E2215 v3 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Introduction to BCRLIP THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA

he Biodiversity Cons ervation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP) was conceptualized in 2005 to resolve the T confl ict between man and animal among rural people living on the fringes of important protected areas. The primary aim of the project is to engage local communities in sustaining biodiversity conservation while improving their livelihood prospects.

The project area, called a landscape, includes protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries, tiger reserves and forests rich in fl ora and fauna outside the protected areas.

Six landscapes have been selected under the project. These include the Upper Indus landscape (Changthang) in Jammu and Kashmir. Changthang falls in the District of Leh and includes the Changthang wildlife sanctuary. Askot in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand includes the Askot musk deer sanctuary. Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat falls in Kutch and includes the Hadakiya and Kachch Creeks and the Wild Ass Sanctuary; Satpura in Madhya Pradesh covers the districts of Hoshangabad, Chhindwara and Betul and includes the Satpura National Park and the Bori and Panchmarhi wildlife sanctuaries. Dampa in Mizoram falls in Mamit district and includes the Dampa tiger reserve. Agasthiyaramalai, spread across Tamil Nadu and Kerala, runs through 13 districts (Theni,Tiruneveli, Srivilliputtur, Kanyakumari, Virudnagar, Thiruvanthapuram, Konni, Punalur, Thenmala, Achencoil,and forest divisions of Shendurney, Neyyar and Pappara and includes one tiger reserve (Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger reserve) and fi ve wildlife sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel WLS, Kanayakumari WLS in Tamil Nadu and Shendurney WLS, Neyyar WLS and Pappara WLS in Kerala.

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, is the nodal body for the project.

The BCRLIP is based on the lessons learned from the earlier India Eco-Development Project that focussed only on protected areas. However, it has a much wider canvass as it encompasses not only the PAs but also the areas contiguous to it.

CONSULTATIONS Consultants PEACE and ATREE had the responsibility of assisting the seven states selected for this project to develop detailed landscape-specifi c plans through a consultative process. The forest and wildlife departments, which are the fi eld level implementing agencies for the project, began consultations in 2005 with all stakeholders within each of the selected landscapes. 1 They had discussions with private and public sector agencies operating in the area; with civil society organizations; and most importantly with local communities, to develop plans for the sustainable management of the area’s biodiversity while ensuring livelihood needs of the people living there. THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Since the areas of some of the landscapes like Agasthiyarmalai and Changthang are much larger than the traditional PAs, their management has to be different. There was need for partnerships and coalitions with a wide range of actors and stakeholders. Such multi-stakeholder forums and local landscape foundations require a focus on transparency and information dissemination to ensure that all views and concerns are addressed in the management of the landscape.

So far, for each landscape there has been at least one landscape level and one state level meeting. In addition, all communities living in villages falling within the landscape were consulted. These include panchayat members, women, village elders, Hill Council members (as in Changthang), agriculturists, herdsmen, fi shermen and traders.

Issues During the consultations, concerns were expressed on the need for balance between biodiversity conservation and improvement of rural livelihoods.

The common issues that surfaced across all the landscapes were:

■ Rights of people not settled although some protected areas were notifi ed in 1973 ■ Stringent provisions of Wildlife(P) Act 1972 limit livelihood options of those who live within landscape ■ Man-animal confl ict ■ No compensation for livestock losses ■ Need for greater livelihood options ■ Poaching, hunting ■ Disruption of land use ■ Declining agriculture production resulting in livelihood insecurity ■ Remoteness of villages leading to their marginalization ■ Migration ■ High illiteracy and poverty, lack of development ■ Lack of health and education services ■ Declining traditional wool crafts dues to poor marketing and promotion ■ Religious tourism not creating local employment and outside porters destroying homes and habitat

2 ■ No proper rail connection leading to inadequate marketing and loss of income ■ Construction of check dams on seasonal rivers and streams leading to low fi sh turnover ■ Ignorance about various agricultural and other government schemes THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • Lack of non-land based income options ■ Remote location ■ Lack of roads leading to high transportation costs

Opportunities The remoteness of the villages within the landscape has deprived communities of the benefi ts of development. Although the project cannot resolve all concerns like lack of education, water, health infrastructure, electricity and communications, it does provide an opportunity to take stock of these issues and address them.

A crucial component in any project is the convergence of government and line departments and this project will help to facilitate this process with greater transparency.

In addition, with the recent establishment of the NTCA and the promulgation of the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006, there will be new opportunities to engage with communities to sustain and manage natural resources to support rural livelihoods

Contacts Agasthiyarmalai: Mr KJ Varughese, Dampa: Dr VN Singh, Chief Wildlife Warden, Kerala LR Thanga, Chief Wildlife Warden, Chief Conservator of Forests (wildlife), 0471-2529238. Fax: 0471-2322217 Govt of Mizoram Tamil Nadu Forest Department Email: [email protected] 0389-2325371 044-24312574, 09443931799 09436142355 Email: [email protected] Askot: Email: [email protected] SS Raisaili, Dr. Sukhdev Thakur, Conservator of forests, North Kumaon Little Rann of Kutch: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, 05962-231099, 09412085434 Pradeep Khanna, Principal Chief Govt. of Tamil Nadu Email: [email protected] Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), 044-24321738, Gandhinagar Email: [email protected] S.S. Vaish, 079-23254126, 09427306163 Field Director, Pithoragarh Forest Email: [email protected] Department 05964-225234 3 Bharat Pathak, A.K. Srivastava, NTCA Chief Conservator, Wildlife, Chief Wildlife Warden, Dr. Rajesh Gopal, IGF & Member Junagarh Jammu & Kashmir Secretary (NTCA), Ministry of THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA 0285-2631678, 09978406191 0194-2452469, 0191-2572570 Environment & Forests Email: [email protected] 09419202383 011-23384428 Email: [email protected] 09868286591 Satpura email: [email protected] SS Rajpoot, Conservator of Forests, PEACE Satpura Tiger Reserve Manoj Misra Dr. T. Wangdi 07574-254394 011-22719005 Additional Director, BCRLIP, Ministry of 09425091875 09910153601 Environment & Forests Email: [email protected] email: [email protected] 011-23387691 09810822059 UIL (Changthang): ATREE Email: [email protected] Jigmet Thakpa, conservator, forests; Ravi Chellam regional wildlife warden, Leh 080-23638771 Ganga Singh 09419178739. 09900901112 Joint Director (NTCA), Ministry of Phone/Fax: 01982-255733 email: [email protected] Environment & Forests Email: [email protected] 011-233899883 09868885596 Email: [email protected]

4 Workshop on Biodiversity

Conservation and Rural Livelihood THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Improvement Project May 24-25, 2007 New Delhi

he Ministry of Environment and Forests, National Tiger Conservation Authority organised a national T workshop on the Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP) at the India Habitat Centre in New Delhi on May 24-25, 2007. The objective was to discuss the ‘draft fi nal report on BCRLIP’ submitted by the consultants and presentations made by project coordinator/ authorised offi cer from each of the six landscape sites detailing various project components. These presentations were to highlight the following:

■ key activities proposed in accordance with project area development components, ■ extent of stakeholder consultations, ■ issues, responses, extent of consensus and its documentation ■ how the project design meets peoples concerns ■ specifi c institutional arrangement for each landscape ■ arrangements for coordination within and outside forest departments ■ composition and timing of establishment of core planning teams ■ implementation, role and responsibilities within landscapes ■ fund fl ow arrangements ■ establishment of landscape societies /foundation ■ state receptiveness, timing and its role ■ site specifi c risks It was attended by representatives from civil society organisations, ministry of environment and forests, state forest departments of the proposed six landscape sites, intended benefi ciaries, World Bank and the consultants to the BCRLIP project. (List of participants is attached)

5 Dr Rajesh Gopal, member secretary, National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), which is implementing the project, welcomed the participants on behalf of the ministry.

