President's Page

Just as I was preparing to write my president's page, the terrible news about Columbia appeared on the televi­ sion. I realize that when these lines hit the paper two n'lonths down the road, everything will have been said and these thoughts will be somewhat repetitious since eVel'l our journal will have covered it to some extent. However, a tragedy of this nature deserves special atten­ tion and I wish to dedicate my page to this event and our colleagues involved in this event. First of all, on behalf of the Association and on my behalf, I would like to express one more time our sincere condolences to the families of the Columbia astronauts, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and all the dedicated people involved in the Claude Thibeault, M.D. space program. The Aerospace Medical Association is particularly af­ seven Can.adian teenagers lost their lives in an avalanche! fected by the Columbia disaster because two physicians What is wrong with this picture? There is nothing wrong killed in the disaster, Laurel B. Clark, M.D., an.d David with this picture. Other astronauts will die in the line of M. Brown, M.D., were both flight surgeons and members duty and other adolescents (or adults) will die in of our association. In addition, Laurel was married to avalanches. Yes there is a big paradox in the human race; AsMA Fellow, Jon Clark. Through the association's his­ while we spend a tremendous amount of money, time tor~ a number of flight surgeons and flight nurses have and efforts to make people and processes safer, we seem lost there lives in the line of duty. This is the ultimate to also do things that disregard safeiy Why? We are sacrifice in the service of one's country and for the sake human! We will all die one day (as far as I know), but we of the advancement of aviation and space research. will also continue to reach beyond the horizon and dis­ However, let's also remerrLber that our colleagues died cover to make life better, which we have for millennia. while doing what they always wanted to do. This does And then we will go to war!!! Does that make sense? Of not make the event less tragic, but it puts it in a special co·urse not, but we will go to war anyway I better not get perspective. As the mother of one of these astronauts into that one further. said: they b'lew the risk, they had talked about it and In the Aerospace Medical Association, we will con­ they were willing to take it because they also knew the tinue to work hard to make the flyers safer so that they goal was worth it. live, but we know that some of them will not make it. Is it really worth it? It better be; otherwise we might Errors will be committed, errors will be corrected and we as well drop it all and go skiing. But then again is this will all move forward in our endless discovery of the worth it? The very same day of Columbia's disaster, human race and its potential.

SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA CREW-- (left to right, front row) Rick Husband, Kalpana Chawla, William McCool, (back row), David Brown, Laurel Clark, Michael Anderson and Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon are shown in this undated crew photo.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4. April 2003 485 AVIATION. SPACE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL Medical News MEDICINE

pleted astronaut academic training and then others who have corroborated his concerns. Musgrave to Deliver worked on the design and development of This is vividly illustrated, for example, by Arlllstrong Lecture the Skylab Program. He was the backup sci­ U.S. astronaut Jerry Linenger in his book, ence pilot for the first Skylab mission, and "Off the Planet.@" Likewise, Russian cosmo­ Story Musgrave, M.D., NASA Astronaut, was a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) naut Medvedev in his book, IIDiary of a retired, will deliver the 38th Harry G. for the second and third Skylab missions. Dr. Cosmonaut," reported serious inflight con­ Armstrong Lecture during the AsMA 74th Musgrave participated in the design and de­ flict. Annual Scientific Meeting in San Antonio velopment of all Space Shuttle extravehicular We often hear that there is a need for the this May. activity equipment including spacesuits, life space program to provide adequate resources Story Musgrave knew space was calling support systems, airlocks, and manned ma­ for research in this area of great concern. him when NASA announced plans to recruit neuvering units. From 1979 to 1982, and 1983 However, it becomes apparent why it is diffi­ scientists as astronauts in 1967. Said to 1984, he was assigned as a test and verifi­ cuIt to design studies and garner funds from Musgrave, "It was an cation pilot in the Shuttle Avionics budget decision-makers for this research be­ absolute epiphany. It Integration Laboratory at JSC. He served as a cause the subject of human behavior is so in­ was clear to me that CAPCOM for STS 31, STS 35, STS 36, STS 38 choate when compared to doing research everything I'd done, and STS 41, and lead CAPCOM for a number that measures more precisely, for example, every path 1'd been on, of subsequent flights. He was a mission spe­ bone density or ECG changes. was leading to that." cialist on STS 6 in 1983, STS SF/Spacelab 2 in On a long-duration space mission, one This calling 1985, STS 33 in 1989 and STS 44 in 1991, was can easily understand how human conflict led to