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Caught in the Crossfire Cultural Politics & the Promise of Democracy Henry A

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Caught in the Crossfire Cultural Politics & the Promise of Democracy Henry A Caught in the Crossfire Cultural Politics & the Promise of Democracy Henry A. Giroux, Series Editor Empire and Inequality: America and the World Since 9/11 by Paul Street The Terror of Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and the Eclipse of Democracy by Henry A. Giroux Caught in the Crossfire: Kids, Politics, and America’s Future by Lawrence Grossberg Reading and Writing for Civic Literacy: The Critical Citizen’s Guide to Argumentative Rhetoric by Donald Lazere Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life, Second Edition by Henry A. Giroux Forthcoming Reading French Feminism by Michael Payne Listening Beyond the Echoes: Agency and Ethics in a Mediated World by Nick Couldry CAUGHT IN THE CROSSFIRE Kids, Politics, and America’s Future LAWRENCE GROSSBERG .QZ[\X]JTQ[PMLJa8IZILQOU8]JTQ[PMZ[ 8]JTQ[PMLJa:W]\TMLOM 8IZS;Y]IZM5QT\WV8IZS)JQVOLWV7`WV7@:6 <PQZL)^MV]M6M_AWZS6A=;) :W]\TMLOMQ[IVQUXZQV\WN\PM<IaTWZ.ZIVKQ[/ZW]XIVQVNWZUIJ][QVM[[ Copyright © 2005 <IaTWZ .ZIVKQ[ )TTZQOP\[ZM[MZ^ML6WXIZ\WN\PQ[JWWSUIaJMZMXZQV\MLWZZMXZWL]KMLWZ]\QTQ[MLQVIVa NWZUWZJaIVaMTMK\ZWVQKUMKPIVQKITWZW\PMZUMIV[VW_SVW_VWZPMZMIN\MZQV^MV\ML QVKT]LQVOXPW\WKWXaQVOIVLZMKWZLQVOWZQVIVaQVNWZUI\QWV[\WZIOMWZZM\ZQM^IT[a[\MU _Q\PW]\XMZUQ[[QWVQV_ZQ\QVONZWU\PMX]JTQ[PMZ[ 6W\QKM" 8ZWL]K\WZKWZXWZI\MVIUM[UIaJM\ZILMUIZS[WZZMOQ[\MZML\ZILMUIZS[IVLIZM][ML WVTaNWZQLMV\QNQKI\QWVIVLM`XTIVI\QWV_Q\PW]\QV\MV\\WQVNZQVOM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grossberg, Lawrence Caught in the crossfire : kids, politics, and America’s future / Lawrence Grossberg. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59451-112-8 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-59451-113-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Children—United States—Social conditions. 2. Youth—United States—Social conditions. 3. Conservatism—United States—History—20th century. 4. Religious right—United States. 5. Right and left (Political science). 6. United States—Social conditions—1945– 7. United States—Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. HN65.G763 2005 305.235'0973'09045—dc22 2004029727 1;*6"! !PJS 1;*6"! !XJS Designed and Typeset by Straight Creek Bookmakers. To my mother, Miriam Grossberg. To some of the most amazing teachers one could hope for: Richard Taylor, Hayden White, Loren Baritz, Gerald Ramsey, and especially Stuart Hall and James W. Carey. To all the kids who have trusted me over the years. And to my son, Zachariah, and his generation, in the hope that we will begin to earn their trust. Why shouldn’t truth be stranger than fiction? Fiction, after all, has to make sense. —Mark Twain If we do not change our direction, we are likely to end up where we are heading. —Ancient proverb Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction: “Being Young Sucks” 1 Part 1: America’s War on Its Children 13 1. Kids, the Enemy Within 15 New Rhetorics and Bad Behaviors 15 Discipline and Punish in Schools 24 Imprisoning Kids 30 Better Discipline through Chemistry 32 2. Life in the War Zone 37 Generations of Kids 37 Misrepresenting Kids 40 Are the Kids All Right? 46 Follow the Money 57 What Did You Learn in School Today? 64 Has War Been Declared? 74 3. Accounting for the Kids 77 Blaming the Media 78 Blaming Racism 82 Blaming the Parents 83 Blaming Capitalism 87 Blaming the “Family Crisis” 92 Interlude: Telling Stories 102 vii Contents Part II: The Contemporary Political Field 109 4. Neoliberalism 111 Neoliberalism and Economic Theory 112 The Ideology and Spiritualization of the Free Market 116 The “New Economy” 120 5. The New Conservatism 129 Getting Hold of the New Conservatism 130 Culture, Morality, and the Christian Right 139 Culture, Capitalism, and Neoconservatives 142 Building a New Conservative Movement 146 A New Conservative Revolution? 155 6. Liberalism and the Left 159 Whose Left? 160 “We Already Know . .” 164 “More Than You” 167 Truth and Strategy 171 7. Kids Out of Time (Unsettling Modernity) 175 Blaming Progress 175 The Reinvention of Time and History 177 Kids Caught in the Crossfire 187 Struggles over Modernity 189 Part III: The Coming American Modernity 197 8. The Struggle for “American Modernity” 199 The First American Modernity 200 viii Contents The Second American Modernity 203 The Third American Modernity 214 9. Reconstructing Political Culture 219 Politics and Liberal Modernity 219 Politics against Compromise 223 Affective Politics 230 Depoliticizing Politics 237 Rebuilding a Political Frontier 246 10. Reconstructing Economic Life 249 Economic Struggles 250 Economic Realities 254 Economic Dreams of Modernity 264 11. Reconstructing Cultural Life 273 The Culture Wars and the Attack on Knowledge 273 The Reinvention of Identity and Individuality 290 Remaking Kids in the Name of Modernity 303 Conclusion: Kids and the Dilemma of American Politics 307 Kids and the Struggle for Imagination 307 The Dilemma of American Politics 310 Detour: A Nation Divided? 