Ch 5 Sec 5: Metamorphic Rocks

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Name ____________________________ Date ____________________ Class ____________ Ch 5 Sec 5: Metamorphic Rocks Guide for Reading ■ Under what conditions do metamorphic rocks form? ■ How do geologists classify metamorphic rocks? ■ How are metamorphic rocks used? Every metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed its form. In fact, the word metamorphic comes from the Greek words meta, meaning “change,” and morphos, meaning “form.” Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock (igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary ) into metamorphic rock. When rock changes into metamorphic rock, its appearance, texture, crystal structure, and mineral content change. Collisions between Earth’s plates can push rocks down toward the heat of the mantle Magma rising through the crust can also provide heat to produce metamorphic rocks Rock buried deep in the crust is under pressure hundreds or thousands of times greater than at Earth’s surface that pressure can squeeze rock so tightly the mineral crystals change rock into metamorphic rock. When metamorphic rock is forming, high temperatures can change the size and shape of grains in the rock. Tremendous pressure which increases as you go deeper below the Earth’s surface can also squeeze rock so tightly that the mineral grains may line up in flat, parallel layers. Geologists classify metamorphic rocks according to the arrangement of the grains that make up the rocks. Metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in parallel layers or bands are said to be foliated. Foliated rocks— including slate, schist, and gneiss—may split apart along these bands. One common foliated rock is slate, which is basically a denser, more compact version of shale. Igneous Granite Metamorphic foliated Geneiss Sedimentary ShaleMetamorphic foliated Slate Some metamorphic rocks are nonfoliated. The mineral grains in these rocks are arranged randomly. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks—including marble and quartzite—do not split into layers. Quartzite forms out of sandstone. The weakly cemented quartz particles in the sandstone recrystallize to form quartzite, which is extremely hard. Sedimentary Sandstone Metamorphic Non foliated Quartzite Certain metamorphic rocks are important materials for building and sculpture. Two of the most useful metamorphic rocks are: 1. Marble can be cut into thin slabs, and it can be polished so that its surface is smooth and mirror-like. These qualities have led architects and sculptors to use marble for many buildings and statues. For example, one of America’s most famous sculptures is in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. 2. Like marble, slate comes in a variety of colors, including gray, black, red, and purple. Slate, because it is foliated, splits easily into flat pieces that can be used for flooring, roofing, outdoor walkways, or chalkboards. .

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Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew
GEOLOGY – Vol. II - Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew ORIGIN, TEXTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS Teklewold Ayalew Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Keywords: aluminosilicates, assemblage, fabric, foliation, gneissose banding, index mineral, isograd, lineation, lithosphere, metamorphic facies, metasomatism, orogenic belt, schistosity Contents 1. Introduction 2. Occurrence 2.1. Orogenic Metamorphism 2.2. Contact Metamorphism 2.3. Ocean Floor Metamorphism 3. Classification 4. Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks 5. Metamorphic Facies 5.1. Facies of Very Low Grade 5.2. Greenschist Facies 5.3. Amphibolite Facies 5.4. Granulite Facies 5.5. Hornblende Hornfels Facies 5.6. Pyroxene Hornfels Facies 5.7. Blueschist Facies 5.8. Eclogite Facies 6. Tectonic Setting of Metamorphic Facies 7. Textures 7.1. Layering, Banding, and Fabric Development 8. Kinetics 8.1. Diffusion 8.2. Nucleation 8.3. Crystal Growth AcknowledgmentUNESCO – EOLSS Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Metamorphic rocks are igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks whose texture and composition has been changed by metamorphism. Metamorphism occurs as a response to changes in the physical or chemical environment of any pre-existing rock, such as variations in pressure or temperature, strain, or the infiltration of fluids. It involves recrystallization of existing minerals into new grains and/or the appearance of new mineral phases and breakdown of others. Metamorphic processes take place ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) GEOLOGY – Vol. II - Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew essentially in the solid state. The rock mass does not normally disaggregate and lose coherence entirely; however small amounts of fluids are frequently present and may play an important catalytic role.
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