was a record the payload commander on STS 61 in1993, can occur and how it could be detrimental to breaking, 30 year ca­ and a mission specialist on STS 80 in 1996. A the mission. The challenge will be even reer with NASAA and veteran of six space flights, Dr. Musgrave has greater since long duration space crews will the "next frontier." spent a total of 1,281 hours 59 minutes, 22 most likely be men and women of different Musgrave flew six mis­ seconds in space. Dr. Musgrave left NASA in nationalities. Think of the differences among sions, tying the record August 1997 to pursue private interests. the various cultures. We differ in diet, tem­ for most spaceflights by an astronaut. During Among the highlights of his 6 flights: perament, loyalties, expectations, station, his inaugural flight in 1983, onboard In April 1983, during the maiden voyage and in mentality all of which are fertile areas Challenger for its maiden voyage, Musgrave of Space Shuttle Challenger, STS-6, the crew of conflict. Getting along with others not performed the first shuttle spacewalk. On his performed the first Shuttle deployment of an only requires personal skills, but also will­ sixth flight in 1996 at age 61, he became the IUS/TDRS satellite, and Musgrave and Don ingness and determination. How many times oldest person ever to fly in space (until Peterson conducted the first Space Shuttle have we almost come to blows with a college Senator John H. Glenn, Jr. returned to space extravehicular activity (EVA) to test the new roommate, a co-worker, or even another fam­ in 1999 at the age of 77.) At the time, he was See MUSGRAVE, p. 487 ily member -- but in such circumstances, we flying on NASA's oldest shuttle (Columbia), have the luxury to leave and simply avoid on the longest shuttle mission ever (18 days). Executive further confrontation. (As an aside, I note He also achieved the unbreakable record of that the American Psychiatric Association is being the first to fly in all five space shuttles. Director's considering another category of illness for A native of Massachusetts, Dr. Mus­ Column the next edition of the Diagnostic and grave's educational history includes a bache­ Statistical Manual. The newly proposed cate­ lor of science degree in mathematics and sta­ gory will be Relational Disorders.) tistics from Syracuse University in 1958, a In order to overcome some of these barri­ il1.aster of business administration degree in ers, NASA is investigating computer pro­ operations analysis and computer program­ grams that will diagnose incipient personal ming from the University of California at Los conflict before it reaches the danger level Angeles in 1959, a bachelor of arts in chem­ and, at the same time, recommend interven­ Rayman istry from Marietta College in 1960, a doctor­ tion strategies. This sounds like a wonderful ate in medicine from Columbia University in tool, but will it really work. In the end, the 1964, a master of science in physiology and astronauts and controllers themselves will biophysics from the University of Kentucky Human Factors have to learn how to manage conflict in in 1966, and a master of arts in literature order to prevent mission degradation. from the University of Houston in 1987. I had the rare opportunity to spend sev­ Certainly very careful crew selection will Dr. Musgrave entered the United States eral days with one of the Russian be necessary with ample time preflight for Marine Corps in 1953, served as an aviation Cosmonauts who has flown severallong-du­ the crew members to become well ac­ electrician and instrument technician, and as ration space missions, one of which was for 8 quainted, to learn each other's personal at­ an aircraft crew chief while completing duty months. When I asked him what he thought tributes, and to adopt appropriate coping assignments in Korea, Japan, Hawaii, and the limiting factor would be for future long­ mechanisms. I don't believe this is going to if aboard the carrier USS WASP in the Far East. duration missions, particularly to Mars, be very easy, but it will be essential we are He has flown 17,700 hours in 160 different without hesitation he responded, human fac­ to realize long duration spaceflight. types of civilian and military aircraft, includ­ tors. Admittedly, I was a little surprised as I ing 7,500 hours in jet aircraft. He has earned thought he would say something like radia­ New Russian Affiliate FAA ratings for instructor, instrument in­ tion or bone loss. In any event, by human structor, glider instructor, and airline trans­ factors, he was not referring so much to er­ At the November Council meeting, the port pilot, and U.S. Air Force Wings. An ac­ gonomics as he was to human interpersonal application of the Association of Aviation, complished parachutist, he has made more interaction, conflict in particular, between Space, Naval, Extreme and Environmental than 500 free falls including over 100 ex­ crewmembers and between crewmembers Medicine of Russia (AASN-EEMR) was ap­ perimental free fall descents involved with and ground controllers. proved for Affilate status in AsMA. We wel­ the study of human aerodynamics. Although this Russian cosmonaut was come our Russian friends and colleagues. Dr. Musgrave was selected as a scientist speaking very much from personal experi­ Dr. Valentin Vlasov was elected President astronaut by NASA in August 1967. He com­ ence, there have been reports from many of AASNEEMR for a 5-yr term.

