After entering the "Twen­ planted. Native roses are also plentiful tieth Century Garden of Eden," during in this area_ the flowering season, visitors are con­ As one drives along the Scenic Drive­ fronted with a multiplicity of color and there are 18 miles of paved roads in the beauty. Near the entrance, the Azalea Gardens-the native wildflowers, trees, Trail winds through wooded areas, gras­ and shrubs take precedence. From early sy openings, hillsides, and lake shores. spring un til fall, there is a succession of

Greenhouse displays are changed seasonally, but some of the tropical plants r,omain permanently. PHOTOS BY CALLAWAY GARDENS 226 THE Al'I'IERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Spring on the wildflower trail brings rain"lilies (Zephyranthes atamsco), Dog­ wood (Cornus florida), the piedmont azalea (Rhododendron canescens), and Florida azalea (R. austrinum). colorful native azaleas. Late March and September. The plumleaf is a relatively early April bring the fragrant, yellow rare azalea, found in a restricted area of flowers of the Florida azalea, Rhododen­ west-central Georgia and eastern Ala­ dron austrinum, and the sweet-scented bama. Mr. Callaway first found this piedmont azalea, RhododendTOn canes­ plant near Blue Springs and set out to cens, with its pink to white flowers. preserve it. In 1946, the Garden Club of Later in April, the brilliant red-orange America awarded Mr. Callaway the colors of the oconee azalea, Rhododen­ 'Frances K. Hutchinson Medal' for his dron speciosum, beckon the visitor to efforts toward the conservation, preser­ the woodland followed by white Ala­ vation and perpetuation of this species. bama azalea, Rhododendron ala­ Other azaleas blooming in the spring bamense, with flowers with a yellow and summer seasons at the Callaway blotch and a lemony fragrance. May and Gardens include pinxterbloom, Rhodo­ June bring the white swamp azalea, dendTOn nudifloTum; pinkshell azalea, Rhododendron viscosum, and the bril­ Rhododendron vQse'Yi; coastal azalea, liant flame azalea, Rhododendron calen­ Rhododendron atlanticum; baker azalea, dulaceum. Rhododendron bakeri; and the ham­ The white-sweet azalea, Rhododen­ mock-sweet azalea, Rhododendron ser­ dron arborescens, and the bright red rulatum. plumleaf azalea, Rhododendron pruni­ All of these azaleas blend naturally in folium, are the last to bloom. Some the woodland landscape. The various plumleaf azaleas have been known to species are usually found in separate mass bloom sporadically as late as August and plantings, so that delicate color differ- OCTOBER 1967, VOLUI\IE 46, NUMBER 4 227 ences may be observed. Blended with the the year. The greenhouses are separated azaleas along the drive are many other into specific temperature, work, and dis­ native plants. In addition to the many play areas. It is here, also, that the la th herbaceous species, serviceberry, sil ver­ house and the nursery area are located. bell, sourwood, pinckneya, oak-leaf hy­ Seasonal displays in the greenhouses in­ drangea, dogwood, redbud, sparkleberry, clude poinsettias, Easter lilies, chrysan­ rose-bay rhododendron, red buckeye, themums, cyclamen, fuchsias, tuberous sweetshrub, fringe tree, wild plum, haw­ begonias, and other exotic plants. The thorn, wax-myrtle, mountain-laurel, and succulent and tropical greenh6uses re­ numerous hollies are integral parts of main somewhat more permanent in their the landscape. The clear waters of the floral displays. many lakes artistically reflect their sur­ At the present time, the Gardens test rounding beauty. All-American Rose cultivars and the All­ Laurel Springs Drive, just off the America Selections of annual seed varie­ Scenic Drive, is quite different ecologi­ ties. In both instances, new varieties and cally from other areas of the Gardens. strains are grown in test areas prior to Because much of the Laurel Springs introduction and release. These plants, area is on the rocky slopes of Pine listed by number, are evaluated and Mountain, it has been spared many of later introduced to the trade, if they the blows of civilization. Here dogwood, have sufficient merit. red maple, chestnut oak, sourwood, tulip­ Early spring brings pansies, various poplar, witch-hazel, mountain-laurel, willows, English daisies amI many flow­ and blueberries abound and autumnal ering bulbs to the outdoor display area. coloration reaches its peak. From the As the season progresses, iris, daylilies, small, crystal clear spring emerges a roses and the many annuals take stream along which large mountain­ precedence. Fall brings an exquisite laurel, red-bay, sweet-bay and a multi­ show of hardy chrysanthemums which tude of ferns grow to lush proportions. blanket the area with color. Other attractions located off the Scen­ Somewhat apart from worldly things, ic Drive are the chapel and the green­ nestled in a wooded area, near a natural houses. They are a delight at all times of waterfall and overlooking Rocky Falls

In midsummer, plum. leaf azalea (Rhododen­ dron prunifolium) of­ fers bright red blos­ soms agains t dar k green foliage. 228 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Lake, the Ida Cason Callaway Memori· tal magnolia varieties are also along the al Chapel is always open for personal adjacent Rhododendron Trail. The hy­ meditation. The stained glass windows brids on the Rhododendron Trail are at in the little chapel seem to reflect the their peak of color from mid-April true spirit of the Gardens. The natural through May. Many large plants offer stone and rustic exposed beams enhance exquisite blossoms. the beautiful windows which depict the Leading off from the Rhododendron Gardens in its ever changing seasons. Not Trail is the Bird Study Trail. Many only are the flowers and trees artistically Viburnum cultivars are planted near its captured, but the subtle, yet bold, colors entrance to attract birds. One walks of the seasons themselves, convey the through a mixed pine and hardwood beauty of the surroundings. forest on this secluded trail, which winds Farther along the drive is the Mead­ around Hummingbird Lake. Feeding owlark Area, where one has a choice of stations, fruiting shrubs, and observation more than two miles of walking trails. benches are strategically located along Plants in this area are permanently la­ the trails. The Gardens have been de­ beled for quick identification and in­ clared a bird sanctuary. spection. Another striking feature of Callaway The Azalea-Wildflower Trail offers Gardens is a 71'2 acre, demonstration the native azaleas, plus a multitude of fruit and vegetable garden. 'Mr. Cason's native trees, shrubs, and herbaceous spe­ Garden' contains over 400 kinds of fruits, cies. Some of the most outstanding wild vegetables, and herbs. Vegetables are flowers on this trail are the dwarf crested sold to the Club House, Holiday Inn, iris, Iris cristata; birdfoot violet, Viola and to guests. The garden contains both pedata; trilliums; liverleaf, Hepatica usual and unusual crops, most of which americana; bloodroot, Sanguinaria cana­ are suitable for our climate. Some crops, densis; butterfly-weed, Asclepias tuberosa; such as the globe artichoke, are not firepink, Silene virginica; pink-root, Spi­ particularly suited for this climate, and gelia marilandica; and wildginger, Asa­ are strictly for display purposes. Twn arifolium. 'Mr. Cason's Garden' is laid out in The English, Oriental, and American terraces. As you enter the garden, the Holly Trails in the Meadowlark Area first terrace contains the fruit trees, ap­ are comprised of over 400 species and ples, pears, peaches, figs, and musca­ cultivars of holly. The yellow-fruited dines; the second terrace contains annual Chinese holly, Ilex cornuta 'D' Or'; and crops; the third is used for perennials. the yellow-fruited I. vomitoria 'Otis Apple and pear trees are espaliered Miley' have been grown and intro­ along the natural stone wall of the semi­ duced here. The Oriental Holly Trail circular garden. Most of the annual veg­ contains many cultivars of Camellia etables produce two crops per year­ sasanqua, providing an exquisite show spring 'and fall. Some long season warm of color in the fall. Lycoris species are weather crops, however, produce only also planted on these trails for late sum­ one crop. A most interesting portion of mer color. The American Holly Trail is the vegetable garden is the herb section, transformed into a fairyland of bright which contains medicinal as well as cu­ colorful daffodils in the early spring; linary herbs. All varieties are labeled over a hundred varieties are planted in and there are additional information graceful patterns along the Trail. and descriptive signs throughout the The magnolia and flowering quince area. collections, as well as the Rhododendron Colorful summer bloom is emphasized Trail and the Bird Study Trail, are in the plantings at Robin Lake Beach, located in the Upper Meadowlark Area. where much of the summer activity is The flowering quince collection is one centered. Colorful crape myrtle varieties of the largest in the south and brings are used attractively. Other plantings some of the earliest spring color. Orien- include hibiscus, daylilies, floribunda OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 229 roses, hydrangeas, chaste tree (Vite x) , Callaway, President of the Callaway and many colorful annuals. Foundation, and a dedicated staff of Callaway Gardens has required care­ trained horticulturists, directed by Fred ful planning and work on the part of C. Galle, are fulfilling Mr. Cason's dream many people vitally involved in its to "build the finest garden- until Ga­ growth and development. Mrs. Cason briel blows his horn."

Organ concerts are held on Sunday afternoons in the Ida Cason Callaway Memorial Chapel. Magnolia virginiana var. australis 'Henry Hicks', a new evergreen magnolia

By JOSEPH C. McDANIEL'"

'Henry Hicks' is the first registered 2. Since the southern sweet-bay repro­ cultivar of .M~agnolia vil-gmiana var. duces in swampier sites then M. grandi­ australis Sarg., and probably the best flora, the mistaken supposition has be­ tested clone for persistent green foliage come established that the sweet-bay will through subzero Zone 5 winters. Now not thrive in a non-swampy site. Anoth­ under propagation, plants may be com­ er of its common names is "swamp mag­ mercially available by December 26, nolia." As with Taxodium in much of 1970. That will be the centenary of the its native range, few people have birth of Henry Hicks. It was he who learned that the sweet-bay does not grew the seedling from which this supe­ require an excessive amount of watering rior clone has been developed. when grown in a reasonably fertile In the Coastal Plain and adjacent upland site. parts of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis­ 3. Partly because its seeds are rather sissippi, Louisiana, southern Arkansas difficult to collect in quantity from the and eastern Texas, the tree-sized south­ wild, trees of the southern sweet-bay are ern variety of the sweet-bay or laurel­ scarce in southern nurseries. Even some leaved Magnolia virginiana var. australis large wholesale propagators in the is clearly the commonest magnolia of southern states have confined their sweet­ the area. Yet it is is very seldom planted bay propagation to the generally smaller on home grounds or public areas of growing, more completely deciduous, southern towns. In Tampa, Florida, for and less fragrant northern variety, M. instance, where both species occur in virginiana var. virginiana, whose seeds nearby moist woods, you can see thou­ are considerably easier to obtain. sands of trees of Magnolia grandiflora North of Tennessee, the southern in cultivation. On a recent visit there, I variety has seldom been tried. For saw M. virginiana var. australis, with botanical reasons, the northern and flowers smaller but equally white and southern varieties have been poorly un­ often more fragrant, included in only derstood and ill-defined in texts as to one landscape planting. their distribution in nature. For this Several factors may explain the gener­ reason many nurserymen have not heard al neglect of the southern sweet-bay in of the southern sweet-bay, or if they and near its native areas, for the follow­ have read of it, they may have read an ing reasons: erroneous hardiness rating. This dis­ 1. M. grandifioTa, known as THE couraged the effort needed to bring the Southern Magnolia, has dominated the plant north. The late Mr. Hicks did market, and is the one species recognized obtain from an unknown source, one as "magnolia" by nearly every souther­ clone of the southern sweet-bay that has ner. It ,is widely available in nurseries, thrived in Zone 5 of the U. S. Depart­ though usually only in seedling form. ment of Agriculture plant hardiness rna p. U nselected clones of the southern " Division of Ornamental Horticulture, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. sweet-bay are not invariably as hardy- 230 Original tree of Magnolia virgini­ ana var. australis 'Henry Hicks' at Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, March, 1965.

nor so evergreen and dense growing as River in McNairy County, western Ten­ 'Henry Hicks' has proved to be. nessee. There is one small outpost at Previously, I published some observa­ 1600 feet elevation near Turtletown, tions (4, 5) on the wide variations seen Polk County, in eastern Tennessee, and in Magnolia virgznzana L. Further another near the South Carolina border studies through mid-1967 strongly sup­ south of Columbus, Polk County, North port my earlier opinion that there are at Carolina. The Columbus stand is the least two major botanical varieties with­ farthest north I know, and I have not in this species, each with geographic seen wild trees of the true southern races and a considerable number of dif­ variety elsewhere in either of the Caroli­ ferent forms, several of which offer prom­ nas. A tree cultivated at Duke University ise as clonal cultivars. was collected in southern Georgia. As I have observed it in the wild and The southern variety, in nature, on collected clones, the sometimes dis­ agrees only roughly with the original puted (2) southern sweet-bay (var. aus­ 1919 description of M. virginiana var. tralis) occurs near the coast as far north australis Sarg. (6). Sargent's description as Savannah, Georgia. Its southern limit was incomplete, and his range for the is south of Miami, Florida. Westward, it variety was probably in error in includ­ gets to Montgomery County in Texas. ing trees near Wilmington, North Caro­ While ,it is most abundant on "bay lina. I find that the Wilmington area heads" and other wet lands near the trees are indeed pubescent, but they coast, there are irregular extensions have otherwise the habit and flower along spring-fed streams several hundred characteristics of typical northern M. miles inland, as in Hot Spring County, virginiana var. virginiana. Likewise, Arkansas, Cullman, and Etowah Coun­ Fernald's (3) 1950 extension of var. ties, Alabama, and Cherokee County, austmlis sparingly into southeastern Vir­ Georgia. It grows the length of Missis­ ginia was probably based on herbarium sippi (though uncommon in the Delta) specimens of the pubescent form of the and into the headwaters of the Hatchie northern variety. It appears to me that 232 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Graft of 'Henry Hicks' (left) com­ pared with a clone of M. virginiana var. virginian a na­ tive in Essex Co u n t y, Massa­ chusetts.