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Mr V Prasad, Director General Forests and Special Secretary, said conservation was a formidable task especially in India where there was great dependence on forests for livelihoods. He asked the participants to make landscape specifi c suggestions that could be discussed and debated over the next two days.

Ms Asmeen Khan, senior rural development specialist, World Bank, said the purpose of the workshop was to take stock of the current level of project preparation, started in 2005. PEACE were appointed consultants to help the seven states selected for this project develop detailed landscape specifi c plans. The wildlife departments conducted several consultations with the stakeholders, including private and public sector agencies operating in the area, civil society organizations and, most importantly, local communities. This was to develop plans for the sustainable management of the area’s biodiversity while improving the livelihood needs of the people. How these concepts could be turned into practical working plans would be shared at the workshop.

Landscape-level management required a very different concept of management compared to protected areas (PAs) she pointed out. The size of these areas was much larger than the traditional PAs. Greater partnership with all stakeholders was crucial for landscape management. Establishment of a Foundation that would insure transparency and effective communication was required so that the views of all stakeholders were represented, said Ms Khan.

The recent establishment of the NTCA and the promulgation of the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 were new opportunities to engage with communities at these sites to manage natural resources and support rural livelihoods.

The World Bank viewed this project as a programme of support to scale up unique local initiatives like micro planning in Ladakh, community management of village forest reserves in Mizoram and partnerships with private landowners in Agasthiyarmalai landscape she said.

The BCRLIP, in fact builds on the lessons learnt from the Global Environment Facility-supported India Eco-development project that ended in 2001 but continued for two more years because there was some unspent money. Due weightage has also been given to the recommendations of the high level Tiger Task Force appointed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to look into the dwindling number of tigers in the country.

These include:

■ Supporting local capacity to plan and implement, and not overwhelm the sites with more money than they can spend

■ Supporting a more focused approach on new livelihood interventions, as opposed to the Ecodevelopment Project which did not suffi ciently meet the livelihood needs of fringe communities 6 ■ Working with existing delivery systems and mechanism rather than creating new institutions e.g. Panchayati Raj Institutions and other local institutions

■ Developing partnerships with other rural development agencies to support the livelihood agenda THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA

■ Focusing on ways of improving productivity and value addition of products produced by communities living in the landscape

■ Giving people living in the fringe areas management decisions and rights over forest land e.g. concept of community reserves.

Dr Gopal pointed out that the BCRLIP was an innovative way of mainstreaming development. Lessons learnt from the earlier projects like Kalakkad Mundanthura Tiger Reserve, Project Tiger, India Eco Development Project and Periyar Tiger Reserve show that conservation is not possible without the support of the community living in and around the protected areas.

He said that the four components of the BCRLIP were strengthening biodiversity management in the eco systems; conserving traditional practices of villagers in the area; improving learning and participatory processes; and improving national and state level capacities for landscape conservation.

Dr Gopal said that the workshop would bring out the bottlenecks in implementation, extent of stakeholder consultations and the degree of consensus received from the local communities for BCRLIP.

While talking about the proposed institutional arrangement, Dr Gopal said that a Foundation could be created for each landscape and the codifi ed guidelines of the Wildlife Protection Act (amended in 2006) would help in implementation and coordination of the project. The BCRLIP co-ordinator would work through the Foundations. He should be aware of all district level welfare schemes and enable sectoral integration for mainstreaming wildlife concerns.

On fund fl ow, Dr Gopal said the money would come through the Central government. However, a MOU could be signed with the state governments for project implementation. This would ensure that funds reached the Foundation directly and thus cut down the delays in transfer of money.

7 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA AGASTHIYARMALAI LANDSCAPE

he heavily populated Agasthiyarmalai Landscape (ALS) covering 8023 sq km in the southern Western Ghats ranks among the T few chosen global biodiversity hotspots. Of the six BCRLIP sites, this impacts the lives of the greatest number of people within and beyond its boundaries, while simultaneously having the highest number of endemic species living in it.

This is also the only site that falls within two states – Kerala (2555 sq km) and Tamil Nadu (5468 sq km). About 57 per cent of this area is classifi ed as Forest Land and the remaining 43 per cent is occupied by villagers and development activities. This landscape includes four wildlife sanctuaries and a tiger reserve.

The Agasthiyarmalai hills forming the southernmost tip of the Western Ghats have high rainfall and elevation gradients that combine to create a hotspot within a hotspot. A high number of plant and animal species exist here.

Unique vegetation in this landscape includes the freshwater Myristica swamps ecosystem, bamboo brakes, Ochlandra reeds and high elevation shola grasslands. There are numerous medicinal plants and important genetic resources such as the wild species of grains, fruits and spices. The ALS has many rare and endangered species of fauna like the Flying Squirrel. As the area receives very high annual rainfall, it performs important hydrological and watershed functions.

It is home to at least three native communities – the Kani, Malampandaram and Paliyam. They are repositories of traditional knowledge about forest resources. In fact, the Kani community’s traditional knowledge has spread globally, prompting the recognition of the importance of Intellectual Property Rights. The ALS is also the cradle for the plant-based indigenous medicinal system of Siddha.

8 Agasthiyarmalai Landscape, 8023 sq kms Administrative units — Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Categories (location, size) Government • TN Dist Adm offi cial, Date: 23.08.06 Understanding Policy Makers • Dist Collector Location: Tirunelvelli, project and Tirunelvelli TN Development welfare of local residents • Secy, Ministry of Forest; Date: 18.8.06 Conservation • MP Location: and • MLA Thiruvananthapuram environmental Kerala management • Addl D.G. MOEF Date: 25.08.06 same Location: Chennai, Jt Director, MOEF – Date: 21.08.06 same Location: Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala

Implementing • Forest Department, Date: 12.12.06 Conservation Very large no. of tribal Forest Dept Agency Staff Kerala Location: and settlements inside forest commissioned • Wildlife Dept, Kerala Thiruvanthapuram, environmental area; Shencottah Gap to study on Kerala management be bridged on priority rationalization and basis; funding needed of PA development to acquire estates; boundaries of village elephant problem welfare in Trivandrum;PA boundaries to be rationalized; no major infrastructure project planned in this landscape

9 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • Forest Department Date: 18.12.06 Planned interventions Location: Tirunelvelli, suggested, cross border Tamil Nadu confl ict issues like • Field Director, KMTR, Eco poaching, demarcation Development Offi cer Replication of of state borders, successes of encroachment, smuggling KMTR model of timber and illicit for BCRLIP NTFP collection; near total reduction of cattle incursions into KMTR • Forest Dept, TN Date: 23.08.06 conservation • Why only two out of Two • Wildlife Dept, TN Location:, Tirunelvelli, four watersheds in the watersheds TN LS are mentioned in require urgent project attention, but rest important too • Forest Dept, Kerala Date: 18.8.06 same • Population pressure • Wildlife Dept, Kerala Location: on Reserved Forests • Animal Husbandry Dept Thiruvanthapuram, leading to confl ict • Soil Conservation Dept Kerala between villagers and forest dept • Pressure from cattle grazing inside forests • Forest Dept, TN Date: 25.08.06 Balancing • Need to learn from • Wildlife Dept, TN Location: Chennai, TN conservation success of KMTR • Animal Husbandry Dept, and livelih • inter sectoral and inter TN oods state coordination • Social Welfare Dept, TN needed conservation • identifi cation of BSAs • need to relook at method of forest classifi cation system as also inventory and distribution of species

