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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI* UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SOCIAL LEARNING FOR SUSTAINABILTY: A LOCAL GOVERNMENT APPROACH A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree o f Doctor of Philosophy By BECKY MARSH ZŒBRO Norman, Oklahoma 2000 UMI Number 9998882 UMI* UMI Microform 9998882 Copyright 2001 by Beii & Howeii information and Learning Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition Is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Beii & Howeii information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright by Becky Marsh Ziebro 2000 All Rights Reserved SOCIAL LEARNING FOR SUSTAIN ABILTY: A LOCAL GOVERNMENT APPROACH A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE BY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the members of my doctoral committee. To my chairman, Dr. Mark Meo, for his patience as I struggled to learn some difficult concepts, and also for his leadership as I journeyed along my path. To Dr. Bob Naim for his unwavering friendship, and encouragement. To Dr. Deborah Nelson who has long been a source of motivation for me to continue. To Dr. Bill Matthews who has been both a friend and mentor through this process. I would like to thank the University of Oklahoma Science and Public Policy Program and the National Science Foundation for financial assistance. I would also like to extend sincere thanks to the people of Tulsa who were participants in the cases covered in this research. The generosity of time and spirit you all have given me has made this project possible. Special thanks are extended to Ann Patton, who served as both an invaluable resource and a “keeper of the flame of enthusiasm” for this work. Finally, I would like to thank my family. To my parents, Jim and Colleen, who, through their support and guidance, have allowed me to continue to grow through the years. To my husband, whose loving sacrifices cannot be measured, but will never be forgotten. Finally, to my children, who will not remember mommy’s days as a graduate student, but who will, hopefully, be encouraged by my experience. IV Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... I Introduction ...............................................................................................................I Scope of W ork .......................................................................................................... 3 Retrospective Assessment ............................................................................3 Newspaper Articles ......................................................................... 4 Technical Reports, Internal Memos, Meeting Minutes, etc .............5 Policy Entrepreneur Interviews .......................................................6 Development of Decision-Making Schematic .............................................6 Policy Entrepreneur Survey ......................................................................... 7 Decision-Making Schematic Applicability .................................................8 Contents of Dissertation ............................................................................................9 Literature Review ...............................................................................................................12 Introduction .............................................................................................................12 Sustainable Development ...................................................................................... 13 Definitions ...................................................................................................13 Sustainable Development and Environmental P o licy ...............................15 Policy Making Process ............................................................................................ 17 Decision-Making Models ..........................................................................20 Rational Choice Model ................................................................. 20 Satisficing M odel ............................................................................21 V Incrementalism ................................................................................22 Mixed Scanning ..............................................................................23 The Role of Experts ....................................................................................23 Social Learning .......................................................................................................24 Definitions ...................................................................................................25 Models of Learning ....................................................................................27 Innovation ............................................................................................................... 35 Definitions ...................................................................................................35 Models of Innovation ..................................................................................38 Barriers to Innovation ................................................................................42 Social Learning and Environmental Policy ........................................................... 46 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 50 Mingo Creek ....................................................................................................................... 56 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 56 Case Description ................................................................................................... 56 Memorial Day Floods of 1976 .................................................................. 59 Memorial Day Floods of 1984 ....................................................................65 Acquisition and Relocation ........................................................... 66 The Corps of Engineers Mingo Creek Project .............................. 68 Department of Stormwater Management .......................................71 Recent Developments ................................................................................ 72 Key Innovations .....................................................................................................73 vi Floodplain Management Policies ................................................................73 Flood Hazard Mitigation T eam ..................................................................76 Acquisition and Relocation ........................................................................ 79 Corps of Engineers Mingo Creek Project ................................................. 82 Department of Stormwater Management ................................................... 84 Summary ................................................................................................................. 87 The Metropolitan Environmental T rust .............................................................................. 95 Introduction .............................................................................................................95 Case Description .....................................................................................................96 Tulsa’s Waste-to-Energy Plant ..................................................................99 The Evolution of The M.e.t ........................................................................ 103 Key Innovations ..................................................................................................... 109 TERRA and the WTE Plant .......................................................................109 The Waste-to-Energy Plant and Flow Control ....................................... 113 NOSWMA and The Metropolitan

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