Virginia has only var. vi?"f{lnzana. Trees the two appeared never to intergrade in of a deciduous pubescent form are wide­ the wild. I have, however recently pro­ spread in cultivation in the Northeastern duced numerous controlled inter­ and Midwestern states, and appear to be varietal h ybrids (or interspecific, if we as hardy as the glabrous trees. They still follow Ashe.) The three that have flow­ in most instances are not atlstm:is) if that ered, and which are combinations be­ name is to have true biological signifi­ tween six different parents, all show cance. hybrid characteristics, and have both An overlap occurs in the varietal pollen color and fragrance intermediate ranges, at least in eastern Georgia, between those of their parental varieties. where I have seen trees of var. australis A few trees seen in cultivation in Illinois side by side with var. virginiana in and Missouri are suspected of being Chatham County. Plants in the Florida natural hybrids, from seed of isolated Everglades area are apt to be confusing, V'ar. australis specimens pollinated by in having juvenile leaves and stems fully var. virginiana. The cultivar 'Henry as glabrous as in northern var. vi?"gini. Hicks', which fits not only Sargent's de­ ana) but with flowering branches with scription but my criteria for pure IIII. pubescent peduncles and pedicels, and virginian a var. australis, has better flowers with a lemon-like odor and very flower fragrance than the other variety pale pollen color of var. australis. In or any known hybrid of it. Besides being western Louisiana and eastern Texas is evergreen, even northward, it should another population of trees (occasional­ grow somewhat taller than var. virgin i­ ly shrubs) with broader, heavily pubes­ ana and make a more symmetrical tree. cent leaves, showing prominent green The late Henry Hicks, member of an veins beneath, and tending to be largely old Long Island family for whom deciduous by January. Their flowers, Hicksville was named, operated a promi­ again, have the characteristics that will nent landscape nursery on that island, put this trans-Mississippi race in var. and was, until his death in 1954, one of austmlis. America's most respected plantsmen. Ac­ W. W. Ashe in 1931 proposed M. cording to the present head of Hicks australis (1) as a separate species after Nurseries, Mr. Hicks was very enthusias­ observing its Georgia overlap with the tic about the sweet-bay, whose northern northern sweet-bay. He reported that var. virginiana still occurs on Staten OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 233

Island in New York, and extends north­ Whatever their source, John C. Wis­ ward to Magnolia, Massachusetts, where ter's records at the Arthur Hoyt Scott Cotton Mather is said to have found it Horticultural Foundation, Swarthmore, in Colonial times. '" '" Pennsylvania, show the accession of sev­ Mr. Hicks grew hundreds of Long en small sweet-bay plants as a gift by Island seedling sweet-bay. Keen plants­ Mr. Hicks in 1934. Now present in the man that he was, he probably also inves­ magnolia planting at Swarthmore is one tigated some southern sources following typically tall shrub of var. virginiana Sargent's 1919 description of var. aus­ which was down to its last green lea f tm,is as being evergreen which it is, in when I saw it in early December. Near it part. The provenance of his seedling grows a decidedly different small ever­ which became the 'Henry Hicks' could green tree sweet-bay, first brought to my have been in the foothills of the moun­ attention by David G. Leach, whose tains in Tennessee, where var. australis rooted cuttings from the evergreen plant grows in Polk County, or in Polk Coun­ have been as evergreen as any of his ty, N. Carolina. Oliver M. Freeman later rhododendrons at Brookville, Pennsylva­ collected and transplanted var. australis nia, where -320 F. has been recorded in from Polk County, N. Carolina while recent years killing var. virginiana seed­ residing, until 1966, near Tryon. The lings. Dr. vVister, who approved registra­ Gardens of the Blue Ridge, Inc., at tion of the 'Henry Hicks' magnolia, later Ashford, McDowell County, N. Carolina supplied me with additional cuttings, have also upon occasion sold sweet-bay for distribution to three wholesale nur­ (hardy in Illinois) which proved to be series. In praise of 'Henry Hicks' magno­ the var. australis. I have not checked on lia, Mr. Leach writes: "I think this the possibility of a native stand of var. clone is also remarkable for its hand­ australis in mountainous 1VIcDowell some habit of growth. At seven feet, my County, but the one in Polk County, trees formed nearly perfect pyramids Tenn., at 1,600 feet, and the one in Polk densely clothed with leaves to the County, N. Carolina both consist of ground. They were much superior to hard y evergreen trees. any other M. virginiana \'ar. australis ··1 have not seen a native stand reported to occur at Fitz, ...rilliam, New Hampshire. that I have seen.

Southwestern and northern ext rem e geo­ graphic forms of M. virginiana var. australis, 'with 'H en r y Hicks' (at right). The tall. er clone (left) is from Mont­ gomery Coun­ ty, Texas, and center plant is a seedling from the outpost in Polk County, Tennessee. 234 THE Ai\IIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Lower leaf surfaces show some of the variation within M. virgmlana var. aus­ tralis. Left: Seedling from the southern extreme of the species and variety, in Dade County, Florida. Center: A clone from Montgomery County, Texas, characteristic of trees from west of the Mississippi River (Texas, Arkansas and western Louisiana) in having comparatively large leaves, obtuse at apex, with green veins prominent on the otherwise glaucous undersurface. The west­ ern trees tend to have larger flowers and fuits than those from east of the il'jississippi, but frequently shed most of their foliage by January. Right: The 'Henry Hicks' cultivar, grafted from the original tree.

"The old tree at Swarthmore, as I midrib, with occasionally a slight undu­ recall, had lost its lower limbs or they lation. but without the rolling under at had been removed, but the head of the margins seen in some other clones of tree there was also exceptionally dense var. australis and var. vi?'giniana. The and attractive. Since this is an evergreen le·af apex deflects downward, forming a tree, the foliage density to my mind is as "drip point." The lower leaf surfaces are important as it would be for Ilex opaca, glaucous throughout, giving a silvery for example. I believe this to be a con­ reflection when stirred by the wind. spicuous ornamental feature of the Pubescence on lower leaf surfaces, petio­ clone." les, pedicels, peduncles and young branch­ lets is dense, but shorter than on many Description of Magnolia virginiana australis clones. Trees retain their leaves var. australis Sarg. 'Henry Hicks' well through cold winters, usually some n. cv. remaining green until flowering is well The leaves of 'Henry Hicks' have el­ under way. Leaves of 'Henry Hicks' are li ptic to ovate-Ianceolate blades as sub­ more consistently evergreen than many stantial as any I have seen on var. aus­ native trees of var. australis in the tralis trees in the Southeast. The dark South, including most of the Texas­ green upper leaf surface diverges at a western Louisiana population. slight angle from the yellow-green Flowers of 'Henry Hicks' open in OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 235

June and July, sometimes starting as the base, which have been suppressed by early as May at Swarthmore and contin­ occasional pruning or mowing. The uing into August at Brookville, Pennsyl­ pubescent branchlets now expand the vania. They are average in size and tree's crown only a few inches each year. typically white as in var. australis) pre­ It grew faster when younger, and Mr. dominantly with eight petaloid and David G. Leach at Brookville, Penna. three sepaloid tepals, and a spicy, lem­ reports his trees of this clone to be on-like fragrance. Unopened anthers vIgorous. and pollen when shed are pale nearly Unlike most var. virginiana plants, white. The flower buds, consistently but like numerous other v·ar. australis with those of other var. australis clones, clones tested or observed outside their open relatively late in the day (around 7 native areas, 'Henry Hicks' is seldom if p. m., daylight time), perfuming the ever receptive to its own pollen. The sun-ounding air most strongly in the original Swarthmore tree produces few early evening. Newly opened flowers seeds, which may be the result of close their petaloid tepals around 10 crossing either with var. virginiana or p.m., daylight time, opening and closing with 1v1.. grandifiora) and no seedlings both later than in typical var. virgin i­ have been grown from it there or at ana, and slightly later than with known Brookville. At Urbana, 'Henry Hicks' inter-varietal F 1 hybrids. Flowers open produced seeds this year (1967) when again and pollen is shed late the next pollinated by two other australis selec­ day (or on the third day if the second tions. Previously, its pollen had proven day is rainy and overcast in the after­ cross-fertile with clones of both var. aus­ noon), then usually re-close before a tralis and var. virginiana. One cross with final opening on the third day, when a shrubby var. virginiana clone has giv­ they begin to fade. Occasionally, in en some fertile and remarkably pre­

cool, rainy weather, a flower omits its cocious seedlings among the F1 , flower­ normal first opening, in which case it ing during their second year from seeds. misses the receptive stage for pollina­ If the intense flower fragrance of var. tion, and will be shedding its own pollen australis can be recovered in another when the retarded opening occurs. As generation, a later article may tell of a with all members of the subgenus Mag­ shruhby evergreen sweet-bay magnolia. nolia that I have observed, var. australis clones set seeds quite freely if pollinated with viable, compatible pollen very near Literature Cited the time the flowers are first open. Pol­ I. Ashe, W. W. 1931. Torreya 31:39. lination on the next morning is likely 2. Dandy, J. E. 1964. Magnolia virginiana. CUTt. Bot. Mag. CLXXV:t. 457. not to effect fertilization before the sta­ 3. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Bot.any mens absciss. (8th ed.) • The original 'Henry Hicks' magnolia 4. McDaniel, Joseph C. 1966a. Variations in the at Swarthmore, Penna. in 32 years has Sweet Bay Magnolias. Manis Arb. Bul. 17 : attained about 20 feet in height, with a 7-12. 5. . 1966b. A New-Old Magnolia Hy. single upright central trunk of about ten brid. Illinois Research 8 (4) :8-9. inches d. b. h. It shows sprouts around 6. Sargent, C. S. 1919. Bot. Gaz. 67:23 1-232. Squills and Bluebells BY ]. F. CH. DIX '*'

The hardy spring-flowering scillas are better the second season after planting easily grown inexpensive bulbs, produc­ and usually do better if the bulbs are ing attractive and charming displays in left undisturbed. groups of a couple of dozen or more. Scillas are easy to cultivate and grow Those that are lower growing and well in semi-shade or sun. A woodland bloom in March or early April are pop­ area with high shade is fine. Any reason­ ularly known as squills. The taller ones, ably good, well-drained soil will do for blooming in early May, are commonly them. called bluebells. Blooming dates will, of The small early scillas or squills bloom course, be earlier in warmer climates. before most daffodils and tulips; the Flowers of squills and bluebells are larger, later bluebells about the same bell-shaped and frequently nodding or time as .the late tulips. The early ones star-shaped and open-faced. They are are suitable for nooks and crannies and blue, pink, or white. Some of the blues may be tucked away in odd corners or in found in Scilla flowers are brilli'ant and the rock garden. Both the squills and the intense and inescapable to the eye. The bluebells are suitable for growing pinks are rarely as clear in color. The around shrubs and trees, in rose beds, or flowers in racemes are borne on leafless in naturalistic plantings in woods. stems (scapes) from four to 18 or so Scillas belong to the lily family (Lili­ inches tall. The scapes are 'accompanied .aceae). There are over 60 species in by two to 12 narrow, strap-like leaves cultivation. A few of the more common arising from the base of the plant. The hardy spring blooming species are con­ leaves of most species die down by June, sidered here. about the same time as daffodil leaves. Some scillas have been known as far back as the 16th century and by the Cultivation early writers were named H'yacinthus. The bulbs are round or pear-shaped Linnaeus in 1753 gave the generic name up to ·an inch or two in diameter, a few Scilla to eight species. The intervening larger, and in some instances with a lWO centuries have given the taxon­ brown or purple tunic or membrane omists plenty of time to classify and covering the bulb. The bulbs are best reclassify, name and rename. The results planted in early autumn while they are are mildly devfl.litating to the amateur still dormant and should be set about gardener. The Siberian Squill from three to four inches deep (to the base of southern Russia and southern Siberia, the bulb) and about the same distance the Caucasus and Asia Minor, has re­ apart. Unlike tulips and hyacinths in mained fairly stable nomenclaturally. many gardens in the United States, scil­ Once Scilla amoena sibirica or S. amoen­ las come back year after year without ula, it became, and still is, S. sibirica. It replacement, and once established are is best known through its cultivar 'Atro­ rarely attacked by diseases. coerulea', sold as 'Spring Beauty'. This Scillas increase naturally from seed cultivar, of course, is not to be confused and bulb offsets. Most spread re.adily with the common wildflowers (Claytonia from seed distributed by wind, rain, and caroliniana and C. virginica) also birds. The bulbs may be divided and known as spring beauty. reset as often as every three years if they The Spanish bluebell from Spain and appear too crowded. The flowers are Portugal was formerly S. hispanicus or S.

' O f H ee mstede, H olland. Mr. Dix is a member of campanulata; the English Bluebell, the fi r m of D,x and Zyerveld, commercial bulb growers. from Western Europe and Britain, was H e IS ~em b e~ ~ f Honor of the Royal Dutch Bulb­ growers ASso C1 ~ t lO n , Secretary of the Committee for formerly S. fes~alis, S. nonscripta, or S. Tuhp R eglstratlon , and a half century member of the Nomenclature Comm Ittee of tbe Association. nutans. Both bluebells were recently 23 6 OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 237

placed in a genus separate from Scilla) six to ten to a st'alk, and usually bright i.e. Endymion, and are now known blue (sometimes pinkish) with a con­ botanically as Endymion hispanicus and trasting center of whitish filaments E . nonscriptus, respectively. It is a pi ty tipped by green anthers with yellow that the name Scilla, used for centuries, 'pollen. The species is quite variable in should be changed to the stranger and flower color, and time of flowering: more formidable Endymion. As a group, 'Alba', white; 'Praecox', very early and all are herein referred to as scillas. stronger; 'Roseo', purplish pink; and 'Taurica', violet-blue. Kinds of Early Squills The Siberian squill (S . sibirica) First to bloom is the excellent and blooms in late March or early April. It is relatively new squill (S. tubergeniana) the best known of all the scillas. The introduced from northwest Persia in flowers are a brilliant gentian blue on 1931 by the van Tubergen firm of Hol­ sea pes up to eight inches, with two to land. Its pale grayish blue flo wers open three nodding, bell-shaped flowers on in early March. A detailed description each scape. The lance-shaped channeled and illustration of S. tube?"geniana ap­ leaves are four to six inches long. The peared in the January, 1967 issue of this Siberian squill spreads freely. There is a Magazine. The named cultivar 'Zwanen­ fine white variety, 'Alba', and a cultivar burg' has very pale petals on the ou tside 'Atrocoerulea' ('Spring Beauty'), per­ with a distinct blue midrif. haps a little earlier, sturdier, and deeper The two-leaf squill (S. bifolia) , from blue. 'Taurica' is paler, with deeper col­ central Europe, also bl'ooms early in ored ti ps to the tetals. The Siberian March. The flower scapes are four to squill is in many regions the most indis­ eight inches tall, and the flowers starry, pensable of the early spring bulbs.

PHOTOS BY GENE E.JSENBEISS

Endymion hispanicus ~ deep blue, large·flowered cultivar of the Spanish blue· bell. End YIn ion his­ panicus, close-up of the inflores­ cence.