10 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

Coordination • Management zoning THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA in conservation issues and livelihood • More details of micro options planning work in villages • development packages need to be indicated so that FD can discuss these and offer them to EDCs. • Legal provision should be made to regulate collection of rich medicinal plant species of area • Strengthening of anti poaching camps manned by tribal youth under supervision of forest guard • Post project sustainability • EDC and SHG models working well within KMTR and experience to be used to strengthen project activities

11 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Forest Dept, Kerala Date: 21.08.06 Development • Project tenure and Location: of livelihood quantum and source of • Wildlife Dept, Kerala Thiruvananthapuram, opportunities project funds • Depts of Agriculture, Kerala and • Need of primary data Rural Development, Soil conservation collection for biological Conservation, Social assessment on a Welfare, Scheduled sample basis Tribes Development; Panchayat Directorate • Need to include agro- biodiversity • Should study similar projects’ impacts and lessons, particularly Kerala’s MAB • consider appointing a professional outside the Forest Dept to be CEO • inclusion of local reps in steering committee • creation of new posts of VCCs/EDCs • Plans on watershed basis required, using application of space technology • need to ensure post- project sustainability

12 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

Interest INTACH Date: 12.12.06 Partnering Delineation of the THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Groups Location: Thiruv., conservation landscape arbitrary; (NGOs) and Kerala efforts lack of data with FD on others critical and fringe areas; success of Periyar Tiger Reserve unlikely to be replicated as hoped; role of communities’ in forest protection not specifi ed; employ tribal communities for forest restoration; ensuring people’s rights and responsibilities at community level masses • Project should take up soil erosion mitigation measures in estates • Proper roads to estates required • Solar fencing inside estates

Private Estates Date: 21.08.06 Cultivation and • Estate own- Location: Livelihood ers respon- Thiruvananthpuram, sible for Kerala controlling erosion Date: 23.08.06 caused due Location: to cultiva- Nirunelvelli, TN tion without conservation safeguards

13 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA RAMCO Industry Date: 18.8.06 livelihood • need to enhance • Estate Location: RAMCO’s initiative of owners Thiruvananthpuram, supporting education responsible Kerala of 150 tribal children, for roads so that every village and solar child educated fencing

Academicians Date: 25.08.06 Development • Tribals inside forest Location: Chennai, TN welfare of should not be relocated people as they protect forests

Scientists Dept. of Same and • Negative impact of Botany M.G. College, conservation pilgrims to LS Thiruvananthapuram, • Setting up of medicinal Kerala; TBGRI Palode) plants garden for participatory biodiversity conservation with Kani tribals • Detailed documentation of LS biodiversity and cultural diversity required, particularly traditional knowledge of tribals • Focus on convergence, as no inter departmental coordination at state and district levels presently; stakeholders must be empowered to ask for due inputs from line agencies

14 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

• How biodiversity THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA conservation and livelihood interventions can be made complementary by making social and cultural interventions that acknowledge ecology as part of heritage and central to local economy

Intended Rajathottam Van Date: 1.12.06 Situational • Need for productive benefi ciaries Samraksha Samiti (VSS), Location: analysis and forestry in Kerala (Ker) (Ker) Thenmala Division, livelihood • Promotion of and Tamil Ariyankavu Range challenges ecotourism with locals’ Nadu (TN) involvement • Relocation problems of Kanis from Thenmala division and of people inside Rosemala • NTFP issues • Lack of jobs/work for locals in Forest Department • Issues related to functioning of VSS • Functioning of livelihood-promotion activities, employment schemes and small enterprises • Road, water and electricity issues

15 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • Issues relating to cash crop economy • Collection and cultivation of medicinal plants • Sustainability of BCRLIP project • High unemployment - workers laid off polluting factories • Employment opportutinities through forestry activities

Rosemala settlement (Ker) Date: 14.12.06 Location: Kulathupuzha Panchayath

Mallapandarams’ Date: 14.12.06 Settlement (Ker) Location: Near RFO offi ce

VSS, Palaruvi (Ker) Date: 14.12.06 Location: Palaruvi, Thenmala division

President of Thenmala Date: 14.12.06 Ecodevelopment Location: Thenmala Cooperative (Ker) division

VSS, Pottomavu Date: 15.12.06 Location: Pottamavu

16 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

Residents of Thanumoodu Date: 15.12.06 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA village; residents of Location:Thanumoodu Kochhadappupara village village,Varottakala residents; residents of and Varattakala village (Ker) Kochchadappupara villages Residents and VSS Date: 16.12.06 members of Kallar (Chanda Location: Villages colony), Orupara village, Kallar (Chanda Podiakala village and colony), Orupara, workers in Bonnecaud Podiakala and estate (ker) Bonnecaud estate

Members of Puttukala EDC; Date: 17.12.06 residents and EDC members Location: Villages of Mayam village; residents/ Puttukala and Mayam; members of Thenmala EDC; Thenmala ; Kombai, Kombai, Pattayamvachai Pattaymvachai and and Ayaramkal settlements Ayarmkal settlements (Ker) Residents of Papanasum Date: 19.12.06 and Mylar villages(TN) Location: Villages of Papanasum and Mylar

Members of Village Forest Date: 23.08.06 Livelihood and • No electricity in villages • Forest dept Committees and Van Location:, Tirunelvelli, conservation • Housing for villagers to provide Samraksha Samitis in TN TN opportunities with proper toilets training and part of LS required knowhow for main- • Schools in LS must taining solar focus on conservation fencing that awareness programmes can be done • Soil theft from river through banks project, but responsibility with villagers 17 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size) • Develop- THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • Solar fencing to protect agricultural land from ment of animals Fisheries as • More funds for VFCs a livelihood and SHGs which option to are doing good prevent conservation work, migration of funds can be given locals directly by World Bank to VFCs • More employment opportunities in Forest Dept for Kani tribals • Address migration of unemployed landless villagers • NGOs should be strengthened under the project • Exploitation of forests by private estates Kerala LS village Panchayat Date: 18.8.06 Development • Alienation of adivasis, • new proj- representatives; members Location: welfare of need for livelihood ect would of village eco development Thiruvananthpuram, villagers and improvement not affect committees and heads of Kerala conservation programmes for various de- Van Samraksha Samitis adivasis velopment • Lack of roads activities underway, • Shift system in schools nor relocate causing hardship to villages parents • Opposition of Forest Dept to development of forest villages

18 Stakeholder Relevant Stakeholder Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories (location, size)

• Focus on livelihood THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA improvement and employment generation • Importance of strengthening VSS • Relocation of interior settlements to the fringes • Importance of developing eco-tourism with help of locals • Ensure sustainable collection and distribution of NWFP • Earlier projects promising village eco development having failed • Accumulation of plastic garbage and waste by pilgrims coming to LS can be removed with help from locals