486 Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4. April 2003 MUSGRAVE, from p. 486. Philadelphia, PA. This lecture has been given searches and missed search areas, and pro­ space suits and construction and repair de­ annually since 1966. viding an immediate replacement for an air vices and procedures. [Excerpts taken from the official NASA vehicle and its sensor payload in the event of STS 51F/Spacelab 2 (July 29 to August 6, biography, August 1997; from www.spaces­ an equipment failure. Second, they could be 1985), also aboard Challenger, was the first tory.com; and from equipped with armament to provide a self­ pallet only Spacelab mission, and the first http://www.tamu.edu/texasbest/speaker.ht defense capability in ISR missions, allowing mission to operate the Spacelab Instrument mI.] the target searches to proceed while simulta­ Pointing System (IPS). It carried 13 major ex­ neously providing a defensive lookout. periments in astronomy, astrophysics, and Third, they could be used to increase the life sciences. During this mission, Dr. amount of weaponry that could be brought Musgrave served as the systems engineer to bear on hostile targets. Finally, they could during launch and entry, and as a pilot dur­ be operated from a single ground control sta­ ing the orbital operations. Science & tion compared to individual UAVs that STS 61 was the first Hubble Space would require separate, dedicated control Telescope (HST) servicing and repair mis­ Technology stations. sion. Following a night launch from Kennedy In parallel with the goal of forming inte­ Space Center on December 2, 1993, the Watch grated UAV teams, the military services are Endeavour rendezvoused with and captured attempting to reduce the number of opera­ the HST. During this 11 day flight, the HST tors required for a given control station to a was restored to its full capabilities through single person. Currentl)!, multiple operators the work of two pairs of astronauts during a are customary, even though only a single record 5 spacewalks. Dr. Musgrave per­ UAV is controlled. A current UAV mission formed 3 of these spacewalks. may involve, for exan1.ple, a radio control On STS 80 (November 19 to December 7, pilot (to launch and land the vehicle), an air 1996), the crew aboard Space Shuttle Keeping You Informed Of The Latest vehicle operator (to control the vehicle in Columbia deployed and retrieved the Wake Advances In Science And Technology flight), a payload operator (to control the Shield Facility (WSF) and the Orbiting sensors), and a mission support specialist (to Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Operation of unmanned aerial vehicles pro­ plan the mission and perform voice commu­ Spectrometer (ORFEUS) satellites. The free vides the aeromedical community with a new set nications). Benefits that are attainable flying WSF created a super vacuum in its of challenges to support the UAV operators. through the reversal of the operator-to-UAV wake in which to grow thin film wafers for There are a wide range of potential missions, ratio include a requirement for fewer skilled use in semiconductors and the electronics in­ some lasting very long periods of time, and of the operators and a reduction in operator train­ dustry. The ORFEUS instruments, mounted need to maintain situational awareness while in­ ing resources. on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite, stud­ teracting with a remote environment. Dr. To assist the military in the design of ied the origin and makeup of stars. Warner describes some of the operational and ground control stations that could support After 30 years of service, Dr. Musgrave human factors challenges with operating UAVs multi-UAV missions and that require only a retired from NASA in 1997. Today he shares in this month 's column. single operator, a human factors assessment his experiences through performances both ********** was conducted and documented. In this as­ in the U.S. and internationally. He is a popu­ sessment, control station design issues asso­ lar guest of the Astronaut Encounter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Ground ciated with the use of single operators for Progran1. at the Kennedy Space Center and Control Stations: Design Issues, multiple UAVs were identified and specific has also consulted for Walt Disney Recommendations, and Concepts design recommendations were provided in Imagineering and Applied Minds Inc. in Harold D. Warner, Ph.D. relation to these issues. Additionall)!, two their research and development divisions. He Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, conceptual UAV control station designs were is an advocate and visionary for the contin­ MD produced, based upon the human factors de­ ual exploration of space and the author of sign recommendations. numerous scientific papers on a diverse In view of the unprecedented success the The extent to which an individual will be U.S. has witnessed through the use of un­ range of topics including aerospace medi­ able to efficiently operate a ground control cine, exercise physiology, temperature regu­ manned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in recent mili­ station for multi-UAVs will depend predomi­ lation, and