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Helminths of the Speckled Rattlesnake, Crotalus Mitchellii (Squamata: Viperidae)

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Western North American Naturalist Volume 73 Number 4 Article 14 12-31-2013 Helminths of the speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchellii (Squamata: Viperidae) Stephen R. Goldberg Whittier College, Whittier, CA, [email protected] Charles R. Bursey Pennsylvania State University, Sharon, PA, [email protected] Xavier Glaudas University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Goldberg, Stephen R.; Bursey, Charles R.; and Glaudas, Xavier (2013) "Helminths of the speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchellii (Squamata: Viperidae)," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 73 : No. 4 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol73/iss4/14 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 73(4), © 2013, pp. 533–535 HELMINTHS OF THE SPECKLED RATTLESNAKE, CROTALUS MITCHELLII (SQUAMATA: VIPERIDAE) Stephen R. Goldberg1, Charles R. Bursey2, and Xavier Glaudas3,4 ABSTRACT.—Fifty-six speckled rattlesnakes, Crotalus mitchellii, from western North America were examined for helminths. One species of Cestoda (tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp.) and 5 species of Nematoda (gravid adults of Abbreviata terrapenis, Physaloptera abjecta, Thubunaea cnemidophorus, and Travassoascaris araujoi and larvae of Phy - socephalus sp.) were found. Travassoascaris araujoi had the highest prevalence and greatest mean intensity of helminths infecting C. mitchellii. Three new host records for C. mitchellii are reported. As has been reported for other North American rattlesnakes, C. mitchellii is parasitized by “generalist” helminths. RESUMEN.—Cincuenta y seis Viboras de Cascabel (Cascabeles Pintítas, Crotalus mitchellii) del oeste de América del Norte fueron examínadas para determiner la presencia de helmintos. Se encontró una especie de Cestoda (larvas de Mesocestoides sp.) y cinco especíes de Nematoda (adultos grávidos de Abbreviata terrapenis, Physaloptera abjecta, Thu- bunaea cnemidophorus y Travassoascaris araujoi y larvas de Physocephalus sp.). Travassoascaris araujoi tuvo la prevalen- cia más alta y la intensidad promedio mayor de helmintos que infectan a C. mitchellii. Se documentan tres nuevos records de C. mitchellii. Como ha sido reportado para otras Viboras de Cascabel de América del Norte, C. mitchellii es infectada por parásitos helmintos “generalistas.” The speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchel- contents were examined under a dissecting mi - lii (Cope, 1861), ranges from southwestern croscope. Nematodes were cleared in a drop Utah, southern Nevada, western Arizona, and of lactophenol on a microscope slide, cover- southern California into northwest Sonora and slipped, and studied under a compound micro - northeast Baja California and prefers rocky scope. Cestodes were dehydrated in an as - terrain from sea level to 2440 m elevation cending series of ethanols, regressively stained (Stebbins 2003). The biology of C. mitchellii is in hematoxylin, cleared in xylene, mounted in reviewed by McCrystal and McCoid (1986) balsam, and studied using a dissecting micro- and Ernst and Ernst (2012). To our knowl- scope. Parasite terminology is in accordance edge, there are 2 previous reports of helminths with Bush et al. (1997). in C. mitchellii: the nematode Thubunaea Found were one species of Cestoda (tetra - cnemi dophorus, reported by Babero and Em - thyridia of Mesocestoides sp.) and 5 species of merson (1974), and Mesocestoides sp. (tetra - Nematoda (Abbreviata terrapenis [Hill, 1941]; thyridia) and unidentified oligacanthorhynchid Physaloptera abjecta Leidy, 1856; Thubunaea acanthocephalan cystacanths, reported by Gold - cnemidophorus Babero and Matthias, 1967; berg and Bursey (2000). The purpose of this and Travassoascaris araujoi Sprent, 1978; and note is to add to the helminth list of C. larvae of Physocephalus sp.) Voucher helminths mitchellii. were deposited in the United States National Fifty-six specimens of C. mitchellii (mean Parasite Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA snout–vent length = 664.4 mm, SD = 161.9, (Table 1). range 244–952 mm) collected from Arizona, Tetrathyridia are large, solid-bodied cys- California, Nevada, Baja California, and Baja ticercoids known only from the cyclophyl- California Sur during the years 1930 to 2000 lidean genus Mesocestoides and are typically were borrowed from various museums (Ap - encountered embedded in the livers or coe - pendix) and examined for helminths. The lomic mesenteries of their paratenic hosts. body cavity of each specimen was opened by a The genus has worldwide distribution and is midventral incision, and the digestive tract known from a great variety of amphibians and 1Whittier College, Department of Biology, Box 634, Whittier, CA 90608. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Campus, Department of Biology, Sharon, PA 16146. 3University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Life Sciences, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154. 