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Outstanding Natural Features Identifying and Mapping additional sites in Northland

Methodology Report

Bruce W Hayward FRSNZ PhD

November 2015, updated following further work for WDC and FNDC, May 2016

Unpublished Report BWH 176/16

Contents

1.0 Introduction ...... i

2.0 Background ...... i

3.0 Methodology for this assessment and mapping exercise ...... ……i 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Significance and vulnerability rankings of the NZ Geopreservation Inventory 3.3 Which sites were assessed for inclusion? 3.4 Assessment methodology 3.5 Outstanding Natural Features Assessment criteria 3.6 Mapping methodology

4.0 Categories of Outstanding Natural Features ...... iv 4.1 Feature types 4.2 Example of activity table that relates to categories of ONF

Appendix 1: List of features in proposed NRPS (2014) Appendix 4, assessed as not suitable for recognition and mapping as ONFs ……..………………………………………… vii

Appendix 2: Recommended additional ONFs from NRPS Appendix 4 and the NZ Geopreservation Inventory, with notes on how boundaries mapped ………..………………. ix

Appendix 3: Documentation for additional ONFs for (from App. 2), (see supplied GIS layer) …………………………………………………………………..……………. xv

Appendix 4: Suggested map boundary modifications for sites currently scheduled and mapped as ONFs (see supplied GIS layer) ………………….……………………………..…xxix

Appendix 5: Suggested improved wording and assessments for sites currently scheduled and mapped as ONFs for Northland Region ……………………………………………………xxx

Appendix 6: References that contain further information, descriptions or photographs of the ONFs …………………………………………………….………………………………………xxxvii

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1.0 Introduction This report outlines the way that outstanding natural features (ONFs) in Northland, additional to those already scheduled and mapped in the proposed Northland Regional Policy Statement (Jan 2014), have been identified and their extent mapped. It also categorises ONFs on the basis of size and robustness to assist in protecting their differing values. Background information on each proposed additional ONF’s significance, description, locality and references is provided and also updated for existing ONFs. This report is for information purposes only and does not form part of the Regional Policy Statement. 2.0 Background Outstanding natural features are a matter of national importance in Section 6(b) of the Resource management Act 1991 and are to be protected from inappropriate subdivision, use and development. This is reinforced in Policy 15 of the Coastal Policy Statement.

In order to retain the scientific, educational and amenity values of outstanding natural features, those at risk were – where practicable - identified on the proposed Northland Regional Policy Statement maps (Jan 2014). The major source of information was the “Inventory and maps of Important Geological Sites and Landforms in the Northland Region”, Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication No. 83, 51 pp, compiled by Kenny and Hayward (1996). This inventory identifies the best examples of Northland’s geology and landforms. It was compiled using the combined knowledge and advice of a large sector of the specialist geological, geomorphological, speleological and soil science communities of New Zealand. The NZ Geopreservation Inventory database has been considerably refined and updated since 1996.

The Regional Policy Statement maps only included those features (larger sites only) that had been mapped in the published inventory (1996). The new Northland Regional Policy Statement (Jan 2014) included a method to address the lack of accurate maps of smaller sites by providing lists of potential additional features, mostly taken from the inventory, and recommended that they be assessed and mapped at a later date. 3.0 Methodology for this assessment and mapping exercise

3.1 Background In the proposed new Northland Regional Policy Statement (Jan 2014), 56 ONFs were scheduled and shown on the published maps. Appendix 4 of the NRPS identified “those natural features that are likely to warrant being identified as outstanding natural features but further work is required to map their spatial extent.” This appendix provided two tables: Table 1 listed 70 features that are “natural” and are ranked in the Geopreservation Inventory as being of international or national significance, or regional significance and considered vulnerable in the inventory (categories 1 and 2; see section 3.2). Table 2 listed 26 features of regional significance with a vulnerability ranking of 3 (unlikely to be damaged by humans) in the inventory. Appendix 4 states that features in Table 1 “are likely to qualify as ONFs and are to be subject to further assessment and mapping as stated in Method 4.5.4(3)”, and that features in Table 2 “potentially warrant mapping as ONFs pending further assessment.”

3.2 Significance and vulnerability rankings of the NZ Geopreservation Inventory The scientific, educational and aesthetic significance ranking provides has three levels:

A International B National C Regional

A vulnerability classification (1 - 4) has been assigned to each feature, depending on its perceived susceptibility to human activities:

1 highly vulnerable to complete destruction or major modification by humans; 2 moderately vulnerable to modification by humans; 3 unlikely to be damaged by humans; and

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4 could be improved by human activity.

Both these classifications are periodically reviewed and modified for individual sites as new information becomes available about their scientific importance, their popularity as tourist attractions or of proposed future developments.

3.3 Which sites were assessed for inclusion? Since the NRPS Appendix 4 lists were compiled there has been further work on the NZ Geopreservation Inventory, including a national review and comparative assessment of coastal landform sites and a desk top review of gaps in the representative coverage of all feature types in Northland and . As a result some sites in the inventory have been modified, consolidated or deleted and a number of additional sites added.

The present exercise has considered all sites listed in Tables 1 and 2 in Appendix 4 of the new (2014) NRPS as well as all sites currently in the Northland region in the NZ Geopreservation Inventory database (website http://services.main.net.nz/geopreservation/ ). All geoscience ONFs not in the NRPS schedule or Appendix 4 lists were included. The NZ Geopreservation Inventory includes some historic man-made features and buildings associated with geology and these have been excluded from the assessment as they more properly should be protected under the historic heritage sections of the RMA.

3.4 Assessment methodology To be eligible for assessment in this exercise, a site first needed to have been accepted into the NZ Geopreservation Inventory of the Geoscience Society of NZ, which aims to document all geological and landform sites of international, national or regional scientific and educational significance throughout the country. These inventories have been compiled, initially by subdiscipline categores, over the past 30 years from the collective nominations of the NZ geoscience community. The criteria used to assess whether a site or feature qualifies for inclusion in the Inventory and its importance ranking are listed below in section 3.5.

The sites outlined in section 3.3 (all from the Inventory) were further assessed for their suitability for scheduling and mapping as ONFs in the NRPS on a site by site basis. In these assessments the value of protecting sites for their scientific, educational or aesthetic importance was weighed up against such criteria as their fragility and vulnerability to damage by non-natural agents, and the possible monetary or nuisance costs of scheduling features on private land. Reasons for declining the inclusion of 24 suggested sites from Tables 1 and 2 include: a. The scientific importance of a site was for the presence of microscopic minerals or fossils that could not be readily appreciated in the field and that were unlikely to be subject to over-collecting by commercial or recreational collectors. Some of the rock exposure that contained the significant specimens was always likely to be available for scientific collection and study without the need for ONF status and management. b. The scientific and educational value of a natural geological feature is in the face(s) of an active or potentially active quarry and the economic cost of protecting part of the quarry face was deemed too great compared with the value of the feature. Wherever possible an alternative, maybe somewhat inferior, replacement exposure was sought to replace the one excluded. c. Several of the sites in the tables lay within the mapped boundaries of existing ONFs on the NRPS maps or lay adjacent to existing ONFs, the boundaries of which could readily be extended to encompass the additional feature within the existing ONF. d. The scientifically important landforms were too large and owned by too many individual private landowners and likely to be subject to further major subdivisions and development in the future such that scheduling it or a small representative part of the feature was not practical nor economically justifiable.

Appendix 1 of this report lists 24 features from the NRPS Appendix 4, Tables 1 and 2, that in this assessment have been deemed not to warrant inclusion in the Northland Regional Policy Statement and District Schemes as ONFs. Appendix 2 of this report lists 148 features (51 from Table 1; 24 from Table 2; from 53 from the upgraded NZ Geopreservation Inventory; 20 scheduled in district schemes but not Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) iii | P a g e

mentioned in RPS) that have been here assessed as being worthy of being classified and mapped as ONFs in the Northland Regional Policy statement and District Schemes with notes about how their boundaries have been mapped (3.5 below).

3.5 Outstanding Natural Features Assessment criteria The following criteria were used to identify Northland’s Outstanding Natural Features (ONFs) as shown on the newly supplied GIS aerial photos. These are the criteria used to identify features for the NZ Geopreservation Inventory.

a. The extent to which the landform or geological feature contributes to the understanding of the geology or evolution of the biota in Northland, New Zealand or the earth. b. The rarity or unusual nature of the feature. c. The extent to which it is an outstanding representative example of the diversity of Northland's natural landforms and geological features. d. The extent to which the landform or geological feature is a component of a recognisable group of geologically associated features (e.g. Whangarei or volcanic fields). e. The extent to which the landform or geological feature contributes to the aesthetic value or visual legibility of the wider natural landscape. f. The community association with, or public appreciation of, the values of the feature. g. The potential value of the feature for public education. h. The potential value of the feature to provide additional understanding of the geological or biotic history. i. The state of preservation of the feature. j. The extent to which a feature is associated with a historically important natural event, geologically related industry, or individual involved in earth science research.

3.6 Mapping methodology GIS mapping was done at a scale of 1:5000 using the same air photo base map as the new NRPC (2014) planning maps. The preliminary GIS maps (using Topo50 base maps) from the NZ Geopreservation Inventory recently produced in a desktop exercise by the Geoscience Society of NZ using a NZ Lottery Environment and Heritage grant (now available on the website http://services.main.net.nz/geopreservation/ ) were used as a starting point for most sites accepted for recommending to be scheduled as ONFs.

These feature map boundaries were modified using the following criteria: a. Where the whole or part of a recommended ONF was on public land (e.g. intertidal, esplanade reserves, road reserves, parks and reserves) the boundaries were, wherever possible, accepted or slightly modified: to better fit the air photo base map; to align with the reserve boundary; or lie within it. b. Where the whole or part of a recommended ONF more or less coincided with an existing Outstanding Natural Landscape (ONL) in the new NRPS, the boundary of the ONF was generally reduced to align with that of the ONL or fit inside it. c. Where the whole or part of a recommended ONF occurs within private land, the mapped boundaries were more carefully drawn to enclose the minimum land area for realistic protection and wherever possible to exclude areas of habitation and farming activities. d. Where a recommended ONF more or less coincided with the boundaries of a QE2 covenanted area, the ONF boundaries were modified to stay entirely within the covenanted area. e. Where the whole or part of a recommended ONF occurs within private land, but the boundaries could not be accurately determined from air photo sources or the roads, permission was sought from the owners for access on to their properties to refine the mapping to the smallest and most precise area based on the values of the features. Where requests for access permission were denied or no reply received the boundaries mapped from the literature and air photos have not been able to be refined.

The opportunity was also taken to review the accuracy of maps of existing ONFs in the new NRPS and in a few instances (Appendix 4) the boundaries have been suggested to be slightly modified or reduced. In Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) iv | P a g e

several instances boundaries have been suggested to be extended to incorporate additional features listed in the new NRPS Appendix 4, but in no instances are there any suggested extensions onto private land, except at Onemama where the ONF is extended into an area of QE2 covenant and at Puketutu () where a whole small unmodified volcanic cone had been left out.

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4.0 Categories of Outstanding Natural Features

4.1 Feature types To assist management and decision-making, outstanding natural features have also been categorised by type to provide an indication of the kind of values that make them significant and how better to manage potential risks to these values. The categories described below are the same as in the Auckland Unitary Plan and differ slightly in their numbering from the new NRPS (shown in brackets).

A. Large landforms (= A in NRPS) Landforms that are sufficiently large and robust to withstand moderate to small-scale earthworks or constructions without significant impact. The values of such features typically relate to the underlying geology which tells of the history of their formation and the resulting outstanding large-scale landforms, rather than or in addition to their visual amenity or landscape type factors. Major multi-storey developments, intense urban and industrial subdivisions or large scale earthworks (e.g., a commercial quarry or major motorway cuttings) can significantly detract from the integrity of these landforms and their geological features.

Examples include Whangape Harbour entrance gorge and Pouto dune-dammed lakes.

B. Smaller more fragile landforms (= D in NRPS) Small landforms or other features that could be damaged or destroyed by relatively small-scale earthworks or constructions. The values of these often spectacular, localised landforms relate to their visual and aesthetic appeal and/or scientific interest. Most earthworks, buildings, constructions or plantings would adversely impact on the visual and aesthetic appeal or scientific value of these fragile features.

Examples include Whangarei Falls and Koutu giant concretions .

C. Dynamic landforms and features (= C in NRPS) Landforms or features that rely on the continuation of natural physical processes beyond the feature for their continued existence.. Because of this, these dynamic landforms or features are not only susceptible to direct damage, but to more distant actions that may impact the continuation of the natural processes (e.g. sand supply; dune stabilisation; groundwater levels; soil erosion in cave catchments). Permanent earthworks, building construction, vegetation plantings, extraction of nearby groundwater or other actions could adversely affect the functioning and appearance of these features.

Examples include Runaruna mud , Ngamotu shell tombolo, and Te Werahi sand dunes.

D. Exposures of geological material (= part of E in NRPS) Natural or man-made exposures that are sufficiently large and robust that small-scale earthworks or rock sampling will have no significant impact. Their values relate to the natural geological features that can be seen within the rocks and the information they contain about the history of their formation, the geological origins of the region or the fossil history of the biota of New Zealand. Large-scale earthworks, construction of buildings, vegetation plantings or constructions of walls or erosion barriers could adversely impact the visual, educational or scientific values of these exposures.

Examples include Maunganui Bluff Miocene basalt and Whatuwhiwhi Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, Cape Karikari.

E. Fragile exposures of geological material (= part of E in NRPS) Small, natural or man-made exposures or high value portions of exposures that could be damaged or destroyed by small-scale earthworks or construction. Their values relate to the information they contain about the history of their geological formation or the fossil biota of New Zealand. Most earthworks, building constructions, vegetation plantings or constructions of walls or erosion barriers could adversely impact the visual, educational or scientific values of these exposures. Periodic vegetation clearance may improve their values. Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) vi | P a g e

Examples of these include Avoca trace fossils and red chert.

F. Caves (new to NRPS) Caves, such as and sea caves and their entrances, may, depending upon their depth underground, be susceptible to damage from significant earthworks constructions above them, or from changes in their catchments that may fill them with eroded soil.

Examples are Jellicoe sea cave, Whangaroa and Waipu caves and karst.

V. Volcanic cones (= B in NRPS) Scoria cones, tuff cones and volcanic domes that are sufficiently robust to withstand small-scale, localised earthworks or constructions without significant impact. They derive their values from their distinctive conical form and prominence in the wider landscape setting. Structures in prominent positions, significant permanent earthworks such as farm roads across steep slopes, and rectangular exotic forest plantings can detract from or compromise these natural features, particularly where they protrude significantly into the skyline, alter the cone form or disguise the underlying landform.

Examples include dacite dome and Onoke scoria cone, Kamo.

4.2 Example of activity table that relates to categories of ONF

This activity table comes from the Auckland Unitary Plan and the operative Hauraki Gulf Islands District Plan. The table relates to resource consent requirements for land use and development on ONFs.

Table 1: Activity table – Outstanding natural features overlay - Land use and development

Activity A B C D E F V Construction Buildings and D NC NC NC NC D D structures Earthworks Removal, fill, modification of D Pr D D Pr NC D more than 2 cu m Removal, fill, modification of P RD RD D NC RD RD less than 2 cu m Rural Grazing of sheep P RD RD P RD P P and goats Grazing of other RD RD RD P RD P D stock Farm or forestry Pr Pr Pr RD Pr Pr Pr quarries

Forestry RD D D D NC D D Conservation P RD D D NC NC RD

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planting Fences - post and P RD RD RD D NC P wire Fences - except post RD D D D D NC D and wire Utilities Minor infrastructure P RD RD RD NC NC D

upgrading

P = permitted RD = restricted discretionary D = discretionary NC = non-compliant Pr = prohibited

Assessment criteria The council will consider the relevant assessment criteria below for the restricted discretionary activities listed above: 1. Whether the nature, form and extent of the proposed works or activity adversely affects the ONF for which the item was scheduled: a. whether the activity will result in increased erosion of the ONF b. for grazing applications, whether the proposed stocking intensity will result in increased compaction or erosion of the ONF, or will result in changes to the vegetation on site in ways that will affect the values for which the ONF is scheduled e.g. grazing effects on dune vegetation resulting in changes to the nature and form of the dunes c. for fencing applications, whether the proposed fence requires ground disturbance or earthworks that will affect the values for which the ONF is scheduled d. whether the activity will interfere with natural processes e.g. forestry or vegetation planting effects the natural dynamic supply of sand to wind-blown dunes. 2. Whether the proposed works or activity cause adverse visual effects or adversely affect visual appreciation of the ONF. 3. The degree to which the ONF has already been modified so that further modification will not cause significant additional loss of geological value. 4. The extent to which the modification is necessary. 5. The purpose of the proposed works or activity and whether it has specific connections or relevance to the scheduled ONF. 6. What alternative methods and locations are available to the applicant for carrying out the work or activities that do not affect a scheduled ONF. 7. The extent to which the proposed works will protect the ONF from further damage, such as erosion protection, or remediate it from previous damage. This excludes potential damage from the activity for which consent is sought. 8. In the case of the subdivisions, the extent to which the resultant sites can be developed without affecting the values for which the ONF is scheduled.

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Appendix 1

List of features in proposed NRPS (2014) Appendix 4, Tables 1 and 2 that have been assessed as not being suitable for recognition and mapping as ONF’s in Northland regional policy statements or district schemes.