clinical surgery. tary actions, it is anticipated that a far greater nantly upon the design of the human-com­ His honors and awards include the number and variety of UAVs will be de­ puter interface, the workload imposed upon National Defense Service Medal and an ployed in future conflicts. UAVs offer a the operator, and the operator's situational range of advantages that make them one of Outstanding Unit Citation as a member of awareness. Consequently, the focus of the the United States Marine Corps Squadron the most formidable assets in the U.S. de­ human factors assessment was upon these VMA 212 (1954); United States Air Force Post fense arsenal. For example, they are signifi­ factors. In terms of the human-computer in­ doctoral Fellowship (1965 1966); National cantly more economical to field and operate terface, all the relevant design issues (e.g., Heart Institute Post doctoral Fellowship than fixed wing or rotary wing aircraft, can display content and format, control accessi­ (1966 1967); Reese Air Force Base be configured with a variety of sensor pay­ bility and operability) were addressed and a loads (i.e., electro-optical, infrared, and syn­ Commander's Trophy (1969); American broad array of human factors design stan­ College of Surgeons 1.S. Ravdin Lecture thetic aperture radar sensors) and weapons dards for improving the interface was pro­ (1973); NASA Exceptional Service Medals (i.e., missiles and bombs), do not place pilots' vided. As for operator workload, the perfor­ lives at risk, can loiter over the target area for (1974 & 1986); Flying Physicians Association mance of an operator might be degraded if hours at a time, can serve as relay platforms Airman of the Year Award (1974 & 1983); workload is excessive. It is expected that NASA Space Flight Medals (1983, 1985, 1989, for distant sensor image transmissions, and workload will be elevated when the opera­ 1991, 1993, 1996); and NASA Distinguished tactical UAVs can penetrate urban areas and tion of the ground control station involves Service Medal (1992). maneuver at building level to survey the in­ multiple vehicles with multiple payloads. In Dr. Musgrave is a member of the digenous defense forces. the assessment, factors that are conducive to American Association for the Advancement Whereas current UAV missions are char­ high workload, adverse effects associated of Science, the Civil Aviation Medical acteristically supported by single air vehicles with excessive workload, methods for mea­ Association, the Flying Physicians and their associated payloads, the military suring workload, and workload countermea­ Association, the International Academy of services propose to integrate multi-UAVs in sures were addressed. With respect to situa­ Astronautics, the Marine Corps Aviation future missions. A mission comprised of tional awareness, it is imperative that the Association, the National Aeronautic multiple UAVs could be significantly supe­ operator is aware of the critical states of the Association, the National Aerospace rior to either a single UAV or a succession of various air vehicles, their payloads, and the Education Council, the Navy League, among independent UAVs. First, they could en­ external environment throughout the con­ others. hance sensor searches in intelligence, surveil­ duct of the UAV missions. Heightened levels Educational support for the Harry G. lance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions by of operator situational awareness will con­ Armstrong Lecture lecture is contributed by expanding the target area that can be concur­ tribute to the successful accomplished of GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, rently searched, eliminating overlapping See SCI-TECH, p. 488.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4. April 2003 487 SCI-TECH, from p. 487. vantages to flying with orthodox glasses: 1) the sensor searches, the avoidance of enemy This Month in Aerospace Fogging; 2) Discomfort over ears and tem­ threats, and the mitigation of mid-air UAV Medicine History-• ples (helmet pressure); 3) Distortion of vi­ collisions. Techniques for enhancing situa­ Apri12003 sion (attempt to relieve 2); 4) Discomfort on tional awareness, methods of measurement, the nose (oxygen mask)... Three solutions to and the adverse effects of impaired situation By Walter Dalitsch III, M.D., M.P.H. the above problem are as follows: 1) awareness were addressed in the assessment. Attachment of spectacles to helmet. 2) In the event of operator performance im­ Introduction Contact lenses. 