19 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Upper Indus (Changthang) Landscape

ound on one side by Tibet and Himachal Pradesh on the other, the Upper Indus (Changthang) Landscape of 22,588 sq kms in B the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, is the largest of the six sites selected in the country under the BCRLI (biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods improvement) project. It is also the highest landscape of the country. Snow bound for almost six months in the year, the region is home to the chiru, the famed Tibetan antelope, which provides the pashmina wool, the endangered snow leopards, kiangs or wild ass and the wild yak. There are ten biologically signifi cant areas in the landscape. The increasing number of households and livestock threatens the pastoral economy of the region. A large chunk of the pastureland was lost to China after the 1962 war and there has been an infl ux of Tibetan refugees to the region. Man-animal confl ict in the region is high and because of shrinking pasturelands, people are in dire need of other livelihood options. Since March 2006 till mid-May 2007, nine consultations were held with stakeholders ranging from offi cials of the Ladakh Hill Development Council, village elders, panchayat representatives, NGOs and the forest department representatives to ensure better livelihood for the community while protecting the biodiversity of the region. Meetings were held in Leh as well as in the villages of Nyoma and Durbuk blocks. About 500 people participated in these meetings and shared their concerns about how the BCRLIP would impact on their lives Upper Indus (Changthang) Landscape, 22,588 sq kms Administrative units—Nyoma Block, Durbuk block and Changchenmo valley

Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Government • Ladakh Hill Date: 25 March 2006 To understand the UIL defi nition Nyoma, Durbuk Policy Makers Development Date: 25.03.06 defi nition of the and delineation blocks and Council landscape Changchenmo (Five Councillors) Location: Leh (5 valley to be • Deputy councillors) included in BCRLIP Commissioner

20 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

• Chief Executive Date:04.09.06 Presentation of Man-animal THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Councillor Location:Leh (2 draft indicative confl ict; • Executive councillors, 2 Executive plan Alternate Councillors Councillors (health); livelihood for (agriculture) nomads; Satisfi ed with consultations • Elected reps Date:31.08.06 Determination of Two categories Location :Nyoma (100 BSAs defi ned based • panchayat reps) on conservation members status of species; BSA I comprises • Gobas large populations of species typical of UIL and BSA II is slightly lower conservation priority but has other endangered species including snow leopards and high incidence of man-animal confl ict • Councillors Date:21.10.06 Livelihood • grazing rights Location: Skilmang challenges • threat to crops from locusts • declining pasture lands • Ladakh Hill Date:14.05.2007 Development Need for To follow up Development Location :Leh welfare of local consultation with and look for Council (12 councillors) residents political parties convergence with on proposed other projects WLS.

21 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • Panchayat reps 2 blocks Same Need for Council members additional to organize development meetings with support local communities Councillors need to inform their constituents as local people scared sanctuary declaration may restrict rights

• Deputy Settlement of Hot-spots where Wildlife Commissioner rights people are living department to need to be review boundaries accommodated and current laws and speak to army Decline in wildlife chief due to hunting by Army

Implementing • Forest Department Date: 25.03.06 Identifying areas No specifi c Agency Staff Location: Leh for BSAs comments District Forest offi cer

• Wildlife Chief wildlife warden Inclusion of project cell headed Department Changchenmo by regional wildlife valley in warden set up landscape (because of chiru and Tibetan argail)

22 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

• Sheep and Date: 14.05.07 Improvement of settlement of - THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA livestock Location : Leh grazing, movement grazing rights Settlement department of cattle process on-going Head of Dept (Leh) and not linked • Forest Dept to the project, (watersheds) District forest offi cer Watershed Confusion over communities have development implementing opportunities • Wildlife dept authority, through their Chief Wildlife Warden revenue/wildlife councillors to raise Identifying BSAs depts these issues with DC

Will try to improve information dissemination on process, include micro-planning activities facilitated by TISS Interest Groups • TISS 13.10.06 Data Collection (NGOs) Location: Leh for sustainable 1 rep development

14.05.07 Participating in Need more Project to follow Location :Leh project on local information up with individual I rep level planning on how ngos/ NGOs stakeholders can participate in project implementation • Dorabji Tata Trust 13.10.06 Data Collection Location: Leh for sustainable I rep development

23 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA • WWF 04.09.06 Location: Leh (Two reps)

14.05.07 participating Need more Location: Leh in project on information (project manager, Leh) stakeholder on how ngos/ outreach stakeholders can participate in project implementation

• Snow Leopard 04.09.06 conservation Conservation Location: Leh Trust 1 rep

14.05.07 participating Location: Leh in project on project director, India stakeholder rep from Karnataka awareness research

• Karma Nature Date 04.09.07 conservation Conservation 1 rep Foundation

• Buddhist Consultations yet to Association take place

24 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

Intended Villagers of Location: in villages Situational analysis • Man-animal THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Benefi ciaries Kharnak, Samad, mentioned and livelihood confl ict Rongo,Mudh, challenges • threat to graz- Hanley, Chumur, Dates: June, July, ing rights Koyul, Nider, Tsaga, August, 2006 • need for great- Khatpoo,Kungyam, er livelihood Nyoma (TR), 15-20 October 2006 options Nyoma (Changpa), Mahe, Sato • poaching, Kargyam,Chushul, hunting by Phobrong, Korzok May 9-13, 2007 army villages, including • unplanned village elders, road construc- sarpanchs, herder, tion and en- women, gobas hanced tourism destroying habitat

• settlement rights, imple- mentation of

Tribal Act

• crop damage by locusts Monasteries Hemis Consultations yet to take place Thiekse

Pvt Sector Eco-Tourism Groups Consultations yet to take place Mining Renewable Energy

25 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Army Border Roads Date: 14.05.2007 Interested in Needs follow- Project to follow- Location: Leh supporting better up by project to up All blocks environmental meet command- Consultations yet to management of ing offi cer Regiments take place roads

Tibetan Consultations yet to Refugee take place Organization

26 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Dampa Landscape

he Dampa landscape, which is spread over 988 sq km, encompasses the Dampa Tiger reserve. Bound by Tripura in the north T and Bangladesh in the west, it is rich in biodiversity and unique among the six landscapes chosen as it is the only one to boast of Indo-Malayan fl ora and fauna. It is home to seven of the eight non-human primates including the hoolock gibbon, the only ape found in India. Rare species of cats like the Clouded Leopard and the Marbled Cat can be found here as well as the endangered Malayan Sun Bear.

Agriculture is the predominant means of livelihood for the Mizo, Reang and the Chakma tribal communities living in the 30 villages in the landscape. Conservation has not been a priority here and poaching is not considered an offence mainly due to low awareness of environment related policies and laws. Lack of convergence and coordination between government departments has added to the problem.

Conservation can be possible once economic self suffi ciency can be assured. However, being a rainfed agrarian economy there is limited scope for irrigation. Declining agricultural production has resulted in livelihood insecurity especially in the absence of non- land based income options. With jhum cultivation being a part of the Mizo cultural ethos, conservation efforts would be better served by improving cultivation and productivity of the land. For this, villagers need to be educated on soil and moisture conservation measures and improved varieties of seeds that they can introduce.