Kinds of Bluebells Dainty Maid, deep purple-pink The later spring blooming scillas La Grandesse, white, large flowers (now Endymion) are much taller and Peach Blossom, pink resemble in some respects the common Queen of Pinks, campanula-violet hyacinth, but are less dense and chunky Rose Queen, bright pink and much more slender, delicate, and Sky Blue, deep sky blue, late graceful, as well as taller, up to 18 inches "Vhite Excelsior, white in height. White Triumphator, white, tall Endymion: E. nonscriptus, the English bluebell or E. hispanicus, the Spanish bluebell or harebell, is similar to the Spanish blue­ wood hyacinth, has bell-shaped flowers bell. In England some regard it as too tl~at vary from deep to pale blue, pale weedy and invasive, which indicates its pmk, and white on scapes up to 15 or 18 vigor, yet in appearance it is less robust mches, 8 to 12 flowers to a stem. There than the Spanish bluebell. It is particu­ are about 50 named varieties. The fol­ larly suited to woodlands. The flower lowing are among the best: scape reaches a height of around 12 inches or more. The flowers are blue Alba, white white, or pinkish, and narrower than i~ Alba Maxima, white the Spanish bluebell. There are a few Blue Giant, deep blue, erect stems, cultivars: 'Alba', white; 'Alba Major', large flowers larger white; 'Carnea', pink; and 'Ha1i­ Blue Queen, light blue cus', blue. OCTOBER 1967, VO LUl'vIE 46, NUMBER 4 239

Summer Bloomers blooms in early April, about a month The spring blooming scillas are fol­ after S. tubergeniana. The very pale lowed by the summer-flowering species blue flowers are about % inch wide blooming in late Mayor June to Au­ and have a blue stripe down the middle gust. Of these the most familiar is the of the tepals. There may be 15 or more Cuban lily (S. pemviana) , having noth­ flowers to the scape. The plant is four ing to do with either Cuba or Peru, to eight inches tall. but coming from the Mediterranean region. It has handsome lilac or blue Uncommon Scillas starry flowers borne- in dense conical Bulbs of the scillas mentioned here clusters six inches across, bu t is rather are usually obtainable from bulb dis­ tender. S. pentviana 'Alba' is a pure tributors in the United States who Im­ white form. There are a number of port them from Dutch sources. African species with striped foliage and There are a few, hardy scillas not inconspicuous flowers. But these are easily available, if at all. S. amoena, the quite tender. Neither the summer flow­ Byzantine squill or star hyacinth is six ering species nor the African species are inch es tall, has starry, violet-blue flow­ dealt with here. ers, and blooms in April. W'hile known in gardens since the 16th ce ntury, it is Squill Relatives ineffective as a flower and little used. S. The early squills are closely related to, a.utumnalis, the autumn squill, is incon­ and sometimes confused by the lay gar­ spicuous, wi th rose flow ers, blooming in dener with glory-of-the-snow (Chiono­ August before the leaves appear . S. doxa) , another fine early spring flo wer­ chinensis, the Chinese squill, also ing bulb. However, the six perianth blooms in August or September, some­ segments (tepals) of the nodding flo w­ times earlier, with pinkish flowers on a ers of Scilla are usually completely sepa­ six-inch soa pe. There is some question as rated to the base while the tetals of the to whether it is really hardy in the starry, outward facing Chionodoxa flow­ colder climates, but many h ave had suc­ ers are joined at the base and part way cess with it. S. italica, the Italian squill, up. There are hybrids of Chionodoxa is another very old species. It has starry luciliae and Scilla bifolia eX Chionoscil­ six to 30 gray-blue flowers in a conical la) of which the most common is X C. raceme on a six to ten inch scape. Again allen ii, with handsome dark blue flowers. there is a question as to hardiness in the Also, Puschkinia scilloides (syn. P . li­ north. S. pTatensis, the meadow squill, is banotica) , the striped squill, looks very quite hardy and blooms in May. The much like S. tubergeniana, save that the flowers are bluish purple borne in a flowers of puschkinia have inside the dense raceme up to eight inches tall petals a small corona or central tubular with 12 to 30 blooms. S. verna., the nectary of six lobes around the greenish vernal squill, is dwarfer than most hardy yellow stamens. P. scilloides may be scillas, blooms in April, has bright blue treated by the gardener as a scilla. It flowers, and is difficult to grow. Award Winners of the Society for 1967

The following awards were made to abroad. His books include "The Pear distinguished horticulturists at the 22nd and Its Culture", "Plant Regulators in American Horticultural Congress of the Agriculture", and "Dwarfed Fruit American Horticultural Society held Trees". September 20-23, 1967 in Cleveland, Member of many horticultural socie­ Ohio_ ties and organizations, he was President of the XVII International Horticultural The Liberty Hyde Bailey Medal Congress held at College Park, Maryland Awarded to in 1966. Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Sr. He has traveled widely always trying Scientist} A uthor} A dministmtor} and to broaden the image of horticulture in WOT lrl-ambassadoT of HOTticulture_ education, in physical and mental thera­ py, in art and for leisure. He has long Resident of Woodland, Michigan. been in touch with practical horticul­ Graduate of the University of Illinois ture and gardening. He often refers to with a Doctorate from the University of horticulture as a great green carpet that Chicago. Associated with the New York covers the earth as a safety valve for State Agricultural Experiment Station society. A love of plants imposes no for 25 years as Chief of Horticulture bounds among people in all walks of Research and Professor of Pomology. In life-scientist, businessman, tradesman, 1945, became Head of the Department housewife, artist, musician, physician. of Horticulture at Michigan State Uni­ His students may be found carrying on versity, and, since 1962, retired as Profes­ his philosophy in every corner of the sor Emeritus. ·world. Teacher, scientist, administrator, and leader in the field of horticulture, his Citation in Amateur Horticulture to career spans more than 40 years. His Hubert A. Fischer research interests have involved plant breeding, plant propagation, fruit cul­ For LeadeTShip and Se1'vice in Local} ture, rootstock studies, dwarfed fruit Nationa.l} and Intemational Ga1-dening trees, the development of herbicides, the and Plant 01·ganizations and for the absorption of nutrients through leaves Origination of Improved CultivaTS of and roots, studies of fallout products Seveml Kinds of Plants. from nuclear detonations, the loss of Resident of Hinsdale, Illinois. Ideal nutrients from leaves and fruits by amateur gardener with broad interests leaching, the use of radioisotope tech­ in growing a wide range of plants hardy niques in the study of the internal in his area, especially oriental poppies, mechanisms of plants, the use of plant peonies, daffodils, and lilacs. His special­ materials as test agents in cancer re­ ities are iris and daylilies, and his hy­ search, the development of a rapid germ­ bridizing work on these plants is well ination test for seeds of woody plants, known here and abroad. He has been studies in developmental morphology of the recipient of numerous awards for his fruits, and plant embryo culture tech­ iris and daylily originations in interna­ niques. His scientific work has been pub­ tional competitions in Germany, Aus­ lished in the leading journals here and tria, and England, and served on a team 240 OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER '1 241

of international judges at Florence, Italy lions. With plants salvaged from the and Hamburg, Germany. severe freeze of 1935-36, he started seri­ He is now President of the American ous work on rhododendrons to refine the Iris Society and past-president and char­ habit of growth, increase the flowering, ter member of the American Hemerocal­ produce clearer colors, extend the peri­ lis Society. He is past-president of the od of flowering, and obtain races of Chicago Men's Garden Club, the rhododendrons and azaleas that would Hinsdale Men's Garden Club, and the be better adapted to landscape use in Chicago Daylily Society. colder regions, especially northeastern United States. Citation in Science t3 Over the past 30 years, he has grown Dr. Neil W. Stuart more than 100,000 rhododendron seed­ For Contl'ibutions to the knowledge o!' lings and introduced 29 named selec­ the Nutrition and Effects Of Environ­ tions of rhododendrons and eight named ment on Ornamental Plants and Their selections of azaleas and several named Practical Application in the Production J apanese holly selections. He has also of Florist and Nunery Crops. made available high grade nursery He graduated from Michigan State plants in a wide range of improved forms. University and received his Doctorate from the University of Maryland. Since 1936 he has been Plant Physiologist with Citation in Teaching and Professional the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Horticulture to Ornamentals Investigations, Beltsville, Professor F. L. Steve O'Rourke Maryland. FOT Otttstanding Ability and Su. ccess as a Research has contributed greatly to Stimulating and R espec ted T eache?' and knowledge of plant growth, specifically fOT Contributions to the Science and changes induced by growth regulating Practices of Horticulture. substances, evaluating cold hardiness of Raised on a Delaware fruit farm, he root stocks, control of flowering in graduated from the University of Dela­ Easter lilies, chrysanthemums and hy­ ware and took a Master's degree in Hor­ drangeas, biochemical and structural ticulture at the University of Maryland. changes during dormancy of several flo­ For 22 years he served the U . S. Depart­ rist crops, specific responses to light, tem­ ment of Agriculture in the Bureau of perature and nutrients and the interac­ Entomology, the Soil Conservation Serv­ tions of these factors, the development ice, and the Office of Foreign Agricul­ of high-speed propagation of bulb crops, tural Relations. and studies on the use of chemicals for In 1945, he joined the faculty of controlling height, bud formation, dor­ Michigan State University as a teacher mancy, and other plant responses. to conduct research in landscape horti­ He is currently President of the Amer­ culture and nursery management, and ican Society for Horticultural Science. for several years he was in charge of the Citation in Plant Development and University Arboretum. For six years he Production to was involved in technical horticultural Anthony M. Shammarello aid to Ecuador and Thailand. Since 1964 he served as a consultant in South For Development, Production and Dis­ America, taught for two years at Iowa tribution of Rhododendron and Azalea State University, and is now teaching at Varieties Improved in Flowering Charac­ Colorado State University. teristics, Habit of Growth) and Hardiness. He has gained wide admiration Resident of South Euclid, Ohio. In among countless numbers of his students 1918 he began to work under his father here and abroad as a stimulating and who was a landscape contractor. Widely brilliant teacher of horticulture. His far­ known for his work with rhododendrons reaching influence on the horticultural and azaleas, especially cold-hardy selec- industry, research, and teaching of hor- 242 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ticulture extends to all areas of this Floriculture and Ornamental Hor.ticul­ country and to many foreign countries ture; took graduate work in landscape through his students who were trained architecture at several institutions. She under him. operated two florist shops until mar­ He has published numerous research riage. Presently she is Director of the reports in technical journals and has National Garden Bureau. contributed a large number of articles in She continues her work in landscape trade journals. He has traveled widely in design and maintains an extensive ex­ Europe, Asia, and in North and South perimental garden. She has visited America. botanic gardens, arboretums, private gardens, nurseries, and seedmen in many Citation for Horticultural Journalism parts of the world, largely to increase to her attainment as a garden writer. Isabel Zucker She regularly contributes to the lead­ ing garden magazines in this country. For Dedicated Service in the Dissemina­ Almost 2,000 articles were published un­ tion of Gardening and Plant Informa­ der her by-line during 20 years as Gar­ tion to Home Gardeners, Seedmen and den Editor of The Detroit Times, and Nurserymen, and for Encouraging, Stim­ over 2,600 publications have used her ulating, an'd Practicing the Highest writings in the National Garden Bureau Standards of Horticultural Journalism. releases. Her profusely illustrated book Resident of Bloomfield Hills, Michi­ "Flowering Shrubs," published in 1966, gan. Exhibited an active interest in gar­ is an outstanding contribution for gar­ dening from childhood, winning her deners living in hardiness zones one first blue ribbon on sweet peas at age through six (U. S. D. A. Plant Hardiness six. Graduate of Cornell University in Zone Map). The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Nymphaea x 'Antares', A New supported four to five flowers at one Hybrid Waterlily time, each flower lasting three to four One of the primary aims of the Nym­ nights. This new hybrid has been grown phaea breeding program at Longwood under display conditions and has stood Gardens is to raise new varieties of gar­ up well for two seasons at Longwood den merit, both in color and adaptabili­ Gardens and for one season at the Mis­ souri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. ty, for garden pools. Because of the glowing fluorescent During the summer of 1962 it was qualities of this hybrid, the name 'An­ d.ecided t.o commence a series of pollina­ tares' was selected as appropriate and tIOns usmg members of the tropical finally chosen. Antares is the red heart subgenus Lotus. Members of this group and largest star of the constellation Scor­ are commonly known as the pius; it is a brilliant first magnitude star night-bloomers; the flowers open at dusk classified as a red or M class star because and s:ay open until IO-II the following of its temperature. mormng. Garden lighting has opened a To be acceptable a variety must be new field for these showy nocturnal capable of producing tubers for further aquatics, considerably enhancing the dis­ vegetative propagation. 'Antares' has play qualities. Most of the cultivars in proved to be a good "propagator." the trade are derived from crosses be­ Stocks of this hybrid are being increased. tween an African species, Nymphaea lotus, its variety dentata, and N. rubra PATRICK A. NUTT which is a crimson species from India. Longwood Gardens . Wherever possible, reciprocal pollina­ Kennett Square, Pennsylvania tIOns were made, using parent types that appeared promising. The breeder is Description of Nymphaea X somewhat limited as he is confined to 'Antares' n. cv. species or hybrids contained in the Night blooming with 7-8 inch, bowl­ subgenus Lotus. shaped flowers; tepals RHS Tyrian Pur- The seed was collected from the fer­ tile pods and sown as soon as ripe. Under normal conditions, approximate­ ly one year must elapse between sowing and flowering, but this can be reduced by growing the seedlings under supple­ m.entary fluorescent lights during the wmter months. The progeny from one particular cross, 'H. C. Haarstick' as seed parent, a large crimson, r,ather shy bloomer, and 'Emily Grant Hutching's' as pollen, parent, a medium red, free-flowering variety, showed excellent habit. The flowers were a good deep red and it possessed interesting foliage color and pattern. The most desirable of these seedlings were selected and grown for one additional year. One single clone that possessed all the desired qualities, being distinct in color, extremely florif­ Nymphaea X 'Antares' at Longwood erous and medium in size, was finally Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsylva­ chosen. A well grown plant of this clone nia. 243 244 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL j'vIAGAZINE

pIe 727/ 2 somewhat suffused with sometimes encountered as ZingibeT d01'­ Dahlia Purple 931 / 3, making the color ceyi. It is not difficult to obtain, and it changeable and giving it a glowing .qu~l­ grows with a minimum of attention, yet ity which is striking under artIficIal it is very seldom seen. light; outer tepals 4~4 inches long by If bruised, the bit,ter ginger exudes an 1 Y2-2 inches in diameter; inner tepals odor similar to the true ginger of com­ smaller; leaves floating, green, suffused merce, Zingiber ofJicinale (oh-fis-i-nah­ dark purple, about 16 inches in diame­ lee), particularly when the parts are ter, irregularly dentate with teeth to IA dried. The stems, arising from a fleshy, inches long and with 1-4 teeth to the knotty, subterranean system of rhizomes, inch. sometimes attain a height of four feet, Most similar to Nymphaea X 'Red though two to three feet is more usual. Flare' from which it differs in the ir­ Each of the dull red-flushed stems sup­ ridescent quality of the flowers and in port from a dozen to twenty alternate, the shape of the flowers which open flat broad, wavy-margined, somewhat leathery on 'Red FLare' and are bowl-shaped in leaves to a foot long and three inches the new hybrid. or more broad. The leaves vary con­ siderably in color (depending upon the DONALD G. HUTILESTON soil and amount of shade) and are Longwood Gardens usually bright shiny green with a Kennett Square} Pennsylvania creamy-white margin and stripes of that hue in the center. Sometimes the green The Variegated Bitter Ginger­ is rather subdued, and the markings Zingiber zerumbet 'Darceyi' have a distinct pinkish cast. Several hundred different kinds of In the fall mon ths the inflorescences ginger are known to science, virtually all or flower heads are thrust out of the tropical plants. The majority of them ground near the base of the leafy stems. are indigens of the hot lands of Asia and These gradually grow a foot or more its surrounding island areas, though var­ tall, the apical part of which becomes ious genera occur in Africa and in the enlarged and develops into a large, American tropics from Cuba and Mex­ oblong, bright red cone or flower-head. ico southward. * The flower-heads consist of many over­ In addition to furnishing us with lapping, lustrous, dark red, rounded several important spices-the culinary bracts. From between each of these ginger, tumeric, and cardamom, among br,acts in the upper portion of the others~the members of the Ginger f'ami­ inflorescence a blossom will eventually ly, Zingiberaceae, are increasingly popu­ protrude. The stem supporting this red lar with collectors of showy and exotic cone is also heavily sheathed by showy plants. These are most often seen in the red bracts. warmest parts of the United States in The flowers of the bitter ginger are of protected gardens, or under glass else­ a very unusual pale whitish color, in age where. becoming semi -transparen t, particularly A majority of the gingers are rhizoma­ on the margins of the segments. They tous with thick, aromatic, underground are extremely fragile and short-lived, "stems," and, on occasion, grow twen­ seldom persisting more than a single ty feet tall. The majority of the gingers day. Measuring about an inch across, the cultivated in this country produce their flowers superficially resemble a small or­ most impressive growth during the late chid-a family vaguely allied to the spring and summer months. One of my Zingiberaceae. personal favorites is the variegated form If one of the cone-like or, in many of the bitter ginger, Zingiber zenlmbet instances, ball-like inflorescences is gent­ 'Darceyi, (zin-ji-ber ze-rum-bet dar-see­ ly squeezed, a clear syrupy fluid exudes. eye). It is a native of India. The plant is This has a very spicy taste, much like ' The tropical gingers should not be confused with ginger-flavored water. In my younger wild ginger ( A sGmm spp. ) found in north temperate regions. (Ed. ) days in Orlando and other parts of Flor- OCTOBER 1967. VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 245

ida, this was great fun with my juvenile attributed to its widely appreciated colleagues-though too much of this beauty. In the native populations "ginger juice" promptly made us all sick throughout the distribution range, con­ to our stomach. siderable variation exists in the color of The plant delights in a rich mucky the flowers, from almost pure white to location, with an abundance of water rosy-red and deep purplish pink. Several during active growth. In fact, rich and forms with consistently atypical and un­ moist, yet reasonably well-drained soil is usual flower color and morphology, or a requisite of almost all of the cultivated foliage characteristics have been recog­ gingers, and this one is certainly no nized and named. Although a large exception. Best color development of number of the most interesting and the lovely foliage and showy cones is handsome selections may be found in obtained when the plants are kept in a botanic gardens and arboreta, few are semi-shaded spot, yet not without some commercially available in this country, good diffused light during at least part mainly because of propagation prob­ of each day. '!\Then the stems have died lems. down in winter (November and Decem­ Cultivar 'Alba', in cultivation since ber) , the rhizomes can either be left in 1801, has almost pure white flowers with the ground, in sufficiently warm cli­ very faint pink or purple markings. Cul­ mates, or dug and stored in a dry place tivar 'Rubra', with deep pink to pur­ until re-planting time in March or plish pink flowers and somewhat thicker April. Since this ginger is a very heavy and darker green leaves has been culti­ feeder, plants should be fertilized with vated since the early 1800's. Like 'Alba', animal manure or commercial sludge 'Rubra' is connected to the typical light every year for optimum results. pink flowering type by intermediate col­ Zingiber zemmbet 'Darceyi' spreads or forms. Another clone which has rose­ rapidly in suitable locations, forming red flowers has been called 'Rosea', but dense clumps, with a large number of apparently is not available in the United stems and flowering cones. It is fairly States. tender, though I have in the past grown In 1903, Alfred Rehder described a it outdoors in Orlando, without any plant from Canaan Four Corners, New special protection where winter temper­ York, as vaT. fwcata (= 'Fuscata') Fig. atures in the mid-20's may occur. It also l. This entity is characterized by a makes an exciting pot-plant, one which can be brought indoors for two weeks or so at a time. When kept in pots, it must be carefully watered and completely renov·ated annually with compost.