3) Flying Evaluation pairment, the two most effective methods for A lot of things have changed in the past Boards...." (5). ameliorating excessive workload and de­ 99 years since modern aviation began with Both white and red lights were advocated graded situational awareness are task au­ the Wright Brothers' first powered flight. in flight: "Before take-off the check list is tomation and decision aiding. With automa­ Several technological advances have had read by white light and the lights are ad­ tion, some of the operator tasks will be such far-reaching impacts on our civilization, justed to conform with external light inten­ allocated to computer control. The require­ and yet we forget so quickly what they were. sity. Once off the runway, red lights are ment for automation is primarily based upon In my lifetime, the greatest achievement may used, until level-off when the whites are task difficulty and the number of tasks that be the first manned mission to Mars. Our switched on again to balance the glow from must be performed. In a mission with multi­ understanding of the physiology of the the brightly lighted cities below. As the ple UAVs and when there is a single control human body has advanced to such a degree flight continues and external light intensity station operator, it is certain that the operator in the past 200 years that we in aerospace decreases, the red lights can be used again. will be required to perform large number of medicine have the capability to send human In case lightning is encountered, the white tasks with varying degrees of difficulty. beings to another planet. light can be adjusted so that the brightest Decision aiding reduces operator work­ flashes are barely noticed. In the landing load and enhances situational awareness Seventy-five Years Ago pattern, white lights are used, with no over­ through the facilitation of information pro­ Commencing on April 12, 1928, the first head lights needed to read check lists." (9). cessing and decision-making. Decision aids trans-Atlantic crossing by air in an East to Technology was beginning to surpass can range from better presentations of infor­ West direction was initiated in a single-en­ human performance: "[We] are nloving in mation at the control station to decision sup­ gine all-metal Junkersmonoplane. It was an this era of guided missiles toward the point port systems that evaluate the alternative international effort, with pilots Capt. where the human element in combat aircraft courses of action in a decision situation, that Hermann Koehl (German) and Capt. James will become the greatest obstacle to im­ recommend a course of action, and that Fitzmaurice (Irish) departing Dublin for New proved perfornlance, accuracy and speed. sometimes initiate the chosen course of ac­ York City, only to crash land 37 hours later The end of concessions to the pilot is not in tion. With decision aiding, operators are not on Greely Island, Labrador. They were res­ sight but it will come. Instruments can do required to focus their attention on the deci­ cued. the job better and faster." (4). sion tasks for extended periods of time, The first trans-Arctic flight also occurred Motion sickness was studied by the which lowers workload and enhances situa­ in mid-April. Sir Hubert Wilkins, an Army: "About 10,000 men were flown 1,100 tional awareness. Australian explorer, was flown by Carl Ben miles [for] maneuvers and 900 miles back to The conceptual ground control stations Eielson from Point Barrow, Alaska to a new base... The incidence of vomiting for that were produced were drawings depicting Spitsbergen (11). the placebo group was 6.8 per cent. The fol­ the recommended locations and content of lowing drugs, given immediately before the control station display screens, the drill­ Fifty Years Ago takeoff, significantly lowered the incidence of down menus, and the screen control buttons. The April 1953 issue included an adver­ vomiting: Wellcome 47-83 (50 mg.), Two conceptual designs were presented, one tisement for the purchase of U.S. Defense Phenergan (25 mg.), Phenergan (12.5 mg.), to support single UAV operations and the Bonds, as well as several separate pleas for Trimeton (25 mg.), Pyrrolazote (50 mg.) and other for control of multi-UAVs. Both de­ blood donations for the National Blood scopolamine (0.65 mg.). Postafene (50 mg.) signs were configured for use with single op­ Program of the American Red Cross, both for given twenty-four hours before takeoff also erators. the support of the conflict in Korea. afforded significant protection. The inci­ For more information, please contact the In 1953, aviation medicine was recog­ dence of drowsiness, blurred vision, dry author at [email protected]. nized as a specialty by the American Medical mouth and fatigue was increased by some of ********** Association: "This is the first time a branch the drugs, while dizziness, sweating and of medial science which started as a purely headache were reduced... Almost 19 per The AsMA Science and Technology military study has attained specialty status... cent of the paratroopers became sick during Committee provides this Science and Currently, Johns Hopkins University offers a a sixty-to ninety-minute flight prior to their Technology Watch Column as a forum to in­ one-year course in aeromedicine, and jump." (3). troduce and discuss a variety of topics in­ Harvard, among other schools, is prepared to volving all aspects of civil and military aero­ Twenty-five Years Ago space medicine. The Watch can train students in this specialty. The Mayo Clinic offers a residency in aviation medi­ In 1978 Johnson Space Center in Houston accommodate up to three columns of text, cine." (1). The requirements for certification was working with fish developed in the zero which may include a figure or picture to il­ gravity environment: "At 16-17 months of lustrate your concept. were as follows: "1. Successful