Feature name NRPS Appendix 4 Reason for non-inclusion Avoca karst Table 1 Private land in a little seen area and not of Regionally Significant exceptional value. Bushy Point clinoptilolite Table 1 Visually insignificant and therefore under no Regionally Significant threat and hard to justify inclusion. Crows Nest Quarry melange Table 1 Quarry has recently reopened and inclusion Regionally Significant would unreasonably interfere with operations. Kamo Hot Springs Table 1 - Regionally All natural springs are not flowing and their Significant; scheduled in sites are highly modified. Scheme Mangaru Range pillow lava - Table 1 A scattered widespread feature all on private hyaloclastite sequence Nationally significant land not deemed to be under any threat in near future. One Tree Point relict dunes and Table 1 A huge landform feature mostly in hundreds of beach ridges, Nationally significant private properties - not practical to protect all or any significant part as new city projected to be developed over it. Valley basalt proto-karst, Table 1, regionally significant Area of protokarst small and in private garden. Wh āng ārei Recognition of larger areas of similar quality protokarst above Helena Bay and at Puhipuhi make this site less outstanding and not worth pursuing. Puhipuhi cinnabar Table 1 Visually insignificant in area of potential Nationally significant mineral exploitation on private land. Puhipuhi stibnite (Mt Mitchell) Table 1 Visually insignificant in area of potential Regionally Significant mineral exploitation on private land. Puket ōtara erionite Table 1 Included in existing Puketotara ONF Internationally significant Rangiahua basalt proto-karst, Table 1, Regionally Scattered karst boulders visible from road but Ōkaihau significant deemed insufficiently well-developed compared with the outstanding values of Waierere Boulders and Lake Manuwai. Rehia hornfels with mineral larnite Table 1 Visually insignificant in farm lime quarry on Nationally significant private land. Reserve Point Eocene shelf Table 2 Combined with existing Reserve Pt nephelinite sediments (The Nook, Wh āng ārei Regionally Significant flows and garnet andesite, Whangarei Harbour Harbour) ONF. Simpkin's Quarry herschelite Table 1 Visually insignificant in farm lime quarry on Nationally significant private land. Taipa garnet andesite plug / dike Table 1 Quarry is periodically active and privately Regionally Significant owned and examples of the garnet are likely always able to be found in rubble nearby. Te Pene weathered dome Table 1 Landform and rock cover a large area of Regionally Significant private land and are not sufficiently outstanding to justify inclusion. Tokerau Beach dune field Table 1 Huge landform feature mostly in hundreds of Regionally Significant private properties - not practical to protect all or any significant part. Tom Bowling Bay dune field Table 1 Already included in Waikuku tombolo dunes Nationally significant and dune-dammed swamp ONF Waikuku Beach dune field Table 1 Already included in Waikuku tombolo dunes Regionally Significant and dune-dammed swamp ONF. Waimamaku, Pinehill Stream Table 1, nationally significant Site no longer exposed. Miocene fossil molluscs Scheduled in Scheme Lodore Rd obsidian source Scheduled in Far North Reportedly a small area with obsidian cobbles District Scheme now hidden beneath pine tree plantation; not

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as important as other recently discovered obsidian sources to the north. Motukokako (Piercy) Island skarn Scheduled in Far North Added to Motukokako skarn ONF of NRPS. and sea arch District Scheme Perforated Point overturned fold Scheduled in Far North Combined with Mt Camel Cretaceous District Scheme volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks ONF of Far North District Scheme. Taupo Bay flow Scheduled in Far North Combined with Whangaroa Nth Head ring District Scheme plain ONF of NRPS. Taupo Bay ring plain deposits Scheduled in Far North Combined with Whangaroa Nth Head ring District Scheme plain ONF of NRPS. Port Whangarei fossil beds Scheduled in Whangarei Does not qualify for inclusion in NZ District Scheme Geopreservation Inventory as not a natural site – dredge spoil.

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Appendix 2

Recommended additional Outstanding Natural Features for Northland Region for inclusion in the NRPS from NRPS Appendix 4 and the NZ Geopreservation Inventory, with notes on how their boundaries have been mapped.

NRPS Appendix 4 or NZ Geopreservation Inventory Feature name or Scheduled in District Schemes Mapping notes Arrow Rocks Permian-Triassic Table 1, now internationally significant All intertidal rocks. boundary Camp Bay mylonite and schistose Table 1, internationally significant; All in public land Tangihua rocks scheduled in Far North District Scheme Lake Manuwai basalt proto-karst, Table 1, now ranked internationally Visited by lake with Irrigation Kerikeri significant representative. Two properties on Northwest side visited. No permission to visit farm at north end. ONF restricted to most outstanding boulders and lake shore. Wairere basalt proto-karst boulders, Table 1, internationally significant Site restricted to stream bed and sides and one area of boulders acro0ss stream, following inspection with one set of owners and permission of other. Avoca trace fossils Table 1, nationally significant Two areas: one small boulder on private land; other is a roadcut that is now well mapped. Kauri Mountain hornfels and Table 1, nationally significant Restricted to esplanade reserve and metallic mineralisation intertidal. Kam ō limestone pinnacles Table 1, nationally significant; Private land. Restricted to area scheduled in Whangarei District within fenced private ?reserve. Scheme Need to check any legal status. Maunganui Bluff Miocene basalt Table 1, nationally significant All within ONL; except little bit at S end in public reserve. Ng āwh ā Springs hydrothermal field Table 1, nationally significant; Extent on private land determined Scheduled in Far North District Scheme during inspection with main private landowner (Top Energy). Two hydrothermal crater lakes are in Crown prison land; two are in DoC Scientific Reserve. Ohia black shale, Doubtless Bay Table 1, nationally significant Owned by Mangonui County Council; disused overgrown quarry. Confined to eastern face on boundary. Pandora pillow lava and sediment, Table 1, nationally significant All within reserve land or intertidal. Spirits Bay Poor Knights sea arches and caves Table 1, nationally significant Whole islands as too many to individually map. All Nature Reserve. Pouerua scoria and lava fields Table 1, nationally significant Privately owned. All mapped area (northern side) within Pouerua Heritage precinct. Runaruna mud volcano Table 1, nationally significant; Small area within privately owned scheduled in Far North District Scheme farm. Tauranganui Stream mouth Table 1, nationally significant; Confined to intertidal and esplanade melange, Doubtless Bay scheduled in Far North District Scheme reserve. Te Reinga Bay thrust contact, Table 1, nationally significant Confined to intertidal and esplanade Doubtless Bay reserve. Te Rewa Pt Pleistocene fossils, Table 1, nationally significant Confined to intertidal and esplanade Hokianga Harbour reserve. Te Werahi sand dunes and fossil Table 1, nationally significant All in reserve - not grazed fauna, Cape Reinga Waikari Inlet "old hat", Bay of Table 1, nationally significant Confined to islet and intertidal Islands Scheduled in Far North District Scheme Waikuku Beach (north) Miocene Table 1, nationally significant All in reserve and ONL. limestone, North Cape Scheduled in Far North District Scheme Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xi | P a g e

Waikuku Beach (south) Miocene Table 1, nationally significant All in reserve and ONL. limestone, North Cape Scheduled in Far North District Scheme Taita Stream Miocene fossils, Table 1, nationally significant Site confined to banks on short Waimamaku Scheduled in Far North District Scheme section of stream. Discuss with land owner. Waimamaku River Miocene Table 1, nationally significant Site confined to esplanade reserve sedimentary sequence Scheduled in Far North District Scheme along river. Significance downgraded to regional. Waipapa River outlier of Waitemata Table 1, nationally significant; Small area of river bank on private sediments, Puketi Scheduled in Far North District Scheme farmland. Waitangi flow gabbroic inclusions Table 1, nationally significant; Confined to intertidal zone outside Scheduled in Far North District Scheme property boundaries

Wh āng āpē Harbour entrance gorge Table 1, nationally significant Restricted within ONL

Whangape Pleistocene fossils Table 1, nationally significant Restricted to intertidal and low banks at high tide. Abbey Caves and karst, Wh āng ārei Table 1, regionally significant; Visited and ONF restricted to karst scheduled in Whangarei District areas. Scheme Ahipara Pliocene lignite Table 1, regionally significant Entirely in reserve land.

Hewlett Point karst, Wh āng ārei Table 1, regionally significant Boundary mapped from air photos and Harbour helicopter oblique photos. May include some lower quality karst boulders but no on-site inspection permitted. Only small part of karst is on private land according to legal boundary overlay of aerial photographs. Hokianga Miocene "orbitolite" bed Table 1, regionally significant; All reserve or intertidal scheduled in Far North District Scheme Kaiikanui basalt proto-karst, Helena Table 1, regionally significant All private land previously identified Bay was visited with permission of land owners or viewed from over fences. Areas of outstanding basalt protokarst were limited to just one private property (Webb Bros) and the extent of a number of patches on either side of Kaiikanui Rd was mapped onto aerial photos leaving all areas without significantly karst boulders outside of the proposed ONF. One area included has had some damage by recent earth moving machinery selectively harvesting the best boulders for sale. Kaikohe scoria cone Table 1 Visited and flew over with helicopter Regionally Significant; scheduled in Far resulting in more precise extent North District Scheme mapped. Restricted to less developed private and reserve land. Only shown as spot on District Scheme map. Kawiti scoria cone Table 1, regionally significant Land ownership not clear - partly railways purposes reserve. Viewed from road and map refined. Rd basalt prtoto-karst, Table 1, regionally significant Private land. Easily seen and mapped Kamo from road. Area reduced to one extremely rocky area beside road. Maungaraho intrusive volcanic Table 1, regionally significant Visited and precise location breccia, Tokatoka mapped, on road reserve. Mititai breccia-filled volcanic neck, Table 1, regionally significant On private land. Small overgrown hilly Tokatoka area and old quarry. Ngahere Drive karst, Wh āng ārei Table 1, regionally significant All in small reserves. Paradise Quarry karst, Portland, Table 1, regionally significant All private land but QE2 covenants. Wh āng ārei Have used small QE2 covenant on natural limestone area - does not capture the stratigraphy and have Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xii | P a g e

therefore added two QE2 covenanted areas on end of Onameama Pt to Onemama ONF. Stoney Knowe basalt proto-karst, Table 1, regionally significant Restricted to small area that owners Helena Bay want protected. Takahiwai algal limestone, Table 1, nationally significant Private farm land. Very small area, Whangarei Harbour well mapped. Te Ruatahi dune sequence, Table 1, regionally significant Entirely in reserve and intertidal Mimiwhangata Todds Quarry nephelinite, Tokatoka Table 1, regionally significant On private land. Needs visit to discuss with owner and refine map to smallest area. Waikiekie karst Table 1, regionally significant Mapped from road. One part deleted. Wai ōmio Caves (Kawiti Caves) and Table 1, regionally significant Mapped as best possible from road. No limestone pillars permission given to visit and refine on private land. Waip ū Caves and karst Table 1, regionally significant Some reserve and some private. Refined mapping on p[rivate land undertaken on foot with owners’ permission. Waipu Cove Oligocene-Miocene Table 1, regionally significant Restricted almost entirely to reserve sequence and karst and intertidal Wairua Falls Table 1, regionally significant All within reserve. eroded stratovolcano Table 2, regionally significant All intertidal and reserve, all ONL. Houto spilite and conical hill Table 2, regionally significant Hill on private land, mapped from topo map and air photos. Road cut well mapped in road reserve. South Bream Tail Arch Dome and Table 2, regionally significant Intertidal, esplanade reserve and columnar-jointed dacite strip of private cliffs, all in ONL Two Tone Cave, Waip ū Table 2, regionally significant Boundary drawn from caves map with outlet and three entrances aligned to positions in streams where they occur. Underlies a large hilly area mostly in forest. Permission to visit land not provided. Haruru Falls, Waitangi Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to esplanade reserve and scheduled in Far North District Scheme strip of Waitangi Trust land Hikurangi dacite dome Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to ONL without southern scheduled in Whangarei District extension Scheme Jellicoe sea cave, Whangaroa Table 2, regionally significant; Intertidal and Esplanade reserve. scheduled in Far North District Scheme Koutu giant concretions, Hokianga Table 2, regionally significant Confined to intertidal and esplanade reserve. Matapia Island sea arch, Ninety Table 2, regionally significant Confined to intertidal and islet. Mile Beach McLeod Bay Miocene unconformity, Table 2, regionally significant Confined to intertidal Wh āng ārei Heads Opononi Limestone, Hokianga Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to intertidal scheduled in Far North District Scheme Otangaroa Cave, Mangamuka Table 2, regionally significant; Location from literature. Permission scheduled in Far North District Scheme to visit not provided by owner. Pahi Peninsula greensand- Table 2, regionally significant All intertidal and esplanade reserve. limestone sequences, Kaipara Visited and mapped - no private Harbour land nor oyster farm areas. Parakiore dome, Wh āng ārei Table 2, regionally significant Restricted to existing ONL.

Paranui Falls, Wh āng ārei Table 2, regionally significant Restricted to within reserve.

Pukekaroro dacite dome, Kaiwaka Table 2, regionally significant Tweaked to be all inside reserve & ONL Rainbow Falls, Kerikeri Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to reserve area around scheduled in Far North District Scheme falls Rawene Paleocene limestone Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to intertidal - needs check scheduled in Far North District Scheme for southern extent (too far) Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xiii | P a g e

Skull Creek-Mangawhati Pt Table 2, regionally significant Confined to intertidal. Visited and autochthonous sedimentary precisely mapped. Includes small sequence, Wh āng ārei Harbour area of limestone karst on point that is in private land. St Pauls exfoliation dome, Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to rock and buffer zone Whangaroa scheduled in Far North District Scheme around it - all within ONL.

Taratara , Whangaroa Table 2, regionally significant; All within ONL. scheduled in Far North District Scheme Wh āng ārei Falls Table 2, regionally significant All in reserve. Whangaroa exfoliation domes Table 2, regionally significant; All in ONL. Scheduled in Far North District Scheme Whatuwhiwhi Cretaceous Table 2, regionally significant; Confined to ONL and intertidal sediments, Cape Karikari Scheduled in Far North District Scheme rocks.

Waihou Valley limestone bluffs and Scheduled in Far North District Name changed from Cave Stream to mid tertiary sequence Scheme; classified regionally significant more appropriate Waihou Valley. All on in NZ Geopreservation Inventory private farmland. Site visit with farmer’s permission refined extent to bed of Cave Stream and three raeas of near vertical bluffs. Hihi Beach, Manganui Lignite beds Scheduled in Far North District Only reserve and intertidal rocks Scheme; classified regionally significant and cliffs. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Karaui Point Miocene dacite dome Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to non-private land in Scheme; classified regionally significant cliffs and foreshore. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Mt Camel Cretaceous volcaniclastic Scheduled in Far North District All in ONL, combined with rocks Scheme; classified regionally significant Perforated Pt in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Ngahuha scoria cone, Kawakawa Scheduled in Far North District On three private farms. Site visit Scheme; classified regionally significant with main land owner determined in NZ Geopreservation Inventory extent and excluded southern crater and scoria ring that is less distinct and is being quarried. Rangiahua autochthonous Scheduled in Far North District On two private farms. Site visit on sedimentary sequence, Okaihau Scheme; classified regionally significant one farm with owners’ permission. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Restricted area to small, deep sinkhole, small forested bluffs, waterfall and area of rocks. Tauranga Bay channelised flow, Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to cliffs in reserve land. Whangaroa Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Tauranga Bay coastal features Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to cliffs and intertidal. Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Te Huka Beach and Kurahaupo Scheduled in Far North District All ONL or intertidal. Rocks Miocene sedimentary Scheme; classified regionally significant sequence, Far North in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Te Reinga Bay thrust contact, Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to cliffs and intertidal. Doubtless Bay Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Twilight Beach pillow , Far Scheduled in Far North District All reserve and intertidal North Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Wairakau estuary, Whangaroa Scheduled in Far North District All in ONL. Harbour Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Waitapu Bay Cretaceous Scheduled in Far North District All intertidal outside private land unconformity, Whangaroa Harbour Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Whangape pillow basalt Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to ONL and intertidal Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Whangaroa Harbour lacustrine Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to ONL and intertidal. sequence Scheme; classified regionally significant in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xiv | P a g e

Whangatupere Bay plutons Scheduled in Far North District Coastal cliffs and intertidal rocks all in Scheme; classified regionally significant ONL and on Crown Land. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Lake Omapere lava-flow-dammed Scheduled in Far North District Restricted to lake and narrow lake lake Scheme; classified regionally significant fringe. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Waihou Valley limestone bluffs and Scheduled in Far North District Site visit undertaken with farmer’s mid tertiary sequence Scheme; classified regionally significant permission. ONF restricted to Cave in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Stream bed and three areas of bluffs. Wekaweka natural gas seep, Scheduled in Far North District Refined to small area within patch of Hokianga Scheme; classified regionally significant bush in paddock. in NZ Geopreservation Inventory Whakateterekia allochthon block, Scheduled in Far North District No permission from owner obtained Whangaroa Scheme; classified regionally significant and so retained mapped area from in NZ Geopreservation Inventory literature. Bald Rock, Kaiwaka classified regionally significant in NZ Well mapped from helicopter. On Geopreservation Inventory private owned bushy land. Black Rocks columnar basalt, Bay Classified regionally significant in NZ Rocks with no ownership title of Islands Geopreservation Inventory surrounded by sea. Brynderwyn dacite domes Classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely within ONL, half reserve Geopreservation Inventory and half private bush. Area outside ONL not mapped. Cone Rock, Whangaroa Classified regionally significant in NZ Coastal rock with no ownership title Geopreservation Inventory surrounded by sea Hen Island pinnacles Classified regionally significant in NZ Nature Reserve. Geopreservation Inventory Hoopers Point basal Waitemata Classified regionally significant in NZ Maori Land all in ONL, all slip face sequence Geopreservation Inventory and cliff Hororako Creek shellspit, Kaipara Classified regionally significant in NZ All intertidal, no private land Harbour Geopreservation Inventory Houhora pillow lava Classified regionally significant in NZ Intertidal and small bluffed private Geopreservation Inventory area all within ONL Kaiaraara old hat islet, Russell Classified internationally significant in Islet and intertidal NZ Geopreservation Inventory Kamo Brickworks Eocene coal Classified regionally significant in NZ Private land, confined to former quarry measures Geopreservation Inventory face beside carpark. Karakanui deep-water limestone, Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to narrow strip of private Hukatere Geopreservation Inventory low cliffs and intertidal zone, no grazing land included. Kawerua lava-flow reefs, Waipoua Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to intertidal and reserve coast Geopreservation Inventory Lake Ora lava-flow-dammed lake Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to lake bed plus 20 m Geopreservation Inventory fringe in ONL and forested steep margin ~5 m wide around rest. Mangawhai Heads halloysite Classified regionally significant in NZ All reserve land Geopreservation Inventory Mangawhai Spit Classified nationally significant in NZ Restricted to reserve and narrow Geopreservation Inventory intertidal strip Maungapiko conglomerate dome, Classified regionally significant in NZ Maori land in ONL Spirits Bay Geopreservation Inventory Mokau Stream soda spring and Classified regionally significant in NZ On recently harvested crown travertine, Helena Bay Geopreservation Inventory forestry land. Motuarohia Island tombolos and Classified regionally significant in NZ All in intertidal or reserve except tide pools, Geopreservation Inventory small piece of tombolo which is part of ONL. Motukawanui pillow lava, Cavalli Classified regionally significant in NZ Intertidal and reserve Islands Geopreservation Inventory Ngamotu shell tombolo, Kaipara Classified regionally significant in NZ All intertidal. Harbour Geopreservation Inventory River mouth pillow Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to intertidal and basalts and peperites Geopreservation Inventory esplanade reserve Ninepin sea pinnacle, Bay of Classified regionally significant in NZ Rock in sea Islands Geopreservation Inventory Ocean Beach autochthon- Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to intertidal and allochthon contact, Whangarei Geopreservation Inventory esplanade reserve Heads Old Woman Rock, Hen Island Classified regionally significant in NZ All intertidal.