The state needs a new paradigm that would focus on water conservation and its linkage with the forests.Village councils have an active role to play here as does the Young Mizo Association and Mizo Women’s Association. All these bodies have been involved in participatory consultations for BCRLIP.

From March 2006 to mid-May 2007, two state level and one landscape level meeting and consultations in all 30villages were held with stakeholders ranging from members of the Village Council, Eco Development Committee, farmers and representatives of the forest department, Young Mizo Association and other active NGOs. Views of all stakeholders were solicited to improve project design to ensure better livelihood for the community while protecting the biodiversity of the region. Over 300 people participated in these meetings and shared their concerns about how the BCRLIP would impact on their lives

27 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Government Deputy Date: 12.05.06 Development Need to ensure Consultation with Policy Makers Commissioner Location: Aizwal welfare of local people’s residents at village (Mamit District) residents participation and hamlet level Date: 7.08.06 in BCRLIP, already taken place Location: .Aizwal transparency in since March 2006 Date:17.03.07 accounting crucial, Location: employment .W.Phaileng opportunities must be given to local residents, need for powerful district level committee for BCRLIP implementation

Secretary, Envion- Date: 7.08.06 Environmental Chairman of ment and Forest, Location: Aizwal management and BCRLIP Society GOM conservation should be E&F minister and not Mizoram CM

Finance secretary Date:17.03.07 Fund allocation Senior Scientifi c Of- Location: Partnering fi cer W.Phaileng conservation and livelihood project

Minister, E&F, GOM Same Livelihood options 100 persons to be employed as wildlife protection squads

28 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

Under secretary, Disseminating Livelihood options 100 persons to THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA E&F information be employed as Joint Director, on need for wildlife protection School education, conservation healthcare squads GOM steps for conserva- Plantations under District Education tion VDCs not under Offi cer (Mamit ) govt control Information and greater people’s Public Relations participation Dept, GOM Village council Date:24.11.06 Determination • Increasing pres- Proper guidelines members Location: of BSAs and sure on land to be framed to Daparengpui landscape available for cul- ensure sense of delineation Date:25.11.06 tivation ownership among Location:Kawnmawi people Livelihood • Loss of tradi- Date:26.11.06 challenges tional land for Location Pukzing jhuming; Vengthar • Hunting and VDC to implement &Phuldungsei poaching by rural livelihood Date:27.11.06 army; programmes for village, modus Location:WPhaileng • Livelihood inse- operandi being & Dinthar curity worked out • Marginalization of women • Apprehension of lack of choice of livelihood op- tions of practical use • Confusion over implementing authority 29 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Date:17.03.07 • Fear of VDC VDC microplans Location:W.Phaileng plans being cut to be approved by 27 reps from 14 down by PICC PICC but all plans villages • Non-payment of conforming to BCRLIP objectives Date:31.07.06 compensation Location : West for crop damage will be cleared Phaileng by wild animals, GOM has no (20 reps from 11 crops should be budget for villages) verifi ed on the compensation, spot to facilitate limited funds compensation available from MoEF but • Possibility of inadequate as is more piggery, for entire state poultry and ecodevelopment Assurance of programmes assessment by wildlife guards • Possibility of funding of Should be possible school construc- Channeling of tion by BCRLIP funds from other govt schemes • Lack of clarity part of BCRLIP over status of and school certain villages construction costs like Teirei, Status to be met from of Belkhai convergence • Status of Rawte Belkhai to continue tiang to be part of Rajiv • Possibility of de- Nagar and families veloping agricul- jhuming in tural land

30 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

with irrigation Serhmun will do so THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA facilities meant according to land for wet rice culti- use of Serhmun vation Area under VC of Chhippui- Kawnmawi Ample scope under development component of project for doing so. Agriculture department to follow up

Eco development Date: 31.07.06 Conservation committee mem- Location: bers Six reps Date:17.03.07 Location: W.Phaileng 12 reps

Deputy Commis- Date:17.03.07 Development sioner Location:W.Phaileng welfare of local Under secretary, residents E&F, GOM SDO

Implementing Forest Department Date:31.07.06 Identifying Lack of clarity over Agency Staff Location:W.Phaileng areas for BSAs status of Teirei as and landscape its administration is delineation under W.Phaileng

31 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Confusion over Allocation yet to fi nancial allocation be made How concept of Learning from PICC evolved into other initiatives Society showed Society model worked best. Therefore PICC modifi ed into society model although all elements of PICC to be incorporated into Society model Wildlife Department Chief wildlife Conservation Funding pattern warden be on lines of FDA to ensure smooth implementation Delay in release of fund could be harmful Forest Dept Date:17.03.07 Environmental Various ongoing Location: management rural development W.Phaileng schemes under District Forest central govt Offi cer ACF Range Offi cers/ Forsters (13 reps) Wildlife dept Chief Wildlife Conservation Alienation of BCRLIP Society has Warden people in the to be established landscape from to promote conservation convergence between govt depts

32 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

• Adverse THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA law & policy environment – lack of awareness • Agrarian economy – rainfed • Slash & burn – not enough yield Interest Groups MHIP Date:07.08.06 Development (NGOs) Location: Aizwal welfare of local 1 rep residents Date 24.11.06 Location:Rajiv Nagar Date:25.11.06 Location:Chippui- Kawnmawi &Lallen Date:26.11.06 LocationPukzing Vengthar &Phuldungsei Date; 27.11.06 W.Phaileng &Dinthar 17.03.07 Participating in Need more Project to follow Location : project on local information up with individual W.Phaileng level planning on how ngos/ NGOs 9 reps stakeholders can participate in project implementation

33 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Young Mizo Asso- Date:25.11.06 Development ciation Location:Chippui- welfare of local Kawnmawi &Lallen residents

Date:26.11.06 Location: Phuldungsei

Date; 27.11.06 W.Phaileng &Dinthar

Date 17.03.07 Location:W.Phaileng 83 reps

MUP Date:07.08.06 same Location:Aizwal Date:26.11.06 LocationPukzing Vengthar &Phuldungsei Date; 27.11.06 W.Phaileng &Dinthar Date 17.03.07 Location:W.Phaileng 2 reps

All Mizoram Chak- Date:07.08.06 same ma Union Location:Aizwal 2 reps

34 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

Intended Villagers of Phul- Location: livelihood • Man-animal THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Benefi ciaries dungsei,, Koilam, Phuldungsei challenges confl ict Hruiduk, Date:29.07.06 • disruption of 13 farmers land use • need for greater livelihood options • poaching, hunting • Disruption of land use • Ignorance about various agricultural and horticultural schemes • Declining agriculture production results in livelihood insecurity • Lack of non-land based income options • remote location • no proper rail connection leading to inadequate marketing and loss of income Church Consultations yet to take place 35 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size)

THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Pvt Sector Eco-Tourism Groups Consultations yet to take place Army Border Roads Date: 14.05.2007 Interested in Needs follow-up Project to follow- Location: Leh supporting better by project to meet up All blocks environmental commanding management of offi cer roads Regiments Consultations yet to take place PRS Salvation Army Date:07.08.06 same No issue raised Location:Aizwal

BSF Date:07.08.06 same No issue raised Location:Aizwal Dy Comdt

36 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Askot Landscape

The Askot Landscape, which is spread over an area of about 4500 sq km, borders Nepal in the east and China (Tibet) in the north. Situated in the north eastern part of the newly created state of Utaranchal, the landscape lies within the district of Pithoragarh and encompasses the famous Askot Musk deer sanctuary. High snowbound mountain peaks like the Suitilla, Adi Kailash, Bamdhadhura and picturesque valleys like the Vians, Darma and Ralam characterize the landscape.