completion (after internship) of at least two academic age, three groups of fish from the embry­ Please send your submissions via e-mail onated eggs in the [Apollo-Soyuz Test to: [email protected] years of graduate study in preventive medi­ cine and aviation medicine, one year of Project] killfish experiment were subjected to which graduate study shall be in a school of postflight tests consisting of rapidly chang­ public health accredited for the purpose of ing environments. It was found that the AsMA Future such graduate study by the American Public group of fish with the least amount of devel­ Meetings Health Association...; 2. Residency (after in­ opment at orbital insertion (A-32) had a de­ ternship) of at least two years of supervised creased rheotropism for both the moving May 4-9, 2003 experience in aviation medical practice...one background and the rotating water current Convention Center year of which may be an approved clinical tests when compared to ground control fish. San Antonio, TX residency in a field directly related to avia­ Exposure to parabolic aircraft flight condi­ tion medicine; 3. A period (after internship) tions revealed that the A-32 fish were less May 2-7, 2004 of not less than two years, in addition to 1 disoriented during zero gravity periods and Egan Convention Center and 2 above of special training in or teaching were hypersensitive to high-gravity periods. Anchorage, AK or practice of aviation medicine; 4. These results suggested a modified vestibu­ Limitation of practice to full-time teaching, lar competency due to a 9-d prehatching May 9-12, 2005 research or practice of aviation medicine; 5. weightlessness exposure." (6). Kansas City, MO Regular and frequent participation in aerial The U.S. Army Research Institute of Hyatt Regency Crown Center flight." (2). Environmental Medicine at Natick, MA, The use of corrective lenses was dis­ looked at differences between men and cussed: "Jet pilots note the following disad­ See HISTORY, p. 489

488 Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4· April 2003 HISTORY, from p. 488. factors and not by emotional stressors, such AFB, CA. Stapp, who was stationed at women: "Psychological states and aerobic as risk and anxiety. Because of the emotional Edwards from 1946-53, worked tirelessly for fitness were measured using a battery of psy­ overtones of the word 'stress,' it is suggested over 50 years investigating the effects of me­ chological tests and a bicycle ergometer work that the term workload should be used when chanical forces on living tissue, ultimately test... [Approximately] two hundred male referring to the reason for increased cardio­ proving that when properly restrained, the and female subjects were tested at the begin­ vascular activity in pilots." (8). human body could survice a 48-g deceleration. ning of a six week basic training cycle and He studied tolerance in crash impacts and another group of two hundred were tested at REFERENCES sudden deceleration on a track-mounted test the completion of basic training. A differ­ 1. Aeromedicine gets specialty status. sled, which he designed at Edwards. He per­ ence in mood, anxiety, self confidence and Aviation Week, 1953; 58:46. sonally made a total of 29 sled rides. His re­ physical fitness was evident in the groups of 2. Benford RJ. The attainment of specialty search provided invaluable data for human male recruits, but not in the female recruits recognition for aviation medicine: Role of in­ tolerance limits during ejection from aircraft after training. A significant difference ex­ terim board in petitioning for certification. J and, as a result, major life-saving improve­ isted between males and females in terms of Aviat Med 1953; 24:101-6, 130. ments were made to flight helmets, restraints, physical work capacity. These differences in 3. Chilli1. HI, et al. Prevention of airsickness safety harnesses and seat position. I-lis re­ work capacity and psychological responses among airborne troops. J Appl Physiol1953; search was then applied to the automotive would be considered in the assignment and 10:599-602. industry, affecting the lives of an entire na­ selection of personnel for high work intensity 4. Enyart WR. Complexity or necessity? tion. Stapp, who died in 1999 at the age of 89, military occupations." (7). Aero Digest; 1953; 66(Apr):17-20. was an AsMA Fellow. A special AsMA award Continued concern over cosmic radiation 5. Evans PH, Peachy JW. Spectacles in jet was named in his honor. prompted "the most extensive [study] to flying. J Aviat Med 1953; 24:138-9, 164. date... Data [were] derived from 1973 statis­ 6. Hoffman RB, et al. Effect of prehatching tics on 2.99 million intercity flights carrying weightlessness on adult fish behavior in dy­ Attention Affiliate 468 million seats...yielding a total of 581 bil­ namic environments. Aviat Space Environ Organizations of AsMA!!! lion seat-kilometer. The average flight was Med 1978; 49:576-81. 