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Geopreservation Inventory Oneriri Road hyaloclastic tuff, classified regionally significant in NZ On private land, restricted to one face Kaiwaka Geopreservation Inventory of small disused farm quarry. Site visit needed and discuss with land owner. Onoke scoria cone, Kamo Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to reserve and publicly Geopreservation Inventory owned land Opuawhanga dacite dome Classified regionally significant in NZ Distinctive landform easily mapped Geopreservation Inventory from air photos on private land. Parahaka dacite dome, Whangarei Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to within existing ONL. Geopreservation Inventory Parua Bay red chert, Whangarei Classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely in intertidal rocks Harbour Geopreservation Inventory Patipatiarero rock, Omapere classified regionally significant in NZ Almost entirely in crown-owned land. Geopreservation Inventory Piroa Falls, Waipu Gorge Classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely within reserve Geopreservation Inventory Poka Rd Early Miocene fossils, classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to road cutting and cuttings Waimamaku Geopreservation Inventory on one side of farm track in private land. Poroporo Island drowned ridge Classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely reserve and ONL crest, Bay of Islands Geopreservation Inventory Pouto dune-dammed lakes Classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely within ONL and almost all Geopreservation Inventory reserve Pungaere limestone shafts and classified regionally significant in NZ Confined area of bush on private land, cave Geopreservation Inventory well mapped from air photos. Pungaere natural bridge classified nationally significant in NZ Entirely on crown land. Geopreservation Inventory Pungaere Rd rhyolitic sediments classified regionally significant in NZ Entirely in road reserve. and obsidian Geopreservation Inventory Rahui drowned lava flow, Kerikeri Classified nationally significant in NZ Map confined to marine area Geopreservation Inventory Rangi Point giant concretions, Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to intertidal Hokianga Geopreservation Inventory Rangiora Bay honeycomb Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to high cliffs in publicly- weathering, North Cape Geopreservation Inventory owned land. Sail Rock stack Classified regionally significant in NZ Whole rock Geopreservation Inventory Spirits Bay Miocene giant barnacle Classified regionally significant in NZ Maori Land in ONL/intertidal fossils Geopreservation Inventory St Peters conglomerate dome, Classified regionally significant in NZ Rock and buffer zone all within ONL Whangaroa Geopreservation Inventory Sweetwater dune-dammed lakes, Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to reserve land Awanui Geopreservation Inventory Tapotupotu estuary, Cape Reinga Classified regionally significant in NZ All reserve, not camp ground or Geopreservation Inventory recreation areas Taronui gravel barrier and lagoon, Classified regionally significant in NZ All intertidal or fringe of reserve Kerikeri Geopreservation Inventory Te Kauri Pt ignimbrite, Tinopai Classified regionally significant in NZ No private land included Geopreservation Inventory Te Wairoa soda spring and Classified regionally significant in NZ Visited and replotted in correct travertine deposit, Bay Geopreservation Inventory location, in public reserve. Twilight Beach badlands, Far North Classified regionally significant in NZ All reserve land not grazed Geopreservation Inventory Urquharts Bay concretions, Classified regionally significant in NZ Confined to intertidal Whangarei Heads Geopreservation Inventory Waipoua dune lakes Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to reserve land Geopreservation Inventory Waitahora Lagoon, Spirits Bay Classified regionally significant in NZ All intertidal and reserve Geopreservation Inventory Whakapirau Creek cuspate classified regionally significant in NZ Air photo & cadastral a long way apart; foreland, Geopreservation Inventory grazing land excluded - mostly public foreshore. Whangamumu Harbour and Classified regionally significant in NZ All within ONL, majority in reserve & peninsulas, Cape Brett Peninsula Geopreservation Inventory intertidal Wharepoke Falls, Kerikeri Classified regionally significant in NZ Restricted to area around falls and Geopreservation Inventory plunge pool in reserve

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Appendix 3 Documentation for features recommended for scheduling as Outstanding Natural Features for Northland Region. See accompanying GIS layer for maps. * = sites that have not had permission to visit on private land and therefore their mapped extent is preliminary.

Name Dist Cat Significance statement Brief description Location I V Refs About 4 hectares of vegetated karst with entrances to severalcaves on one partly 300 m east of Abbey Caves One of the best preserved underground stream, containing Road, half way between Abbey Caves and most easily accessible B, speleothems. Hundreds of Whareora Road and Old Parua and karst, Whg areas of karst landforms C 2 F limestone boulders with fluting Bay Road; 2 km east of Whangarei and small caves in and some castellated. Several 5 Parahaka and 3 km east of Northland. m limestone pinnacles in middle Whangarei. of bushed reserve. Several sink holes. Exposure of sequence through Oldest dated sand dunes Ahipara Far lignite bed near base of Exposed in inland bluffs high E and lignitic swamp deposits C 2 B22 Pliocene lignite Nth Pliocene-Holocene dune above Shipwreck Bay, Ahipara. in Northland. sequence. One of the few exposures Structurally complex sequence Arrow Rocks of the Permian-Triassic of greywackes with Permian- In shore platform of Arrow Permian- Far boundary in the Southern E Triassic boundary identified Rocks, 1 km NNE offshore from A 2 T1 Triassic Nth Hemisphere. This boundary using microfossil radiolaria and Marble Bay, Whangaroa. boundary records one of the largest conodonts. extinction events on Earth. Two localities: a. Three On base of limestone boulder in dimensional trace fossils on farm paddock, 100 m from Two of the best exposures underside of large limestone quarry just south of Avoca trace of well-preserved three- boulder in farm paddock. B. Valley Rd Kaip E B 1 G2 fossils dimensional trace fossils in Numerous Scolicia trace fossils intersection with Avoca Rd; and New Zealand. in road cutting section in in Tangowahine Valley Rd road- glauconitic calcareous cutting c.600 m south of the sandstone. same intersection. Prominent rounded rock 238 m high exfoliation dome of peak (exfoliation dome) Bald Rock dacite of early Miocene age. 1 km northeast of junction of Kaip B visible from highway one C 2 dacite dome Prominent rock feature seen highway 1 and Baldrock Rd and some of freshest dacite from Hwy 1. in Northland. Columnar-jointed basalt flow remnants from a cluster of black rocky islets just above high water level with subtidal reefs Black Rocks One of the best examples that are mostly steep-sided, and 500 m off the east coast of columnar Far of small columnar-jointed B extend to between about 4 m Moturoa Island, at the entrance B 2 basalt, Bay of Nth basalt islets in New and 30 m depth. Subtidal caves, to Kerikeri Inlet, Bay of Islands. Islands Zealand. tunnels, shafts, pinnacles and very large boulders are common. Eroded distal remnants of a long lava flow.

Virtually continuous exposure. Best exposed section Cone facies rubbly breccia and through the cone facies and Coastal section and foreshore andesite flows in the east and underlying subvolcanic rocks, 5 km length of coastline Bream Head subvolcanic andesite, dacite and intrusions in the from Busby Point east to Bream eroded Whg A rhyolite intrusions into the C 3 I4 volcanic centre around Head and also the slopes up to stratovolcano underlying Northland Allochthon Whangarei Heads. Includes the Bream Head ridge and rocky in the west, just beneath the the rocky pinnacles of pinnacles. volcanics outcrop which forms Bream Head ridge. the rocky peaks of Bream Head.

Dated as early Miocene these dacite domes are inferred to Prominent Miocene have intruded through softer volcanic domes that sit high allochthonous sedimentary rocks Brynderwyn Half way between Maungaturoto Kaip V above surrounding eroded and erupted steep sided domes C 3 H14 dacite domes and Kaiwaka allochthonous sedimentary on the surface. Erosion has rocks. removed much of the softer surrounding rock and left the domes upstanding.

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The only well-exposed area Coastal section of schistose of schistose Tangihua sheeted dike complex and other Camp Bay Volcanics anywhere. These igneous rocks with a complex mylonite and Far Coastal section at Camp Bay, B19, D are inferred to be mylonites suite of dikes overlying less A 3 schistose Nth north of Taupo Bay. H1 formed in an oceanic deformed pillow lavas; inferred Tangihua rocks transform fault within the to be formed in a mylonitised ancient Pacific Plate. oceanic transform fault zone. Large conical pinnacle of flow- Spectacular conical coastal banded dacite. Part of a volcanic 400 m north of headland Cone Rock, Far B pinnacle. Well known dome that was intruded and between Motukahakaha Bay and C 3 B19 Whangaroa Nth landmark for boaties. erupted about 20 million years Whangaroa Bay. ago. An outstanding 12 m high waterfall plunging over the A scenic waterfall, eroding part 3 km up Waitangi River from the Haruru Falls, Far eroding face of a columnar- of a 5 km long columnar jointed coast, W of , just off A1, B C 3 Waitangi Nth jointed basalt flow. Easily basalt flow that was confined by Haruru Falls Road, Bay of K3 accessible and viewed by the Waitangi River valley. Islands. thousands every year. Pinnacles of volcanic breccia Spectacular rock pinnacles eroded from a 20 million year old Hen Island on the main ridge of Hen West end of crest of Hen Island, Whg B stratovolcano. Includes one C 3 H17 pinnacles Island seen for many km in including Balancing Rock. large rock balancing on a narrow all directions. pedestal. Hewlett Point Small area of well-exposed c. 200 x 50 m block of karst, coastal karst developed in Whangarei Limestone with Whg B Northwest tip of Hewlett Point. C 2 I4 Whangarei autochthonous Whangarei fluting, flagginess and small Harbour limestone. solution cracks. Best exposure of Manganui Hihi Beach, Non-marine conglomerate and Lignite Formation. Well- Manganui Far thin carbonaceous sandstone fill In cliffs and foreshore at the E exposed valley fill alluvial C 3 B19 Lignite Nth a valley eroded into underlying west end of Hihi Beach. sequence of mid Miocene Formation Tangihua Volcanics rocks. age. Large, prominant volcanic dome that dominates the 200 m high, slightly eroded Hikurangi 1.5 km west of Hikurangi Whg V landscape adjacent to volcanic dacitte dome, recently C 2 H14 dacite dome township. highway 1 north of dated as < 2 million years old. Whangarei. One of only two examples A small (5x 5 m) exposure first At east end of small beach 500 in New Zealand of Hokianga reported by Hochstetter in 1864. m inside Hokianga South Head Far sedimentary rocks made of Miocene E The larger foraminifera are of and accessed by a public track B 1 B12 Nth large foraminifera. Largest "Orbitolite" bed international biostratigraphic from near the end of Signal fossil foraminifera in New value. Station Rd. Zealand. Only good exposure of the 20 m thick sequence from basal basal Waitemata sequence limestone up into mudstones of deposited on top of On north side of saddle that Hoopers Point earliest Miocene (Lw) sediments Northland Allochthon rocks. joins Hoopers Point (east end basal Far deposited on top of E Provides constraints on Spirits Bay) to mainland. Section C 2 T1 Waitemata Nth allochthonous Tangihua timing and environment of exposed in upper half of steep sequence Volcanics. Oldest known emplacement of Northland cliff/partly grassed slopes. Waitemata Group sedimentary Allochthon in northern rocks. Northland. 400 m long snaking shell spit on west side of Hororako Creek Hororako Kaipara Harbour, west side of Longest and most arm of Kaipara Harbour. The spit Creek shell Hororaka Creek arm, 1 km from Kaip C serpentine shell spit in the hugs the shoreline at its C 2 spit, Kaipara the mouth and 1.5 km from the Kaipara Harbour. southern end but then swings Harbour head. east and extends more than half way across the arm. A small seacliff exposure of a In low cliffs close to the south Houhora pillow Far Excellent example of Tangihua Volcanics lense of point of Mt Camel E C 2 lavas Nth elongate-lobed pillow lava. pillow lava with beautifully (Perpendicular Pt) at the displayed elongate lobes. entrance to Houhora Harbour. Oldest known occurence of Spilitic lava and pillows with allochthonous ophiolites Forming Houto Hill and Houto spilite B, intercalated red-brown marble Whg (Tangihuas) in Northland. surrounding area, rock C 2 and conical hill E and mudstone with earliest Forms iconic eroded exposures are in roadcuttings. Cretaceous fossils (in road cut). conical hill.

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50 m long, 1-2 m wide, 3-8 m high "keyhole" cave that passes right through small point and is Unusual narrow, navigable Jellicoe Sea navigable by small dinghy. Far sea cave, linked historically Through small point on seaward Cave, F Eroded along joint through C 3 Nth to Lord Jellicoe who side of Whangaroa North Head. Whangaroa Wairakau Volcanics breccias. holidayed there. Joined by second passage midway along with underwater link to surging ocean. Kaiaraara Island (Mill Island) was first brought into scientific prominence by Professor J. D. Dana, who visited the Bay of Islands district in 1840 as a First “old hat” islet in the member of the world to be described Exploring Expedition of 1838– D1, Kaiaraara old (Dana 1849) and used as 42. He first commented on their Off the southern tip of Tahapuke B3, Far hat islet, B the classic example by Prof occurrence in northern New Bay, c. 500 m south of southern A 2 B4, Nth Russell Bartrum to describe the “old Zealand, sketching Kaiaraara Kororareka Bay, Russell. B5, hat” phenomenon in New Island in his 1849 report, and K4 Zealand and world-wide. initiating a debate on their origin that has continued to the present time, including important papers (with Kaiaraara Island pix) by Auckland’s Professor J.A. Bartrum (1916, 1924, 1925). Cap of Horeke Basalt on One of the two best and greywacke ridge crest. Several In paddocks on both sides of Kaiikanui most easily seen examples mapped areas of large basalt Kaiikanui Road, east of Bridal basalt proto- Whg B in the Helena Bay area of boulders, many with extremely Track Rd junction. Oftemn at top B 2 S4 karst, Helena fluted surfaces (proto-karst) well-developed, internationally- of steep slopes on edge of Bay formed on basalt. rare solution-weathered surfaces eroding basalt flows. (protokarst).

A 30 m high scoria cone with a 5 Kaikohe Hill Far Prominent volcanic cone at m deep crater, breached to the V Due W of Kaikohe (Centre). C 1 scoria cone Nth west end of Kaikohe E, sitting in the NW corner of the Kaikohe volcanic field.

Jarositic carbonaceous In cutting alongside former Kamo mudstone, sandstone, Kamo Brickworks building, now Best remaining permanent Brickworks conglomerate and coal a garden centre. On south side Whg E exposure of Kamo Coal C 1 K2 Eocene coal sequence typical of the of main railway line just east of Measures. Easily viewed. measures lithologies of the late Eocene where it ran underneath the old Kamo Coal Measures. North Rd.

Three or four vertical sided, 10 m high, 3-5 m across pinnacles of Whangarei Limestone, on small low knoll in bush. Several Approx 1 km east of SH 1 on Most spectacular and best fallen over. Many surrounding Kamo Springs flat, Whangarei. preserved limestone karst smaller limestone blocks - many 100 m southeast of old house, Kamo pinnacles in Northland. with well-developed fluting, often now bed and breakfast called limestone Whg B B 1 K5 Some of deepest and deep and sharp. Several fallen The Rocks. In small area close pinnacles sharpest fluting on a over. Many surrounding smaller to Whangarei city, protected in limestone in NZ. limestone blocks - many with private reserve with bush well-developed fluting, often remnants and QE2 covenant. deep and sharp. The top of one fallen pinnacle is the best fluting in Northland, if not the country.

Thick sequence of Oligocene Mahurangi Limestone within unsheared block of Northland Karakanui Best example of deep- In low cliffs and high tide Allochthon. Continuous deep-water water Oligocene limestone platform along south west side Kaip D exposure in high tide platform C 2 K1 limestone, sequence in northern New of Karakanui Peninsula, Kaipara and low cliffs for 1 km +. Hukatere Zealand. Harbour Excellent examples of thin- bedding, deep-water carbonate turbidites and trace fossils. Excellent coastal exposure Karaui Point 200 m diameter intrusional neck In coastal exposures around Far of small eroded flow- Miocene dacite E of dome with circular flow- Karaui Point, 1.5 km southeast C 3 B19 Nth banded dacite dome of dome banding parallel to margins. of Cone Rock. early Miocene age.

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Well-exposed example of hornfels (rocks metamorphosed by heat of Kauri Mountain Hornfels up to 2 m wide at intruding magma). Best hornfels and contact with quartz-diorite are In coastal cliff and foreshore at Whg E example in Northland of B 3 B10 metallic exposed in cliffs and shore Flax Bay, east coast of Kauri Mt. veins of metallic mineralisation platform. mineralisation including galena, sphalerite and pyrite. Most significant basalt reefs (Waipoua Basalt) between Prominent point on exposed Shore platforms extending up to Kawerua lava- Maunganui Bluff and Kaikai west coast, formed by west- Far 1.5 km south of Kawerua, 13.5 flow reefs, B Beach. Shape of reefs and dipping sequence of basalt lava C 2 H5 Nth km south of Hokianga Harbour Waipoua coast tidal rock lagoons flows, producing the seaward tilt entrance. determined by west-dipping of some large reefs. sequence of flows. The Kawiti cone has been Prominent peaks of the considerably modified by Tui Pa Hill, 120 m high Tui Pa partly quarried, railways quarrying, but the two Kawiti scoria Far Hill, 120 m high, on north side of A1, V southeasternmost scoria peaks on the western side are C 1 cone Nth Ngapipito Rd, 5 km WSW of B23 cone in the Kaikohe still largely intact and form a . Volcanic Field. prominent feature when viewed from the west. Numerous spherical concretions Some of largest and most line the foreshore and intertidal Between 300 m east of end of accessible spherical Koutu giant zone for c. 1 km. Largest are in Cabbage Tree Bay Rd and just Far concretions that have been concretions, B excess of 4 m across. Erode out south of Mahina Rd point. B 1 H13 Nth eroded out of their host Hokianga of Late Cretaceous Punakitere Foreshore and intertidal area in rocks in New Zealand. Sandstone which is exposed in strip. Major tourist attraction. the foreshore and low cliffs. A large area of fluted basalt lava flow rock. Best developed around the northwestern end of the flooded valley - best seen when lake level is 1-2 m below full. Seen by using water craft in One of two best developed amongst them. Flutes extend the and most extensive full height (5-10 m) of most cliffs examples of fluted basalt and boulders along the In two areas - the best is along proto-karst in New Zealand Lake Manuwai foreshore and are up to 60-80 northwestern shores of Lake Far and possibly in the world. K5, basalt proto- B cm deep and sometimes 50 cm Manuwai, but also one area A 1 Nth Produced by solution of the H16 karst, Kerikeri wide. Some have basins etched along shoreline on eastern side basalt rock. Majority of out of their upper surfaces. An of lake. karst is on basalt that is still enclosed flooded basin on the in-situ where the lava northwestern side is almost solidified. completely surrounded by fluted cliffs and boulders. An area above the lake on the NW side has numerous well fluted bouldres sticking out above ground level. 4 x 4.5 km roughly circular Lake Omapere Largest lake in New Far shallow lake dammed by a lava lava-flow- A Zealand formed by a lava 5 km north of Kaikohe. B 3 E1 Nth flow across its northwestern side dammed lake flow damming a valley. and now overflowing to the west. Excellent example of a Lake Ora lava- small lake formed when a Small 2 ha lake backed by a At end of Lake Ora Rd, 2 km flow-dammed Whg A valley was dammed by a forested watershed growing on C 3 W3 southwest of Kamo. lake lava flow from Hurupaki eroded greywacke basement. volcano. Most easily accessible Mangawhai example in New Zealand of Small 10 x 10 m knoll of white On seaward side of carpark at Heads Kaip E white halloysite clay halloysite clay sticks out above C 1 Mangawhai Heads beach halloysite derived from weathering of the surrounding sand dune. dacite volcaic rock.