While the major part of it falls in a high altitude zone, the climate in the landscape varies from sub tropical to polar. This wide attitudinal variation supports 2300 plant species including 47 per cent of the north western Himalayan orchid fl ora and 29 species of mammals including the endangered snow leopard. It is home to 225 bird species including the critically endangered satyr Tragopan, Monal pheasant and cheer pheasant.

The landscape, which contains 121 revenue villages, is predominantly occupied by Bhotias, a scheduled tribe community, and Ban Rajis classifi ed as `the primitive tribe’. Settlement of rights has not taken place as the Askot Wildlife sanctuary is still under the process of re-notifi cation. The proposal for re-demarcation of the sanctuary to 600 kms in keeping with the demands of the community living in the landscape is under consideration by the central government.

Over 30 village level meetings and two landscape and state consultations were held during the period between March 2006 to November2006 with stakeholders ranging from village elders, block pramukhs, representatives of Gram panchayats and Van panchayats, NGOs and the forest department representatives to ensure better livelihood for the community while protecting the biodiversity of the region. Meetings were held in all 36 villages in the landscape and about 1300 people participated in these meetings and shared their concerns about how the BCRLIP would impact on their lives

37 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Government Policy District magistrate Date:02.06.06 Development No specifi c issue THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Makers Location: Jauljibi welfare of local raised village residents

Date: 04.09.06 Dismal state of Electrifi cation of all Location :Dharchula education, health; villages in area to lack of personnel be completed by and infrastructure 2008; local scheme to promote livelihoods by making available Rs 25 lakh for improving micro- hydel projects

Project Project implementation implementation to should be done be done through through cluster appropriate village model and funds level institutions in be given directly collaboration with to community and local organizations responsibility of and govt orgs monitoring project • Gram panchayat (35 reps) Determination of Possibilities of Possible after re- members sanctuary borders pursuance of demarcation of • block pramukh livelihoods despite sanctuary restrictions • chairperson, nagar panchyat Livelihood Apple plantations • Van panachyats challenges and its storage facilities, cold water fi sheries and mini microhydels could offer good 38 livelihood Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) • Principal Date: 15.09.06 Conservation and Need to design BRO rep assured THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA secretary, govt of Location: Dehradun welfare of people project according roads to be built Uttaranchal to climatic and soon geographic areas Overall development of village required; roads, water supply, electricity especially as landslides leading to loss of life, livestock and property

• Revenue funding BPL procedures and BSAs chosen in secretary, GOU processes consultation with all • Additional Process of selection on basis of degree secretary, energy of BSAs of attention and People alienated management • Additional chief required for secretary, GOU from conservations conservation of • Secretary, forests conservation and efforts because of species • Advisor, health improvement of Sanctuary borders • Joint director , livelihoods still to be redefi ned, tourism people willing to conserve as shown by Napalchu forest considered sacred to locals Process of budget allocation

39 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Budget allocation THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA not fi nalized yet • Councillors Date:02.06.06 Development No specifi c issues Location: Jauljibi welfare of local raised village residents 1 MLA Date:04.09.06 Location: Dharchula 1MLA Implementing • Forest Date: 04.09.06 Identifying areas Inclusion of Agency Staff Department Location: Dharchula for BSAs biodiversity rich District Forest areas in Gori offi cer, Pithoragarh basin, Johar; recruitment of Conservator forests conservation and unemployed youth (kumaon), partner in BCRLI as cluster reps project to assist project SDO, Forests implementation Range offi cers Concerns over Askot sanctuary to (ascot, Munsiari inclusion of villages be demarcated to and Dharchula within Askot 600 kms in keeping range) sanctuary raised at with demands level consultation of community; meetings proposal sent to central govt • Forest Dept Date: 15.09.06 Remoteness landscape area to Location : Identifying BSAs of villages be re-calculated Dehradun leading to their and re-confi rmed • Wildlife dept conservation marginalization; Will try to improve District forest offi cer need for information Conservator, Forests developmental dissemination on Chief Conservation projects and process, include of forests information on micro-planning Chief Wildlife existing schemes activities Warden 40 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Interest Groups • Himal Prakriti April to August, FAO, participating Concerns raised at THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA (NGOs) 2006 in project on local village and cluster Location: in all 36 level planning level consultations villages in landscape during April –August 06 Including sanctuary restrictions, medicinal plant collection and cultivation, governance issues, roads, education, sanitation, water electricity, health and other developmental issues Intended Villagers of 36 Dates: Situational analysis • Migration Benefi ciaries villages divided April to August, and livelihood • Confl ict over into 12 clusters: 2006 challenges collection of Byans-Kuti Basin, 14-21 November cordyceps Chaudans, 2006 • Man-animal Darma Basin, Location: in village confl ict Sumdum Khola, clusters mentioned Tawaghat-Galati, • no compensation below Galati to for livestock jauljibi, Kanar losses Baram Basin • need for greater (including Jauljibi to livelihood options Kanar, Bungapani) • poaching, Paina valley, • lack of roads Madkanya valley, leading to high Jaul Dhunga Region transportation (Basantkot to Bui), costs Ralam (and Paton),

41 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Ban Raji village • landslides lead to THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA clusters including loss of live and village elders, block property pramukhs, and • deteriorating women condition of Van Panchayats • religious tourism not creating local employment, outside porters destroying homes and habitat • high illiteracy and poor or no electricity • lack of health and veterinary services • declining traditional wool crafts dues to poor marketing and promotion

Pvt Sector Religious Tourism Consultations yet to Groups take place

Mining

Renewable Energy

Army Border Roads Date: 04.09.06 Interested in road Pursue road Location: Dehradun management constructions

42 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Satpura landscape

The 3149 sq km Satpura landscape includes some of the poorest tribal belts of Hoshangabad, Chhindwara and Betul in Madhya Pradesh. It includes 2382 sq km of fi ne teak and sal forest as well as the 200 sq km Tawa Reservoir.

The Satpura region constitutes a major part of the single largest continuous tiger belt remaining in the world, with 14 protected areas. The tiger is the fl agship species of the landscape which currently includes Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary and the Satpura National Park. The sanctuary is famous for a temple where kajal (kohl) is applied on Nag devta deity.

The three protected areas of the landscape form a single unit where the access rights of the local communities have been removed by law. However, the State government has only issued an intention notifi cation for the National Park, so the rights of the people as envisaged under the 1972 Wildlife (Protection) Act have not been implemented. While some people do not want to leave the forests, others want a rehabilitation package and resettlement near large townships. The enactment of the Forest Rights Act may change the scenario that currently obtains in this landscape.

The forest villages currently get a few days of labour employment in a year from the forest department. To compensate for their loss of access to forest goods, it has been suggested that relocated villagers should get 150 days of employment.

Consultations for the landscape began in August 2006. While two large stake holders consultations were held in which 43 and 57 people participated, there were over 20 smaller meeting with villagers and other experts.