1,084 km in length, was flown at an altitude 7. Kowal DM, Patton JF, Vogel JA. In the past few years it has become diffi­ of 9.47 km, and lasted 1.41 h. The average Psychological states and aerobic fitness of cult to obtain contact information on our dose rate was 0.20 mrem/h, resulting in an male and female recruits before and after many affiated organizations. Please take a average passenger dose of 2.82 mrem/year basic training. Aviat Space Environ Med n1.on1.ent to contact us with your current list and an average crewmember dose of 160 1978; 49:603-6. of officers and their addresses, e-mails, and mrem/year. The average radiation dose to 8. Roscoe AH. Stress and workload in pilots. phone numbers. Please include your web ad­ the total U.S. population was 0.47 Aviat Space Environ Med 1978; 494:630-6. dress so we can link to your website from mrem/person/year. These results are in 9. Schreffer PA. Seeing red in the cockpit. ours. Please check out your listing on our good agreement with data from several ex­ Flying Safety; 1953; 9(Apr):2-5. site at: www.asma.org/Organization/affili­ periments performed by us and others in air­ 10. Wallace RW, Sondhaus CA. Cosmic radi­ ates.html craft at various altitudes and latitudes... At ation exposure in subsonic air transport. Contact Gloria Carter at the low doses and dose rates associated with Aviat Space Environ Med 1978; 49:610-23. [email protected]; (703) 739-2240, ext. 106 air travel, the biological effect, if any, is ex­ 11. www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004537.html tremely small and delayed." (10). Here is our most up-to-date list of The Royal Aircraft Establishment in Affiliate Organizations: Bedford, England looked a! physiological re­ Stapp Aerospace Aerospace Medical Association of Korea sponses during takeoffs and landings Aerospace Medical Association of Taiwan "recorded during various flight trials involv­ Medicine Facilty Aerospace Medical Association of the ing different types of aircraft. Examples in­ Dedicated at Edwards Philippines clude ramp takeoffs in a [vertical takeoff and Aerospace Medical Student & Resident landing] fighter, automatic landings in fog, Edwards Air Force Base Aerospace Organization supersonic flight through monsoon rain, and Medicine Facilty has been dedicated to John Alliance of Air National Guard Flight a sortie in which the pilot developed acute Paul Stapp. The dedication ceremony took Association of Aviation Medical Examiners, appendicitis. It is concluded that heart rate place on January 14,2003. The Colonel John P. United Kingdom responses in experienced pilots are influ­ Stapp Aerospace Medicine Facilty is located at Association of Aviation, Space, Naval, enced almost entirely by workload-related the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards Extreme and Environmental Medicine of Russia Aviation Medical Society of Australia and New Zealand Canadian Aerospace Medicine and Aeromedical Transport Association Civil Aviation Medical Association Corporate & Sustaining Members French Aerospace Medical Association German Society of Aviation and Space Medicine Greek Aerospace Medical Association Ibero-American Society of Aerospace Medicine Israeli Society of Aerospace Medicine Italian Aviation and Space Medical Association Japan Society of Aerospace and Environ­ mental Medicine SAFE Association Slovenian Aerospace Medical Association Society of NASA Flight Surgeons South African Aerospace Medical Society Spanish Society of Aviation and Space Medicine 36TH EDWARD WARNER AWARD--ICAO's Warner Award was presented to the International Space Dermatology Foundation Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine (IAASM) in Montreal, Canada, last November. Pictured Swedish Aviation and Naval Medicine are Drs. George Y. Takahashi, Secretary-General, IAASM; Assad Kotaite, President, Council of Association ICAO;.Ulf Balldin, President, IAASM; and R. C Costa Pereira, Secretary General, ICAO. USAF Association of Reserve Flight Surgeons

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4· April 2003 489 CAMA MEETINGS Call for Papers: San Antonio, TX Sunday: May 4, 2003 CALENDAR 41st Annual Tentative Agenda SAFE Symposium April 11 - 13, 2003, Telford, UK. The Civil Aviation Medical Association Association of Authorised Medical The 41st Annual SAFE Symposium will (CAMA) will hold a short meeting on Examiners Annual Scientific Meeting. be held September 22-24, 2003 at the Sunday afternoon, May 4th. The time pe­ International Centre, Telford, West Adam's Mark Hotel, Jacksonville, FL. The riod from 12:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. is being Midlands, UK. Info: SAFE Symposium is the premier interna­ considered. We hope to provide an interest­ [email protected] tional showcase for the professionals, in­ ing educational meeting covering specific May 3-6, 2003, San Antonio, TX. Air ventors, equipment and systems that have topics of interest. This year's topic: national Guard Health Services Manage­ shaped safety in aviation, space, land and In-Flight Medicine ment Meeting, Convention Center. Info: marine disciplines. They invite you to par­ 1. Introduction. an [email protected] ticipate in this symposium by submitting Speaker: John Hastings, M.D. May 4-8, 2003, San Antonio, TX. abstracts or proposals for panels or work­ 2. In-flight diversions, economic impact, 74th AsMA Annual Scientific Meeting, shops. Tentative areas of discovery in­ airline perspective. Convention Center. Info:320 S. Henry St., clude: commercial and military crashes; Speaker: David Zanick, Medical Director Alexandria, VA 22314; phone: (703)739­ safety; rescue; NBC protection; accelera­ Northwest Airlines. 