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4 km-long spit, 400-1000 m wide composed of older Pleistocene sand (south end) One of the best examples overlain by Holocene sand of a sand dune barrier spit dunes. Buried soil and forest in northern New Zealand. remains provide evidence of Only known sand dune forest clearance by fire Barrier enclosing Mangawhai system to preserve a (charcoal) shortly before the Mangawhai Harbour. Across the harbour E3, Kaip C distinctive volcanic ash 1314 AD eruption of Kaharoa B 2 Spit from Mangawhai Heads M2 horizon (Kaharoa Tephra) Tephra. This is followed by township. within its stratigraphy that evidence in huge middens of allows its recent dynamic pre-European Maori occupation history since human arrival in dune hollows followed by to be documented. erosion of the foredune and westward movement of sand to form the presentday 50 m high inland dune. Well exposed Conglomerate, glauconitic autochthonous middle calcareous sandstone and Mangawhati Tertiary sequence beneath bioclastic limestone overlain by Point limestone Northland Allochthon. basal allochthon. Includes Around Mangawhati Point karst and Includes excellent example Eocene sandstone beds with Whg E extending 500 m south on the C 2 greensand, of coastal karst, intensively moderately rich fossil bivalves east side along the foreshore. Whangarei burrowed (Scolicia) and crabs. Coastal karst extends Harbour calcareous greensand, the around Mangawhati Pt. best crab fossil locality in Allochthon lithologies include Northalnd. rare black chert. Matapia Island Sea arch eroded into steeply Matapia Island, located 1.5 km sea arch, Far Iconic sea arch visible from dipping conglomerate and offshore of Ninety Mile Beach B C 3 B20 Ninety Mile Nth Ninety Mile Beach. sandstone of Matapia and about 10 km south of Te Beach Formation. Paki Stream mouth. Boulders of basalt (derived from One of most easily seen Whangarei Volcanic Field) with examples of basalt proto- On east side of Matarau Rd, 0.6- Matarau Rd solution fluting and basins on karst near Whangarei. 0.8 km south of junction with basalt proto- Whg B their surface. Hillside covered C 1 H16 Large fluted boulders near Rushbrook Rd, 8 km NW of karst, Kamo with basalt boulders some fluted. road with solution basins on Kamo. Best boulders within 10 m of top. road. Best exposure of the sequence of basalt flows Numerous basalt flows and Sea cliffs on western side of Maunganui cut by basalt dikes interbedded airfall pyroclastics, Maunganui Bluff, Waipoua. Most Bluff Miocene Kaip D (Waipoua Basalt) that intruded by swarm of basalt B 3 H7 easil accessed and seen at low basalt formed New Zealand's dikes that indicate proximity to tide on the southern end. largest shield volcano (now eruptive centre to the SW. considerably eroded). 165 m high dome of bedded Maungapiko Most prominent example of Kaurahaupo Conglomerate conglomerate Far an exfoliation dome of 500 m north of the Spirits Bay B (early Miocene) surrounded on C 2 B15 dome, Spirits Nth bedded conglomerate in carpark. all its upper sides by bluffs with Bay northern Northland. a rounded profile on top. Maungaraho Well exposed example of Part of the plumbing system intrusive In road cut on Mititai Rd, 300 m volcanic breccia filling a beneath the early Miocene volcanic Kaip E north of Maungaraho Rock Rd C 2 B8 volcanic conduit intruding Tokatoka stratovolcano that has breccia, junction. Mahurangi Limestone. now been eroded away. Tokatoka Easily accessible and Sequence is near vertical and excellent exposure of deep may be a block within Northland McLeod Bay water early Miocene thin- Allochthon. Provides a window Miocene In foreshore 100-200 m bedded sandstone and into the history of the rocks unconformity, Whg E northeast of wharf at west end of C 2 B1 siltstone unconformably deposited in this region priorto Whangarei McLeod Bay. overlying Oligocene the incoming of he Northland Heads limestone and itself overlain Allochthon about 23 million by Northland Allochthon. years ago. Forming small hill 100 m south Best exposed example of 200 m diameter neck intruding Mititai breccia- of Mititai- Road, 1 km B, several breccia-filled Northland Allochthon and filled filled volcanic Kaip east of Inch Road Junction, with C 2 B8 E volcanic necks in the with blocks of country rock and neck, Tokatoka exposures seen in disused small Tokatoka area. volcanic breccia. farm quarry. One of the two best 4.2 km SSW of Oakura beside Mokau Stream Eastern spring has built up a 10 examples of travertine forestry road at end of Pukapuka soda spring m wide and 2 m high travertine Whg C deposits from active soda Rd. Springs just above raupo C 1 P1 and travertine, apron flowing down into raupo springs in northern New swamp, 30 m east of Orchard Helena Bay swamp (photo p. 8 in ref). Zealand. Rd.

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Two greywacke islands (either Best example in Northland end of Motuarohia) and a rock Motuarohia of a tombolo linking stack in between have been Eastern end of Motuarohia Island Far together two islands and a linked together by a sand Island (Roberton Island), 5 km tombolos and C C 2 M6 Nth rock stack forming deep tombolo across the south side, ENE of Tapeka Point, eastern tide pools, Bay tidal pools, widely used for creating two large tidal pools Bay of Islands. of Islands recreation. with mouths opening north. An unusual coastal landform. Best preserved pillow lava 50 m thick sequence of pillow Motukawanui M7, Far sequence in Waipapa lavas conformably within a South end of 'Pillow Bay', on pillow lava, E C 3 R1, Nth greywacke basement in sequence of multicoloured east side of Motukawanui. Cavalli Islands S7 Northland. argillite and chert. Well-exposed thin bedded flysch Mt Camel Excellent coastal expsoure interbedded with pyroclastic Cretaceous Far of Mt Camel Volcanics South end of Kowhai Beach, H3, D beds of Mt Camel Volcanics, C 3 volcaniclastic Nth rocks and associated north east side of Mt Camel. I4 demonstrating that they were rocks flysch. deposited together. Fluted and castellated crystalline Half way along Ngahere Drive Whangarei Limestone outcrops where the road splits to go either Small but spectacular, in two small reserves and in side of it. Also 200 m further Ngahere Drive easily accessible outcrops steep bushed reserve along and east, on northern side of road, is karst, Whg B of lapiez-weathered on south side of Ngahere Drive a rock climbing reserve (Top C 1 W3 Whangarei limestone close to and end of Hospital Road. High Rocks and Main Crag). Steep Whangarei. bluffs in souther reserve and hillside reserve with limestone Top Rocks are used for rock bluffs on Sth side of ends of climbing. Ngahere Drive and Hospital Rd. A small scoria cone, 62 m above the surrounding basalt . Earthworks of Ngahuha Pa on top. Source of lava flows. Visible from state highway 1, 4 km north of Moerewa. Four identifiable craters - one in NE near trig has been breached to SE with rafted A distinctive small scoria scoria mounds towards Marshall Ngahuha Far cone in the Kaikohe Rd; two central craters coalesce A1, scoria cone, V 2.5 km SE of . C 2 Nth Volcanic Field. Source of and form large depression B23 Kawakawa extensive lava flows. breached to the W and source of lava flows. This double crater has had some quarrying of crater floor; shallow southern crater with low arcuate southern scoria rampart with scoria ramparts on SW side quarried away by present quarrying.

150 m long, 20 m wide shell spit tombolo linking Ngamotu Island Ngamotu shell Kaipara Harbour, west side of to Puketotara Peninsula, tombolo, Best example of a shell spit Whakaki Arm on Puketotara Kaip C Includes the shell beaches right C 2 Kaipara tombolo in Northland. Peninsula, 3km SW of arund the island and on the Harbour Pakaurangi Pt. adjacent mainland that are part of this dynamic system. The field consists of a number of hot and cold springs, with the cold springs, sinter deposits, fumaroles and stagnant acidic Largest and hottest pools. Mercury deposits geothermal field in northern (cinnabar) occur in lake New Zealand. Surface sediments and is also being Ngawha features include hot and currently deposited. Two hot B25, Springs Far cold springs, gas vents, pools complexes are included in 6 km east of Kaikohe at Ngawha C B 2 F2, geothermal Nth sinter and altered rocks and the field. There are three NE- Springs tourist attraction. P1 field hydrothermal explosion oriented lines of small craters now forming small hydrothermal explosion craters ponds. Formerly mined for now filled with water as ponds. cinnabar (mercury mineral). The following ponds are included in this feature: Waitetera, Waiapawa, Tuwhakino, Waiparaheka and Ngamokaikai. The most accessible Coastal outcrops of Permian- Ngunguru example of pillow basalt Triassic Waipapa terrane pillow Western end of Whangaumu River mouth and peperite within basalt with interbedded (Wellingtons) Bay, 7 km by road Whg E C 3 pillow basalt basement greywacke peperites (lava that has been east of Ngunguru township, 30 and peperite (Waipapa Group) in brecciated by eruption into cold km NE of Whangarei. northern New Zealand. sea water).

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Well known iconic rock pinnacle sticking out of the About 20 m high conical Ninepin sea sea at the northern 2 km east of Cape Wiwiki, Far pinnacle of greywacke sticks out pinnacle, Bay B entrance to the Bay of Purerua Peninsula northern C 3 Nth of the water, which is over 50 m of Islands Islands. An unusual entrance to the Bay of Islands. deep at this location. landform, particularly in greywacke rocks. Ocean Beach One of very the few Waipapa greywacke autochthon- exposures where the basal unconformably overlain by In intertidal rocks and low cliffs allochthon contact of Northland Waitemata Group sandstone S6, Whg E at the north end of Ocean C 2 contact, Allochthon can be seen and and pebble breccia, in turn S5 Beach, at end of Kauri Mt Rd. Whangarei provides clues into how and overlain by Northland Allochthon Heads when it was emplaced. melange. In old county quarry on south Quarry faces with massive side of main highway 10, 2 Best exposure of black black shale and associated km east of junction with Ohia black shale in Northland; one dark grey chert. Potential Whatuwhiwhi turnoff. Just H19 shale, of the best exposures of source of hydrocarbons for protect the southern quarry Doubtless Far this important rock type petroleum exploration when face adjacent to the old Bay North E in New Zealand. deeply buried. quarry entrance. B 2 Unusual intertidal rock Old Woman Rock stack sits on intertidal stack eroded into shape of Western entrance of Wahine Rock, Hen Whg B platform and is eroded out of C 2 woman, name-bearer for Bay, Hen Island. Island volcanic breccia. adjacent Wahine Bay. Hyaloclastic tuff infilling eruptive Oneriri Road Type of volcanic eruptive vent. Intrudes through muddy Old farm quarry on Oneriri Road, hyaloclastic Kaip E centre not known C 2 limestone country rock with Kaiwaka. tuff, Kaiwaka elsewhere in Northland. some skarn metamorphism. Visually prominent, bush- clad peak of scoria cone is valuable part of Kamo's 200 m high peak of remaining landscape and one of the scoria cone rises 80 m above volcanoes of the Kamo. Disused quarry had 1 km west of Kamo centre with Onoke scoria Whangarei basalt field. access from railway line in Whg V access into the reserve off Dip C 2 B25 cone, Kamo Overgrown remains of northeast and is overgrown with Rd. railway ballast quarry and scrub and forest. Remains of a its associated earthworks is steam boiler still within the best example of this kind of workings. industrial site in a scoria cone in New Zealand. The best exposure in the Hokianga area of a small sequence through deep Thick argillaceous limestone

Opononi water Oligocene limestone containing mass flow units of Exposed intertidally on the south limestone, Far with redeposited sandstone bioclastic sandy limestone from shore of Hokianga Harbour, 100- Hokianga North E beds. shallow water. 200 m east of Opononi wharf. C 2

Smallest of the three young Prominent flat-topped hill in Opuawhanga dacite domes close to back-road rural setting. 259 m 1.5 km due west of dacite dome, Whangarei. Forms high, approx 400 m across at Opuawhanga. 10 km north of Hikurangi Whg V prominent hill. base. Slightly eroded. Hikurangi. C 2 Small stream cave about 100 m in length in Oligocene limestone. Type locality of extinct skink Oligosoma northlandi. The site at which the fossil bones were found is a rock debris pile about 50 m upstream from the cave This small stream cave entrance and immediately before Up hillside, approximately 100 m *Otangaroa contains subfossil bones, a very low section of cave south of Otangaroa Road, Far W5, Cave, F including moa, native frog passage. The bones were found halfway between lime quarry C 1 Nth W6 Mangamuka and the site of an extinct on the rock pile, but only above and road turnoff to top of large skink. the level of flood-deposited silts, Mangataniwha trig. and their position along the strand line suggests that they were carried in as carcasses by floodwaters, entering via an entrance in the unexplored, upstream reaches of the cave.

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Well exposed section Sequences include turbidite showing close juxtaposition greensand, shelly shelf Pahi of two different late greensand and bathyal greensand- Intertidal and lower cliff Eocene-Oligocene argillaceous limestone. limestone exposures from the tip of Pahi F3, Kaip E sequences in different Greensand contains rich Eocene C 3 sequences, Peninsula for 1.5 km along its S10 blocks within Northland fossils. A key section for Kaipara west side. Allochthon. Superb mid understanding the Eocene Harbour Eocene greensand flysch geology of northern New and trace fossils. Zealand.

One of the best preserved Tangihua pillow lava flows Pandora pillow and well exposed examples stratigraphically and tectonically In intertidal rocks and low cliffs lava and Far of multicoloured mudstone intercalated with multi-coloured immediately west of Whangakea E C 2 B15 sediment, Nth and limestone within the siliceous, non-calcareous Stream mouth, Pandora, Spirits Bay Tangihua Volcanics mudstone and fossiliferous pink western end of Spirits Bay. Complex. micritic limestone.

Adjacent to a small building A small area of limestone stone quarry which produces Paradise (Paradise Stone) karst in its “Paradise Stone” - a popular Quarry karst, Paradise Quarry, Old Stone Whg B naturally exposed and limestone, used for decorative C 2 W3 Portland, Road, near Portland. weathered form, protected flagstones. An unusual rock type Whangarei by a QE2 covenant. in Northland and source of a fossil lanternfish. Early Miocene intrusive dome of dacite that has had the softer Parahaka High eroded dome which surrounding rocks eroded away dacite dome, Whg V dominates the eastern side leaving it’s as a high and East side of Whangarei city. C 3 W3 Whangarei of Whangarei city. prominent dome-shaped hill above the east side of Whangarei City. Prominant volcanic 200 m high, slightly eroded Parakiore landform, one of two young dacite dome with two peaks, 1 km W of SH1, 4 km NW of dacite dome, Whg V C 3 H24 volcanic domes in recently dated as less than 2 Kamo. Whangarei Whangarei area. million years old. Paranui Stream flows over edge On Paranui Stream, adjacent to One of the five most scenic Paranui Falls, of eroding basalt lava flow with a Whareora Rd beside junction Whg B waterfalls over basalt lava C 3 W3 Whangarei vertical drop an incised gorge- with Clapham Rd, 4 km north of flows in Northland. like basin. centre of Whangarei. Excellent and most easily Parua Bay red accessible exposure of red chert, Intertidal outcrop over 80 x 50 m Between Parua Bay boat ramp Whg E chert within greywacke C 2 Whangarei of foreshore afdjacent to road. carpark and hotel. basement sequence in Harbour Northland. Narrow ridge crest knob with Patipatiarero Spectacular knife-edge bluffs of Omapere Above Signal Station Rd, rock, Far knob of bedded Conglomerate of early 800 m west of main highway Omapere North B conglomerate. Miocene age. saddle above Omapere. C 2 Highest substantial falls 20 m high falls with one big drop over greywacke in Piroa Falls, and small upper fall. Flows over On Piroa Stream, in Waipu Kaip B Northland. Easily C 3 Waipu Gorge Caples Terrane greywacke Gorge. accessible, tourist sandstone. attraction. Only known exposure of Harnetts Formation rocks. Numerous well preserved fossil sharks teeth, solitary corals and deep-water foraminifera of Waitakian age within a small block of E6, Excellent and easily allochthon derived pebble H19 accessible exposure of conglomerates. The In small bluff on south side of unique assemblage of sequence is inferred to have Poka Rd and in farm road Poka Rd transported shallow and accumulated in a deepwater (locally known as Harnetts Early in-situ deep water early channel on top or in front of Track) cutting up east side of Miocene Miocene fossils shed off the moving Allochthon and steep spur 0-100 m south of fossils, Far the front of the subsequently to have been Poka Rd and 250 m east of Waimamaku North E Northland Allochthon. incorporated into the top of it. junction with Tuoro Rd. C 2

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Numerous arches, tunnels and caves ranging up to 200 m long and 50 m wide, eroded by the sea along joints in silicified Best developed sea arches, rhyolite breccia. Located at tunnels and caves in New present sea level, depths up to Around the coast of the Poor Poor Knights Zealand. Includes 30-40 m below present and Knights Islands eg. Rikoriko sea arches and Whg F completely submerged uplifted to heights up to 80 m B 3 H9 Cave; Mao Mao Arch; Cathedral caves tunnels, air bubble caves - above present. On and through Arch. many of which have been Tawhiti Rahi, Aorangi, named. Aorangaia and Archway islands. Tawhiti Rahi itself contains uplifted seacave c.60 m asl (dimensions 12 m deep, 8 m wide, 5 m high). NW-SE oriented, 800 m long x Poroporo An unusual serpentine- 150 m wide greywacke island 500 m southwest of Island drowned Far shaped narrow island A being the former crest of a ridge Urupukapuka Island, Te Rawhiti C 2 ridge crest, Bay Nth illustrating its drowned crest prior to its drowning by sea level Inlet, eastern Bay of Islands. of Islands origins. rise in the Holocene. One of the best examples 7 km belt of 7 small lakes Pouto dune- of a cluster of small sand- Kaip A between two phases of dune West and northwest of Pouto C 2 dammed lakes dune dammed lakes on the accretion. west coast of Northland. One of best preserved and 1.5 km diameter, forest-covered Pukekaroro most easily recognised dome-shaped hill rising to 301 m On east side of state highway 1, dacite dome, Kaip V examples of an early C 3 H14 ASL. Volcanic dome of dacite 3 km north of Kaiwaka. Kaiwaka Miocene volcanic dome dated at 17 million years old. landform in New Zealand. Small area of limestone high sticking out from surrounding Rare example of vertical younger volcanic rocks. Pungaere solution shafts in Northland. Limestone has at least seven 600-800 m northeast of junction limestone At least one has opening distinct shafts each about 30-50 of Pungaere Rd and Glendale shafts and Far into subhorizontal m across. One has 30 m-long Heights Rd, about 6 km west of cave North F limestone cave. cave. Hwy 10. C 1 Dry waterfall at head of 40 m long, 8-10 m deep, vertical One of two natural bridges walled, 8 m wide chasm. Chasm H21 in basalt lava flows in New has displaced basalt block On Pungaere Stm, 50 m Pungaere Far Zealand. Spectacular forming natural bridge over part downstream from where it natural bridge North B chasm and dry waterfall. of chasm. passes beneath Onekura Rd. B 2

20 m long, 2 m high road cutting In road cutting on south side of Pungaere Rd containing bedded rhyolitic silt Pungaere Rd and road scraping rhyolitic Most accessible exposure and reworked rhyolitic pebble on north side opposite. 2 km sediments and Far of reworked rhyolitic conglomerate. Some channels west of junction with Onekura obsidian North E sediment in Northland. evident. Rd. C 1 2 km long line of elongate One of the two best intertidal and supratidal reefs Rahui drowned examples in New Zealand Extends into Kerikeri Inlet from Far and islets extending into Kerikeri lava flow, B of a young basalt lava flow south side, 7-9 km east of B 2 E1 Nth Inlet from the south side. This is Kerikeri that has been partially Kerikeri. the end of a young basalt lava drowned by rising sea level. flow from Te Puke volcano. One of the five best examples of a waterfall 27 m high waterfall over basalt Rainbow Falls, Far On Kerikeri River, 3 km B cascading over the edge of flow with undercut eroded out of C 2 Kerikeri Nth upstream from Old Stone Store an eroding basalt lava flow softer underlying sediment. in northern New Zealand. At the southern end of Rangi One of the two best and Numerous spherical concretions Rangi Point Point Road, off West Coast most easily accessible line the foreshore and intertidal giant Far Road south of Panguru, mid B places to see giant zone for 1 km. Eroding out of C 1 concretions, Nth western Hokianga Harbour concretions in northern Late Cretaceous Punakitere Hokianga coast. Foreshore and intertidal New Zealand. Sandstone. strip. In valley of true left tributary of Sequence of Ruatangata Rangiahua Most complete and best Hautau Stream from where Sandstone, deep water autochthonous exposed autochthonous stream emerges from cave "Whangarei Limestone" and E4, sedimentary Far middle Tertiary sequence extending up hillside to the E Waitemata Group sitting on C 2 E5, sequence, sink Nth beneath the allochthon in southeast through limestone Waipapa Group greywacke and E7 hole and cave, Northland. Deep sink hole outcrop to Waitematas. Sink overlain by Northland Okaihau and small cave. hole in catchment of Hutoia Allochthon. Stream.