ALEX D. HAWKES P. O. Box 435 Coconut Grove, Florida 33133

Ornamental Mountain-laurel and a New Cultivar: Kalmia lati/olia 'Bettina' The native evergreen mountain· laurel, Kalmia latifolia) provides mas­ sive splashes of glorious color in late May and June, from Quebec and New Brunswick, south to Florida and west to

Tennessee and Ohio. The extensive cul­ T. R. DUDLEY tivation of mountain-laurel, also called Fig. 1. Oose-up of Kalmia lati/olu. big-leaved ivy) laurel-leaves, broad-leaved 'Fuscata', cultivated at the Arnold laurel. calico-bush and spoon-wood. is Arboretum. 246 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE broad, dark, purplish to chocolate tine Churchill' was introduced in 1952 brown band inside of the corolla which by Mr. J. H. Setford, and was given a fades into dots at the base of the corolla. Royal Horticultural Society A ward of The upper margins of the corolla are Merit in the same year. This was the bordered by a narrow pink band, and result of a 40 year breeding program at the outside is white, almost translucent, Sheffield Park, Uckfield, Sussex, En­ thereby allowing the dark internal band gland, which utilized stock f.rom the to be conspicuous. This plant catches Knap Hill Nursery and the Arnold Ar­ the eye immediately, and is one of the boretum. This plant is distinguished by most striking and handsome of all kalmi­ its large, deeply colored flowers measur­ as. It was introduced into cultivation in ing %-1 inch across. The outside of the 1925, but is apparently extant only at corolla is Tyrian Rose, and the inside the Arnold Arboretum and the New dark rose red (Rose-Madder). Another York Botanical Garden. selection from the same source was In 1870, Professor Stone of the De­ named 'Sheffiield Park'. Its flowers are partment of Botany, University of Mas­ described as being very large and having sachusetts at Amherst, called attention t~e darkest deep rose color of any selec­ to an unusual plant of mountain-laurel tlOn. discovered by Miss M. Bryant near . A dwarf, compact, slow-growing selec­ South Deerfield, Massachusetts. It was tlOn called 'Myrtifolia', cultivated since introduced into cultivation in 1885, and 1840, is an excellent subject for gardens was given the name var. polypetala (= with limited space. It will attain a 'Polypetala') (Fig. 2), in 1896 by height of 2-4 feet and its dark green George Nicholson of Kew Gardens. The leaves measure from 1-2 inches long, and aberrant corollas of this plant are di­ a half an inch wide. Another Kalmia vided almost to the base of the flower latifolia cultivar, distinguished by un­ into five flattened, narrow and club­ usual foliage characteristics, is 'Obtusa­ sha ped segments. When in flower, the ta'. Like 'Myrtifolia', it is slow-growing divided corollas, together with varying and forms a compact, rounded shrub. degress of staminody, give the plant an The almost sessile leaves, however, are attractive and unusual feathery appear­ oval to oblong, about 2 inches long, and ance. rounded at both ends. 'Obtusata' was A seedling selection named 'Clemen- discovered by Mr. J. Bowditch near Pomfret, Connecticut, and has been cul­ tiva'ted since 1886. The 'Ovata' available from European sources probably is a synonym. A plant discovered in Cape May County, New Jersey, described in 1945 by A. Rehder as forma angustata (= 'Angustata'), is cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum. The unusual characteristic of the plant is its short and very narrow (1 V2-3 inches long, ~ -V2 inch wide), oblanceolate to linear leaves. A single bud sport having foliage similar to 'An­ gustat~' was found near Lanham, Mary­ land, In 1926. All other branches of this plant had typical leaves and flowers. The single branch with narrow leaves bore flowers with five flattened segments.

"1. K. UUVLt:"{ The petaloid segments, however, were Fig. 2. Kalmia latifolia 'Polypetala', not club-shaped as they are in 'Polype­ cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum. tala', but were broad, obovate-spathulate OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 247

with long conspicuous claws. Regretta­ spreading ,and exserted through the bly, no aHempt was made to propagate corolla-lobe sinuses. Apparently due to the sport, and the entire branch appar­ adverse climatic conditions during the ently was made into herbarium speci­ summer and fall of 1966, and the spring mens. The flowers of this Maryland of 1967, the flowers produced for the sport depict an intermediate floral stage flowering season of 1967 were atypical between 'Polypetala' and the cultivar with regard to color. Rallher than a deep descri>bed below. purplish pink, they were pale pink, fad­ Numerous natural and undeveloped ing to white. areas of the U .S. National Arboretum in Description of Kalmia latifolia Washington, D. C., abound with native 'Bettina' n. cv. populations of Kalmia latifolia. Individ­ ual plants within these large popula­ Flowers campanulate-urceolate, deep tions exhibit the general range of mor­ purplish pink (7.5 RP 6/ 12) ,1 8-15 mm phological variability expected for the long; corolla tube 5-10 mm long and 3-4 species, especially with regard to flower mm in diameter at base and lobes 3-5 color. Two plants, assumed to be spon­ mm long, with blunt and rounded apices taneous near the dogwood planting that are reflexed at an-thesis. The flower overlook above the Anacostia River, never opens widely and the mouth mea­ deviate so extremely from the typical sures 5-7 mm in diameter, while the area expression of the species that they were slightly above the middle at the anther designated by Mr. Sylvester March, Prop­ pouches and corolla lobe sinuses is some­ agator at the U. S. National Arboretum, what dilated and measures 7-8 mm in as selection No.6, and given the acces­ diameter; anther pouches 5 and poorly sion number of N.A. 25589. The unusual developed. Filaments 5-10, white, 12-20 campanulate-urceolate flowers with deep mm long, erect to patent, exceeding the purplish pink corollas are contrasted corolla lobes at anthesis by 2.5-7 mm and with the long exserted white filaments are short pilose at the base. Anthers and deeply colored or white styles. strong yellowish brown (7.5 YR 5/7). These features contribute towards mak­ Styles 9-20 mm long, exserted beyond ing this selection of interest to the ex­ corolla lobes at anthesis by 4-10 mm, ponents of unusual plants. tAli color readings are designated from the Munsel Hue Nickerson Color Fan, distributed by the American This "sport" is extremely interesting Horticultural Society. biologically, as it represents a transitional stage of floral morphology from the typi­ cal sympetalous saucer-shaped corollas of typical Kalmia latifalia to the deeply divided ones of 'Polypetala', which ap­ pears to have free petals. The corollas of N.A. accession 25589 are divided ap­ proximately one-half the length of the tube, and the lobe sinuses coincide with five anther pouches. The normal corolla of Kalmia has 10 anther pouches; how­ ever, they number only five in N.A. accession 25589, and are very poorly developed. Even in flower buds 6-8 mm long, the anthers are not located in pouches as would be expected, and the stamens are coiled and reflexed. The flower is often asymmetrical, a feature U.S. NATIONAL ARBORETUM caused by the long exserted styles being Fig. 3. Oose-up of Kalmia lati/olia curved and ofI-center. At an-thesis, five of 'Bettina', cultivated at the U.S. Na. the variable number of stamens are tional Arboretum. 248 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE glabrous, white or paler than the corolla the agricultural colleges in these regions, (7 .5 RP 7/ 10 strong purplish pink); notably those in Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, stigmatic surfaces deeper colored (7.5 and Pennsylvania, have sought out- and RP 4/ 11 strong purplish red). Inflores­ evaluated the walnuts of the various cences dense, bearing up to 100 flowers seedling trees in order to select note­ each. Pedicels generally strong purplish worthy superior clones as named cu lti­ red (7.5 RP 5/12) . Calyx lobes spread­ vars for grafting. ing at anthesis, with blunt or rounded Not all of those cold-hardy cultivars apices; color, especially along margins, originated from the seed nuts gathered deep pink (2.5 R 6/11). in the Carpathian Mountains. Some Kalmia latifolia, N.A. accession 25589, were brought over as seed from Germa­ is named 'Bettina' after the author's wife ny by the "Pennsylvania Dutch" in the in appreciation of her assistance and early 1700's. Later Czech, German, Rus­ encouragement. To insure perpetuity of sian, and Slavic emigrants carried seed this clone, it will be propagated and nuts with their personal effects and distributed to appropriate cooperators. planted these near their new homes in In accordance with the Internationa l America. Thus to-day we have a diversi­ Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated ty of cold-hardy Persian walnuts from Plants (1961), the cultivar name has various regions in Northeastern Europe been registered with the Arnold Arbo­ which are termed "Carpathians," mainly retum, the registration authority. Docu­ to distinguish them from the tender mentary voucher herbarium specimens French and Spanish cultivars now grown (F. G. Meyer and T. R. Dudley No. in California. 1383, 6 June 1966) and photographs Carpathian growers claim their wal­ have been deposited in the Herbarium, nuts have a better flavor than those from U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, California. They pridefully point to con­ D.C. sistent annual yields of 4 to 6 bushels T . R. DUDLEY (120 to 180 pounds) from trees 25 to 30 U.S. National Arboretum years of age. Carpathian walnuts gener· Washington, D. C. ally fall free of their husks so there is no hulling problem. The Carpathian Walnut The named cultivars have ordinarily The Carpathian walnut is a cold­ been selected on the basis of thin shells, hardy race of the Persian (English) wal· easy cracking, good flavor, and a high nut (1uglans regia) that withstands the per cent of kernel. Other qualities are clima te of midwestern America. It is a resistance to winter cold, late blooming relative newcomer to this Continent. It to escape spring frosts, and the ability to was not until the mid-1930's that the produce well-filled kernels in a climate Reverend Paul C. Crath, a Canadian with a relatively cool and short summer. Missionary, brought seed nuts to On· A nationwide survey made in 1966 tario from the rugged Carpathian Mountains on a visit to his native Po· indicated that the following ten culti· land. vars (clones), listed below with the aver­ age per cent kernel, are currently pre· The Wisconsin Horticultural Society, ferred by growers: through its secretary, Henry J. Rahm­ low, purchased a shipment of seed I-Hansen 60% walnuts from the Reverend Crath and 2-Metcal£e 52% in the spring of 1936 distributed 370 3-Fickes 51% pounds of nuts to 1,030 persons, mainly 4-Somers 48% in the Midwest. The usual distribution 5-Broadview 47% was nine walnuts per person. 6-Lake 50% Trees grown from these seed walnuts 7-McKinster 48% are now in early maturity and full bear­ 8-Colby 53% ing in many Midwestern areas. The vari­ 9-Merkel 5~<.7" ous state nut growers associations and 10-Burtner 47~. OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 249

Other clones favored by growers are nuts do respond to an annual applica­ 'Alleman', 'Caesar', 'Clinton', 'Gratiot', tion of a balanced fertilizer. Mulching 'Greenhaven', 'Helmle', '.Jacobs', with straw or hay will conserve soil 'McDermid', 'Neyer', 'Orth', and moisture and improve yield and qualoity. 'Schafer'. l\Iany new and superior clones Spraying has not been practiced in the are discovered each year. The future past but with more and larger plantings holds promise for even better ones. the walnut husk maggot may become a Several Carpathian cultivars are self­ problem. It is controlled by two sprays pollinating, but a better crop is usually in late summer. secured when three or more clones are Harvesting is easy as the walnuts fall planted near each other. Trees from free of the shucks and can be picked seed start to produce nuts in their fifth from the ground. They should be air­ to sixth year, while grafted trees usually dried for two or three weeks and then bear within two years. The Carpathian stored until used in a cool dry place. walnut may be grafted or budded on the The landscape value of the Carpathi­ native black walnut with which it forms an walnut should not be neglected. Its a strong and compatible un~on. Many rounded canopy of green shade in sum­ growers do their own grafting as they mer will grace any lawn and the whitish find it an enjoyable and fascinating art, bark and spreading silhouette is pleasing requiring only a little time and patience. in the winter months. On a medium to In Iowa plantings of Carpathian wal­ wide street it may be used as a street tree nuts preferably should be located south with 60 foot spacings. It produces a of U.S. Route 30. In the northern part fairly dense shade but not so much as to of the state occasional winter cold spells affect the growth of grass beneath. On may severely freeze back the top and the whole, this rather recent tree emi­ outlying branches. In all areas it is advis­ grant may prove both valuable and at­ able to plant walnuts on a slight slope tractive on the American scene. where adequate drainage may carry F. L. S. O'ROURKE away co ld air masses both during the Dept. of Horticulture winter and on frosty spring nights. Colorado State University Pruning is seldom necessary but wal- Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 A Book or Two

(Books available lor loan to the membership are designated: (Library). Those not so designated are in private collections and are not available for loan. Bo~ks available lor sale to the M.emb~rship are desiunated with the special reduced price and are subJect to the usual change of pnce wIthout notice. 'Orders must be sent through the American Horticultural Society accompanied by the proper payment. Please allow two to three weeks for delivery. Those not designated for sale to the Membership at reduced prices can be purchased through the Society, however, at the retail prices given. In these instances the full profit is received by the Society to be used for increased services and benefits of the Membership.)

