Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Magazine

Spring 1955 The Dutchman Vol. 6, No. 4 Earl F. Robacker

Olive G. Zehner

Henry J. Kauffman

Alfred L. Shoemaker

Albert I. Drachman

See next page for additional authors

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Recommended Citation Robacker, Earl F.; Zehner, Olive G.; Kauffman, Henry J.; Shoemaker, Alfred L.; Drachman, Albert I.; Heydinger, Earl J.; Heller, Edna Eby; Krebs, Friedrich; and Yoder, Don, "The Dutchman Vol. 6, No. 4" (1955). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 4. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/4

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Earl F. Robacker, Olive G. Zehner, Henry J. Kauffman, Alfred L. Shoemaker, Albert I. Drachman, Earl J. Heydinger, Edna Eby Heller, Friedrich Krebs, and Don Yoder

This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/4 , , ~ "- ,II ~ -~ - A - -~I \, ~ ~ ~ ~ - -/~ ...... Spring 1955 Vol. 6, No. 4

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Editor: Dr. Alfred L. hoemaker Assistant Editor: Dr. J. \ Ym . Frey Ant iq u t~ Erlitor: Dr. Earl F . Robaeker Contents Crafts if: Folk Art Editor: Olive G. Zehner Food Editor: Edna Eby H eli N P ainled Tin or " T 6Jr " Design Editor: LeRoy Gensler EARL F . R OBACKE R Photographer: Clifford Yeich

Em broiclerie a ncl Cu lou l ...... PUEL! HER: OLI VE G. ZEli XER The P enn ylvania Dutch F olklore Cen­ ter, Inc., Franklin and Marshall ollege, Lanca ter, P enn ylvania. :i\Ioravian Archilecturc in Bethlehem ...... 12 H E TRY J. KAUFF ~IA X UB CRIPTIO T R ATES: $3.00 a year in the United State and Scralch-CaITcd Easler E gg ...... 20 Canada. El ewhere fifty cent addi­ _\ LFH ED L. SIlOE~ I AKER tional for po lage. ingle copies $.75 each. The Cone loga H or. c ...... 2-+ .\ [,BERT 1. DHAc mlAx I S AND PHOTOGRAPHS : The Editor will be glad to consid er M and photograph sent with a The R eading Boal ...... 30 view to publication. (Each i ue will EARL .T. H EYDINGER con tain at lea t one major article.) When un uitable for publication, and if accompanied by return postage, Litilz peciallics ...... 3.3 every care will be exercised toward EDNA EBY H ELLER their return, although no responsibility for their safety i a sumed. P ennsylvania Dulch Pioncers ...... 37 FRIEDRI CH KREBS THE DUTCHMAI, pring 1955, (Translated b.\· D ON YODER) Vol. 6, o. 4, publi hed quarterly and copyright 1954 by the P cnn ylvania Dutch Folklore Cenler, In ., Franklin The Zehn-uru' chlick ...... 39 and lVlarshall College, Lanca ter, Pa. OLIVE G. ZEll NER ingle copy $.75. By ub cription $3.00 per year in the nited tate and Canada; elsewhere fifty cen ls po tage extra. Entered as econd-cla matter D ec. 9, 1949, at the Post Office at Lancaster, P enn ylvani a,. under lhe Act of March 3, 1879. Good for a n argument an,\' timc i the qucs tion of wh ethcr or not thc painted tin ("tolc" ) of Dutch P e nn s ~ ' I \'ania wa ac-Lua ll y a P enn sylvania product. Onc school of thought maintain that it wa N cw England ,,'arc, peddlcd fr om door to doo r b,l' cn terprising Yankee sa les men, I\ nother i equa ll y 'ure tha t it \\'a produced in Painted Tin Philadelphia, from wh ere it madc its \\'a,)' to thc hintcrland to brighten the kitchcn and warm the heart of the Dutch housewi\'e, , ti ll a third group, of whom the writer i one, or "Tole" find e\'idcnce to indicate tha t some Dutch tinware i natively P c nn s~ ' ''' a ni a Dutch, By EARL F. ROBACKER I n this. a in an,\' argument. it i well to ha\'c a definitely eslablished point of dcparturc, T olc ware to thc tudent, the decorator. or thc coll ector. is not tin in thc cn c that common kilchen ulensils were l ill . or a tin cup wa tin; it i t hin shect iron, lighll,\' or hcavily tin-coated. and then japanncd and

Bread or apple trays. Th e t u lip has been freely interpret ed in the two lo wer speci­ mens. Che micals dis­ solved in the varnis h give the crystalline ef­ fect in t he one at the right .

Illustrations from the Robacker Collection Photograhy by Charles Bohr

2 " just - for - foncy" ennsylvonio coff e e It in top condition is Ie ne plus ultra for any callectors. Of Ie three shown he re, Ie side -paure r at the ft is most unusual. ark green le a ves in Ie second e nhanc e Ie beauty af the pat Jt da nat show up in Ie photograph. Flam­ lyant reds and ye l­ ws characterixe the lird. Tall me a suring cups, syrup or cream pitche rs , salt shake r, t ea pot, a jo inte d nutme g grate r- all s ubject to competent decoration. The child ' s cup at the left is in rare ye llow ; the m in ia t ure pail, in re d. Note the bird decoration on the t oll measure-what othe r than the d iste lfink !