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Rangiora Bay One of best examples of Small bay 5 km north of Honeycomb weathering in cliff honeycomb Far honeycomb weathering Parengarenga Harbour D faces of early Miocene C 2 weathering, Nth (tafoni) in sea cliffs in entrance, Great Exhibition Bay, Kaurahaupo Conglomerate. North Cape Northland. North Cape. Many blocks comprise thin turbidites of calcareous sandstone/sandy limestone Intertidal foreshore extending Rawene Best exposures of deep within background non- from 50 m north of end of Far Paleocene E water Paleocene limestone calcareous pink, green and grey Gundry St to 100 m south of end C 2 K1 Nth limestones facies in Northland. mudstone. Nannofossil studies of McDonell St on the west side show that all six nannofossil of Rawene peninsula. zones of the Paleocene are present. 3 m high mud volcano mound Best example of an active Runaruna mud with multiple vents discharging In farm paddock near Far mud volcano in New P1, volcano, C mix of carbon dioxide, methane, Panguru/Pawarenga/Broadwood B 1 Nth Zealand and only active H15 Herekino allochthon derived mud and road intersection. one in Northland. some water. 140 m high rock stack of Miocene andesitic volcanic An excellent example of a 4 km south of Hen Island, 11 km Sail Rock Whg B breccia - formerly part of the C 3 H17 marine eroded sea-stack. NE of Bream Tail. south side of the Hen Island stratovolcano. 1 km exposure of flow-banded columnar-jointed dacite dome. Columnar jointing best developed near southern 1 km stretch of coastal cliffs and Best exposed section intrusional contact. Orientation intertidal rocks from 1 km north South Bream through a dacite dome in of columnar jointing swings from of staircase at beginning of Tail Arch Dome Northland. Best and most Kaip E S-dipping through horizontal to Mangawhai Walkway (c. 2.5 km C 2 E1 and columnar- extensive example of N-dipping moving through the north of Mangawhai Heads) to jointed dacite coastal columnar jointing in outcrop from south to north, the arch (c. 500 m south of dacite in New Zealand. giving classic pattern of cooling Bream Tail). joints as the intrusion flares outwards on the underside of an extrusional dome structure. 10 x 5 m lens of fossil early Only example of fossil, Miocene giant barnacles Spirits Bay deep-water giant barnacles Far (Bathylasma aucklandica) In low coastal cliffs at the Miocene giant E in Northland. Easily C 2 H11 Nth preserved near the base of the northernmost end of Spirits Bay. barnacle fossils accessible and easily seen cliffs sitting on Tangihua at low tide. Volcanics. Composed of volcanic laharic St Pauls A prominant dome-shaped breccias of t early Miocene exfoliation Far rocky hilltop visible from High hill above Whangaroa B Wairakau Volcanics. Dome C 2 H9 dome, Nth many parts of the township. produced by exfoliation of Whangaroa Whangaroa area. relatively unjointed rock outgrop. A prominent 167 m high rounded St Peters dome of Wairakau Volcanics Prominent and well-known conglomerate Far laharic breccia/conglomerate on 1 km east of end of road at B example of a rocky dome- C 2 H9 dome, Nth the north side of Whangaroa Totara North. shaped hill. Whangaroa Hbr. Formed by exfoliation of a relatively massive rock. Cap of Horeke Basalt on Stoney Knowe In small fenced triangle of land Excellent small example of greywacke. Numerous large basalt proto- between small cattle yards and H16, Whg B well-developed basalt scattered basalt boulders, some B 1 karst, Helena access road to Huruiki Trig on H12 proto-karst boulders. developing solution-weathered Bay north side of Russell Rd. surfaces. Numerous dune-dammed swamps and lakes up to 1.5 km Well-developed and easily long, entrapped by an en Sweetwater 1.5-4 km inland from southern Far accessible elongate lakes echelon series of northeast- dune-dammed B end of Ninety Mile Beach, about C 2 Nth and swamps in swales trending longitudinal dunes, now lakes, Awanui 20 km north of . between sand dunes. protected from prevailing southwesterlies by coastal pine plantations. Fauna coming out of Diverse, early Miocene massive displaced bed Approximately 2.5 km up Taita Stream fossils, including the includes numerous larger Taita Rd from Waimamaku, W1 Miocene largest foraminifera (3-4 foraminifera, algal rhodoliths 50 m downhill on west side fossils, Far cm diameter) in New and encrusting bryozoa, of road, in stream banks and Waimamaku North E Zealand. serpulid worms and corals. small slips. B 2

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Probably in-situ blocks of c. 5 m Blocks cover area of c. 30 x 20 thick late Eocene algal m, beside farm track near One of the best examples limestone. Concentrically junction of three forks of a small Takahiwai algal of algal (rhodolith) banded algal rhodolith spheres stream, c. 200 m up flat section limestone, Whg E limestones in New Zealand. 1-6 cm diameter throughout, of valley from the coast. Stream B 1 M3 Whangarei Smallest of two known within distinctively bedded unit. valley mouth is largest and Harbour exposures in the vicinity. Several blocks have been split about midway between open along bedding planes to Mangawhati Pt and where expose plan views Takahiwai Rd leaves coast. Northernmost estuary in New Zealand. Excellent, Tapotupotu easily accessible and Extending 1.5 km inland from Far From eastern end of Tapotupotu estuary, Cape C viewable example of a tidal mouth over east end of C 2 Nth beach, inland for c. 1.5 km. Reinga sand-filled valley creating a Tapotupotu Beach and dunes. mangrove and salt marsh estuary. A spectacular flat topped, steep One of the best examples Taratara butte, Far sided hill, the flat top controlled 2 km inland from southern B of a butte in the North B 3 Whangaroa Nth by very gently dipping strata. An shores of Whangaroa Harbour. Island. unusual feature in Northland.

Possibly the best example in New Zealand of a coastal 400 x 200 m coastal tidal lagoon Taronui gravel In Taronui Bay on west side of Far lagoon enclosed by a with no breach in the gravel barrier and C mouth of Tapuaetahi Creek, 11 B 2 Nth gravel barrier and margined barrier across the northeast lagoon, Kerikeri km northeast of Kerikeri. by a white silica sand side. beach. Tauranga Bay Most easily accessible 200 m+ wide andesite flow filling channelised Far example of a flow confined In cliffs at back of Tauranga Bay E 10m deep paleogully in laharic C 2 H9 flow, Nth within a Miocene ring plain camp ground. breccia sequence. Whangaroa paleogully. Tauranga Bay Well developed examples Eroded in greywacke that forms Te Anina Pt and stacks, east coastal Far B of wide shore platforms, Te Anina Pt and rock stacks end of Tauranga Bay, C 2 features, Nth sea stacks and a sea arch. offshore. Whangaroa Bay. Whangaroa Melange zone between Tauranganui An excellent example of a overlying Tangihua Volcanics In foreshore rocks at Stream mouth Far structural melange between and Mangakahia Complex. E Tauranganui Stream mouth, B 2 B19 melange, Nth nappes within the Melange contains blocks of Late north of Waitetoki. Doubtless Bay Northland Allochthon. Cretaceous cherts, sandstones and conglomerates. Te Huka Beach and Kurahaupo Best exposed sequence Deep water fine-grained In sea cliffs and intertidal rocks Rocks Miocene Far through most of early sediments overlain by from west end of Te Huka Beach D C 2 B15 sedimentary Nth Miocene lower volcaniclastic conglomerates to east end of Kurahaupo Rocks sequence, Far Parengarenga Group. (Kurahaupo Conglomerate). point. Nth Most accessible and one of Thick ignimbrite forms cliff with the best exposures of Forming cliffs on north side of Te Te Kauri Pt carbonised, silicified fossil logs Miocene ignimbrite and Kauri Pt and south end of Sandy ignimbrite, Kaip E and log moulds within this 18 C 2 incorporated fossilised logs beach, Hukatere Peninsula, Tinopai million year old pyroclastic flow and log moulds in northern Kaipara Harbour. deposit. New Zealand. A 2.5 km diameter, sub-circular Immediately E of the Putahi An unusual large tuff ring centre with a large central crater, Te Pua rhyolite dome in the Kaikohe Far with a large crater in the 750 m in diameter and 30-40 m Volcanic A area. Remuera Settlement Rd C 2 Nth Kaikohe Volcanic Field deep. Flows travelled less than Crater, Kaikohe runs through the middle. 0.75 km from the vent. Te Pua is

cut by a minor fault. One of the best examples Sharp thrust contact between Te Reinga Bay Far of contacts between overlying Tangihua Volcanics In foreshore rocks at Te Reinga thrust contact, E B 3 B19 Nth nappes within the and Late Cretaceous Bay, Northeast of Waitoki. Doubtless Bay Northland Allochthon. Mangakahia Complex flysch. Fossiliferous shallow marine and estuarine mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate exposed in Te Rewa Pt One of the two richest low coastal cliffs and adjacent Pleistocene Pleistocene shallow marine Far shore platform. Includes a Coastal exposures around Te fossils, D fossil localities in Northland. B 1 Nth pebbly breccia contact on Rewa and Te Mata Points. Hokianga Onlap contact on Tangihua Tangihua Volcanics breccia Harbour Volcanics exposed. overlain by a woody carbonaceous estuarine mudstone at Te Mata Pt.

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Te Ruatahi Occurrence of rich Dune field containing late dune Holocene terrestrial fossil South end of Te Ruatahi Beach, Whg E Holocene fossil land snail C 1 B18 sequence, faunas in eroding dune Mimiwhangata. assemblages Mimiwhangata sand. 3 km SW of junction of 6 m diameter, 4 m high Matapouri and Clements Rd. One of the two best Te Wairoa travertine deposit extends from 600 m up a true left tributary of examples of travertine soda spring small spring down towards Te Wairoa Stm from end of road Whg C deposited by an active C 1 P1 and travertine, swamp. Mound is hard as where it crosses main stream. soda spring in northern Matapouri Bay concrete and orange stained on On true left bank of tributary New Zealand. top. adjacent tgo small area of toitoi swamp. One of best remaining Te Werahi examples of coastal sand Dune field containg Late sand dunes Far dunes draped over rocky Pleistocene and Holocene fossil Between Cape Maria van M4, and fossil C B 1 Nth ridges. Contain rich vertebrate (birds, bats) and land Dieman and Te Werahi Beach. B17 fauna, Cape subfossil bird and bat snail assemblages. Reinga bones, and landsnails. 20 m thick dike-like intrusion *Todds Quarry Best known of several In old overgrown quarry (Todds) with skarn contacts in limestone. nephelinite, Kaip E middle Miocene nephelinite near top of hill, east of the side C 2 B11 Contains mantle-derived Tokatoka intrusions in Northland. road. xenoliths. Twilight Beach Best example of badlands A 300 x 100 m area of bare Far 500 m inland on ridge crest from badlands, Far C erosion in northern North ground with purple and red soils C 2 Nth southern end of Twilight Beach. Nth Island. eroded into deep runnels. Basal sequence of Cretaceous pillow lavas (Tangihua One of the best preserved, Volcanics) overlying and Twilight Beach Far accessible examples of interfingering with terrigenous Rocks at south end of Twilight pillow lavas, E C 3 B15 Nth Cretaceous pillow lavas in sandstone and multicoloured Beach. Far Nth Northland. mudstones. Excellent 3D exposure of tubular pillows with wrinkled glassy selvedges. Horizontal stream cave about 3 km long. In places the cave floor is on greywacke-limestone Second longest cave in contact. Cave has at least four Two Tone North side of Caves Road, N2, Whg F Northland with numerous entrances where small streams C 3 Cave, Waipu Waipu. N3 branches. flow underground and join up underground before all exiting together. Numerous speleothems. A number of spherical Urquharts Bay Most easily accessible On beach and in low eroding concretions up to 1.5 m diameter concretions, large spherical concretions banks at south west end of Whg B on the beach and eroding out of C 2 H13 Whangarei in the Whangarei area, Urquharts Bay, Whangarei the Cretaceous parent rocks at Heads Northland. Heads. the south end of Urquharts Bay. Three prominent limestone bluffs and several limestone caves – rare in In lower 1 km of Cave Stream, Northland. The best, most from its junction with Waikaraka Waihou Valley complete and well exposed Stream up through limestone limestone bluffs Far sequence up through mid Occurs within a large bluffs. Prominent bluffs under B C 3 E7 and mid tertiary Nth Tertiary sedimentary rocks allochthonous block. forest north of Cave Stream and sequence that are intermediate in two narrow limestone bluffs character between those south of Cave Stream. Includes typically found in the cave entrances. Northland Allochthon and in the autochthon. A small island surrounded by Waikari Inlet One of the best examples broad intertidal rock platforms, Motutokape Island, 700 m due Far "old hat", Bay B of an "old hat" island in giving it the classic "old hat" east of wharf, near B 3 C2 Nth of Islands New Zealand. shape. Eroded in greywacke entrance to Waikari Inlet. rock. A small area of karstic limestone protruding through grass and Most accessible example of From little gorge between Neville forming a small stream gorge. rare solution runnels Road and Auckland- Karst is extremely rare in the Waikiekie karst Kaip B developed in allochthonous railway line southwards between C 2 Northland Allochthon as Oligocene limestone of the Tapuha Road and railway line allochthgonous limestone is Northland Allochthon.. for 300 m. usually too muddy to develop karst features.

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One of only two small Waikuku Beach knobs (both at Waikuku) North end of Waikuku Beach, (north) comprising the only marine Bioclastic warm water limestone. Far North Cape. Small rock outcrop Miocene E middle or late Miocene Contains interesting warm water B 2 L2 Nth at back of beach, projecting limestone, sedimentary rock and molluscs and larger foraminifera. through Quaternary sands. North Cape fossils known north of East Cape or Kawhia. One of only two small Waikuku Beach knobs (both at Waikuku) South end of Waikuku Beach, (south) comprising the only marine Bioclastic warm water limestone. Far North Cape. Small rock outcrop Miocene E middle or late Miocene Contains interesting warm water B 2 L2 Nth at back of beach, projecting limestone, sedimentary rock and molluscs and larger foraminifera. through Quaternary sands. North Cape fossils known north of East Cape or Kawhia. In slipping cliff face on north Waimamaku side of Waimamaku River, River Excellent exposure of Thick, well-bedded sequence 100-300 m downstream of W1 Miocene moderately deep-water of Waititi Formation wth junction with Waiiti Stream, sedimentary Far early Miocene diverse fauna of small approx 1 km east of sequence North E sedimentary sequence. mollusca in some beds. Waimamaku township. C 3 Glow-worm caves with stalactites and stalagmites, Waiomio ornate cave decorations and Outstanding glow worm- Caves (Kawiti magnificent Cathedral cavern, in 5 km south of Kawakawa, off Far caves and unusual karst D2, Caves) and B Oligocene limestone. A small Waiomio Rd. Limestone bluffs, C 2 Nth limestone pinnacles. Well N1 limestone stream flows through the cave pinnacles and cave. known tourist attraction. pillars from a blind valley to the north. Karstified limestone pillars are a striking feature of the landscape. Only known exposure of 20 m sequence sitting early Miocene marine Waipapa River unconformably on Whangarei sedimentary rocks between On south side on outside of outlier of Limestone consisting of basal Far Omapere and abrupt bend in Waipapa River, Waitemata E conglomerate, bioclastic B 2 E4 Nth Parengarenga. Sequence around 500 m downstream from sediments, sandstone, flysch, and finally records the first phase of Puketi Forest picnic area. Puketi mass flow deposits of allochthon allochthon movement into clasts. Northland. Two small lakes, the northernmost (north of Waipoua Lakes 0.6-0.8 km from the Only significant examples River mouth) is surrounded by beach and 0.5 and 1.5 km north of lakes dammed by high dunes and presumably is and south of Waipoua River Waipoua dune Far moving Quaternary sand pre Holocene. The second dune B mouth respectively. Northern C 2 lakes Nth dunes between Maunganui lake (south of Waipoua R lake is c. 200 x 80 m in size and Bluff and Hokianga mouth) is separated from the the southern lake is c. 400 x 150 Harbour. beach by a low Holocene sand m in size. dune and is therefore of Holocene age. Best and largest area of Fluted boulders and sinkholes in limestone karst Oligocene limestone at Waipu geomorphology in Caves reserve, Waipu Caves Northland, south of Walkway, along roadside and in Whangarei. Includes one spectacular area next to a Waipu Cave system is north of largest cave passage in small quarry south of Waipu Waipu Caves Road, Waipu. Northland. Waipu Cave Waipu Caves B, Caves Rd. About 3 km Surface karst is in four Whg system is now longest in C 2 W6 and karst F horizontal stream cave. Includes separately mapped areas, Northland. Fossil bone both Waipu Cave and Elver mostly north of the road but one deposits in Paryphanta Canyon Cave and Main Cave area to the south. Passage. Karst includes which are now all connected. some spectacular 5 m+ Main resurgence is at head of high pinnacles, numerous deep gorge on south side of spectacular dissolved Waipu Caves Rd. features. Oligocene shallow water, flaggy, bioclastic, sandy limestone Only significant coastal unconformably sits on Waipapa karst and karstic sea cave greywacke and passes abruptly Waipu Cove in Northland. Exposes clear and conformably up into deep Oligocene- Coastal section from 500 m SE B, stratigraphic sedimentary water early Miocene Waitemata Miocene Whg of Waipu Cove to point at C 2 F relationship between flysch. Outcrops and large fallen sequence and western end of Langs Beach. Waitemata flysch, Te Kuiti boulders developing solution coastal karst Group limestone and runnels. One solution cave with basement. speleothems around point from western end of Langs Beach (Q08 / 484 723).