Mushroom Growing Today ranger's library; in fact, I consider it a must. The chapter on New Rules tor the Advanced Fred C. Atkins. Macmillan Co. 866 Third An-anger will be helpful even to the most Ave., New York, New York 10022. 1966. 188 experienced arranger who will find the illustra­ pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library). Members tions in most instances are just as appropriate price $5.05. for use in the home as for winning blue ribbons Mr. Atkins is an internationally respected in the flower show. Mrs. Rae L. Goldson has authority on mushroom growing with the rare the ability to explain modern flower arrange­ ability to express in layman's language the ments in simple, understandable terms, and to scientific aspects of producing one of the most illustrate her points with magnificent arrange­ sensitive food crops. His book is a well-organized ments, as is demonstrated in this new book. Her presentation of the procedures (and problems) approach in presenting the modern and contem­ involved in commercial mushroom production porary arrangements is stimulating, practical, from building a mushroom house to packaging and down to earth. The author stresses the use and marketing the product. of natural materials and lets the weathered In his discussion of commercial production in branch, snarled root, mushrooms, naturally Britain, he includes the valuable contributions dried leaves, and what-have-you dictate the of research scientists on the continent and in the design which tends to get away from the United States as well as those of Britain. sterotyped and bizarre arrangements often asso­ Constantly reminding the reader that, with all ciated with the new trend. the variants of composts, soils and climate, few The book consists of 20 chapters, 99 black and definite rules can be given for handling a crop; white photographs, and a comprehensive Index he details the fundamental requirements neces­ which is most helpful. The following list gives a sary to produce satisfactory results under a few of the interesting Chapter headings which variety of conditions. are typical of the coverage: His discussion of disease and animal pests of "Changing Arrangements in a Changing cultivated mushrooms is well presented. The World," "Form Follows Function," "Futurism­ American reader has only to keep in mind our Contempara,ry Emptions," "A New Way of federal restrictions on the use of ' ~hemicals on Thinking about Art," "Fantastic Art," "Abstrac­ food crops. tion-Design Rather than Subject Becomes Pri­ While stressing the need for experience and mary," "Flower Arrangement as a Creative Art adequate financing for commercial production, Expression." Mr. Atkins includes a chapter for the amateur Borrow it from AHS library and chances are grower and one on converting cellars, unused that you will want a personal copy for frequent stables, and other structures for growing reference in your own library. Other books by mushrooms, primarily for home use. the same author are: Contemporary Flower His chapter on the food value of mushrooms Arrangement and Workbook on Containers, will be of interest to readers who may not be Stands, and Mechanics. concerned with production. CLEO V. MOOSBERGER VIOLET K . THOMAS

Birds in Our Lives New Trends in Flower Arrangement Alfred Stefl'erud (Editor). Published by U. S. Rae L. Goldson. Hearthside Press Inc., 381 Department of the Interior, U. S. Government Park Avenue South, New York, New York Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1966. $9.00. 10016. 1966. 122 pages, 99 black and white (Library) . photographs. Price $4.95. (Library). In his Foreward, Secretary Stewart L. Udall "New Trends in Flower Arrangement" will states the purpose of this book quite succil'lctly: be a welcome addition to the advanced ar- To consider birds as a part of the Web of Life. 250 OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUMBER 4 251

No aspect of the influence of birds upon man, materials discussed. ''''as Homer's Nepenthe, or of man upon birds. goes unexplored in this perhaps opium? monumental work. An imposing array of COI1- The horticultural merits of the genera dis­ tributing writers. all experts in their fields. gives cussed are weighed against their potential for authority to the material contained in the text. harm, and usually the balance favors their Birds in the Bible. birds as treated by the old continued use as ornamentals. Only a few are masters, birds on coins and on stamps, all come unreservedly condemned. into the discussion, with. of course. especial The excellent illustrations by Helen Spence do emphasis on the eagle as our Nation's symbol. much to help identify unfamiliar materials; an The role of the bird as an aid to the scientific extensive bibliography, most of which deals with study of the influence of environment is well readily available references, encourages further documented. as is the use of bird embryos in reading on this subject. the production of life saving vaccines. M. L. FISHER In the section of the book devoted to the sports and recreation aspects of bird-lore, your reviewer became so engrossed in the chap tel- on Your Future in the Nursery Industry the ancient sport of falconry it was tempting to John J . Pinney. Richard Rosen Press, Inc., digress briefly to track down more detailed New York. New York, 10010. 1967. 160 pages. information. $4.00. (Library). Each section leads the reader on to a better An informative book on the nursery business understanding of the role of the bird in Nature's and the caree r opportunities that it offers. It scheme of things, to a fuller grasp of man's describes the nursery industry and its many dependence on the continuance of this scheme variations of operation, and the possible jobs for his survival, and his obligation to fulfill his that are available. The nursery industry is part in maintaining this order. The necessity for presen ted in all of its aspects, opportunities, and sane conservation practices is set forth clearly, satisfactions to be had, as well as the disadvan­ and ways of implementing this program are tages which are involved. Suggestions are given suggested. for training and education that is needed, as Definitely not a book to be lightly skimmed weI! as sources of information. The author has and laid aside, Birds in Our Lives deserves an had a successful career as a nurseryman and honored place on the bookshelf of every home, writes with this well-informed background of to be read, and re-read, until its message has authority. become a part of our way of life. CONRAD B. LINK M . L. FISHER The Picture Book of Annuals Arno and Irene Nehrling. Hearthside Press, Daffodils Are Dangerous Inc., New York, New York. 1966. 288 pages. (The Poisonous Plants in Your Garden) $6.95. (Library). Members' Price $5 .90_ Hubert Creekmore. Illustrations by Helen This is more than a picture book on annuals. Spence. Walker and Company, New York, Not only does it illustrate all of the annuals New York. 1966. $4.95. (Library). commonly and some less commonly found in Daffodils are dangerous; but so are sharp gardens, but it tells something about each. Each knives, and matches, and crossing a downtown annual is identified by the family to which it street in rush hour. This book makes its point belongs plus its scientific name. Cultural in­ adequately without resorting to the "scare" formation is provided for each plant and often tactics which have recently become so popular comments on special forms or varieties or uses wi~h authors of non-fiction. The author advo­ suitable for that kind. Special chapters describe cates, rather, that the amateur gardener develop propagation of annuals outdoors and indoors, an acute awareness of what is in his garden, including the use of fluorescent lights, garden either deliberately planted by him, or as an practices, growing in containers and for use as invader brought by the wind. or the rain, or the house plants. A chapter is included on land­ birds. This knowledge can be priceless protec­ scaping with annuals in the design. This is a tion against possible tragedy. most useful book to those maintaining or selling Divided into sections covering The Garden. annual flowers. Intruders, The Indoor Garden. and Miscellany, CONRAD B. LINK the text covers a vast amount of material. As one reads. he is led into fascinating by-ways of plant lore to be found in literature from earliest Patterns of Life: times. Medieval herbals are freely quoted. as are The Unseen World oj Planb the Greek and Latin classics through which we W_ M_ Harlow, Harper and Row, .9 E. 33rd struggled before we became aware of the inci· St., New York, New York 10016. 1966. 128 dental information to which we were being pages_ Illustrated. $6.95_ (Library). exposed. Some interesting hypotheses are offered book with beautifully writteD concerning the true identity of some of the This opens a 252 THE MvIERICAN HORTICULTURAL l\IAGAZINE

prologue by the botanist Paul B. Sears. followed Some Ancient Gentlemen by some descriptive notes on plant characteris­ Tyler Whittle. Taplinger Publishing, New tics. The body of the book consists of about 100 York, New York. 1966. 244 pages. Illustrated. photographs which illustrate details of winter $5.95. (Library). twigs and buds, inconspicuous flowers, fruits, bark, roots, and wood cross-sections. Each is Tyler 'Whittle, an urbane and witty English accompanied by a brief description and com­ TV personality, claims scribbling as a trade. ThE men ts. The plan ts chosen are all relatively fourteen essays on gardening, however, belie common, both woody and herbaceous. Such such flippancy for they rank with Sacheverell illustrations are always interesting, whether con­ Sitwell's damask·satin prose and Richardson sidered as studies in design or as expressions of Wright's salty epigrams. WhiHle revels in the the functional life of the plant. All photographs polished and pungent phrase, the obscure word were taken by the author who is professor of and literature's characters. forestry at Syracuse University. He has also Some Ancient Gentlemen is a misleading title written the useful F,'uit and Twig Keys which for one would assume from the title page quote utilize similar illustrations and is co-author of from Hamlet, "There is no ancient gentlemen Textbook of Dendrology. but gardeners, ditchers and grave makers," that R. L. BAKER the book dealt with dirt gardeners whom W'hit­ tie dismisses unsympathetically as "that dodo­ like functionary." Instead, the book opens with a Blueberry Culture compressed but amusingly informative outline of Paul Eck and Norman F. Childers, Editors. garden-makers of the Orient, Middle-East, the Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, Mediterranean, and Northern Europe and in New J ersey 08903. 1966. 378 pages. Illustrated. more serious vein praise for the Scandinavian $15.00. (Library) . " disciplined free form" of design and on the "formaliza tion of informalization" of this coun­ The title of this interesting and timely book is try's and Latin America's school of landscaping. somewhat misleading. The subjects covered in­ The second essay on English gardens is pos­ clude not only culture but history, taxonomy, sibly best summarized by "The English have two morphology, breeding and marketing, as well. A rundamen tal characteristics: they are accus­ serious effort has been made to cover all aspects tomed to snail·pace developments, and they have of the blueberry industry by enlisting the aid of a next-to-pantheistic adoration of the land, And many research workers in writing the book. besides this, the founders of the English Land­ However, the greatest value of this book will be scape School Lived in a quaint time ... the Age as a reference SOUTce, since it is unlikely that it of Reason." will have a wide appeal. A great ci e21 of time is In the chapter "Botanical Collectors," Tyler spent in reporting and discussing research re­ Whittle disclaims what he calls the public image sults rather than synthesizing the results into a of the botanist "as a pimply, knobbly-kneed and straightforward statement on how to grow blue­ witless nincompoop who trips about the mead· berries. A passing thought has been given to ows with satchel, notebook and japanned black blueberries in the home garden but hy the time box." Instead, he gives an accurate description of one gets to this final chapter it strikes you as an their exploring ordeals and why they often afterthought. This small concession is hardly su ffer great indignities and take large risks of sufficient to recommend this book to the person life and capital, to collect and probe for plants interested in growing a few blueberries, but for in the wilderness. In the chapter "Gardeners" he the serious grower or student it can be highly states: "Gardens can have a civilizing, tranquiliz· recommended. ing influence; they can also brutalize, and drive E. G. CORBETT the mildest and most amiable of men distracted because of frustration and disappointment." He questions "whence came the first influence" Tune In To Nature, A Pictorial Essay which makes them "moonstruck and mildly Ruth H. Smiley. Lake Mahonk Mountain lunatic by plants." Later there's a nostalgic House, New Paltz, New York. 1966. $1.00. recounting of old potting sheds and tools. The (Library) . author positively dotes upon his favorite tool, a hoe with a horseshoe-shaped handle ..... ith the This little booklet, only twenty pages in splendid local name of crocky dyle." length, manages to convey an incredible amount Perhaps the most illuminating wTiting deals of nature lore within its covers. It succeeds with vegetables, and groves of trees known in admirably in achieving its avowed purpose, to England as boscage. Here is a rwhole new field bring to its readers an "awareness of nature." for experiment in the exotic, tempered only by The text is embellished with a number of color the imagination and sense of style of the gardea­ photographs of sll>rprising excellence. T1re pub­ er and gourmet. In fact, ·the gounaet wiII lishers have produced a work which may well probably be titillated beyond reasen like a t.e1'iJu Itand as a standard of achievement for othera rolling in catnip. To Tyler Whittle, the radish iI contemplating the preparation of similar mate­ the "king of root saladin~," and its varied use~ rw. are described in ways with which only an M. L. FISHU epicure would be familiar. There, too. I:a • bOd OCTOBER 1967, VOLUME 46, NUlVlBER 4 253

paean to gourds and their many historic and vinegar. But Tyler Whittle evidently delights in practical uses and la ter the remark, "one of the creating naug1hl.y situations. Hopefully, he is most charming of human eccentricities is to be more the likeable Puck, that he also fancies quite dotty about he11bs." himself to be, than Falstaff. The (omments on "Fruits" are worth remem­ MILLICENT M. SPICER b e~· ing . A gardener is cautioned not to become "fruit-besotted " . .. as " the trees will then become chains about his neck." And who has Hartulus heard of pollinating fruit against a high brick wall " by wandering from tree to tree sweeping Walahfrid Strabo. Hunt Botanical Library, the blossoms with a rabbit-scut lashed to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1966. 92 pages. Illus­ end of a bamboo pole?" Leaving his chores trated. (Library). behind, one day the author went down the This very handsome volume is the second of Severn to the meadows and orchards of Glouces­ the Hunt Facsimile Series and should be a tershire. He reminisces: "It was a majes tic delight to the horticulturist as well as the voyage ... in a row boa t." "The orchards of connoisseur of fin e books. The binding, paper, Shallow's country . . . are a rwonder of England." printing, and design all reflect the high stand­ In the chapter "Boscage," V\Thittle's imagina­ ards se t by the Hun t Library for their publica­ tion reall y runs to the unique. H e pictures "an tions. exotic gmve ... well contrived and faultlessly Hortulus (The Little Garden), one of the designed," with visions of the dove tree, Ken­ classics of gardening literature, was written by tucky coffee, cider gums, bird and rum cherries the Benedictine monk Walahfrid Strabo about and Elisha's tears, amur cork, and the epaulette, 840 A.D. The principal manuscript of this poem as well as the l\1acium, the ebony wood and was written shortly after the poet's death and other exotics. Trees, he states are a " personal lay undiscovered for nearly 600 years before it and living shrine ... and like an Oriental with a was recopied and first set in type. It is this favorite speckled carp, [man] inves ts his tree manuscript, now in the Vatican library, that is with a personality and introduces it by name." reproduced in facsimile, without reduction in The tree of his devotion for many years was the size. There follows a transcription in classical Empress tree (Paulownia tomentosa) -one which Latin form and an Engli h translation in free the reviewer rejec ts. verse by Raef Payne, with beautiful illustrations In the last essay, "Ornament," an appreciation from linoleum cuts by Henry Evans. Wilfrid of the art of topiary h as fin all y scored. When a Blunt has written an account of what is known strange little man "resembling a decorated about the poet and the book concludes with a Easter egg" can convert a hedge ca rving from description of the published editions and a list Field-Marshal Montgomery to a thoroughly wat­ of the plants men'tioned in the text. tled turky because of his skilled draughtsman­ The flavor of the poem itself m ay be sampled ship and vision, the craft merits genuine atten­ tion . in the description of Sage: One criticism is the lack of credits on the 16 "There in the very front glows sage, sweetly plates, particularly Pla te ISb which shows an scented. amusing tmupe of begging bears in a topiary It deserves to grow green forever, enjoying a nmsery. And who is the sculptor of the gross perpetual yo uth; naked Bacchus at the Boboli Gardens shown on For it is rich in virtue and good to mix in a Plate 14b, to whom the author likens himself? potion, This monolithic fountain belongs in a museum­ Of proven use for m any a human ail ment. an exhibit of m an's corruptibility, not in a But within itself is the germ of civil war; tranquil garden. For the author to bring his For unless the new growth is cut away, it delightful book to a close with such a disagreea­ turns ble allergorical comparison to himself is like Savagely on its pa1-ent and chokes to death pulling the cork of a vintage wine after consider­ The older stems in bitter jealousy." able expectancy and finding it has turned to R. L. B ,IKER

BOOK LIST

How We Got Our Flowers Aphrodisiacs In Your Garden A. W . Anderson. Dover Publications, New Charles Connell. Taplinger Publishing Co., York, New York 1966. 283 pages. Illustrated. New York, New York. 1965. 145 pages. Illus­ $1.75 (Library). trated. $3.50. (Library).

