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The Anatomy of Resistance: the Rhetoric of Anti-Lynching in American Literature and Culture, 1892 – 1936

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The Anatomy of Resistance: the Rhetoric of Anti-Lynching in American Literature and Culture, 1892 – 1936 The Anatomy of Resistance: The Rhetoric of Anti-Lynching in American Literature and Culture, 1892 – 1936 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät IV (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften) der Universität Regensburg vorgelegt von Sascha W. Krause Regensburg 2005 ______________________________ Regensburg 2005 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Udo J. Hebel Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Benesch Acknowledgements For generous financial, professional, and personal support I owe many individuals and insti- tutions. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung awarded me with a postgraduate fellowship which provided the necessary financial support to make this study possible in the first place. Fur- thermore, they kindly sponsored my research trip to the USA and sought to help me ideation- ally but also humanely at all times throughout the past three years. I am very grateful that they believed in my project and gave me the chance to realize it. Prof. Dr. Udo J. Hebel, my supervising professor at the University of Regensburg, has continued to keep the faith in my work. He has supported and encouraged me wherever and whenever possible and provided important advice and criticism. I want to thank him for all the pain he has gone through with me to make this study possible. I am equally indebted to Prof. Dr. Klaus T. Benesch from the University of Bayreuth, who agreed to help me in the initial and final phase of my dissertation. Likewise, Dr. Karsten Fitz has been an indispensa- ble support, especially in the initial phase of my study. Randall Burkett, the African- American Bibliographer at the Special Collections and Archives of the Robert W. Woodruff Main Library at Emory University, Atlanta, also took the time to share his invaluable experi- ence with me. In the final phase of my writing process Julie Spergel, Dorith and Volker Her- feld volunteered most kindly to proofread my chapters. I don't know how I could have ended this dissertation without your help! I also want to thank my family for giving me the chance to write this study. Finally, I want to thank my wife Julia, who has supported and encouraged me. She has lived with me through all my highs and lows and has always been my mainstay. She has contributed not only through her understanding and patience but most of all though her end- less and uncompromising love to the completion of my project. This study is dedicated to her. 2 Contents Abbreviations...................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 2. The Anatomy of Resistance ......................................................................................... 24 2.1. Lynching as Discourse.............................................................................................. 24 2.1.1. The Nature of the Rhetoric of Lynching............................................................. 27 2.1.2. The En-gendering of Race.................................................................................. 33 2.1.3. The Racialization of Class.................................................................................. 40 2.2. The Representation of Lynching............................................................................... 46 2.2.1. Intersection with Other Rituals........................................................................... 51 2.2.2. The "Model Lynching"....................................................................................... 55 2.3. Theoretical Approaches to Colonial Resistance ....................................................... 61 2.4. The Anatomy of Resistance to Lynching – Reiteration with a Difference............... 67 3. Reiteration with Difference .......................................................................................... 78 3.1. The Lynching of Negroes – its Causes and its Preventions from a Negro's Point of View............................................................................................................. 78 3.2. Reiterating the "Policy of Misrepresentation": Sutton E. Griggs's Novel The Hindered Hand: or, the Reign of the Repressionist .................................................. 86 3.2.1. Griggs's Understanding of Race ......................................................................... 89 3.2.2. Modes of Resistance........................................................................................... 92 3.2.3. Sameness through Othering................................................................................ 94 3.2.4. The Revocation of Knowledge ........................................................................... 98 3.2.4.1. Rape and the Redefinition of Black Gender................................................. 98 3.2.4.2. The Spectacle of Black Suffering................................................................. 103 4. "The Saving of Black America's Body and White America's Soul" - Civiliza- tion and the Construction of Sameness ................................................................. 115 4.1. "The End of American Innocence": The Crisis of Cultural Authority in Amer- ica at the Turn of the Century.................................................................................... 116 3 4.1.1. The Meanings of "Civilization".......................................................................... 117 4.1.2. Anti-Lynching as Civilizing Mission ................................................................. 120 4.1.3. Southern Progressivism ...................................................................................... 124 4.2. Contesting the "Old Thread Bare Lie": Ida B. Wells-Barnett's Reiteration of the Discourse of Civilization and Masculinity .......................................................... 127 4.3. "America's National Disgrace": Lynching as a Universalized Threat to Ameri- can Civilization in the Writings of James Weldon Johnson...................................... 133 4.4. Race, Class, and Civilization in Charles W. Chesnutt's The Marrow of Tradi- tion ............................................................................................................................. 137 4.4.1. The "Noospaper's" Distortion of Reality ............................................................ 142 4.4.2. Sameness as Othering – Sameness through Othering......................................... 148 4.4.2.1. The Construction of the Mob as Other......................................................... 149 4.4.2.2. The "New Aristocracy of Wealth"................................................................ 155 4.4.2.3. The "Genteel Racist" – Racism as the Impediment of Civilization ............. 159 4.4.3. The "Apex of an Aristocratic Development" – Delamere as Chesnutt's Ide- alized Model for Whiteness....................................................................................... 163 4.4.4. The Idea(l) of Sameness ..................................................................................... 166 5. The Failure of Civilization and the Impossibility of Sameness - Walter White's The Fire in the Flint ................................................................................... 175 5.1. "The Mind of the Lyncher": White's Analysis of Lynching and Racism ................. 177 5.2. The Fire in the Flint as Modified Local Color Fiction............................................. 180 5.3. "Like a Scroll Slowly Unwinding before his Eyes" – Kenneth Harper's Initia- tion into the South ..................................................................................................... 187 5.4. The Social Stratum of the White South and the Prevention of Sameness ................ 191 5.4.1. The "Leading Citizens" of Central City.............................................................. 191 5.4.2. The Lower White Classes................................................................................... 196 5.5. Violence in the Formation of Black Masculinity and as a Mode of Resistance....... 201 5.6. Race as Public Image................................................................................................ 206 6. "What a Mighty Foe to Mob Violence Southern White Women Might Be" – Motherhood as Sameness in Domestic Anti-Lynching Texts .............................. 211 6.1. Domestic Anti-Lynching Texts – Historical Conditions of Development ............... 211 6.2. The Domestic Allegory............................................................................................. 217 4 6.3. Black Gender Respectability .................................................................................... 219 6.3.1. Rachel as Paradigmatic Formulation of Motherhood......................................... 221 6.3.2. Motherhood as "Unattained Luxury" and Oppressive Discourse....................... 222 6.3.3. Motherhood and Civilization.............................................................................. 224 6.3.4. Conventions of Presentation............................................................................... 225 6.3.5. The Formulation of Black Masculinity in Domestic Anti-Lynching Texts ....... 228 6.4. The Representation of Lynching in Domestic Anti-Lynching Texts ....................... 230 6.5. Maternal Sufferings and Interracial Empathy........................................................... 232 6.5.1. "If anything
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