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Gorge was invaded by the sea Wairakau Best example of a deeply during post-glacial sea level rise. Mouth of Wairakau Stream, estuary, Far incised small gorge Now the embayment is partly B head of Pekapeka Bay, C 3 Whangaroa Nth flooded by the sea in infilled by modern sediments Whangaroa Harbour. Harbour Northland. forming a tidal estuary with steep rocky walls. Valley part filled with large Best known example in boulders of fluted basalt derived New Zealand of a valley from the Horeke Basalt flow on filled with gigantic basalt top of ridge that used to extend boulders that are relics across valley. A private tourist Wairere from a former lava flow that attraction with track through Hokianga, Wairere Valley, Boulders basalt Far extended over the valley. them. Boulders in stream bed extending inland from head of B6, B A 2 proto-karst, Nth One of two best examples are tilted at many different Wairere estuary at end of S2 Hokianga in New Zealand and angles relative to the fluting McDonnell Rd. probably the world of deep whereas most of the fluted fluting and basins produced boulders above the stream have by solution of basalt (proto- vertical fluting and solutions karst). basins and sometimes flats on top. River falls over the edge of a lava flow from Whatitiri shield One of the five largest volcano and erodes into softer At end of Wairua Falls Road, 2 Wairua Falls Whg B waterfalls over basalt lava C 2 E1, country rock alongside. A dam km from turnoff from HWY 14. flows in Northland. upstream diverts some of the water for hydro purposes. Brackish Waitahora Lagoon drains Paranoa Swamp and is Only coast-parallel, barrier- almost permanently closed off Waitahora enclosed lagoon in northern Far by long-shore drift-induced sand 2 km east of Pandora, western Lagoon, Spirits C Northland and C 2 Nth barrier accumulation, 2 km long Spirits Bay, Far Nth. Bay northernmost lagoon in and 100 m wide, at the western New Zealand. end of Te Horo Beach, Spirits Bay. A columnar jointed basalt flow extends into the sea forming a On North edge of the Waitangi 20 m by 50 m portion of the Waitangi Treaty House columnar- Best locality for gabbroic shore platform with 8 m outcrop Grounds and south east jointed lava Far inclusions of lava of A1, E on N end of boulder covered B 2 flow and Nth Quaternary age in corner of Waitangi golf S4 beach. Inclusions may be found gabbroic Northland. course where it abuts the in 2-3 m band near top of the inclusions coast. outcrop, and in boulders on the . shore platform. Occurs within a large nappe in Northland Allochthon. Best Best exposure of late exposure of several around Waitapu Bay Cretaceous conglomerate Whangaroa, where late Cretaceous On point, 200 m north of Ota Far and micaceous sandstone Cretaceous conglomerate and unconformity, E Point, Waitapu Bay, south C 2 B19 Nth unconformably overlying micaceous sandstone Whangaroa Whangaroa Harbour. early Cretaceous Tupou unconformably overlies with Harbour Formation. sedimentary contact an irregular surface of early Cretaceous Tupou Formation. Approx. 5 km up the Wekaweka A 5-m-diameter watery mud Wekaweka Valley road and natural gas Best, perhaps only, true pool with moderate to 800 m up farm track on north P1 seep, Far hydrocarbon seep in vigorous discharge of side. In patch of manuka 30 Hokianga North C Northland. methane. m south of farm track. C 1 Whakapirau Arrow-shaped piece of low-lying Creek cuspate Best example of a shell land extends 150 m northward Kaipara Harbour, south side of foreland, Kaip B spit-created cuspate out into Whakapirau Ck with Whakapirau Arm, and 500 m C 2 Kaipara foreland in Northland. bounding shell spits on both east of entrance. Harbour edges of the arrow. Well exposed stream Whakateterekia U-bend gorge, Whakateterekia section through basal Thinly bedded Oligocene North Omahuta, 500 m allochthon Far nappe of the allochthon argillaceous limestone (not D downstream from New Zealand C 2 B21 block, Nth containing overturned sheared) grading up into Forest Service headquarters at Whangaroa unsheared argillaceous calcareous siltstone. Mangapa. limestone.

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Unusual narrow, sinuous 3 km long, 500-800 m wide Whangamumu Harbour and Whangamumu deep-water harbour with deep-water harbour, being the enclosing peninsulas along Harbour and two elongate peninsulas drowned deeply incised head of Far northern and southern coasts, peninsulas, A jutting out into sea on either a small valley eroded into C 3 Nth eastern side of Cape Brett Cape Brett side. Shape reflects origins greywacke rocks that form the Peninsula, east of Bay of Peninsula by drowning of deeply two finger-like peninsulas, one Islands. incised small valley. on each side. Spectacular, deeply-incised Narrow, sinuous harbour river gorge flooded by post- entrance (3km long by 100-300 Whangape glacial sea-level rise to Far m across at sea level), with Forms entrance to Whangape Harbour A form a narrow, elongate B 3 Nth steep slopes on both sides rising Harbour, west Northland. entrance gorge harbour entrance. to 300 m ASL. Water averages Landform unique in New 4-5 m deep. Zealand. One of the best preserved and easily accessible Well-preserved late Cretaceous In shore platform and low cliffs Whangape Far examples of pillow lava and pillow lavas and hyaloclastite, E on south side and west end of C 2 pillow basalt Nth fresh hyaloclastite in the exposed in three dimensions Whangape Harbour. Tangihua Volcanic Group showing lobe-like form. of Northland. Fossiliferous shallow marine *Whangape One of the two richest mudstone and sandstone Far Coastal exposures at the end of Pleistocene E shallow-marine fossil exposed in low coastal cliffs and B 1 Nth Proctor Rd, Whangape Harbour. fossils faunas in Northland. shore platform. Late Pleistocene MIS 7 age. A scenic 26 m high waterfall where the Hatea River plunges over the eroding edge of a One of the five best columnar-jointed basalt flow 50 m downstream from examples of a waterfall originating from Vinegar Hill. 30 Road bridge over the A1, Whangarei Whg B cascading over the edge of m total thickness, with the base Hatea River, approximately 1 km C 3 M1, Falls an eroding basalt lava flow of the basalt corresponding with E of , within the outer S3 in northern New Zealand. the base of the falls. Shows suburbs of Whangarei city. change from platy jointing near top of flow to columnar jointing near base. Eroded out of andesite laharic A spectacular area of rocky breccias that were deposited on Ridge along south side of Whangaroa exfoliation domes, rock the ring plain of the early Far Pekapeka Bay, Whangaroa exfoliation B pinnacles, rocky ridges and Miocene Wairakau Volcano. C 2 Nth Harbour - includes The Dukes domes overhanging rocks (Dukes Spectacular rock formations Nose. Nose). surround much of Pekapeka Bay, Whangaroa Harbour. Best exposure of lacustrine Three units up to 0.5 m thick, of sediments in Wairakau penecontemporaneous slump Whangaroa Volcanics sequence. One folding and spectacular Northwest side Whangaroa Harbour Far W2, E of the best exposures of liquefaction within a 10 m thick Harbour coastline, 2 km C 3 lacustrine Nth H9 penecontemporaneous sequence of fine grained early northeast of Totara North. sequence slump folding in lake Miocene volcanigenic lake sediments in New Zealand. sediments. Best exposed section through the two intrusive Exposures of predominantly Coastal intertidal rock and cliff I3, Whangatupere Far plutons of Karikari quartz microdiorite with coarse D section around Whangatupere C 3 R2, Bay plutons Nth Plutonics. Only major lithologies present. Dike Bay, Karikari Penininsula. R3 intrusive plutons in intrusions are common. Northland. 5 m high falls over eroded On Kerikeri River about 1 km An unusual example of a Wharepoke Far Pliocene basalt lava flow with upstream from Stone Store and B wide, low waterfall over a C 2 Falls, Kerikeri Nth large plunge pool beneath. 2 km downstream from Rainbow basalt flow. Tourist attraction. Falls. Little deformed (in situ?) Most complete and least conglomerate, flysch and Whatuwhiwhi deformed late Cretaceous mudstone resting unconformably 2 km section from point east of Cretaceous sedimentary rock sequence on Cretaceous Houhora Patia Pt to Waiparaheke Stm, sedimentary Far E in Northland. Type locality Volcanics. Includes type section Whatuwhiwhi, Cape Karikari. C 2 I2 rocks and Nth of Tokerau Formation mid of bedded Tokerau Formation Also short intertidal rock section pillow lavas, Cretaceous sedimentary argillite and greywacke with west end of Parakeraka Bay. Cape Karikari rocks and pillow lava. intercalated pillow lava flow intruded by early Miocene dike.

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Appendix 4 Suggested map boundary modifications for sites currently scheduled and mapped as Outstanding Natural Features for Northland Region (see supplied GIS layer)

Feature name Suggested map modification and reasons Ahipara basal Tangihua melange Mapped area modified to include more of the intertidal rocks - all in public land. Aurere Beach allochthon, pillow lavas Three sites combined to make one larger site with extended map - all in and tombolo, Taipa reserve land or intertidal. Baylys Beach dune sand and lignite Area completely remapped based on helicopter photography to include the three best exposed sections of lignite and sand dune deposits from Baylys Beach south. Largest section is crown land. Mangonui Miocene coconut beds, Map modified following recent sand movements that exposed fossil forest Coopers Beach and siderite roses Marble Bay Permian fusulines, corals, Mapped area corrected by shifting seaward to cover intertidal rocks and less spilite and melange land. Motukokako (Piercy) Island skarn and Map extended to include arch - all within ONL sea arch Ngararatunua scoria cone Map too much area to East and too little to south - replacement map contains less farmland and more steep bush Ngunguru Sandspit Maintained same map area on land but extended to include intertidal sand as this is essential part of spit system. Map boundaries changed to delete stream valleys with no outcrop and to North Cape ultramafic/gabbro complex include old serpentine quarry area now in reserve. All still in ONL and most in and North Cape Island tombolo reserve. One Tree Point interglacial beach and Map tweaked to remove unecessary private land and confine to esplanade dune deposits reserve and intertidal Onemama Point sedimentary rock Map modified to accurately reflect rock outcrop in foreshore and extended to sequence, Whangarei Harbour include limestone and tuff sequence exposed on theaunu north side of Onemama Pt in two QE2 covenanted pieces of private land, as substitute for Paradise Quarry feature. Pakaurangi-Puketi Miocene fossiliferous Mapped area tweaked to better match cliffs and rocks but outside private sequence, Kaipara Harbour land. Parengarenga - Te Pokere Miocene Mapped area adjusted very slightly to include all cliffed exposure and more fossils intertidal area. Parengarenga-Paratoetoe Miocene Map adjusted to include more intertidal platform and less private land. sequence Parua Bay basal allochthon melange, Map adjusted to include more foreshore exposure. Whangarei Harbour Pukepoto scoria cone Map corrected to exclude non cone farmland and include cone reserve Puketutu (Puketona) volcanic cones Omitted scoria cone in perfect condition added. Reserve Point Eocene sedimentary Combined with Reserve Pt Eocene sedimentary sequence site; all in sequence, nephenite flows and garnet intertidal and Esplanade reserve. andesite, Whangarei Harbour Tauanui scoria cone and dammed lake Dammed lake behind cone added - not privately owned Te Puke scoria cones, Waitangi Map extended to more accurately include all of each scoria cone - all in crown land. Titoki Natural Bridge Map corrected to cover where bridge actually is and restricted to bush filled steep-sided gully on each side and extended upstream to include second dry bridge and underground passages. Waiwhatawhata Coast conglomerate, Map shifted seaward to cover the outcrop rather than landward strip and basalt flows and lignites, Hokianga northward to include Hokianga South Head rocks. Whangaroa North Head ring plain Map extended to include Taupo Bay rocks and rocky pinnacles and domes deposits and rocky pinnacled ridge on ridge crest. All in ONL. crest. Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xxxii | P a g e

Appendix 5 Suggested improved wording and assessments for sites currently scheduled and mapped as Outstanding Natural Features for Northland Region.

N O V e l u w d l I n m e C C p r a a o a t t r b e e t i g g a l o o n i RPS Distr r r c t Map Name ict y y Significance statement Brief description Location e y No. Refs 3 km of coastal Best exposure in Northland of Ahipara basal Exposures of complexly faulted rocks centred on the basal melange of the Tangihua FNth D E and sheared basaltic lavas and Mokorau Beach, B 2 168 Tangihua obducted ophiolites melange dolerites. east of Tauroa (ocean floor volcanic rocks). Point, Ahipara. L1 Here Tangihua Volcanics nappe One of the best exposed From 50 m inside is sheared over folded Aurere Beach sequences showing Awapoko River Cretaceous Awapoko Formation allochthon, relationships within the mouth, around sandstone overlying a thick pillow lavas FNth D E Northland Allochthon. Excellent Aurere Beach to B 2 206 sheared melange dominantly of and tombolo, exposure of displaced pillow Puketutu Island late Cretaceous conglomerate Taipa lava. One of best small tombolos and the west side and mudstone (Ngatuturi in Northland. of Otenga Bay.. Siltstone). I3 Three sections of Excellent exposures through Lignites and dunesand sand dune cliffs Baylys Beach Quaternary dune sand and sequences exposed in eroding between south dune sand and Kaip E E lignite sequences preserving B 2 93 sea cliffs at the back of the end of Baylys lignite history of rises and falls in sea beach. Beach and 4 km level and vegetation change. south. P2 Pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite West end of Coppermine Best example of a porphyry hydrothermal mineralisation in Coppermine Island copper Whg E E copper deposit in northern New B 2 9 pyroxene diorite and dacite Island, Chickens mineralisation Zealand. breccia. Group. T3 Coastal cliffs on Coppermine A dark coloured, coarse grained, Only diorite plutons in the western end of Island diorite Whg D E pyroxene diorite, with weak C 2 9 Whangarei Heads region. Coppermine intrusion foliations parallel to the margins. Island. W4 Two cones approximately 650 m apart. The older cone lies to the west of the main cone, Maruata. Maruata had two eruption points with the youngest, largest crater This centre lies being breached to the S. The between Maruata Glenbervie A well preserved young volcanic centre is approximately 2-3 km Road and (Maruata) Whg V B C 2 30 centre with two scoria cones. in diameter and it rises 80 m Puketotara Road, volcanic cones above the surrounding area. approximately 5 Maruata cone has a distinct km NE of Kamo. volcanic form and is bush covered. On the north side a small forestry settlement has A1, been established. M1 A 5 x 3 km area on the north side of One of just a few large Quaternary sand dunes form the the entrance to remaining areas of active sand northern barrier across the Hokianga Hokianga Harbour. FNth C C dunes in New Zealand. Provides entrance to Hokianga Harbour B 1 119 sand dunes Not stabilised by spectacular vista from Omapere and rise to an elevation of 200 planted vegetation Hill across the harbour. m. or exotic pine forestry. I1 A steep sided, partly bush Between Three The highest scoria cone in the covered cone, 1-2 km in Mile Bush Road Hurupaki Kamo area, forming an iconic diameter, breached to the SE, and Dip Road, Whg V B C 1 31 scoria cone bush-covered peak when viewed that stands 350 m ASL and is approximately 1.5 M1, from the eats and south. extensively quarried on the W km W of Kamo S3, side. township. W3

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Taharoa Lake, The two deepest dune lakes in Waikere Lake, New Zealand, Lake Taharoa at Shag Lake, 10 km Kai dune- 37 m and Lake Waikeri at 30 m. None have any surface inlet or 99 Kaip A A SW of Kaihu, 30- B 2 dammed lakes Group of lakes formed by the outlet. 100 35 km north of movement and buildup of sand Dargaville of State dunes during the Quaternary. Highway 12. I1 On south east fringe of Lake Ohia, often partly submerged. Visitor Lake Ohia Well preserved and now partly area is one Numerous tree stumps stick up Pleistocene FNth E D exhumed buried late Quaternary kilometre along C 1 205 out of the lake bed. fossil forest kauri forest. 30,000 years old. road to Whatuwhiwhi from Highway 10 turnoff, on west side of road. Weakly stratified andesite Spectacular and most prominent Manaia breccia forming bluffs and Forming Mt exposures of volcanic breccia in stratovolcano spectacular pinnacles along Manaia and ridge Whg B D the Whangarei Heads area and B 3 14 breccia Manaia ridge - remnants of the to the north, the best of three areas of ridge pinnacles cone of a 18 million year old Whangarei Heads. crest pinnacles. stratovolcano. H14 Outcrops of fossil forest, siderite Mangonui Best known and best preserved flower concretions and coconut- From 200 m west Miocene fossil coconuts in New Zealand. bearing lignites periodically of stream mouth to coconut beds, FNth E E B 2 206 Of historical and paleoclimatic exposed beneath beach sands 200 m west of east Coopers B7, importance. and in low cliffs behind Coopers end of beach. Beach B19, Beach. E2 Best exposure of very few known localities of Permian age in the . Best of only three known New Zealand In shore platform localities containing the Spilitic basalt, Tethyan fossils and maritime zone Marble Bay biostratigraphically important, and marble in complicated of Wherowhero Permian tropical, larger foraminiferal melange association. Also Point, at east end fusulines, FNth E E group called fusulines. contains Permian corals. A 2 200 of Marble Bay, corals, spilite Extremely important for Melange exposed in the coastal East of and melange reconstructing the rocks from Te Anina Point, west Whangaroa paleogeographic history of NZ at end of Marble Bay. Harbour entrance. this time. Shows the association of seafloor pillow lava with Permian Tethyan facies and H23, melange. S6 Unusual double bay formation. A 2 km by 1 km bay with narrow On the NE coast One of the most scenic gems in entrance to the open sea. The of Karikari Matai Bay Northland, the beach and bay 221 A C Bay is divided into two Peninsula, 6 km C 2 beaches FNth setting is unspoiled by 226 semicircular beaches by a NE of development, in a near pristine central headland. Whatuwhiwhi. condition. A steep sided, forested scoria Lies between cone standing approximately O'Carrol Road and A well preserved, unquarried 150 m above the surrounding Crawford Road, Maungakaram scoria cone. The southernmost Whg V B plateau. Mostly covered with approximately 1 C 1 17 ea scoria cone young (Quaternary) volcano in native bush, however some km W of Northland. pines have been planted. Has a A1, large flow to the SE (4-5 km). township. H22 A complex elongate scoria cone 60 m high, 340 m ASL; A very good example of small breached to the NE, and twice 2 km E of Lake Maungakawak breached scoria cone in the on the southern flank; covering Omapere; 2 km S awa scoria FNth V B Kaikohe Volcanic Field. C 2 145 an area of 2.2 square km. The of Te Ahuahu on cone Prominent on the skyline when cone is centrally located with Hariru Rd. viewed from the east. flows running radially from the A1, vent. M8 Maungaraho peak Forms a prominant ridge (200 m and ridge, 500m Best example in New Zealand of high) of the resistant dike south-east of the Maungaraho a high protruding rocky rib surrounded by eroded softer Kaip B D end of Sills Road, B 2 91 dike formed of an erosion-resistant sedimentary rocks. Andesite Mititai and 10km dike of andesite lava rock. rock contains crystals of the South of B9, unusual mineral harmotome. Dargaville. T2

