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Filo Cnidaria Superclasse Anthozoa Classe Zoantharia Subclasse 3.2. IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE FÓSSEIS DE CNIDARIA Filo Cnidaria l a Superclasse Anthozoa s r e v s n Classe Zoantharia a r t o ã ç Subclasse Tabulata c e s septos reduzidos septos Favosites LAMARCK, 1816 Fig. 3.1 Favosites sp. Adaptado de BENTON & HARPER (1997: 105). Coral colonial, massivo, cerióide, i.e., com coralitos densamente empacotados, uns contra os outros. Fig. 3.1 - Favosites Coralitos de pequeno diâmetro (1-2mm), com secção poligonal, penta a hexagonal, com parede perfurada, l a s r apresentando poros dispostos em uma, duas ou três e v s fiadas verticais. Septos pouco desenvolvidos, n a r t espinhosos, muito curtos ou ausentes. Tábulas bem o ã desenvolvidas, muito numerosas e finas. ç c e Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos livres, s suspensívoros. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco tubículo de verme tábulas profundos, carbonatados, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Por vezes, associados a biohermas. Distribuição estratigráfica: Ordovícico sup. a Devónico médio. Pleurodyctium GOLDFUSS, 1829 Fig. 3.2 - Pleurodyctium Fig. 3.2 Pleurodyctium sp. Adaptado de CLARKSON (1979: 102). Coral colonial, discoidal ou hemisférico, massivo, coralito cerióide. Coralitos com diâmetro algo grande (2-3 mm), com secção elíptíca a biconvexa, com paredes espessas e porosas entre eles. Septos espinhosos bem definidos, seis ou 12. Tábulas pouco numerosas e muito finas. Pleurodyctium apresenta frequentemente, na sua zona central, o tubículo de um verme comensal. Paleoecologia: Exigências ambientais similares às de Favosites. Também ocorriam em ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, finamente siliciclásticos. Distribuição estratigráfica: Devónico inferior. Halysites FISHER VON WALDHEIM, 1828 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.3 - Halysites A - Halysites regularis Fisher-Benson. Adaptado de BONDARENKO & MIKHAILOVA (1984: 127). B - H. catenularis (L.). COX (196: est. 15). Fig. 3.4 Catenipora sp. Género afim de Halysites. Op. cit. (1984: 126). Coral colonial, catenóide, i.e., com coralitos alinhados em forma de corrente. Coralitos de pequeno diâmetro (1-2 mm), com secção elíptica a subcircular, unidos unisseriadamente, formando “paliçadas” que se unem de modo anastomosado. Entre os coralitos existem minúsculos elementos tubulares de secção rectangular. A epiteca dos coralitos é imperfurada, i.e., não se apresenta porosa. Septos pouco desenvolvidos, representados por 12 alinhamentos verticais de espinhos, ou ausentes. Tábulas bem desenvolvidas, Fig. 3.4 - Catenipora horizontais, planas ou ligeiramente arqueadas. Departamento de GEOLOGIA CNIDARIA Paleoecologia: Epibentónicos livres, suspensívoros. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, carbonatados, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. tecido vesicular Distribuição estratigráfica: Ordovícico médio a Silúrico inferior. Heliolithes DANA, 1846 Fig. 3.5 Heliolithes porosus (Goldfuss). BONDARENKO & MIKHAILOVA (1984: 135). l a s Coral colonial, massivo, não-cerióide, i.e., com coralitos r e v isolados uns dos outros. Coralitos de pequeno diâmetro s n a r (1-2 mm), com secção circular a levemente poligonal, t o separados uns dos outros por tecido vesicular ã ç intermédio, constituído por minúsculos tubos poligonais. c e Cada coralito apresenta claramente 12 septos radiais, s reduzidos, curtos, espinhosos. coralito Fig. 3.5 - Heliolithes Paleoecologia: Ver género Favosites, acima. Distribuição estratigráfica: Silúrico inferior a Devónico superior. Subclasse Tetracorallia Calceola LAMARCK, 1799 opérculo Fig. 3.6 Calceola sandalina (Linnaeus). BONDARENKO & MIKHAILOVA (1984: 141). Coral solitário, calceolóide, i.e., semicircular em secção transversal, aplanado do lado inferior, com forma geral de chinelo. Cálice profundo. Septos muito curtos e dilatados lateralmente, formando uma massa contínua secção longitudinal na face interior da epiteca, visível no bordo interno do cálice. Não apresenta tábulas, nem dissepimentos. Epiteca com várias linhas de crescimento com relevo baixo. Possui opérculo aplanado e de contorno vista superior semicircular, mas que raramente se conserva. Paleoecologia: Epibentónicos livres, suspensívoros. linhas de Fig. 3.6 - Calceola Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, crescimento carbonatados, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Distribuição estratigráfica: Devónico médio. Cystiphyllum LONSDALE, 1839 Fig. 3.7 Cystiphyllum vesiculosum Goldfuss. MELENDEZ (1970: 290). Coral solitário, turbinado (cónico atarracado) a cilíndrico. Cálice profundo. Septos pouco desenvolvidos (ou mesmo ausentes), espinhosos, manifestando-se sob a forma cristas na superfície superior dos dissepimentos e das tábulas que ocupam todo o cálice. Internamente, dissepimentos e tábulas vesiculares, não muito diferenciados. Dissepimenos vesiculares grandes na zona axial do coral, mais finos na periferia. Paleoecologia: Epibentónicos livres, suspensívoros. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, Fig. 3.7 - Cystophyllum carbonatados, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Distribuição estratigráfica: Silúrico. 20 CNIDARIA Zaphrentites HUDSON, 1941 Fig. 3.8 septos em cálice profundo Zaphrentites sp.. Extraído de BLACK (1970: 103). Coral solitário, ceratóide, i.e., cónico encurvado, em epiteca muito forma de corno. Cálice profundo com fóssula cardinal do rugosa lado côncavo e simetria bilateral bem marcada (só visível em corte transversal). Septos finos, muito curtos no bordo do cálice. Apresenta tábulas irregulares. Dissepimentos, normalmente, ausentes (só visíveis em secção transversal corte transversal). Epiteca muito rugosa, com fortes linhas de crescimento apresentando relevo elevado. Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos livres, secção carnívoros. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco longitudinal profundos a profundos, carbonatados, de águas quentes septos e salinidade normal. tábulas Distribuição estratigráfica: Devónico médio a Fig. 3.8 - Zaphrentites Carbónico. Hexagonaria GÜRICH, 1896 coralito Fig. 3.9 Hexagonaria hexagona (Goldfuss). Extraído de RICHTER (1981: 108) Coral colonial, hemisférico, massivo, cerióide. Coralitos de grande diâmetro (4-15 mm), com secção poligonal, hexa a pentagonal, ostentando cálices afundados com plataforma periférica e fóssula axial (nem sempre visível). Dissepimentos pouco desenvolvidos. Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos livres, carnívoros. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, carbonatados, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Por vezes, associados a biohermas. coral colonial Distribuição estratigráfica: Devónico. Fig. 3.9 - Hexagonaria Subclasse Hexacorallia Fungiidae Fungia LAMARCK, 1801 Fig. 3.10 Fungia sp. Extraído de TASCH (1973: 188). Coral solitário, discoidal, com a face inferior algo côncava, com contorno arredondado a oval alongado, podendo atingir grandes dimensões (40 cm de diâmetro). Septos finos, rectilíneos, de diferentes ordens, numerosos, densamente empacotados. Superfície e bordo dos septos finamente denticulada ou granulosa. O modo de disposição dos septos vista oral assemelha-se a um cogumelo visto de baixo, daí o nome do género. Não possui epiteca, dissepimentos, Fig. 3.10 - Fungia nem columela. Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos livres, carnívoros. Hermatípicos. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, pouco profundos, recifais, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Distribuição estratigráfica: Miocénico à actualidade. 21 CNIDARIA dissepimentos Montlivaltiidae Montlivaltia LAMOUROUX, 1821 Fig. 3.11 Montlivaltia sp. Extraído de BONDARENKO & MIKHAILOVA (1984: 147). Coral solitário, mais frequentemente turbinado (cónico) a subcilíndrico, de dimensões variáveis, podendo atingir l a 10 cm de diâmetro. Septos finos, rectilíneos, de s r e diferentes dimensões, numerosos, densamente v s n empacotados, elevando-se acima da epiteca. Zona a r t central do cálice pouco profunda. Dissepimentos bem o ã ç desenvolvidos (só visível em corte). Epiteca c e relativamente bem desenvolvida. Columela, geralmente, s pouco desen-volvida ou ausente. septos sobrelevados Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos sésseis cimentados, suspensívoros a carnívoros. Hermatípicos. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos, recifais, de plataforma pouco profunda, de águas quentes e salinidade normal. Distribuição estratigráfica: Jurássico a Cretácico. Caryophylliidae Fig. 3.11 - Montlivaltia Antillocyathus WELLS, 1937 Fig. 3.12 Antillocyathus maoensis (Vaughan). Miocénico, República Dominicana. A - Vista lateral. B - Vista axial do cálice. De MOORE (1956: F422). Coral solitário, flabeliforme. Epiteca bem desenvolvida. epiteca fina Columela, geralmente, sublamelar. Paleoecologia: Organismos epibentónicos sésseis cimentados ou livres, suspensívoros a carnívoros. Ahermatípicos. Ambientes marinhos bentónicos pouco profundos a muito profundos de salinidade normal. Distribuição estratigráfica: Miocénico a Pliocénico das Caraíbas. Fig. 3.12 - Antillocyathus Flabellidae Flabellum LESSON, 1831 Fig. 3.13 A - Flabellum pavoninum Lesson. Vista lateral. B - Idem, vista axial do cálice. Actualidade, Hawaii. C - F. alabastrum Moseley. Actualidade, Açores. Extraído de MOORE (1956: F432). Coral solitário, cuneiforme a flabeliforme. Epiteca bem desenvolvida. Septos numerosos, finos. Columela ausente ou fracamente desenvolvida. Superfície exterior, por vezes, costilhada longitudinalmente. Pode apresentar estrutura peduncular de fixação, no vértice do coral. Paleoecologia: Ver Antillocyathus, acima. Distribuição estratigráfica: Eocénico à actualidade. Fig. 3.13 - Flabellum BIBLIOGRAFIA BLACK, R.M. 1970. The Elements of Palaeontology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1988, 404
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