4Present address: University of the Witwatersrand, School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, Johannesburg, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa. 533 534 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 73 TABLE 1. Number of helminths, mean intensity, prevalence (%), and USNPC voucher numbers for helminths recov- ered from 56 Crotalus mitchellii. Mean intensity Helminth n Prevalence (SD) Range USNPC # Cestoda Mesocestoides sp. 3 1.7% 1 88616 Nematoda Abbreviata terrapenis 1 1.7% 1 101076 Physaloptera abjectaa 2 3.5% 2 101075 Thubunaea cnemidophorus 1 1.7% 1 101077 Travassoasacaris araujoia 70 25.0% 5.0 (3.8) 1–12 101078–101080 Physocephalus sp.a 6 1.7% 6 101081 aNew host record reptiles; hosts are listed in Bursey et al. (2012). Crotalus cerastes, C. mitchellii, and C. scutula- The life cycle of species of Mesocestoides is tus by Babero and Emmerson (1974). It is believed to require 3 hosts: a vertebrate defini- likely that rattlesnakes became infected by in - tive host, a vertebrate second intermediate gesting lizards containing T. cnemidophorus host, and an arthropod first intermediate host (their normal hosts). (Rausch 1994). Physocephalus sexalatus is mainly a nema- Abbreviata terrapenis was described from tode of wild and domestic pigs (Anderson the tortoise Terrapene ornata collected in Okla - 2000). Infective larvae have been found in homa by Hill (1941) and has also been found many species of dung beetles, and encapsu- both in lizards (Goldberg et al. 1995, 1996, lated larvae of Physocephalus sp. commonly 1997) and rattlesnakes, including C. mitchellii occur in tissues of amphibians, reptiles, birds, (Babero and Emmerson 1974) and C. lepidus and mammals (Anderson 2000). Crotalus mitch - (Goldberg et al. 2002), although it is likely that ellii likely becomes infected by ingesting liz - rattlesnakes acquire A. terrapenis by feeding ards infected by Physocephalus sp. Crotalus on infected lizards. mitchellii represents a new host record for lar- Physaloptera abjecta is a common nematode vae of Physocephalus sp. in North American snakes: Arizona elegans, Rather than having a unique group of hel - Coluber constrictor, Heterodon platirhinos, minths, C. mitchellii is infected with generalist Lampropeltis getula, Masticophis flagellum, helminths that are often found in other rat- Opheodrys vernalis, Pituophis melanoleucus, tlesnakes (see summary of parasites in rattle - Thamnophis sirtalis (Ernst and Ernst 2006). snakes by Ernst and Ernst 2006). Crotalus mitchellii represents a new host rec - ord for Physaloptera abjecta. Members of the We thank Jack Sites (BYU), Robert Drewes Physalopteridae utilize insects as intermediate and Jens Vindum (CAS), David Kizirian and hosts (Anderson 2000). Jeff Seigel (LACM), Jim McGuire and David Travassoascaris araujoi is a common nema- Wake (MVZ), George Bradley (UAZ), and tode in Crotalus durissus terrificus in Brazil Bradford Hollingsworth (SDMNH) for per- and Central America (Baker 1987). Larvae of mission to examine specimens of C. mitchellii. T. araujoi encyst in the liver of mice where they are infective to snakes (Araujo 1971, LITERATURE CITED 1972). Of the helminths infecting C. mitchellii (Table 1), Travassoascaris araujoi had the high - ANDERSON, R.C. 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: est prevalence and greatest mean intensity of their development and transmission. 2nd edition. infection. Crotalus mitchellii represents a new CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, host record and the second host to harbor Oxon, United Kingdom. T. araujoi. North America is a new locality ARAUJO, P. 1971. Considérations sur le deuxième mue des record. larves d’Ascarides parasites de serpents. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 46:605–612. Thubunaea cnemidophorus was described ______. 1972. Observations sur le cycle biologique de l’as- from the teiid lizard Aspidoscelis tigris from caride Polydelphis quadrangularis (Schneider, 1866) Nevada by Babero and Matthias (1967). It also parasite du serpent crotale. Annales de Parasitologie has been reported in Nevada rattlesnakes Humaine et Comparée 47:91–120. 2013] NOTES 535 BABERO, B.B., AND F. H . E MMERSON. 1974. Thubunaea
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    Written by: Jennifer Szymanski U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Division 1 Federal Drive Fort Snelling, Minnesota 55111 Acknowledgements: Numerous State and Federal agency personnel and interested individuals provided information regarding Sistrurus c. catenatus’status. The following individuals graciously provided critical input and numerous reviews on portions of the manuscript: Richard Seigel, Robert Hay, Richard King, Bruce Kingsbury, Glen Johnson, John Legge, Michael Oldham, Kent Prior, Mary Rabe, Andy Shiels, Doug Wynn, and Jeff Davis. Mary Mitchell and Kim Mitchell provided graphic assistance. Cover photo provided by Bruce Kingsbury Table of Contents Taxonomy....................................................................................................................... 1 Physical Description....................................................................................................... 3 Distribution & State Status............................................................................................. 3 Illinois................................................................................................................. 5 Indiana................................................................................................................ 5 Iowa.................................................................................................................... 5 Michigan............................................................................................................ 6 Minnesota..........................................................................................................