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East of the A steep-sided scoria cone, intersection of An almost perfect, steep-sided standing 185 m above the Snooks Road and volcanic cone, not farmed or surrounding plateau and State Highway 14, Whg V B quarried. Largest and best approximately 1-1.5 km B 2 22 volcanic cone approximately 3 preserved in the Whangarei diameter, with scrub and native km SSW of Vilcanic Field. bush cover. Small shallow crater Maungatapere A1, on top. township. F1 A small scoria cone 100 m high, 285 m ASL, 500 m in diameter, with a circular, unbreached Well preserved scoria cone with central crater 10 m deep. Flows 2 km South of Maungaturoto unbreached crater. Prominent cover 6.5 square km of Ohaeawai, on FNth V B C 2 145 volcanic cone volcanic peak near main surrounding land. This cone is a north side of highway. well preserved volcanic land Waitaheke Rd. form, at present being farmed. Slightly altered by Maori A1, terracing. M8 A 1-2 km diameter scoria cone, which stands 395 m ASL and is breached to the west. The cone is steep-sided, particularly in the Northeast of the south. There is a small quarry intersection of on the toe of the breached Kara Road and material which has been worked State Highway 14, Maunu A well preserved and prominent, for private and for farm use. The approximately 2.5 Whg V B C 2 27 volcanic cone steep-sided scoria cone. west side is farmed but E and S km NE of slopes are covered with bush Maungatapere and pines. The cone rises 150 m township. Access above the surrounding plateau, to the summit is while flows extend via Millington Rd. approximately 6 km East from the centre, almost to Whangarei A1,F City. 1 Skarn in northern Sea arch with deep water One of New Zealand's most half and arch passage that tourist boats pass spectacular and most visited sea southern half of Motukokako through. Large crystals (3-5 mm) arches. Well exposed example Motukokako (Piercy) Island of babingtonite in a Pb-Zn skarn FNth B E of Pb-Zn skarn. New Zealand's (Piercy) Island, a A 2 180 skarn and sea in Tertiary limestone with best ilvaite exposure occurs with steep rocky arch associated ilvaite, garnet, the best of three babingtonite islandjust off of hedenburgite, epidote and occurrences. Cape Brett in the axinite. Bay of Islands. B13 The centre is a horseshoe- shaped scoria cone, breached to the S with small flows to the S and NE. It is a composite scoria This centre lies cone with an early cone to the N between Three and a second higher cone to the Prominent scoria cone breached Mile Bush Road, Ngararatunua S, which buried most of the first Whg V B to south and rising 125 m above Church Road and C 1 31 scoria cone one before being breached. It is surrounding land. Rotomate Road, farmed on the W side and the E approximately 3.5 side is bush covered. The height km W of Kamo. of the cone is 325 m ASL. The cone is approximately 1.2km in diameter. It is the western most A1,F cone of a line of three centres. 1 Barrier sandspit approximately 2.5km long and 300-600m wide at the mouth of Ngunguru River. The spit encloses the estuary of An excellent example of an the Ngunguru River, which unmodified sand barrier beach Ngunguru sand empties into Ngunguru Bay 29, Ngunguru and dune field separating a tidal spit, Ngunguru, Whg C C through a stable outlet channel. C 2 34, Sandspit estuary from a broad open bay. 28km North east The sandspit it vegetated with 35 Significant example of a rapidly of Whangarei. typical coastal dune plants. The disappearing coastal feature. sand spit is a significant recreational and aesthetic feature for both coastal holidaymakers and residents.

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In cliffs and Intertidal and coastal cliff intertidal rocks North Cape Only ultramafic/gabbro ophilite exposures of sequence of pillow right around North ultramafic/gab complex in northern New lavas, sheeted dikes and Cape block and bro complex FNth D E Zealand. Excellent example of ultramafic serpentinite. Spilite island, and in B 3 249 and North cobble tombolo linking North cobbles and boulders derived abandoned Cape Island Cape Island to mainland. from local cliffs form a 100 m serpentinite tombolo long tombolo rising to storm high quarried area on tide level. top of Kerr Cliffs. B15 Well exposed Late Pleistocene Coastal cliff and foreshore regressive coastal sand exposures show a shallowing sequence with spectacular upwards regressive sequence Southern shore of One Tree intertidal trace fossils. Only from shallow marine sand Whangarei Point remaining exposures in the area through beach sand to coastal Harbour from One interglacial Whg E E B 1 15 that are not obscured by coastal foredune, with overlying swamp Tree Point beach and foreshore protection works. deposits in interdune hollows. southwestwards dune deposits Contains some of the best New Excellent trace fossil for 1 km. Zealand examples of unusual assemblages characterise each shallow marine trace fossils. paleo-environment. G2 Onemama From tip of Allochthonous olistostromes Point Excellent exposures Onemama Point to within earliest Micoene bioclastic sedimentary documenting earliest allochthon 1.5 km to NW, sandstone facies overlain by rock Whg E E emplacement in this region. including the B 2 21 flaggy limestone with rhyolitic sequence, Includes exposure of unusual section on the tuff above. Type section of Whangarei zeolite-rich volcanic ash bed. north side of Onemama Formation. Harbour Onemama Pt hill. W3 Pakaurangi Point Pakaurangi- Richest fossil locality (most Complete exposure of shelf to Puketi, Puketi diverse molluscan shell species) sequence of volcaniclastic southeast corner Miocene in New Zealand and most fossiliferous sandstone and of Hukatere 71 fossiliferous Kaip E E complete sedimentary sequence B 2 siltstone of the Pakaurangi Peninsula. Fossil 72 sequence, through Hukatere Subgroup. Formation and marginal marine locality runs along Kaipara Type locality of many fossil to non-marine Puketi Formation. west side of Harbour species. Pakaurangi Point. J1 1.2 km stretch of shoreline of north Parengarenga Parengarenga Fossiliferous siltstone and .fine - Te Pokere Diverse, warm-water, early Harbour, below Te 244 FNth E E sandstone sequence in eroding B 2 Miocene Miocene molluscan fossil fauna. Pokere pa and 245 cliffs and shore platform. fossils between Waitapu Stm and Maungaroa Pt. B15 The largest unvegetated barrier Parengarenga sand spit in New Zealand. The Peninsula/Kokota Parengarenga Sand very high in silica (in 238 FNth C C most extensive and highest Spit, northwest B 2 silica sand spit excess of 95%). 241 grade silica sand deposit in New coast of Great Zealand. Exhibition Bay. H4 5 km of north Best exposed sedimentary rock Parengarenga Parengarenga sequence through most of the Dipping fossiliferous siltstones Harbour coastline - Paratoetoe upper Parengarenga Group: 244 FNth D E and fine sandstones of shelf from Porutu B 2 Miocene Type Paratoetoe Formation. 245 origin. Stream to sequence Diverse, warm water early Paramatetaha Miocene molluscan fauna. Point. B15 Parua Bay One of the classic rock localities Melange overlying decollement At eastern end of basal in Northland showing the base of cut into c.5m of Miocene Parua Bay allochthon the allochthon as sheared Waitemata Group bioclastic extending 500 m Whg E E B 2 19 melange, melange overlying early limestone and flysch, along foreshore Whangarei Miocene deepwater sedimentary unconformable upon greywacke North of Nook S9, Harbour rocks and greywacke. basement. Road S8

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A scoria cone, 750 m in diameter, which stands 135 m high, 275 m ASL and has a 100 m deep summit crater breached to the SW. Rafting of part of the cone has resulted in debris mounds below the SW side of A prominent, well-preserved the cone. Stoney rises, 1-10 m Pouerua scoria cone clearly visible from high, are distributed over much 2 km SW of (Pakaraka SH1. Deeply breached crater. of the field and W of the cone Pakaraka, 135 Mountain) Cone surrounded by the best sub-circular mounds 0.5 to 1.5 m extending from 136 scoria cone, FNth V B B 2 preserved lava flow field in high and 2 m in diameter, called Hwy 1 across 145 lava flow field Northland and rare rafted scoria tumuli, are abundant. Rafted Ludbrook Rd to 146 and lava- mounds and tumuli. Includes two scoria mounds to the E of the Lake Owhareiti. dammed lakes lava-flow dammed lakes. centre reach 18 m high. The longest flow, 4 km long flowed to the NE. The lava field covers an area of 13.5 square km. The largest pa and stone fields prehistoric site remaining in New Zealand. Includes Lake H18, Owhareiti and Jacks Lake. S12 Extensive area of mobile, consolidated and old sand Sand dunes at An excellent, unmodified 59 Pouto sand dunes at dynamic north head of southern end of Kaip C C example of the North Kaipara B 1 60 dunes Kaipara Harbour with associated North Kaipara Head active dunelands system. 61 wetlands and numerous small Head. shallow dune lakes. E1 A steep-sided, mostly bush- covered scoria cone, stands 60 Adjacent to and N A prominent, small, breached m above the surrounding lava Pukepoto of Ngunguru Whg V B scoria cone beside the road to flow field. The crater has been C 1 30 scoria cone Road, 7.5 km ENE Tutukaka. breached to the South. Two of Kamo township. periods of cone building resulted F1, in three separate flows. A1 Most complete sequence Almost complete exposure from Section for 2 km Puketotara through early Miocene sequence Timber Bay distal flysch through on either side of Peninsula 66 in ; including Matapoura Conglomerate, large Timber Bay, Miocene Kaip D E B 3 67 excellent examples of the slump horizon, and into Puketotara sediments and 72 zeolites erionite and phillipsite in Pakaurangi and Puketi Peninsula, erionite the lower eastern parts. Formations. Kaipara. S1

A group of six cones and mounds overlying a more 10 km W of Paihia massive lava flow. The northern and 2.5 km east of Puketutu A group of six small scoria two and southernmost are intersection of (Puketona) FNth V B cones highly visible from main C 1 154 untouched. One has been SH10 with volcanic cones road to Waitangi. mostly quarried away and the Puketona Rd. On other two slightly damaged by both sides of road. quarrying. A1, M8 Craterless dome (381 m ASL) Prominent, easily accessible rising 90 m above underlying small rhyolite dome amidst basalt plateau. Several small (<6 Putahi Trig, 1.6 km Putahi rhyolite basalt volcanic field. One of only m diameter) vents are noted SE of Lake dome with FNth V B two crystalline peralkaline (Letelier 1979). Covers an area Omapere near B 2 144 associated rhyolite domes of Quaternary of 4 square km. Halloysite clays junction of Lake halloysite age in Northland. Good example derived from rhyolite by and Te Pua roads. A1,L of halloysite clay deposit. hydrothermal alteration are 3,M found around the Putahi Dome. 8 A low 1 km-diameter scoria cone Approximately 3 Only scoria cone in Northland rising 90-120 m above the km W of Kamo Rawhitiroa with a lake/pond in its crater. surrounding land. Cone is not township, between scoria cone Whg V B C 1 31 Prominent middle cone of line of breached and has a shallow the end of

three west of Kamo. crater lake/pond on top. One Rotomate Rd and F1, house on top. Rd. A1

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Greywacket stacks overlain by varied late Eocene sedimentary rocks (conglomerate, algal Reserve Point limestone), which pass up into Unusual in-situ shallow marine Eocene fine grained glauconitic sedimentary sequence Whangarei sedimentary sandstones with textbook deposited in the Late Eocene, Harbour, 2 km sequence, hummocky cross stratification. containing rare starfish and section of coastal nephenite Sparse fossil starfish, echinoids, Whg E E other fossils. Only known rocks and low cliffs B 2 19 flows and fish, shark and colonial coral nephelinite flow in northern New on south and east garnet present. Up to 4m thick Zealand, adjacent to garnet side of Reserve andesite, columnar jointed, partly pillowed, andesite intrusion rich in mantle Point. Whangarei nephenelite flow lens within the xenoliths. Harbour sequence. This sequence is intruded by garnet hornblende andesite rich in unusual mantle xenoliths. B1 Exposed around the coast of Sequence of well developed Strawberry Bay Best example of Miocene pillow pillow lava flows repeated over a Strawberry and Pupuia Island Kaip E E lavas in Northland. Some with syncline and anticline, overlying B 2 71 Bay pillow lava on Hukatere multiple selvedges. fossiliferous flysch. Intruded by a Peninsula in low younger dike. cliffs and intertidal rocks. G1 3 km NW of This steep-sided scoria cone Ohaewai and 3-5 (750 m diameter) is breached to The highest and most prominent km E of Lake Tarahi scoria the NNW, stands approximately FNth V B of the scoria cones in the Omapere. Near C 2 145 cone 140 m above the surrounding Kaikohe Volcanic Field. junction of Hariri flows, 390 m ASL, and is highest and Remuera A1, in the Kaikohe Volcanic Field. Settlement roads. M8 A circular scoria cone, 150 m high, 351 m ASL, located at the SE end of the lava field with a One of the best preserved small lake at the S edge. The volcanic cones in Kaikohe conical summit crater is Volcanic Field with a distinct 9-10 km southeast Tauanui scoria approximately 12 m deep. A crater and lava flows. One of of Kaikohe, 1-2 km 124 cones and FNth V B subsidiary cone is located 1 km B 2 three lakes in the Kaikohe area east of 129 dammed lake to the NW and forms a 0.7 km that have been formed by the Mangakahia Rd. long, 75 m high scoria ridge with damming of a valley by the associated explosion craters volcano and its lava flows. and lava channels. A large flow extends from the main cone W A1, for 19 km to Taheke. M8 Two metre wide andesite dike Taurikura Bay Foreshore of intruding Northland Allochthon natural jetty, Best natural jetty formed by a Taurikura Bay, Whg B E and forming a 50m long jetty into B 1 14 Whangarei dike in New Zealand. adjacent to Ody bay. Fifty cm wide zone of baked Harbour Road junction. muddy limestone on either side. A single circular cone, 500 m in diameter, with an E-W trending flow covering a total area of 1.5 square km. The cone stands 100 m above the surrounding plateau, 373 m ASL, but the small crater is shallow, 10 m One of the five highest and most 1.5 km E of Lake deep, and is 'breached' to the Te Ahuahu prominent steep-sided scoria Omapere, on the FNth V B west by erosion. A small C 2 145 volcanic cone cones in the Kaikohe Volcanic northwest side of overflow stream channel runs Field. Hariru Rd. down the slopes on N side. A very well preserved volcanic landform. There is a small farm quarry near the summit containing volcanic bombs amongst the scoria (Fig 6, Kear A1, and Waterhouse 1961). M8 Synclinally folded sequence of Te Kopua Well exposed Puriri Formation tuffaceous foraminiferal micrite Point Miocene within the top of the Northland and intercalated volcaniclastic volcaniclastic Te Kopua Point Allochthon. Volcaniclastic mass flow deposits sedimentary Kaip E E and coast south, B 3 72 sequence with good (volcaniclastic sandstone, structures, Kaipara. sedimentary structures, in deep liquefaction structures, ripples, Kaipara marine environment. etc), unconformably overlying Harbour Northland Allochthon. B2

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From Ninety Mile Best preserved area of active Approximately 20 sq km of Beach extending 3 236 Te Paki sand sand dunes on Aupouri dynamic sand dunes at the FNth C C km inland on B 1 239 dunes Peninsula. A major tourist northern end of Ninety Mile either side of Te 240 attraction. Beach. Paki Stream. B15

A line of four close-spaced small scoria cones (Fig.5 Kear and Waterhouse 1961). The main cone is 136 m ASL and stands 90 m above the surrounding Four of the youngest and best 5 km NW of Te Puke plateau. Two flows were emitted 164 preserved scoria cones with Waitangi Treaty scoria cones, FNth V B from this centre, a 5 km long C 2 and craters in the Kaikohe-Bay of House on Te Waitangi flow extended N down an 165 Islands volcanic field. Araroa Walkway. existing valley, expanding laterally towards the Kerikeri inlet, and a 4 km long valley filling flow extending E forming the Brampton Reef. A1, M8 Stream flows through tunnel in basalt lava flow with natural On Waitomotomo bridge above. Tunnel is about Stream, 500m 15m wide, 30m long and 10m west of Pipiwai - Titoki Natural Best natural bridge formed in high. 200 m upstream the Whg B D Titoki Road / B 2 28 Bridge lava in New Zealand. stream disappears into jointed McCardle Road, cavernous basalt and reappears 2km North of 30 m downstream at foot of dry Tittoki. waterfall. Valley in regenerating bush. H21 One of the largest and most prominent (180 m high) andesite Volcanic plug Probably the most prominant plugs forming part of the forms Tokatoka and most conical volcanic plug subvolcanic plumbing that fed peak and ridge Tokatoka peak in New Zealand. Largest lava to the 20 million years ago extending west to Kaip B D B 2 89 andesite plug and best exposed of numerous Tokatoka Stratovolcano (now Tokatoka Hotel Miocene plugs in the Tokatoka eroded off). The peak stands out and along east area. because it is more resistant to bank of Wairoa erosion than the softer River. B9, surrounding sedimentary rocks. H14 Unusual tombolo with a set of One of best remaining areas of active sand dunes built up on All dune and Waikuku natural sand dune fields and the west and east sides trapping swamp area tombolo, sand dune-dammed swamps in New swampland in between. Largely between Tom dunes and FNth C C B 2 249 Zealand. Rich Holocene unmodified by human actions. Bowling Bay and dune-dammed terrestrial fossil fauna (birds, Includes extensive dune areas Waikuku Beach, swamp marine mammals, land snails). with subfossil flax snail and bone North Cape. deposits. B15 A segmented scoria ring, Part of an unusual segmented Located 4 km ESE surrounding a cluster of scoria ring (1.5 km diameter) of Lake Omapere. approximately fifteen small and associated scoria mounds. Covers an area of Waimimiti scoria mounds, breached to the FNth A B One of two localities in c. 1.3 km x 1.3 km C 2 145 scoria mounds SE and NW, overlying Tarahi Northland where abundant large, on the south side lavas in places. Inclusions may 1-10 cm, gabbroic inclusions can of Remuera be found at a locality to the E of A1, be found. Settlement Rd. the centre. M8 Distal flows of Waipoua Basalt interbedded with South of deltaic marine and non- Hokianga marine Omapere Excellent exposures of Harbour mouth, Conglomerate, overlain by marine deltaic conglomerate along 5 km of freshwater deposits of and terrestrial volcaniclastic coastline, Pukorukoru Formation. Waiwhatawha sequence. Best Miocene between Marine to non-marine ta Coast sequence in Hokianga Waiwhatawhata regressive sequence. Lava conglomerate, Far district; includes most Stm mouth and 114 D E flows dip southwest, forming B 2 basalt flows Nth diverse fossil macroflora in 1 km north of 115 a series of three southwest- and lignite, North Island. Well exposed Waimamaku dipping reefs. Spectacular Hokianga section through three River mouth. sedimentary features in Waipoua Basalt flows that Includes section shallow marine and fluvial form spectacular columnar- of coastal rocks conglomerate and jointed reefs. and cliffs around sandstone. Fossil palm, Hokianga South ferns and leaves in a number Head. of places in Pukorukoru H6, Formation. H14 Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xxxix | P a g e