2240; www.asma.org. tion; altitude; ejection; biodynamics and 3. In-flight diversions due to neurologic May 7-11, 2003, New York, NY. physiology; human factors; hearing protec­ conditions. International Society of Travel Medicine tion and many others. Speaker: Joseph Sirven, M.D., Conference. Info: Lisa Astorga, The deadline is June 20th for abstract Neurologist/ epileptologist, Mayo Clinic, [email protected]; web site: submission and proposals. Camera-ready Scottsdale AZ www.istnl.org. copy of accepted papers will be due 4. Inclusion of Anticonvulsants in Airline June 6-13, 2003, San Antonio, TX. August 15. For further information and Medical Kit Annual Meeting of Association for presentation guidelines contact: SAFE Speakers: Alex Wolbrink, FAA, Professionals in Infections Control & Association, P.O.Box 130, Creswell, OR John Hastings, M.D. EpidetTliology. info: www.apic.org; (202) 97426; Phone: (541)895-3012; e-mail: 5. The physician as an airline passenger-re­ 789-1890. [email protected]. sponder June 8-12, 2003, Reno, NV. Annual Speaker: Dr. Delaume, Medical Director, Meeting of the National Environmental Worldwide Assistance, Asst. Clin. Prof. of Health Association. Info: www.neha.org; This publication is ava.ilable in Emergency Medicine, George Washington (303)756-9090. University Medical Center, Washington, DC June 14-15, 2003, Helsinki, Finland. microform from ProQuest 6. Telemedicine 7th Nordic Aerospace Medical ProQuest, 300 N. Zeeb Rd, PO Box 7. In-flight n1.edicine, airline perspective: Association (NAMA) Scientific Meeting. 1346, Ann Arbor, MI48106-1346; 8. Panel discussion/questions for speakers. Contact the Chair, Olavi HanlaUiinen, www.proquest.com; 1800-521-060. This is a tentative agenda. MD, PhD.: [email protected]. September 17-19, 2003, Catania, Italy. 2 nd International Conference--The Classic 4viatian Films Series: Impact of Environnlental Factors on Health: Environmental Health Risk 2003. Lunch-TimI Program Organ ized by Wessex Institute of Technology, and University of Catania, Monday, May 5--"The Sound Barrier" Italy. Info: www.wessex.ac.uk 1952. 111 min. Starring Ralph September 22-24, 2003, Sports Activities at the Richardson, Ann Todd. Based on a Jacksonville, FL. 41 st Annual SAFE true story line about Geoffrey de Symposium, Adam's Mark Hotel. 74th Annual Meeting Havilland. Attempt at being the first to Dedicated to ensuring personal safety and in San Antonio break the sound barrier. protection in land, sea, air and space en­ Tuesday, May 6--"Reach for the Sky" vironnlents. Info: Golf Tournament-­ 1956. 136 min. Starring Kenneth www.safeassociation.com; e-mai I We will be having the golf tournament Moore, Muriel Parlow. Story of [email protected] Sunday morning, May 4, at Brooks Golf Douglas Bader, who lost both legs in October 5-9, 2003, Madrid, Spain. course. Start time will be at 9 AM. Cost will a pre-WWII aerobatic accident, went 51 st International Congress of Aviation be $25 which will include green fee, cart on to be a fighter pilot and a quadru­ and Space Medicine. Organized by The rental, and entry, there will be an additional ple "Ace." Spent time in Germany as Spanish Society of Aerospace Medicine club rental fee which is about $5. The prizes prisoner of war. Led 300 aircraft in under the auspices of the International will be awarded at the course after the tour­ 1945 victory fly-over of London, flying Academy of Aviation and Space nament and all will be completed in time to a lone Spitfire. Medicine. Info: Viajes Vie-Congresos. get everyone back to the reception that Hermosilla 30, 28002 Madrid, Spain; 34­ evening. Transportation will be provided Wednesday, May 7 (Wed.)--"The Eagle 914264750; [email protected]. from the downtown hotels and we wiII also and the Hawk." 1933. 73 min. October 22-25, 2003, Mexico City, give folks a chance to stop by the Hangar 9 Starring Cary Grant, Carol Lombard. Mexico. XX International Meeting of site if they desire. To sign up send checks WWI air combat pilot develops de­ Aerospace Medicine, Gala Hotel and made out to: Chris KleinstTlith, ASMA Golf pression. Resorts, Playa del Carmen, Q. R., spon­ Tourney, 434 Chimney Tops, San Antonio, TX Thursday, May 8--"Things to Come" sored by the Mexican Association of 78258; [email protected] Aviation Medicine. Theme: Medical And 1936. 120 min. Starring Raymond Sugical Therapeutics Of The Modern Massey, Margaretta Scott. Prophecies Annual 5k Fun Run-­ by H.G. Wells: 1936-2036. Predictions Medicine; Its Application In Aviation. The Fun Run will be held on Info: Grupo Destinos, attn: Claudia of War, Space Travel. Monday at 7 a.m. on the The History and Archives Committee is Palomeque, (52-55) 55-75-18-60; Riverwalk. (No buses!) The cpalomeque@ grupodesti nos.com.mx. sponsoring this lunchtimejilm program. course will be professionally The program is made possible by the kind marked. The $10 fee incl udes a offer offilmsfor showing by Dr. Richard T-shirt! This event is being sponsored by ETC. Jennings.

490 Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 74, No.4· April 2003