A History of Garden Design (Revised Edition) The Viruses Derek Clifford. Frederick A. Praeger, Publish­ Helena Curtis. Doubleday and Company, Inc., ers, New York, New York. Revised 1966. 252 New York, New York. 1965. 228 pages. Illus­ pages. Illustra ted. $16.00. (Library). trated. $4.95. (Ubrary). Members price $4.20. ~54 THE Alv[ERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Readers Digest Complete BOQk 0/ the Garden 114 Elmer St., Westfield, New Jersey~07090. 44 pages (paperback). $2.00. (Library). T. H. Everett. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 1966. 896 pages. Illus· The American Camellia Yearbook 1967 trated. $9.95. (Library). Joseph H. Pyron, Editor. Published by Amer· The Principles of Pollination Ecology ican Camellia Society, Tifton, Georgia. 1966. 314 pages. Illustrated black and white and K. Faegri and L. Van Der PijI. Pergamon color. $6.00 includes membership in Society. Press, Inc., Long Island City, New York. 1966. (Library) . 248 pages. Illustrated. $9.50. (Library).

Travels In North America-Volume I and II The Yearbook 0/ Agriculture 1966-­ Protecting Our Food Peter Kalm. Dover Publications, New York, Jack Hayes, Editor. The United States Gov· New York. Dover Edition 1966. 401 pages. ernment Printing Office. For sale by the Super. Illustrated. $2.50 per volume. (Library). intendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Soil Organic Matter 20402. 386 pages. Illustrated. $2.50. (Library). M. M. Kononova. Pergamon Press, Inc., Long Island City, New York. 1966. 544 pages. Illus· Forest Trees 0/ the Pacific Slope trated. $15.00. (Library) . George B. Sudworth. Reissued by Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick St., New York, The Vegetation 0/ Poland New York 10014. 455 pages (paperback). 207 line drawings. $3.00. (Ubrary). Members Wadyaaw. Pergamon Press, Inc, Long Island City, New York. 1966, English Translation. 738 price $2.55. pages. Illustrated. $18.50. (Library). Tropical Gardening Anyone Can Grow Roses T. M. Greensill. Frederick G. Praeger, Publish· Cynthia Westcott. Collier Books, New York, ers, III Fourth Avenue, New York, New York. New York. 1965. 220 pages (paperback). Line 272 pages. Illustrated. $8.95. (Library). drawings. $1 .95. (Library). Wings in the Meadow American Rose Annual 1967 JO Brewer. Houghton Mifflin Co., 2 Park St., O. Keister Evans, Jr., Editor, Bernita G. Bos· Boston, Mass. 02107. 187 pages. Illustrated. ley, Editorial Assistant. Published by Ameri· $4.95. (Library). can Rose Society, 4048 Roselea Place, Colum· bus, Ohio 43214. 246 pages. Illustrated black and white and color. Membership in Society. Citrus Fruits (Library) . H . Harold Hume. Macmillan Co., 866 Third Ave., New York, New York 10022. Revised American Tomato Yearbook 1967 edition 1957, second printing 1966. Illustrated. John W . Carncross, Editor. Editorial Office $11.95. (Library). Members price $10.15. Index To Volume 46 Illustration references are set in italics

A Cathey, Henry M., Klueter, Her­ E Abelia X grandiflom, 164 schel H., and Bailey, Wil­ liam A. : Eisenbeiss, Gene and Dudley, A Book or Two, 33, 99, 250 Theodore R.: Adenophora tarreri, 35 Indoor Gardens for Decora­ tive Plants, 3 'Wirt L. Winn', a new culti­ khasiana, 35 var of the Koehne Holly, 42 Antennaria, 135 Coe, Frederick W.: Some Species of Crassula Elkins, Harry: Apache Plume, 130 The Gothenburg Botanic Gar· Asplenium "esiliens, 222 known as the Jade Tree, 50 Conifers, Deciduous, 109 den, Sweden, 80 Azalea, Alabama, 16 Elliottia racemosa, 94, April Baker, 19 Copeland, Harold W.: Heaths and Heathers, 75 back cover Coastal, 17 Endymion hispanicus, 237 culture, 21 Hollies on Cape Cod, Massa­ chusetts, 96 Episcia fulgens, 124 Cumberl,and, 19 fu1gida, 127 Exotic deciduous in the Comus alba 'Argenteo-margin- ata', 173 viridifolia, 125 South, 20 Eucalyptus maculata, 34 Flame, 17 cont"oversa, 166 Florida, 14 florida fastigiata, 169 Ghent 'Daviesii' 20 kousa variegata, 167 F 'Narcissifiora', 20 mas 'Flava', 171 Fallugia paradoxa, 130 Hammock-Sweet, 19 rasemosa, 174 Fendlera rupicola, 131 Hirado, 65, 68 Coyle, Arthur I.: Fendlerbush, 131 Kurume,58 Growing Rhododendrons in Fern, King, 45 Mollis 'Hugo Koster', 20 Houston, Texas, 85 Ferns for an Indoor Limestone Native and Some Introduced Crassula arborescens, 53, 56 Boulder Habitat, 219 for Southern Gardens, 13 arborescens 'Tricolor: 52, 55 Fischer, Hubert A.: Oconee, 14, Jan. back cover Q1'gentea, 50, 51 Citation in Amateur Horticul­ Pests & Diseases, 22 'Colorata', 55 ture to, 240 Piedmont, Jan. cover, 14 'Crosby's Compact', 56 Fox, Helen M.: PinkshelI, 16 'Dexteri', 55 Rosemary and the Lavenders, Pinxter Bloom, 15 lac tea, 54 175 Plumleaf, 20 'Mrs. Steele's marginata', 54 Propagation, 23 obliqua, 53, 54 Roseshell, 15 portulacea, April front cover, G Sw amp, 77 51, 53, 57 Galle, F. C.: Sweet, 18 'Blue Bird', 56 Native and Some Introduced Texas, 19 'Crosby's Compact', 52 Azaleas for Southern Gar­ 'Crosby's Ruby', 55 dens, 13 B var. obliqua, 51 Gardening, Window, 123 'Pink Beauty', 56 Gardens, Fragrance for the Berberis repens, 135 pulvinata, 57 Blind, 25 Blackberry, 'Evergreen', 217 'Round Leaf Form', 56 Indoor for Decorative Plants, 'Austin Thornless' X 'Eldo­ 'Silver Bark', 55 3 rado', 212 'Tegelberg's Hybrid', 57 Ginger, Variegated Bitter, 244 'Eldorado', 211 Creech, John L.: 'Logan', 217 Magnolia Wilsoni, 199 Blind, Fragrance Gardens for, Some Plants of Kyushu, Ja­ H 25 pan, and the Kurume Aza­ Hawkes, Alex D.: Bond, Richard M.: Portlandia leas, 58 gzp:ndiflora, 40 Consider the Calabash, 90 Crescentia cujete, 90 New Zealand Crape Ferns, 45 BotafJiC'~' Garden, The Gothen­ Crocus, 135 The Variegated Bitter Ginger burg, 80 Cypripedium japonicum, 66 Bottlebrushes Like Wet Feet, (Zingibe,' zemmbet 'Dar­ 136 ceyi ) ,244 Buffalo grass, 134 Heaths and Heathers, 75 Burgess, Lorraine: D Hirado Island, 59 Fragrance Gardens for the Hollies on Cape Cod, Massachu· Blind-Fact or Fiction, 25 Darrow, George M.: setts, 96 The Cultivated Raspberry and Holly, 'Wirt L. Winn', 42 C Blackberry in North Amer­ Rosla decorata, 156, 161, 163 ica-Breeding and Improve­ fortunei var. gigantea, 154, Calabash Tree, 90 ment, 203 155, 156, 158, 159, 161 Callaway Gardens, 224 Dischidia imbricata, 37, 40 var. marginato-alba, 160 Callistemon brachyanrus, IJ7 pectenoides, 37, 38, 39 glau.ca, 160 salignus, 139 Dix, J. F. Ch.: 'HoneybelIs', 159 rigidus, 142 Squills and Bluebells, 236 minor, 163 rugulosus, 141 Dogwoods, The Best of, 165 plantaginea, 154, 155, 163 speciosus, 142 Dombeya 'Rosemound', 91, 92 undulata, 756, 162 viminalis, 140 Dudley, T. R.: undnlata var. univittata, 162 Calluna vulgaris 'Gold Haze', 77 Ornamental Mountain Laurel ventricosa, 154, 155, 156, 157 'Rosalind', 76 and a New Cultivar: Kal­ R)lpericum f-rondosum 'Sun­ CamptOSOTttS "hizophyllus, 221 mia lati/olia 'Bettina', 245 burst', 93 I N 'White Find', 15 viscosum, 17 Ilex c1·enata, 63 Nelson, Ruth Ashton: Rhododendrons, Growing in X koehnean a 'Wirt L. Winn', Horticultural Use of Native Houston, Texas, 85 43, 44 Rocky Mountain Plants, 128 Rhodora, 16 latifolia, 69 Norfolk Botanical Garden, fra­ Rocky Mountain Plants, Horti- grance gardens for the cultural Use of Native, 128 J blind, 25, 26, 27, 28 Rosmarinus ofJicinalis, 186 Nutt, Patrick A. and Huttleston, Japan, map of, 59 Rosemary and Lavenders, 175 Donald G.: Rubus biflorus, 207 Juglans 1·egia (Carpathian) , 248 Nymphaea X 'Antares', A Juniperus horizontalis, 136 canadensis, 214 New Hybrid Waterlily, 243 deliciosus, 129 N ymphaea X 'Antares', 243 ellipticus, 215 K m acrocarpus, 215 Kalmia latifolia 'Bettina', 247 o kuntzeanus, 207 'Fuscata', 245 O'Rourke, F. L. S.: p hoenicolasius, 207 'Polypetala', 246 Citation in Teaching and Pro­ 1·oseus,215 Koelreu teria paniculata 'Sep­ fessional Horticulture to, 241 tember', 95 The Carpathian Walnut, 248 s Krause, Eric Hans: p Sarcococca confusa, 72, 74 The Glossy Abelia, 164 hookeriana, Kyushu, Japan, Some Plants of, 71 Palmer, The Honorable Lewis: hookeriana var. digyna, 71 58 Sa1·cococca, 70 lw.milis, 74 Phyllitis scolopendrium var. ruscifolia, 72 L americanum, 222 1·uscifolia var. chinensis, 73 Plaisted, Robert L. and Lighty, saligna, 71 Larix decidua pyramidalis, 113 Richard H.: gmelini, 112 Scilla spp., Hype1·icum frondosum 'Sun­ tubergeniana, 46, 47 gmelini japonica, 108 burst', a new cultivar, 93 kaempferi, 110, 111 Senior, Robert M.: Plantainlily, Blue, 155, 156, 157 Adenophora as garden plants, laricina, 112 Blunt, 156, 161, 163 35 occidentalis, 112 Dwarf, 163 1)otaninii, 11 4 Shammarello, Anthony M.: Fragrant, 155, 163 Citation in Plant Develop­ sibirica, 114, 115 Giant, 155, 156, 161 Lavandu la bipinnata, 186 ment and Production to, 241 Siebold, 160 Slavin, Arthur D.: canariensis, 184 Wavyleaf, 156, 162 denlata, 181 Our Deciduous Conifers, 109 Portlandia grandiflora, 41 Soderholm, Paul K.: latifolia, 178 Pseudo larix amabilis, 114, 116 pinnata, 185 Dombeya 'Rosemound', 91 se rmta, 179 R Spotted Gum, 34 Lee, Frederic P.: Squills and Bluebells, 236 Tu bergen's Scilla, 46 Raspberry and Blackberry in Stoutemeyer, V. T.: Plantainlilies, 143 North America - Breeding Eucalyptus maculata, 34 LeGrande, Patricia: and Improvement, 203 Stuart, Niel W.: Call away Gardens, 224 Raspberry, black stomates, 206 Citation in Science to, 241 Lily turfs in Gardens, 188 diploid pollen, 206 Liriope exiliflora, 193, 198 tetraploid, stomates, 206 T muscari 'Big Blue', 190 tetra ploid, pollen, 206 Taxodium ascendens, 121 'Lilac Beauty', 196 'Austin Thornless', 212 Boulder, 129 distichum, 117,118, 120 'Monroe White', 192 pendulum, 119, 120 spicata, 195 red 'Hailsham', 212 'H ailsham' X 'Austin Teuscher, H .: L)'C01·is sanguinea var. kuisi­ Dischidia pectenoides, 36 ana, 67 Thornless', 212 'L atham', 204 Todea hymenophylloides, 45 'Newburgh', 204 Tukey, Harold B.: M Rhododendron alabamense, 16 The Liberty Hyde Bailey McDaniel, Joseph C.: arborescens, 18 Medal Awarded to, 240 Magnolia virginiana vaL aus­ atlanticum, 17 tm lis 'Henry Hicks', a new austrinum, 14 W eve rgreen magnolia, 230 bakeri, 19 Wagner, W. H ., Jr. and Wood­ - -- and March, Sylvester G.: bakeri 'Camp's Red', 19 side, Robert C.: Koelreuteria paniculata 'Sep­ calendulaceum, 17, 18 Ferns for an Indoor Lime­ tember', a new cultivar, 95 canadensis, 16 stone Boulder Habitat, 219 McDonald, Elvin: canescens, Jan. cover, 14 "Valnut, Carpathian, 248 Window Gardening, 123 furbishii, 19 W yman, Donald: Magnolia virginiana vaT. aus- japonicum, 61, 62 The Best of the Dogwoods, tralis 'Henry Hicks', 231 kiusian um, 58 165 Magnolia Wilson i, 199 Korean, 21 Mahonia, Creeping, 135 mucronulatum, 21 y Maratlia salicina, 45 'Cornell Pink', 21 Mellinger, Marie B.: nudiflorum, 15 Yucca baccata, 134 The lost Elliottia, 94 oblongifolium, 19 glauca, 133, 134 Menninger, Edwin A.: prunitolium, 20 The Bottlebrushes Like West roseum, 16 Z Feet, 137 sa taense, 63 Zingibe1· ze rumbet 'Darceyi', 244 Morrison, B. Y. and Hume, H . sen ·ulatum , 19 Zucker, Isabel: Harold: speciosum, 14 Citation for Horticultural The Lily turfs in Gardens, 188 vaseyi, 16 Journalism to, 242 A. H. S. OFFERS YOU . . .

. . . an. opportunity to obtain certain back issues of the American Horticultural Magazine, form­ erly the National Horticultural Magazine. In addition to the back issues described in the follow­ ing pages, we have a very limited stock of issues from 1927 to 1951. Not all Numbers of every Volume are available, but if you are interested in magazines issued priO{' to 1951, please contact the Headquarters office.