43 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Govt policy makers Forest Secy, Date:8.09.06 Implementation Govt agencies have THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA MP Location:Bhopal of landscape to play central and keeping in synergized role in mind affi nity implementing project. between quality Vital to involve of life in forested ministry/dept of rural rural areas and development. biodiversity

Commissioner Same as above Make landscape Size of landscape Jabalpur synonymous with determined by larger Satpura biological diversity, biosphere range of diverse human habitation and funding available. Satpura genetic highway between western ghats & Eastern Himalayas.

Collector, Date:22.08.06 Why Satpura Hoshangabad Location: landscape smaller Hoshangabad than Changthang. Questioned signifi cant differences in 6 selected Landscapes across country

Laghu Udhyog Date:8.09.06 Nigam Location:Bhopal (Small enterprises organization)

44 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Director, Rural Public/private THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Livelihood project partnership vital for sustainable development and improving economy of region. Harvest NFTPs in non- destructive, sustainable manner. Process the produce to add to its value.

Director Fishing in Tawa Stringent provisions of Legally fi shing Fisheries Reservoir Wildlife(P) Act 1972 not allowed; Can limit livelihood options approach Supreme of those who live Court. within landscape.

Principal Sec, Livelihood of Fishing lease expiring Sericulture for Rural Dev People and this could tussar would affect livelihood of benefi t people fi sherfolk. in PAs. Tussar an exotic species, so limitations in PAs. More funds will come from line depts.

President, zila Date:22.08.06 Welfare of local Agriculture Committee will panchayat, Location: residents predominant activity. look at fund fl ow sarpanch, Hoshangabad Health facilities Panchayat 24 reps inadequate. Questions members over separate body for looking at funds- fl ow since money committed is small. 45 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Need education THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA facilities for socio-economic development of region. NGOs have to be made accountable

Implementing Conservator Date: 8.09.06 Linking Food security for Agency forests,MP Location:Bhopal biodiversity forest Community forestry conservation to dwelling units project Date:22.08.06 Livelihood issues Location: Hoshangabad

Conservator- Date: 8.09.06 Relocation and Reduce role of In the planning Forests, Chindwara Location:Bhopal provision of liveli- middlemen to increase process these hoods. Institu- profi t margins of issues would be tionalisation of people. Provide micro- addressed project through credit and eliminate ownership and middlemen. inclusive gover- Biologically rich area nance but people poor. This needs to be changed. Better communication needed for villages in south of landscape to provide quick relief in emergencies.

PCCF wildlife Same as above Enhance capacities of Conservation govt functionaries and does not mean line depts. With pleth- deprivation. Food ora of laws and poli- security will be cies dos and don’ts assured. need to be spelt out.

46 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Superintendent Diffi cult to conserve Eco-tourism THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Bori wildlife biodiversity when activities that Sanctuary large section of rural are legal and people poor. acceptable to CCF-WL Eco-tourism should be conservationists in sync with Wildlife will be spelt out in (P) Act. management plans Field Director, Habitations inside Satpura protected area have legal restrictions and acceptable options needed to move them out Intended Villagers of Date:22.08.06 Improved Formation of van sami- benefi ciaries Piparia, Sohagpur, Location: livelihood ties, controlling power Bankheri, Siwani Hoshangabad options. for samities;man-ani- Malwa mal confl ict; water for 15 reps irrigation Date: Same Village depends on PA Nov 23- Dec 3, for Fuelwood, mahua 2006 (getting return of Rs Location: in 18 13 per kg as against villages mentioned Rs 31 in market) and tendu patta. Local community Date:25.11.06 Govt employment Location:Naya Dhal generation scheme Only rehabilitated like Gokul Yojana village in 18 in failed. Vocational indicative plans training needed for youth, access to mar- kets. Crop depreda- tion by wild boar. Want right to kill pests or adequate compensation for loss. 47 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Women’s Group Date:27.11.06 35,000 trees on Training in safe THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Location: degraded forest Harvesting Kursidhana land chopped for techniques 100 households agriculture. Land use: mono crop. Shortage of irrigation Compensation a so cultivation failed. little lower than Better irrigation, value of crop so sanitation needed. that no wildlife From forest- destroyed for dependent become compensation market-dependent. Pay fi nes/bribe people to collect fuelwood

Forest villages Date: 27.11.06 Livelihood No water in summer. inside tiger reserve Location: Village challenges Want Senk Dhoda Kursidhana stream dammed. Six women. Reduction of herbal plants and mahua plucked before ripening by adjoining villages.

Date:28.11.06 Want bidi making Location:Badkachar option & medicinal Village plants cultivation. 32 families Want JFM forest protection and ownership of forest produce. Village specifi c vocational training to avoid undercutting by other villages.

48 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Date:29.11.06 Secondary school THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Location:Rorighat. needed. Anganwadi, village 42 hospital, NFTP& households medicinal plants training centre not Date:29.11.06 functioning. Water Location: Kaajiri not available for those village in Bori WL living away from main sanctuary. road. Wild pigs raid 10 reps crops. Want check on migration of men for work Women’s group Date:30.11.06 No electricity. Get Good wildlife trails, Location; just 5 to 6 days especially of tiger. Boodbhad & work in a year for Potential for eco- Churna Villages constructing fi reline, tourism. removing lantana. 60 HHs Payment for last year pending. Extraction of NTFP banned. Not willing to relocate but compelled by SC order. With irrigation want to grow medicinal lants. Eco-tourism, rock climbing.

No electricity. Depend on forest products— mahua, honey, mangoes for survival. FD provides just 2/3 days labour in year. Need employment, rehab for youth.

49 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Forest village with THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA no tourism. Religious tourism on increase but temple & shopkeepers revenue goes to contractor outside village. Main income from mahua liquor. No drinking water source. Bears, wild boars a threat.

Awaiting relocation. Need access to education, health care, employment. Want end to raids by wild animals.

Fishing Date:01.12.06 No electricity. Farm Community Location:Daudi lands and villages village fenced off by Forest (30) reps Dept. Collect mahua and broom leaves. Do not want to relocate, no access to education.

Supreme Court order affecting fi shing lease given. Disturbed by concerns expressed for crocodiles because of their fi shing

50 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Other Interest Pradan (NGO) Date:22.08.06 Welfare interests Need to understand SC directives to be THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Groups Location: of people relationship between followed Hoshangabad land and its users Jatan (NGO) Alternate sources of livelihood required; Participatory Disha Samwad fi shing rights resource Over 20 years ago 120 monitoring villages relocated for & resource Tawa Matsya dam, ordinance fac- regeneration in Sangh tory. Now since dam coordination with in PA, Supreme Court CBOs order affecting fi shing lease given. Disturbed Date:25.11.06 Livelihood Adivasi Kisan Sangh by concerns expressed Same as above Location: challenges for crocodiles because Mahendawadi of their fi shing. village Relocated 20 years Samajwadi Jana ago without adequate Parishad compensation by ir- rigation dept. Now threatened with ban on remaining liveli- hood options by FD. Participatory In draw down area Minor Forest Date:21.11.06 resource sow wheat and pad- Produce Federation Location:Bhopal management dy. Pump sets used & sustainable to draw water for ir- methods. Tribals rigation. Income from should have fi shing helps purchase ownership and sale of diesel and fertil- of MFP extraction izers. Feel strongly but land use should about anti-conserva- be regulated. tion label to fi shing. Illegality of minor for- est produce extraction creating confl ict. 51 THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA The Little Rann of Kutch Landscape

he LRK (Little Rann of Kutch) Landscape in Gujarat is a 6979 sq km sink eco-system that is home to the wild ass. A saline desert, T the LRK resembles a reservoir during the monsoons. Nanda is the only place in LRK with a resident human population. In the three months of the monsoon, the wild ass’ move to the raised islands of Pung, Mardak and Banjana. Rich in marine life, the Gulf of Kutch is the breeding ground for endemic prawn species. Many migratory birds come to this wetland and fl amingoes congregate in two or three sites.

