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Estado De La Narrativa Hispanoamericana Desde España

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Estado De La Narrativa Hispanoamericana Desde España Estado de la narrativa hispanoamericana desde España en el siglo XXI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Languages of the College of Arts and Sciences by Aurelio Auseré Abarca M.A. University of Cincinnati May 2017 Committee Chair: Patricia Valladares-Ruiz, Ph.D. Sumario El ánimo de esta investigación reside en explorar la existencia de una literatura hispanoamericana en la otra orilla del Atlántico, más concretamente en España. Una tradición que tiene sus orígenes en la figura del Inca Garcilaso; que se consolida a inicios del siglo pasado y cuya evolución se ha acrecentado en el presente. Esta literatura migratoria unida a otros desencadenantes internos ha conllevado una alteración del canon tradicional latinoamericano a lo largo del siglo XX y a su superación en el XXI por una literatura en español. Este panorama me lleva a vislumbrar a un número cuantioso de escritores hispanoamericanos jóvenes con presencia en España durante los últimos diez años, estimulados por el mundo editorial y por una ya longeva tradición refrendada por las vanguardias primero, posteriormente por el boom, y finalmente por el “fenómeno Bolaño”, y ya consagrados dentro de un concepto de literatura en español; aspectos que cubro en los dos primeros capítulos de esta tesis. Haciendo uso de la terminología de Dagmar Vandebosch, he organizado la producción literaria de estos autores, a través de tres corrientes narrativas: cosmopolita, migrante y radicante; que desarrollo a lo largo de tres capítulos y que ilustro con el análisis literario de seis novelas: Monasterio de Eduardo Halfon, La pena máxima de Santiago Roncagliolo, Una tarde con campanas de Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez, Paseador de perros de Sergio Galarza, Un jamón calibre 45 de Carlos Salem, y Hablar solos de Andrés Neuman. Finalmente, considero relevante la aportación que todos estos aspectos suponen para el ámbito académico con el claro objetivo de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de ciertas áreas de estudio como: la narrativa de los migrantes y la narrativa migrante, las corrientes trasatlánticas, las narrativas transnacionales, la relevancia del mundo editorial, la narrativa en lengua española del siglo XXI, la narrativa hispanoamericana del siglo XXI y la narrativa escrita en España en el siglo XXI. ii Abstract The aim of this research is to explore the existence of a Latin American literature on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, more specifically in Spain. A tradition that has its origins in the figure of the Inca Garcilaso; which was consolidated at the beginning of the last century and whose evolution has increased in the present. This migratory literature together with other internal triggers has brought about an alteration of the traditional Latin American canon throughout the 20th century and its overcoming in 21st by a literature “en español”. This panorama leads me to glimpse a large number of young Latin-American writers with a presence in Spain during the last ten years, stimulated by the publishing world and by a long tradition endorsed by the vanguardias (avant-garde) first, later by the boom, and finally by the "Bolaño phenomenon", and already consecrated within a concept of literature in Spanish, aspects that I cover in the first two chapters of this dissertation. Using the terminology of Dagmar Vandebosch, I have organized the literary production of these authors, through three narrative movements: cosmopolita (cosmopolitan), migrante (migrant) and radicante (radicalizing); which I have developed over three subsequent chapters and illustrated with the literary analysis of six novels : Monasterio of Eduardo Halfon, La pena máxima of Santiago Roncagliolo, Una tarde con campanas of Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez, Paseador de perros of Sergio Galarza, Un jamón calibre 45 of Carlos Salem, and Hablar solos of Andrés Neuman. Finally, I consider relevant the contribution of all these aspects to the academic field with the clear objective of helping a better understanding of certain areas of study such as: migrant narrative, transatlantic studies, transnational narratives, the relevance of the publishing world, the Spanish-language narrative of the 21st century, the Hispano-American narrative of the 21st century and the narrative written in Spain in the 21st century. iii Agradecimientos En primer lugar, he de mencionar a la doctora Patricia Valladares Ruiz. Sus cursos y su conocimiento fueron el elemento instigador de esta investigación, y su constante apoyo, su experto consejo y su continua disponibilidad han resultado indispensables para la finalización del mismo. Igualmente quiero destacar el sabio consejo recibido por los otros dos miembros de mi comité, los doctores Andrés Pérez Simón y Nicasio Urbina. En lo personal quiero agradecer a mi esposa, Alicia, y a mi hija, Anna, por su disposición a apoyarme en esta empresa, y por su amor y dedicación. Finalmente, no puedo olvidar el incondicional ánimo de mis padres, Aurelio y Angelines, a la hora de continuar creciendo en mis conocimientos, siendo siempre los primeros en aconsejarme y apoyarme. A todos ellos les dedico el fruto final de mis estudios graduados reflejado en esta tesis. iv Índice Página Introducción ……………………………………………………………. 