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THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY INC. 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington, D. C. 20002

Please send me the following back issues of The American (National) Horticultural Magazine:

D July 1951 ------$ .50 D January 1960 ------$ .50 D October 1963 _____ . ______$1.00 D July 1952 ------$ .50 D April 1960 ------$ .50 D January 1964 _____ .. ______$1.00 D April 1955 ------$ .50 D July 1960 ------$ .50 D April 1964 ______$ 1.00 D July 1955 ------.$ .50 D October 1960 ------$ .50 D July 1964 ______.$1.00 o April 1956 ------$ .50 D April 1961 ______$ .50 o October 1964 ______$1.00 D July 1956 ------$ .50 D July 1961 ______$ .50 o January 1965 ___ . ______$1.25 bI October 1956 ------$ .50 D October 1961 ______$ .50 D April 1!'l65 ______. ______$1.25 o January 1958 ------$ .50 D Jan u ary 1962 ______$ .50 D July 1965 ______. ______. ______$ U~5 D April 1958 ------$ .50 D April 1962 ______. ___ . ______. _____ $ .50 D October 1965 ______. ______. __ $1.25 D July 1958 ------$ .50 D July 1962 ______.. $ .50 o January 1966 (paper) ______$3.00 o January 1959 ------$ .50 D October 1962 __ ___ . ______$ .50 o January 1966 (cloth) ______$4.50 D April 1959 ------$ .50 [J January 1963 ______$1.00 o April 1966 ______$1.25 EJ July 1959 ------$ .50 D April 1963 ______.__ $1.00 o July 196(i) ______. ______.$1.25 Cd October 1959 ------$ .50 D July 1963 ______. ______.$1.00 o October 1966 ______. ______$1.25 January, April, July, and Ootober, 1967 are $1.50 each

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Ci ty ______.. ___ _.______.. ______B ta te ______Zi p Cod e ------July 1951 48 pages 21 plates 50c July 1956 64 pages 28 plates 50c • Concerning daturas • Black spot of roses must be o Cruise to Scottish Gardens 0 A Hardy Eucalyptus avoided • New magnolia hybrids • Three plants o The French Hybrid Grapes 0 The Term and Cate­ of the Chaparral • Korean and Chinese flowering gory of Cul , ~ivar • New Strains of Cosmos 0 The Zoysia dogwoods • Hemerocallis comes of ages • Rex be­ Lawn Grasses. The Big Six Blueberry, Varieties fo-r gonia seed on sphagnum moss • Rhododendron occi­ Northern States • All-American Selectiolls 0 Six Ster­ dentale. culias 0 19 book reports • Recent Research Results. • FI-ench Hybrid. Grape 'BeHille-Seyve 2667' illulYtrated on cover.

July 1952 48 pages 22 plates 50c Octoher 1956 64 pages 32 plates 50c • Rosemary and the lavenders (7 Lavandula species o BaHhinia-The S0-Called Orchid Trees. Four Na­ photograped) • The Coum-Vernum group of spe­ tive American MiI'lts 0 Your Hihiscus and How to cies of cyclamen • The tropics in review • Saving Grow Them 0 Jean and Vespasien R0'bin, "Royal the deodar cedar from root rot fungus • Concerning Botanists," and North American Plants, 1601-1635. 0 gloxinias. Florists' Gloxinias-1817-1956 0 Scented-Leaved Gera­ niums 0 15 book reports 0 Complete index for the year. 0 B{tuhinia acuminata iBlistrated on cover.

April 1955 64 pages 19 plates 50c January 1958 64 pages 34 plates SOc

o Gardens for the Blind 0 Cfuarmililg but Forgotten o The Christmas Rose for winte. flowers. The Dahl­ Plants 0 The lily 0 The Bottlebmsfues Like ,.vet Feet ias 0 vVildlHowers to start the garden season 0 Decid­ • Seed Germination 0 The Oregon Coast in Bloom II U0US Azaleas for the Lower South 0 The African Recent Advances in HoJ:ticul.thlre • Daffodil Breeding Violet • Virginia Seashore State l"ark • 29 book re­ in South Carolina. Kniphofia for Yom- Garden. 14 pons • NOTES: Cochliostema jacobianwn. Grape book reports ~ NOTES: The hmdamenta,ls of prun­ Jasmine as an Herhaceous Plant. Azaleas Thrive on ing_ Columnae crassifolia. A new upright Carpimts "Poor" Soil. A New Color Chart for Horticulture. ca1-oliniana. Acacia farnesiana. E'ryth'rina he?-bacae. Spila.nthes oleracea. his vica1-ia. The Darlington Oak. Lotus masC6tensis. Dutch Iris. Flmibunda Rose 'Circus.' Carex m01"'rowi. Schizanthus. llex coriacea-Minority Coleman's Native Azalea Trail. The use of simple CommeB t. A Rare Conifer-A thmtaxis. 0 A fall Sketch outdoor franles in rooting of summer cut-tings. 0 of Ginkgo biolba illustrated on cover 0 A line drawing Lilium candidwn illustrated in two colors. of Hellebo1'w nige1- on the back cover.

July 1955 68 pages 21 plates 50c April 1958 64 pages 34 plates SOc

o Running Bamboos for Hedges 0 Some Chilean o vVinter-fioweTing Shrubs 0 Lilium Pfeiffer Hybrids Species of OxaJis 0 Minor Fruits 0 Mist Propagation o Modertl Peach Varieties 0 Perpetual Flowering for tMe Amateur Horticulturist 0 Some of Pierre Mor­ Shrub Roses • Exploring Southem Japan for Orna­ in's American Plants 0 The Geiger Tree and Its Rela­ mental Plants 0 The Muskmelons. 20 book reports tives in Flmida 0 Charming But iFoxgotten Plants 0 o NOTES: Growing a "Knock-away" Tree. Observa­ Recellt Advances in Horticul,wre 0 The Seal and tions on Pen tas lanceolata. Cuphea mic1-o1Jetala. A Membership Certificate of the Society • 32 book re­ Miniature Holly for Modern Landscape-llex CO'l"nuta ports 0 NOTES: Bulbs, Corms, and Tube.s. bias 'Dwarf Burford.' Forsythia 'Beatrix Fanand.' TI11'yall-is aJild Sparaxis. Benelia Lanuginosa. An Olel Azalea, gla~tca. Damnacanthus indicus. Datura mollis. Small 'Emperor.' Growing Ama.yllis in the South. OTanges Bulbs for Summer Bloom in the Lower South .• Rosa as Decorations. The Pursuit of the Vine. Hardiness in rttgosa 'Belle Poitevine' illustrated on cover. • By­ Hollies. 0 C01-dia sebestena illustrated in two calms. menocallis occidentalis illustrated on the back cover.

April 1956 70 pages 34 plates 50c July 1958 64 pages 39 plates 50c

o Concerning Caenothus 0 Donovan S. Correll, Ne'lv • Mycorrhizae-what they are-what they do 0 The AHS President 0 The First National Daffodil Symposi­ Botanical Garden of Indonesia 0 When the Blues um • Gwund Covers 0 Five Species of Ionovalis from Take Over 0 Saffron Crocus • A Portfolio of Snow­ Mexico. Auricula 0 Federal 'Plant Introduction Car­ drop Port.aits 0 Policy Governing Awards • 15 book dens 0 15 book reports 0 NOTES: Treatment of reports 0 NOTES: The Christine Buisman Elm. Tri­ freeze damage on Azalea plants. Benelia lanuginosa. chanth.a minor. Malus 'Dorothea.' Performance of Hol1y Hedges. NaTcissus notes for the Gulf Coast. Grafted Pacific Dogwood in the East. Stembergia La,vandula stoechas. "What's New in plant propagation. fisci?e1-iana. 0 Cover illustration of Fringed Gentians Two spectacular roses WiN AII-AI:nerican Rose Selec­ o Pencil drawing of Muscari bulbs on the back cover. tions award for 1957. In praise of Narcissus Stella Alba. Further notes on Lycoris. 0 Primulas illustrated in two colors. 0 Fron'tispiece ililsert, 21'2 pages, Narcissus, a Thirteenth Century Chinese Painting.

ii January 1959 64 pages 41 plates 50c July 1959 64 pages 36 plates 50c • Designing an Environment for Man. Part I. Selec­ • The Ornamental Hypericums • The Production of tion and Arrang'ement of Plants in the Landscape. New Flower Varieties. Correction Note on Lycoris • Part II. Qualities of Space • Jardin Gillet of the Bel­ The Montreal Botanical Garden. The Hardy Herba­ gian ongo • Poinsettias as Landscape Plants • The ceous Mallows. The Cultivated Eugenias in American "Earth Apple" • The Hellebores . Attractive Peren­ Gardens, Part 2 • The Longwood Gardens-USDA Plant nial Campanulas • The Philippine J adevine • 16 book Introduction Program • Deciduous Azaleas from Cut­ reports • NOTES: Some Thoughts on Foundation tings • 11 book reports • NOTES: Quick Growing Pl anting. Autumn Foliage Colors on Glenn Dale Aza­ Trees for Shade in Small Gardens. Golden Clarion leas. Magnolia gmndiflora From Cuttings. Summer Lilies_ Stewartia malacodendron Versus Stewartia ovata bloom from bulbs. A First Pl anting of Brodiaeas. grandiflora. Michelia dolts01Ja in San Francisco. On Th")'allis gla uca. Arum pictum, Oh, No! Echeveria Seed Germination. Centipede-grass. A Permanent Label affinis: A new succulent from Sinaloa, Mexico. Rosa Clip for Potted Plants. Kaempteria. invo/ucmta. Cassia mutabilis. The Native Cross-Vine. Fi·rm iana simjJlex. alata . • J apanese Chrysan~hemum 'Seikokinsei' illus­ A Note on Early History of SainttJaulia. C,-imun, Ellen trated on front cover; the Cherokee Rose, on the back. Bosanquet.• Helleborus odentalis illustrated on front cover; Allium albopilosum, on the back. April1959 64 pages 42 plates 50c October 1959 88 pages 51 plates 50c • A Portfolio of Lily Portraits, with descriptive notes • The AUl-dian Lilies • Designing an Environment (21 illustrations) • The Flowering Dogwood on Long for Man, Part III. Development of Indoor-Outdoor Island, New York. The Cultivated Eugenias in Amer­ Space_ Part IV_ The Enrichment of Experiences • ican Gardens, Part 1 • Wilt-Resistant Mimosa Trees Names for Cultivated Plants. Gibberellins in Horti­ • 24 book reports • NOTES: Two New Hybrid Yel­ culture, A Preliminary Review • 1959 Seed Dis~ribu­ low Waterlilies. A Black Leaf TurAily. ZephY'ranthes lion Program. The Saratoga Horticulture Foundation atamasco. Extremely Dwarf Apple Trees. Experience e 21 book reports • NOTES: Chamaedoreas Are with One Pre-emergence Herbicide. Juno Iris. Addi­ Tough. More on Spray Mist Propagation_ Two Good tional Notes on Lycoris_ Gloriosas. Concerning the In­ Conifers: Notes on Southern Taxaceae. Littonia mo­ cidence of Tree Seedlings. • Pfeiffer Lily (Lilium des/a. More on the Clark Dwarf Applestock. The Por­ martagon X L. hansom) Hybrid illustrated on both tuguese Sundew. Hydrangea otaksa. About Color covers. Changes. Helleborus in Louisiana. An Extra from "Dried Blooms" of Cape Chinkerrichees. Rex Begonia Culture . • Complete index for the year. • Develop­ ment of IndoO?-- Outdoor S1Jace illustrated on front cover; four Rex Begonias, on the back. AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington, D. C. 20002 Think how helpful four issues of the Ameri­ can Horticultural Magazine will be for a ALTRUISM friend or relative_ Then there are eight issues of the AHS Gardeners Forum, unlimited li­ the total regard for others as a brary loans of horticultural books, free seeds, unlimited answers to gardening questions-all principle of action of which will be reminders of your thought- fulness.

Delach and rerum Please enter a Gift Membership for Name Street Ci ty ______State ______Zip Code ------Send Gift Card Signed ______. ______._ Check inclosed for 0 I year $6.00; 0 2 years $11.00; 0 3 years $15.00 Name

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January 1960* 64 pages 43 plates 50 cents • The Fairchild Tropical Garden • Blueberry Breeding: Past, Present, Fu­ ture • The Calabash Trees • Lenten Roses in the Southeast • 24 book reports • NOTES: Ornamental Species of MUCllna. Notes on Two Heath Plants. Tulbaghia violacea. Our Native False Aloe_ Byblis gigantea. Leu­ cojum vernum and L. aestivum Gravetye Giant. Camellia granthamiana: An­ other rare gift from China. • Byblis gigantea illustrated on the front cover; Mucuna rostrata, on the back.

·--~1 ~e~!;.~!l April 1960 64 pages 55 plates 50 cents • Rhododendron Species for the Small Home Garden • Echeveria • Daph­ nes • Cultivated Philippine Mussaendas • Blackspot and Powdery Mildew on Roses • 16 book reports • NOTES: Magnolia wilsoni. Pumice Rocks. Rutherford Hybrid Azaleas. Two Uncommon African Members of the Mint Family. Magnolia coco. • Echeveria lozani illustrated on the front cover; Opuntia camanchia, on the back.

July 1960 64 pages 71 plates 50 cents • Nature of Plant Sports (40 illustrations) • 9 book reports NOTES: Meriania nobilis. A Technique for Growing Azaleas in Bermuda. Two Ex­ periences with Tree Peony Propagation. Southern Viburnums. Spathicarpa sagittifolia. New Guinea Trumpet-Creeper. • Spathicarpa sagittifolia illus­ trated on the front cover; Styrax obassia, on the back.

r...... ·.,....'l·'··,.,._·,·_= '-'-'-'~~~-··-·1 October 1960 64 pages 39 plates 50 cents • The Gotelli Arboretum of Dwarf and Slow Growing Conifers (22 illustra­ cYC.~ : tions) • Adventures with Hardy, Herbaceous Hibiscus • A New Plant I Hardiness Map for the United States and Southern Canada • Some Moraeas for Southwest Gardens • Snapdragons for Gardens, Greenhouses, and Re­ search • The Yellowgroove Bamboo • 18 book reports • NOTES: Two Unusual Hoyas. Nymphaea 'Bob Trickett.' My Experience with Gloriosa. Kaempferia, Again. On the Distribution of Loropetalum chinense. Allegheny Pachysandra as a Grounclcover. Habranthus robustus. Two Zephyranthes New Here. • Complete index for the year • Loropetalum chinense illus­ trated on the front cover; a wood carving of Typha latifolia, on the back_

· Journal of the American Horticultural Society was changed to The American Horticultural Magazine in 1960. iv January 1961 Not available CULTIVA TED PALMS A Special Issue AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PALMS _ The World of Palms _ Palm Cha.racteristics, Illustrated _ Botany and Classification @f Palms _ The Native Palms _ The More Commonly Cultivated Palms _ Palm Portraits. CULTURE OF THE PALMS _ Preparation and Germination of Palm Seeds - Viability of Palm Seeds _ Propagation of Palms • Fertilization Require­ ments _ Pruning Palms _ Palm Insects _ Palm Diseases _ Cold Toler­ ance of Cultivated Palms. USES OF THE PALMS _ Use of Palms in the Home Grounds _ Small Palms for Special Locations _ Palms for Home and Greenhouse _ Palms in Decorative Arrangements _ Palms as Hedge Plants • Palms for Northern and Central Florida _ Palms for California • Palms for Hawaii _ Living Palm Collections _ Index of Palm Names _ Veitchia merrillii, the Christmas Palm, illustrated in full color @n the front cover; Phoenix dactylifera, on the back. • Available only in cloth binding.

April 1961 48 pages 29 plates $1.00 _ Forsythias • Making and Maintaining a Lawn _ Exploring for Wild Narcissus • Orname;:ntal Melaleucas for Subtropical Gardens _ l~ book reports _ NOTES: Dahoon Holly. Aqui/egia jonesii, Rare Miniature Colum­ bine. Tree Peonies from Seed. Azalea Shinnyo-no-tsuki in Northeastern Ala­ bama. Lycoris squamigera and Lime. Get Acquainted with Silenes. Pinck­ neya pubens. California Redwood in Mississippi. Gordonia lasianthus. Hardi- , ness of Fatsia japonica. Lycoris in Shreveport. Rhododendron prunifolium. For Hardiness, Grow Your Own Amaryllis. Bellingrath Camellia Garden . • Passi{lora alato-caerulea illustrated on the front cover; Sarracenia {lava, on the back-both original scratch-board drawings.