Apart from the Wild Ass Sanctuary, the landscape includes forest lands, government wasteland, 108 villages on the boundary of the sanctuary and Hadakiya Creek that is the live ecological link between LRK and the Gulf of Kutch. Though notifi ed 20 years ago, the rights of people in the sanctuary have not yet been settled.

About 15000 households of the agarias or salt farmers work within the notifi ed boundaries of the sanctuary. Salt farms coming up near the Creek have depleted the supply of saline water to LRK. About 200,000 livestock from 107 villages graze at the fringes of the Wild Ass Sanctuary, threatening the eco-system. There are 9000 fi shermen in the area and 11 species of prawns. There are 22 species of fi sh and the annual catch is about 4050 tonnes. Rivers from 12 major watersheds feed fresh water to the LRK but the quantity has been dwindling.

Consultations began in December 2005 and because of the complexities of the landscape, as many as 65 meetings were held till the end of 2006. While 57 and 38 people respectively participated in the two stakeholders consultations, 10 to 60 participated in each of the village level meetings. Salt workers, traders, fi shermen, including prawn cultivators, and the maldharies or migrant cattle grazers and those involved in charcoal making as well as numerous NGOs participated in the discussions.

52 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Government Addl Collector, WA Date: 10.09.06 Convergence of Addressing complex THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Policy Makers sanctuary resources. problems of landscape mapping

Dy Collector, WAS Location: Mobilizing Addressing livelihood Dhrangadhra knowledge base concerns of salt workers, partnerships fi shermen and farmers, while conserving bio- diversity of landscape

Jt Commissioner, Same as above Women and Child Development, Addl Commissioners, Same as above Need for quick decisions Industries so that salt taxes can be regularly collected Principal Secy, F&E Same as above Need to balance Dept, Gandhinagar, conservation & livelihood.

GM, GSFDC Environment Need for low cost, & conservation high benefi t livelihood management schemes. Need for redesigning Current & sustainable harvesting practices

Deputy Salt Confl ict between salt Commissioner, work and conservation of Director. wild ass population.

Implementing Forest Department Date: 10-1- Identifying Shifting/ transfer of Four critical areas Agency Staff 06; Location: landscape and its saltpan lease to marine of landscape Gandhinagar. 10 objectives salt production; alternate identifi ed forest offi cials livelihood options for traditional salt-workers (agaria) and villagers

53 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Conservation and Restricting Salt work in THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA livelihood LRK so that prawn farms not affected. CF, Junagarh Need to balance between conservation and economic production. PCCF (wildlife) Date: 10.09.06 Same as above Location: Dhrangadhra Deputy Director, Conserving/ Extermination of Hilsa Fisheries, Govt. of protecting / Fishing fi sh due to rain water Gujarat and Prawn Farms harvesting & dam. Construction of jetty in the creek areas for salt transport adversely affecting prawn farming and fi sh migration Suptd Fisheries, Zoning of salt Gandhinagar pans in landscape Agri & Coops Date: 26.09.06 Improving Greater convergence Dept,Ahmedabad Location: agricultural with different line depts Gandhinagar, 1 practices & needed. Commitment by Rep livelihood activities CM, GOG or CS needed. Identifi cation of Gaps in funding. State Land Use Board should be key partner in identifying BSAs outside Pas

Forest Dept Date: 2.07.06 Development programmes not reaching villages due to PA. Alternative grazing sites sought for livestock. School / education facilities needed

54 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) CCF Location : Narali THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA village Add PCCF Date: 3.07.06 Livelihood issues Need for equal emphasis Location:Nanda and onservation on sink & source systems Bet 30 villagers Inadequacy of project funds Interest Groups Manav Kalyan Trust (NGOs) Setu Mahiti Kendra Date:18.03.06 To understand Large chunks of common Project to follow Location: Ropar conservation & grazing lands encroached up with individual livelihood issues. and converted. Such NGOs encroachments need to be removed.With Narmada water coming to large part of landscape, more common grazing lands will be converted to agriculture fi eldsNeed to regenerate common grazing lands for fodder augmentation. PromoteTraditional fodder crops. Janpath Date:21.03.06 To understand Need to promote and Location: conservation & support dairy system Ahmedababd livelihood issues Salt workers are devoid of basic amenities like education, health and water and these are top priority Traders exploiting agarias by lending and interlocking money. A credit and fi nancial

55 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) support institutional THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA system needed to break this. Samerth Date:28.03.06, To understand Because of poor economic Location: conservation & benefi ts in salt making Ahmedababd livelihood issues recently, alternate livelihoods need to be promoted Swati Date:30.03.06, To understand Salt cooperatives failed to Location: conservation & deliver benefi ts to agarias Dhrangadra livelihood issues Shramik Vikas Date:30.03.06, Conservation & Location: livelihood issues Wadhwan, Surendranagar Sansthan Deepak Charitable Date:30.03.06, Bio Conservation Trust Location: Dhrangadra GEER Foundation Date: 26.09.06, Bio Conservation Construction of roads Location: & canals along LRK Gandhinagar boundary jeopardizing wild ass movement. Must address rural poverty issues by studying carrying capacity of landscape Guj Institute of Date:10.09.06, Bio Conservation Need for effective Desert Ecology Location: communication tools. Dhrangadra Focus on Caspian tern, bustard. Bombay Natural Bio Conservation Mud-ponds can be tried History Society for fi sh/prawn culture

56 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) Intended Villagers/ community Dates: Jan to Sept Situational Raiding of crops by wild THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA Benefi ciaries of Zhinjuwada, 06, Location: analysis, customary ass and wild boars. No Koparni, Jogad, In the villages rights, livelihood compensation system for Kuda, Nanda, mentioned, 24 challenges damaged crops. Venasar, Meetings and 60 Kharaghoda, Jesada, villagers attended With Narmada water, Nava Ghatila, Narali, cropping will be more Jangi, Palasva, intense and costly and Fatehgadh, Chikhli, confl icts likely to increase. Nimak Nagar, Traditional pastures Cherabarigam,, lost due to sanctuary Adesar, Taga notifi cation particularly in Bets. Tension with forest dept on issues of grazing. Loss of livelihood of salt farmers because sanctuary regulations coincide with salt production areas. Salt production costs increasing. Proposed salt zones need to be reassessed for long term potential for supplying underwater brine. Charcoal makers need permission to extract prosopis from sanctuary. The activity needs to be organized to ensure steady income. Low fi sh turnover due to increased salinity of waters. Construction of check dams on seasonal

57 Stakeholder Relevant Characteristic Interest Issue raised Response Categories Stakeholder (location, size) rivers and streams has THE WORLD BANK IN INDIA reduced fresh water fl ow into Little Rann, affecting fi sh and prawn. No program by fi sheries dept in landscape because it is protected area. Salt and prawn farms seek recognition of customary rights Sanctuary notifi ed in 1973 but rights of people not settled.

58