One of best examples in In Oligocene Whangarei 1 km north of Waro karst, Northland of karst pinnacles. Limestone. Large lake at back Whg B D Hikurangi town in C 2 42 Hikurangi Easily seen and accessible from was pit where Whangarei Marble E1, Waro Reserve. main highway. building stone was extracted. K5 From just above Whakatetereki Nearly complete exposure of ca road bridge, east Type section of Mangapa a Stream 300 m of in situ greensand and of Mangapa Mudstone, and possibly the Eocene rock FNth D E calcareous siltstone resting on upstream to B 3 173 thickest in situ Eocene in sequence, greywacke and beneath the concrete ford atop Northland. Whangaroa Northland Allochthon. high falls on forestry road. B21 Laharic breccias, reworked Best exposures of Miocene ring In cliffs from inside breccias, minor fluvial sediments Whangaroa plain deposits in northern New Whangaroa and a flow confined in North Head Zealand, including several Harbour entrance paleogullies eroded in breccias. ring plain paleogullies and their walls. west to south end Pyroclastic dikes intrude laharic 200 deposits and FNth B E Most easily accessible of Taupo Bay and B 3 breccias at south end of Taupo 209 rocky exposures (Taupo Bay). on ridge crest Bay. Ridge crest above has pinnacled Includes outstanding rocky ridge extending south numerous rocky knolls, ridge crest. crest with mushroom rock on east to the head of pinnacles and a mushroom rock H9, top. Pekapeka Bay. all in laharic breccia. H10 A small concentric shield volcano with very gentle slopes 3.5 km WNW of and a diameter of 5-6 km. Best example in New Zealand of Maungatapere Reaches a maximum height of 22 a small shield volcano. Only Mountain, Whatitiri shield 351 m (ASL) and stands 150 m 23 Whg A A example in Northland of an approximately 5 B 2 volcano above the surrounding 27 almost concentric shield volcano km WSW of landscape. Completely covered 28 with gentle slopes. Maungatapere by farming and forested areas. township. Many houses and farm roads, A1,F but no quarries. 1

Appendix 6 References that contain further information, descriptions or photographs of the ONFs.

A1. Ashcroft, J.E. 1986: The Kerikeri Volcanics: a basalt-pantellerite association in Northland. (Ed. I.E.M. Smith) Roy. Soc. NZ Bull. 23: 48-63. B1.Bach, P., Black, P.M., Hayward, B.W., Isaac, M.J., Smith, I.E.M., 2002. Field trip 3. Part 2. Whangarei Heads geology. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 33-38. Stop 4. B2. Ballance, P.F., 1964. Streaked-out mud ripples below Miocene turbidites, Puriri Formation, New Zealand. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 34, 91-101. B3. Bartrum JA. 1916. High water rock platforms: a phase of shoreline erosion. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 48: 132–134. B4. Bartrum JA. 1924. The shore platform of the west coast near Auckland: its storm wave origin. Reports of the Australian Association of Science 16: 493–495. B5. Bartrum JA. 1926. Abnormal shore platforms. Journal of Geology 34: 793–807. B6. Bartrum, J.A. & Mason, A.P. 1948: Lapiez and solution pits at Hokianga, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 30B: 165-172. B7. Berry, E.W. 1926: Cocos and Phymatocaryon in the Pliocene of New Zealand. Amer. J. Sci. Ser. 5 (12):181-184. B8. Black, P.M., 1966. Volcanic breccias of the Tokatoka district, Northland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 9, 285-300. B9. Black, P.M. 1967: Igneous geology if the Tokatoka district, Northland, New Zealand. NZ Journal of Geology and Geophysics 10(1): 1-30. B10, Black, P.M. 1989: High temperature calc-silicate hornfelses in Northland, New Zealand. In Sporli, B. and Kear, D. (eds). Geology of Northland. Royal Society of NZ Bulletin 26: 215-224. B11. Black, P.M.; Brothers, R.N. 1965: Olivine nodules in olivine nephelinite from Tokatoka, Northland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 8: 62-80. B12. Bowen, F.E., 1966. The Parahaki Volcanic Group and its associated clays. New Zealand Geological Survey Report 6. B13. Brathwaite, R.L.; Isaac, M.J.; Challis, G.A.; Brook, F.J. 1990: Tertiary limestone and Zn-Pb mineralised skarn at Motukokako, Cape Brett, northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of NZ 20 (4): 427-438.

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B14. Brook, F.J. 1983: Lower Miocene geology of North Kaipara, northern New Zealand,with emphasis on the paleontology. PhD thesis, University of Auckland Library. B15. Brook, F.J., 1989. Sheets N1 and N2 - North Cape., Geological Map of New Zealand. DSIR, . B16, Brook, F.J., 1999. Stratigraphy and landsnail faunas of Late Holocene coastal dunes, Tokerau Beach, northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29, 337-359. B17. Brook, F.J., 1999. Stratigraphy, landsnail faunas, and paleoenvironmental history of coastal dunefields at Te Werahi, northernmost New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29, 361-393. B18. Brook, F. & Goulstone, J.F. 1999: Prehistoric and present-day coastal landsnail faunas between Whananaki and Whangamumu, northeastern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 107-134. B19. Brook, F.J.; Hayward, B.W. 1989: Geology of autochthonous and allochthonous sequences between Kaitaia and Whangaroa, Northland, New Zealand. NZ Geological Survey record 36. B20. Brook, F. & Isaac, M.J. 1987: Geology of Matapia Island, Northland. New Zealand Geological Survey Record 20: 25-30. B21. Brook, F.J.; Isaac, M.J.; Hayward, B.W. 1988: Geology of autochthonous and allochthonous strata in the Omahuta area, northern New Zealand. NZ Geological Survey Record 32. B22. Brook, F.J., Thrasher, G.P. 1991 Cretaceous and Cenozoic geology of northernmost New Zealand. NZ Geological Survey Record 41. B23. Brothers, R.N. 1965: New Zealand volcanology of Northland, Coromandel, and Auckland. (Ed. B.N. Thompson and L.O. Kermode) NZ DSIR Inf. Series 49: 17-64. B24. Browne, P.R.L.; Coulter, G.W.; Grant, M.A.; Grindley, G.W.; Lawless, J.V.; Lyon, G.L.; Macdonald, W.J.P.; Robinson, R.; Sheppard, D.S.; Skinner, D.N.B. 1981: The Ngawha Geothermal Area. DSIR Geothermal Report 7. B25. Browne, P.R.L., Simmons, S.F., Campbell, K.A., Hampton, W., Pastars, D., 2002. Field trip 6. Geothermal Northland. Field trip guides, GSNZ Annual Conference. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 49-58. B25. Butcher, M. 2011. Heritage Assessment: Onoke Ballast Pit. Dept of Conservation, 12 p. C1. Carter, L. 1971: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Waitemata Group, Puketotara Peninsula, Northland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14: 109-191. C2. Cotton, C.A. 1958: Geomorphology. Whitcombe and Tombs. D1. Dana, J.D. 1849: Geology. United States Exloring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Wilkes C. (eds). Geo. P. Putnam: New York; 442 pp. D2. Dawes, T. & Dawes, A. 1987: Natural Wonders of New Zealand. Pacific Publishers. p. 68. E1. Edbrooke, S.W., Brook, F.J., 2009. Geology of the Whangarei area. 1:250,000 geological map 2. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt. E2. Endt, R., Hayward, B.W., 1997. Modern relatives of New Zealand's fossil coconuts from high altitude South America. Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter 113, 67-70. E3. Enright, N.J., Anderson, M.J. 1988. Recent evolution of the Mangawhai Spit dunefield. Journal of the Royal Society of NZ 18: 359-367. E4. Evans, R.B. 1989: An outcrop of Waitemata Group strata at Waihou Valley, Hokianga, NZ, and implications for Northland stratigraphy. Royal Society of NZ Bulletin 26: 85-93 E5. Evans, R. B. 1991: A condensed Oligocene sequence, and structure in the Northland Allochthon: southern Waihou Valley, Northland. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21(1): 25-32. E6. Evans, R.B., 1994. Profile of a piggyback basin: early Miocene Otaua Group and Waipoua Subgroup, western Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 37, 87-99. E7. Evans, R.B.; Hayward, B.W. 1990: Exotic thrust sheets with rafts of locally derived strata: Northland allochthon in Waihou Valley, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33(3): 455-464. F1. Ferrar, H.T. 1925: The geology of the Whangarei - Bay of Islands Subdivision. NZ Geological Survey Bulletin 27: 68-73. F2. Fleming, C.A. 1945: Hydrothermal activity at Ngawha, North Auckland. NZ Journal of Science and Technology B26: 255-276. F3. Fleming, C.A., 1950. The Molluscan fauna of the Pahi Greensand, North Auckland. Transactions of the Royal Society of NZ 78: 251-254.

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G1. Grant-Mackie, J.A., Gregory, M., 2002. Kaipara allochthon-autochthon. Field trip guides, GSNZ Annual Conference. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 19-24 G2. Gregory, M.R., Campbell, K.A., 2005. 8th International Ichnofabric Workshop, Auckland New Zealand. Field Trip Guides. 1) Bartrum Bay and Northland 33 p. H1. Hanson, J.A. 1991: Mylonitic fabric in Tangihua Volcanics: Camp Bay, Northland. Unpublished MSc (Hons) thesis, University of Auckland. H2. Harrison, R.E., 2000. Structural analysis of Northland Allochthon infaulted in Waipapa basement rocks at Dyke Bay and Parua Bay, Whangarei, Northland. University of Auckland, Auckland. H3. Hay, R.F., 1981. Sheet N6 Houhora. Geological Map of New Zealand. DSIR, Wellington. H4. Hay, R.F., 1983. Sheet N3 and N4 Parenga. Geological Map of New Zealand. DSIR, Wellington. H5. Hayward, B.W., 1972. Geology of the Kawerua coastline, North Auckland. Tane 18, 149-168. H6. Hayward, B.W., 1973. Miocene stratigraphy of the Hokianga - Waimamaku coastline, north of Kawerua, North Auckland. Tane 19, 119-125. H7. Hayward, B.W. 1975: Waipoua Basalt and the geology of Maunganui Bluff. Tane 21: 39-45. H8. Hayward, B.W., 1991. Geology and geomorphology of the , northern New Zealand. Tane 33, 23-37. H9. Hayward, B.W., 1991. Ring plain remnants of a Miocene composite volcano: Wairakau Volcanics at Whangaroa, Northland. New Zealand Geological Survey Record 43, 65-71. H10. Hayward, B.W., 1996. Scenic gem was created by lahars. New Zealand Herald, April 24, section 3, p.3. H11. Hayward, B.W., 2013. Giant fossil barnacles provide paleowater depth estimates for the subsidence of the Waitemata basin. Geocene 9, 7-9. H12. Hayward, B.W. 2013. Heritage assessment of Proposed Conservation Covenant Area of Basalt Karst at Stoney Knowe, Helena Bay, Northland. Unpublished Report BWH155/13. H13. Hayward, B.W., 2014. Treasured spheres: protecting New Zealand's heritage of spherical concretions. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Newsletter 12, 24-30. H14. Hayward, B.W., Black, P.M., Smith, I.E.M., Ballance, P.F., Itaya, T., Doi, M., Takagi, M., Bergman, S., Adams, G.J., Herzer, R.H., Robertson, D.J., 2001. K-Ar ages of early Miocene arc-type Miocene volcanoes in northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44, 285-311. H15. Hayward, B.W., Francis, D.A., 2013. New Zealand's small mud volcano heritage. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Newsletter 9, 8-13. H16. Hayward, B.W., Kenny, J.A., 2011. Karst in basalt. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Newsletter 3, 12-16. H17. Hayward, B.W., Moore, P.R., Francis, D.A., 1978. Geology of Hen Island (Taranga), and reclassification of the "Wairakau Andesites". Tane 24, 55-76. H18. Hayward, B.W. and Smith, I.E.M. 1992. Geological report on Pouerua volcano. GSNZ Unpublished Report 92/1. H19. Hayward, B.W., Smith, I.E.M., 2002. Field trip 7. A taste of Northland geology. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 59-78. H20. Hayward, B.W., Stephenson, B., 1991. Oligocene fossil lanternfish. Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter 92, 24-25. H21. Heming, R.F., 1979. Natural bridges in basalt lavas, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 22, 239-243. H22. Heming, R.F. 1980: Petrology and geochemistry of Quaternary basalts from Northland, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8: 23-44. H23. Hornibrook, N.de B. 1951: Permian Fusilinid Foraminifera from the North Auckland Peninsula, New Zealand. Trans Roy Soc NZ 79(2):319-321. H24. Houghton, B.F. 1971: Igneous geology of Parakiore, Northland. BSc (Hons) thesis, University of Auckland Library. I1. Isaac, M.J., 1996. Geology of the Kaitaia area. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 Geological Map 1. I2. Isaac, M.J.; Brook, F.J.; Hayward, B.W. 1988: The Cretaceous sequence at Whatuwhiwhi, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey record 26. I3. Isaac, M.J.; Brook, F.J.; Ruddock, R.S.; Smith, I.E.M. 1989: Cape Karikari - Doubtless Bay Field Guide. Geological Society of NZ Miscellaneous Publication 43B. I4. Isaac, M.J., Herzer, R.H., Brook, F.J., Hayward, B.W., 1994. Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary basins of Northland, New Zealand. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences monograph 8, 203 pp. Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xlii | P a g e

J1. Jones, B.G. 1969: The stratigraphy and structure of Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society N.Z. (Geol.) 6(17): 219-246. K1. Kadar, A.P., 1988. Upper Cretaceous to Lower Miocene Calcareous Nannofossils from Northland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Auckland. K2. Kear, D., 1959. Geology of the Kamo mine area. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2, 541-568. K3. Kear, D.; Hay, R.F. 1961: Sheet 1: North Cape. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:250,000, NZ DSIR, Wellington. K4. Kennedy, D.M., Paulik, R. & Dickson, M.E., 2011: Subaerial weathering versus wave processes in shore platform development: reappraising the Old Hat Island evidence. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 686-694. K5. Kenny, J.A., Hayward, B.W., 2010. Karst in Stone. Karst landscapes in New Zealand: A case for protection. Geological Society of New Zealand Guidebook 15. L1. Larsen, J.M.; Sporli, K.B. 1989: Structure of the Tangihua Ophiolites at Ahipara, Northland, New Zealand. In - The Geology of Northland (K.B. Sporli and D. Kear, eds.), Royal Society of NZ Bulletin 26: 137-144. L2. Leitch, E.C.; Grant-Mackie, J.A.; Hornibrook, N.de B. 1969: Contributions to the geology of northernmost New Zealand: I-the mid-Miocene Waikuku Limestone. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Earth Sciences 7(2): 21-32. L3. Letelier, M., 1979. Mapping of vents associated with the Putahi Rhyolite, Northland, New Zealand., Department of Geothermal Institute. University of Auckland. M1. Mansergh, G.D. 1965: A study of the Kerikeri Volcanics, north of Whangarei. Unpublished MSc thesis, University. M2. McAlre, P.; Healy, T.R.; Nelson, C. 1985: Australian Conference on Coastal Ocean Engineering: 537- 546. M3. McCarron, C., 1996. Petrology and geochemistry of non-tropical and mid-Tertiary limestones in the eastern Northland region, New Zealand. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Waikato. M4. Millener, P.R., 1981. The Quaternary avifauna of the North Island, New Zealand., Department of Geology. University of Auckland. M5. Milligan, E.N. 1959: The geology of North Hokianga district. MSc thesis, University of Auckland. M6. Moore, P.R., 1981. Geology of the Urupukapuka-Motuarohia Island Group, Eastern Bay of Islands, Northland. Tane 27, 93-102. M7. Moore, P.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., 1979. Geology of the Cavalli Islands, Northern New Zealand. Tane 25, 41-59. M8. Mulheim, M. 1973: Volcanic geology of the Kaikohe area, Northland, New Zealand. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Auckland. N1. New Zealand Cave Atlas (North Island): 279. N2. New Zealand Cave Atlas (North Island) 1988: 268. N3. New Zealand Speleological Bulletin 4(80): 580-582, 7(122): 58-59. N4. New Zealand Speleological Bulletin 7(129): 236-238; 8(148): 235-238. P1. Petty, D.L., Brown, L.J., Homer, D.L., 1987. Mineral and thermal waters and springs of North Auckland. NZ Geological Survey. P2. Pocknall, D.T.; Tremain, R. 1988: Tour LB1. New Zealand palynology and paleobotany. A field guide to palynological and paleobotanical localities. International Palynological Conference, 7th, tour notes. NZ Geological Survey record 33, 107p. R1. Ramsay, W.R.H.; Moore, P.R. 1985: Mineralogy and chemistry of a pillow lava, Northland, New Zealand and its tectonic significance. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28: 471-485. R2. Ruddock, R., Spörli, K.B., 1989. Relation between intrusion and tectonics in the Miocene Karikari Pluton, Northland, New Zealand. Royal Society of NZ Bulletin 26: 26, 195-204. R3. Ruddock, R.S., 1990. The Karikari Plutonics of Northland New Zealand. The petrology of an arc-type intrusion and its envelope. Unpublished PhD, University of Auckland, 390 pp. S1. Sameshima, T. 1978: Zeolites in tuff beds of the Miocene Waitemata Group, Auckland Province, New Zealand. In L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton, eds. Natural Zeolites - occurrence, properties, use. Pergamon Press: 309-317. S2. Schaad, R. and F. 2003: Wairere Boulders Nature Park. Brochure. Website www.wairereboulders.co.nz S3. Smith, I.E.M.; Day, R.A.; Ashcroft, J.E. 1986: International Volcanological Congress, New Zealand - Tour Guide A4: Volcanic associations of Northland. NZ Geological Survey record 12: 5-30. Outstanding Natural Features – Identifying and mapping additional sites Report May 2016) xliii | P a g e

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