July 1961 64 pages 46 plates $1.00 _ Ginkgo-The Maidenhair Tree _ Horticultural Centers in Spain and Portugal _ Biennial Campanulas _ 28 book reports _ NOTES: Camellia X 'Little Pri.':lc€ss." Gardenia jasminoides. The Texas Persimmon. I Eat One;: Arbutus unedo Fruit. Experiment With Two Conifers in Alabama. Anthurium warocqueanum. Concerning Tazettas. Growing Tree Ferns Out­ doors in Northern Florida. A New Lycoris, Perhaps. Mangosteen. Growing Tree Peoni€s born Seed. _ Gardenia jasminoides illustrated on the front cover; Ceropegia woodi, on the back.

October 1961 64 pages 38 pla·tes $1.00 • Some Shade and Ornamental Maples, Part I _ Bougainvillea Cultur€ _ The Seed Collection, United States Department of Agriculture _ A Unique Orname;:ntal Bamboo _ 11 boek reports _ NOTES: Dragon Tongue;:. Pitto­ sporum glabratum. J@joba-An Overlooked Ornamental Shrub of the Arid Southwest. Franklinia alatamaha. Chilean Guava. Chinese;: Quince. Tropical Fragrance in the Annonaceae. Zephyranthes smalli in North Carolina. A Fabulous Bromeliad. Osmanthus "San Jose." Habranthus. Xanthoceras sorbi­ folium, a rare;: shrub of merit. INdoor Culture of Botlgainvilleas. A Hybrid Victoria. _ Seeds from the USDA Collection illustrated on the front cover; Franklinia alatamaha, on the back-a scratch-board drawing.

v January 1962 60 pages 38 plates $1.00 • Best of the Dogwoods • Lapageria in Oregon • Seme Shade and Orna­ mental Maples. Wild Yellow Roses and Related Species. 32 Book Reports • NOTES: Curcuma roscoeana • Chinese Quince • Two Native Azaleas • Juniperus conferta • Hoya darwinia on front cover • Cineraria pencil drawing on back.

April 1962 62 pages 41 plates $1.00 • Lycorises-a Progress Report • A Year of Plant Propagation • Horti· cultural Use of Native Rocky Meuntain Plants. 10 Book Reports. NOTES: Lilium lankengense • Heat for Nerine • Seed Sowing out-of·doers • Iris in Southern Arizona • Andfomeda polifolia • Lycoris houdysheJi on front cever • Pencil drawing of lilac on back.

July 1962 62 pages 39 plates $1.00 • White Gleams in the Gafden • Victoria Waterlilies • Ornamental Deciduous Flowering Viburnums • 41 Book Reports • NOTES: Phlox alyssifolia • A Floral Clock • Narcissus viridifiorus • Some outstanding Ground Cover Plants • Indispensable Ivy • Lapageria rosea on front cover • Anemone drawing on back_

, October 1962 62 pages 30 plates $1.00 • Native Bulbs of Israel for American Gardens • Ornamental Fruiting and Autumnal FOliage Viburnums • Scientific Approach to Summer Mulching • 17 Book Reports. NOTES: Zenobia pulverulenta ~ Iris danfordiae • Multi­ purpose Humus. Cold Damage in North Louisiana. Hemerocallis Varia­ tion • Zenobia pulverulenta on front cover. Narcissus tazetta on back.

. . JIUIU tf 'II qUlm II lTlm l. fI( U C!tft.'fn, ~ (Io.~" 1"U.t ! vi January 1963 66 pages 52 plates $1.25 • The ~ilyturfs in Gardens. Yucca-a Lily Surrounded by Daggers • Ever­ green Viburnums. 9 Book Reports. NOTES: Neodypsis Decaryi • Hyperi­ cum rhodopeum. "Sunspot" • Lachenalias in California • The Tibouchinas of Brazil • Hypericum rhodopeum. "Sunspot" on front cover • Neodypsis decaryi on back.

April 1963 64 pages 20 plates $1.25 • New Achimenes for Indoor Gardens. Landscape Architecture-the Invisi­ ble Art • Tulips for Home Garden • The Natal Plum • Rooting and Night-lighting Trials with Deciduous Azaleas and Dwarf Rhododendrons • The Morton Arboretum. 16 Book Reports. NOTES: Montanoa-an At· tractive Genus. Ipomoea wolcottiana-a Tree Morning-glory _ Two WhiLe Petunias for Greenhouse Display • Notes on Hymenocallis. the Spider Lilies • Poncirus trifoliata on front cover • Ornithogalum saundersiae on back.

July 1963 54 pages 34 plates $1.25 • Longwood Gardens. The Spuria Iris. A New Flowering Shade Tree-the "Bradford" Pear. Joseph F. Rock. 1884-1962 • New Grapes for Old: California Moves East. 8 Book Reports. NOTES: Metasequoia glyptostro­ boides "National" • Something al>out Crinums • Possible New Hollies for the South • A Japanese Crinum • New Reception Center at Longwood Gardens on front cover. Helianthus angustifolius on back.

r' October 1963 55 pages 35 plates $1.25 I Jlr!/ .... "...... ,,' • Polyethylene Bags for Plant Propagation • A »ortfolio of Conifers. /' (,}tar' 1/z/l2rtl Gardens in Ancient Mexico. Ground Cover Trials at the Arnold Arboretum <. ~ / - " ",."" ... • Planting Street Trees in California .Sphagnum Moss, Artificial Light. and • Plastic Film for Seed Germination. 14 Book Reports. NOTES: A Mag­ nolia Seldom Seen in Cultivation. Notes on Storage of Buckeye and Horse­ chestnut Seed • Cutting Back When in Bloom • The Amarcrinums • Devilwood-Osmanthus Americanus • Clematis lanuginosa on front cover. ! Symplocos paniculata on back.

vii January 1964 62 pages 40 plates $1.00 - • Miniature Daffodils • December 1962 Cold Damage in Florida • Fruit Characters in Holly • Ceanothus pmstmtus and Ceanothus pumilis-Promis­ ing Ground Covers • The 1963 National Lily Show • Native Trees and Shrubs for Landsca,pe Use in Southern Arizona. Eucryphia X nymansensis on front cover. Nicotiana glauca on back.

April 1964 64 pages 62 plates $1.00 • Some Garden Narcissus Reappraised • Antoine Nicholas Duchesne-First Strawberry Hybridist • Manglietia insignis • National Forest Areas of In­ terest to Horticulturists. History of Modern Delphinium • Factors Affecting the Germination of Palm Seeds. Nymphaea gigantea var. alba on front cover , • Begonia evansiana on back.

July 1964 64 pages 35 plates $1.00 • Tuberous Begonias from the Hybridizers Viewpoint • Experiences in In­ troducing Plants to Martha's Vineyard Island • Tree Selection and Use • Maguey Del Cumbre • Juvenility and Flowering Potential in Woody Plants • Reading Other People's Gardens • Sargent hemlock on front cover • Punica granatum 'Chico' on back.

October 1964 50 pages 43 plates $1.00 • French Gardeners in Colonial America • Fastigiate Trees • Gourds and People • Some Trees and Shrubs of the Southeast • A Preliminary Look at Zephyranthes and Kin. Tax'Us baccata 'Stricta' on front cover. Prehistoric gourd floats on back.

viii January 1965 64 pages 40 plates $1.25 • Plants for a Winter Garden-Heaths and Heathers • Bellingrath Gardens, the Charm Spot of the Deep South • Small Daffodils for the Garden • Rust of Juniper, Flowering Cr

April 1965 56 pages 33 plates $1.25 • Ornamental Kale. Taxonomy of Ornamental Kale and Cabbage. Lawn Seed and What's a Weed. History, Breeding, and Cultivation of the Canna • Performance of Three Privet Introductions in the Upper Midwest. Cana­ dian Hemlock Variants • The Comus Collection at Plainfied, New J ersey . Lilium szovitisanum on front cover. Canna seed capsules on back.

July 1965 62 pages 46 plates $1.25 • Plumerias in Hawaii • A Cold-Ha,rdy Ginger Lily • Peatmoss • Davidia, the Dove Tree. A Search for Ornamental Mountain Ash in the Northern Rockies • The African Violet Species • Collection of Plumeria on front cover. Salix matsudana 'Umbraculifera' on back.

October 1965 60 pages 50 plates $1.25 • The Unpredictable Gourds • Garden Chrysanthemums in the Northern Rockies. Disa Unifora, the Pride of Table Mountain • Biological Control of Garden Insect Pests • Epimedi'Um and Vancouveria • Laurel trees with spirally coiled stems on the front cover. Insect damage photos on back.

ix January 1966 230 pages 56 plates $3.00 (paperback) $4.50 (clothbound) • The list of 27 authors of this DAFFODIL HANDBOOK reads like a Who's Who of the daffodil world • George S. Lee, Jr. former President of the American Daffodil Society • and recipient of its Meritorium Service Metal, has assembled in this volume the world authorities on the subject Daffodil • Everything about daffodils is contained in this work, including the most reGent developments in cultural practice, pest and disease control and treat· ment, and information about New imported aNd domestic varieties • The four major divisions of tae text wrovide all the necessaFY information for the successful c;ultivation of daffodils • This is a fin e addhion to the AHS S~ecial Handbook Series. 'Accenf new piNk daffodil on front cover, Cycla­ lUm eNS on back.

April 1966 49 pages 21 plates $1.25 ., • Crabapples at the National ArbOl:etNm • Tae Tuscan Botanical Garden. The Granine GaFdens of Georgia • King Alfred and Form 1040 • Acinidia Chinen sis, a Promising Fruit and Some Related Species • Trees Do Grow Fast • Siberian Iris, A Modern Approach • PodotJhyllum peltatum on front cover • Acacia wrightii on back.

July 1966 95 pages 33 plates $1.25 • New England for Autumn Color. The Saguaro Cactus in Ari7.0na • Some Aesthetic and Horticultural Aspects of the California Redwoods • The "New Look" of OBr Nation's Botanic Gardens and Arboretums • Norfolk's Con­ tribution Toward a Beautiful America. Tulsa, Oklahoma and Beautifica­ tion • Floriculture, With Honor to the Past • Some Contributions on Nurserymen to OFnamental Horticulture. All-America Selections. Progress in the Flower Seed Industry. Some Current Research on Ornamental Plants in the U.S.A .• HarticultHral and Gardening Organizations. How the News­ papers Help the Home Gardener • How Garden Writers Can Increase Their Contributions to Horticulture. The Small Community Garden Club. The Plantsman's Li,brary • Yoshino cherries around Tidal Basin, Washington, D. C. on front cover.

October 1966 63 pages 46 plates $1.25 • Datura Species in Florida Gardens • Observations on Deciduous Magnolias in Florida • Araucarias Cultivated in Australia • The Botankal Garden of Saint-PieFre, 1803-1902 • Field Mice • Two Feruvian Species of Salvia of Ornamental and Ethnobotanic Value • Woody Plants-for Bonsai and Con­ tainer GFowi,ng • Datura sanguinea on fron t cover • Salvia Dombeyi on back.

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Nickerson Color Fan The Americalil Horticultural that anyone leaf, any group of tem of Color Notation which is ' Society has for many years been leaves, or all of them can be fast becoming accepted as stand­ in'terested in making available fanned OJ- pivoted out for use. an] by many industries and so­ to the horticultural public a Each leaf h as seven color chips cieties dealing wi th color sys­ populady priced color chart that ranging from the palest to the tems in America. The chaIt uses could be used as a standard in deepest hue of a single color. In color names that have been se­ all phases of horticul ture. its closed position the Fan meas­ lected as standard by the Inter­ No color chart except those ures one and a h alf inches by Society Color Council and by with thousand colors or more seven and a half inches aBd is the National Bureau of Stand­ cal'! obtain all the colors n eeded one-half inch thick. Fully opened ards. by the various hOIticultura.1 it measures fourteen and a half Judges who have used the Fan groups but the Nickerson Color inches in diameter. report that the color chips are Fan, which has beelil approved Included wi th the chart is a so easy to handle, particularly when working with colm- classes, by America's outstanding color twelve page booklet explaining that they prefer it to any other foundation, can well become the use of the Fan in detaiL color reference. Its handy, com­ standa);d. The Fan is composed Printed in small type on each pact form makes it exceptionally of 40 sepatate leaves fastened color chip is the descriptive convenient to use out"of-doors between a front and back cover color name and its numerical by gardeners, h ybrid[zers, and of heavier snock in such a way desigBatiolil in the Munsell sys- growers in teres·ted in color.

American Horticultural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N.E.-Washington, D. C. 20002

Please send me one copy of th~ Nickerson Color Fan I inclose $______for the o Members price $6.37 o Non-members price $7.50

N ame ______. ______

S treeL ______._ ._ _

City ______. State ______. Zip Code ______xi THE AZALEA BOOK Second Edition by FREDERIC P. LEE

This handsome book. tells everything there United States Department of Agriculture. is to know about azaleas, incorporating the Part II thoroughly covers basic horticul­ most recent developments in cultural prac­ tural-plant structure, growth factors, soils tices, the latest methods of treating diseases and nutrition, with step-by-step procedures and pests, and the best of the new imported for hybridizing. and domestic azalea varieties. Part III considers the place of azaleas in Here is botanical and historical informa­ the plant world: relationship to rhododen­ tion of immense interest to the scientific ex­ drons; distribution and classification, with pert as well as complete know-how for en­ detailed descriptions of Ghent, Mollis, Ku­ thusiastic amateurs on selecting, planting, rume, Belgian and Southern Indicas, Gable, fertilizing, and pruning azaleas-whether Glenn Dale, and many other azalea groups, they be evergreen or deciduous, 6-inch dwarf together with their origins and history. or 10-foot giant. There is also a revised classification and de­ The vast knowledge of plant explorers, scription of some of the American and Jap­ government specialists, and foreign collectors anese species and a thorough revision of the is embodied in this authoritative book. Satsuki group. Sponsored by the American Horticultural Part IV offers a complete index of de­ Society and successor to its Azalea Hand­ ciduous and evergreen azaleas, with notes on book, this volume reflects world experience habit, blooming period, flower type, size, with azaleas, and also contains the consider­ and color. The list of azalea breeders and able practical knowledge of Frederic Lee, nurserymen in America, and their contribu­ who himself continually tests some 500 azalea tions to azalea culture has been fully up­ plants in his Maryland garden. dated. International registration proceedings Part I is a complete garden guide, with are discussed, and the list of trade sources information on planting and care, hardiness, extended. A table cataloging registered companion plants, propagation, indoor cul­ azaleas is also included, as well as several ture, and directions for bonsai plants_ In ad­ lists of recommended varieties. dition, plant hardiness has been keyed to 408 pages, 6% x 9%. 65 illustrations, 5 in the new Plant Hardiness Zone Map of the color. Publisher's price, $12.00 plus postage.

The American Horticultural Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington, D. C. 20002

Please send me ______copies of The Azalea Book, 2nd Edition $ ______is enclosed_ Price to non-members $12_00 Price to Society members $8_50 postpaid if remittance accompanies order_ NAME ______

STREET CITY ______STATE ______ZIP______in association with The American Horticultural Society presents

The 22nd Williamsburg Garden Symposium Sunday, March 17 -Friday, March 22, 1968 THEME: Fresh Perspectives in the Qarden Warld

Please register now to insure desired accommodations at full program. YOll may telephone ( iU3) 229 ·1000, or call '''' ilIi amshurg lnn and Colonial Houses, '''' illiamsburg Lodge, "enterprise" from ,.vashington . Balti more, Philadelphia, New­ or The MOlor House. Write Mrs. Mary B. Deppe, Registrar , ark, and Nel\" York. See rour loca l directorr for number. P. O. Box C, Williamsburg, Va. 23 185 for info rma ti on and Erect-growing Eastern-type Blackberry