1 Capítulo 1. Escritores hispanoamericanos en la España del siglo XX. Los orígenes de una tradición literaria. …………………………. 11 Del “desastre” de Cuba hasta el desenlace de la guerra civil española (1898-1939). Los europeizados. ………………………………………… 16 La dictadura franquista (1939-1975) y el estallido del boom. Los buscadores de identidad. ………………………………………………... 32 De la democracia hasta la muerte de un mito. Los exiliados. …………... 54 Capítulo 2. La producción narrativa de autores hispanoamericanos en la España del siglo XXI. Los deslocalizados. Tres corrientes divergentes: literatura cosmopolita, literatura migrante y literatura radicante. ……………………………………………………………….. 64 Migrantes, viajeros y exiliados. Continuadores de una tradición centenaria. ………………………………………………………………. 71 Hijos de una América tumultuosa. ……………………………………… 80 Antologías, listas y premios literarios. ………………………………….. 83 La relevancia del mundo editorial. ……………………………………… 87 Confluencias y antagonismos en la producción literaria hispanoamericana en España. …………………………………………… 94 Capítulo 3. Visión de la literatura hispanoamericana cosmopolita escrita desde España. …………………………………………………………………. 109 Monasterio (2014), Eduardo Halfon. …………………………………… 119 La pena máxima (2014), Santiago Roncagliolo. ………………………... 137 Capítulo 4. La narrativa migrante. El nacimiento de un subgénero urbano y transatlántico. ……………………………………………….. 158 Una tarde con campanas (2004), Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez. ……….. 167 Paseador de perros (2009), Sergio Galarza. ……………………………. 185 Capítulo 5. Nostalgia, transculturación y transformación de la identidad nacional desde la “otredad” del exilio. La literatura radicante. ……………………………………………………………….. 202 Un jamón calibre 45 (2011), Carlos Salem. ……………………………. 208 Hablar solos (2012), Andrés Neuman. …………………………………. 224 Conclusiones. …………………………………………………………... 245 Bibliografía. ……………………………………………………………. 250 Anexo. …………………………………………………………………... 271 vi Introducción Con motivo de una clase graduada de literatura latinoamericana del siglo XXI, impartida por la profesora Patricia Valladares-Ruiz en 2014, comencé a leer a un grupo de autores que hasta aquel momento desconocía en su mayoría. La lectura de sus obras abrió un nuevo horizonte literario ante mis ojos. Al investigar sobre la vida y carrera de algunos de estos autores leídos y estudiados en este seminario y de otros que para aquel entonces había descubierto por mi cuenta, me percaté de una serie de connotaciones que hacían que este inicialmente variopinto grupo tuviese suficientes semejanzas entre sí como para avivar mi curiosidad. Entre ellas: su juventud,1 una polifacética carrera,2 la inclusión de algunos de sus nombres en antologías y prestigiosas listas literarias anunciadoras de los nuevos talentos en lengua española y el hecho de haber dejado sus países de origen para residir en el extranjero. Estas coincidencias, aunque tampoco anómalas, son las que me llevaron a continuar el hilo de esta investigación y ver que muchos de ellos estaban asentados en mi país, España. Algunos de estos escritores llegaron con varias publicaciones en su haber y una sólida carrera literaria, otros dejaron sus países con el sueño de madurar su narrativa a miles de kilómetros de distancia. Fue así que me persuadí de la existencia de una serie de textos literarios que compartían unos rasgos lo suficientemente significativos como para ser estudiados. El primer paso para realizar esta investigación consistió en identificar un corpus de narrativa escrita en España por autores hispanoamericanos con miras a analizar un campo literario emergente. Esta tarea resulta compleja debido a la imposibilidad de conocer a todos aquellos autores residentes en España y también a su continua movilidad, ya que esta labor 1 La gran mayoría de estos autores han nacido en la década de los 70, el mayor de ellos es el argentino Carlos Salem (1959) y el más joven el boliviano Rodrigo Hasbún (1981). 2 Un gran número de estos escritores son muy versátiles, muchos de ellos son novelistas, cuentistas, poetas, ensayistas, columnistas, escritores de blogs y de reseñas. compiladora siempre conlleva el riesgo de la omisión de individuos que merecerían ser incluidos dentro de este estudio,
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