312 The Dilemma of American Politics, Continued 317 Notes 321 Name Index 381 About the Author 389 ix This page intentionally left blank Preface This book tells a story about American politics and America’s future. Its starting premise is simple. Many people seem to be unhappy with the future that they see emerging out of the political struggles of the past fifty years. Like all stories, it starts with a particular scenario. A different opening might have led me into a different story, but I believe the ending would be the same. I enter the story of the struggle for America’s future with its kids. Nowhere are the consequences of these political struggles more shame- fully visible than in the changing place and treatment of kids in American society during that period. And so, that is where I begin. I hope that Americans still care enough about kids that they might be willing to have a conversation about politics and the future . for the sake of the kids . once more. At a time when “political books” are driving a boom in the publishing industry, this book is, I hope, unlike most books on offer. It is not a scholarly book but draws upon my academic work in cultural studies. It is, various publishers tell me, too long and too complicated, but I refuse to believe that public discussions about the state of the nation and the world have to be conducted through oversimplifications. The human world is complicated, and I have attempted to find a form that embraces complex- ity in accessible ways. It is not always and everywhere about changing capitalism, or morality, or the culture, but about the society taken as a fragile whole. Moreover, unlike many current books, it focuses on the historical forest rather than the electoral Bush. It focuses on a long-term struggle between new conservatives and progressives/liberals. This book was started long before the elections of 2000 and completed well before the elections of 2004. It is not a book about the elections or the Bush presidency. Yet I do think it offers some insight into the politics of George W. Bush, the Republican victory, and the apparent polarization of the nation around the elections. I did not plan it that way. (I even cut a long discussion of George W. Bush.) This book would locate the elec- tions in a longer and larger view of American history, rather than assum- ing that it was about either a single issue (e.g., religion and morality) or a laundry list of issues and campaign problems that somehow add up to an explanation. Since its beginnings, America has believed it was somehow unique— different from Europe, unencumbered by European history and therefore able to embrace its modernity without owing a debt to the past. At first this exceptionalism and modernity were lived through a particular political xi Preface system—built on notions of republican freedom. But this definition of America failed, ending up in the Civil War. From the late nineteenth century on, the United States built a different sense of itself—that is, as the champion of freedom, science and technology, democratic compro- mise, and so on. Much of what we have taken for granted about what modern life is like in America, and, therefore, about the meaning of being American—most of the assumptions, values, and institutions that we think of today as “liberalism”—were forged out of struggles and compromises in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These assumptions, val- ues, and institutions include consumer and corporate culture, the nuclear family built around the special place of children who come to represent the future potential of society, public schools, public health, images of the state as having responsibility for its citizens, secularism, democratic com- promise, many of the interpretations of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, compromises by which capitalism and labor would eventually co- operate for the national good, and so on. This understanding of American society, and this image of the United States as the most modern of nations, was most visible between the New Deal of the 1930s and the “Great Soci- ety” of the 1960s. As early as the 1950s, this vision of America began to be challenged by groups on both the left and the right. In the 1960s, both the antiwar counterculture (which renounced that vision of America) and a new con- servatism (which, unlike any other conservative movement before it, was not opposed to capitalism or modernity) mounted explicit and public attacks on the “liberal” understanding of the nation. If that dominant vision had been built through many and often fragile alliances, the new conservatives forged their own new alliances. For the past thirty years, we have been caught in the middle of this “revolution.” This book tries to describe some of the forces, groups, agen- das, and visions involved in the struggle and some of the already visible changes it is producing.
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