decorated . Ils French name springs from Lhe name for it from P e nn sylvania linware b." its wide range in tinLs and imi lar wa re, more elaboraLe a nd of Len more skilfull ," exe­ shades of color see mingl," noL knOll'n or not anLi lable Lo cuted, made in France and elsewh ere on Lhc ConLincnL a nd P enn ~ ' h-ania crafls men its delicate pillks. hlue , greens. alld in the BriLish I Ie and frcquenLl ," exported to Ameri ca. la'·enders. ' ''e can eparaLe it a lso b," its arti tic groupings Japanned and decora Led warc \I'as made in ' Yales. at P onL ," ­ of fi o\l'ers and h ," iLs thin and delicate brush s trokes added pool and aL C k, as carl," as Lhe la Le 1600' ; iL seem to have not as a basic clement of the design bllt Lo fi ll Ollt a gin' n de" eloped in Europe a a cheap but much admired sub, titu tc slIrface in pleasin g composition. fo r the cxpensi" e lacquered ware of the OrienL. Pen nsyl ,'an ia lok. on Lh e other halld. d ispla.,·s hold ('olors: Tinware merely painLed is not properly call ed Lok. 11 0 trong reds. brigh t ," cli oII', , dark emerald greens, I II Lead of maLLeI' holl' attractive it may be; it i t olell'are if it ha . prior elaborate groupings of fioll'ers. fo liage. urns. weeping \I'ill oll's, Lo iL s decoration. been covered wilh a thinned . colored ntrni h and the like (hut there a rc exceptions which wi ll be noLed ), - the proce being knOll'n a japanning, Japanned \I'are a l decorati,'C motifs arc usuall y impk. forcefu l. alld concen­ iLs be t give a t ra nslu cent effect: pa inted object arc merely tJ·aLed. If there i an o"er-all superiority in Leehnique. it flat. An added sparkle wa ometime given, a in the in ide hould probabl," be granted to N ell' England tole. though boLLoms of tra~ ' , by adding cl',\'stal of yariou chemi cals to p resent-da," tudenL of the art are quick to admit that the the varnish, A the cr,"sLals dissoh 'ed, the," created a shim­ brushll'ork on almost all old La ic decoration repre ent ki ll mering, jewel-like effect in the varnish. This pa rticular of the h ighe t order. technique cern not to have 1 een ver,v ucces full,,' imitated ome of the best known "Penns.,'''·a nia·' mo ti f , and the by pre, ent-da,,' cra ftsmen. though mocl ern tole reproducti.ons objecLs on which the." a re likel," to be found , are gi,'en below, good enough to pa for the bona fid e a rticle arc ometimes not a a complete check list but a a partial guide, Fir t een in circulation. there is the tu lip, repre ented in pro fi le, showing two petal }'\OIY. among "enuine old Loleware objecL , whi ·h ma~ ' be onl y: it ha been found on a pple tra~ ' a.nd on octagonal ca ll ed P enn ylvanian, a nd which not? In ome cases. wiLh "coffin" trays the bases on which teapot ,,"e re eL. The e documentation and records lacking. it i ad mittedl," out of tulip are genera ll y ,\'e 110 \I' or red, Lh e que tion to give a positi,'e an lI'er, } I uch X ew England Seemingly peculiar to P enns,"','ania is Lh e .. tomaLo'·- an tole. hOll'e"er, i fairl.,· cas," of idenLification; we can sepa rate a lm ost circu lar design in reel. its phcri cal contour de noLed by

Oval bre ad or apple trays. Note particularly the e xpe rt brushwork in the three types of borde rs- and the individuality of the horse in the example at the right.

3 Sugar bawls are alike in si%e, differ widely in design and types of "handles." The second specimen from the left is in yellow.

brush slroke . ero s-hal ·hings. or bolh, ill white or crearn or gil t. Coffee pols. lea pols, and large mea urin(f 'up and mu gs of'l'ered ge nerous surfaces for thi decoration. Another nearl.,· circula r des ign ee ms to ha" e bee n inspired b.Y a eul .'ec lion of a fruil, showi ng the arrangement of see d s -po ss ibl~ ' a lomalo bUl more likel.,' a pomegra nate. In either ca e, some a rli lie li ce n e ha bee n taken. Thi is a coffee pot design. Bold gree n lea"es, in most ea es darkened alm ost Lo black by the pa in g of time, erve a a background. Peaches. "er.,· like the peaches found on lenciled or painted furnilure of lhe P a inled P eri od (roughl .,' the fir t three qua rters of the Xineteenth Century) are found on lra~ · s . cani slers. a nd tea cacldi e . The peach a nd ils leaves usuall.,· sland alon e on smaller objects- nol as parl of an elaborate ga rnilure. eemingl.,· pec uli a r lo P enllsyh-ania also is lhe six-pointed lea cadd.,' des ign, compa rable to the ix-petaled open tulip of spalterware. and a first cousin to lhe ix-pointed com pas des igns seen in I arn signs, ehee e trainers, pie cupboard. and el ewhere. Found on l ~ ' in P ennS,"h'ania, in ils natural colors of ~ 'e ll ow and black. i an unmistakable wild eanar,v- lhe "di telfink" of Dulch Pennsyh-ania. Thi motif is u cd on large mu" " Coffin" -shaped tray with crystalline bottom, candle­ stick, and snuffe r. Decorated candlesticks are all but and coA'ee pot . nan-existent. Common to all lhe imple hou ehold object of decoraled linware arc boldne in color. freedom in execulion of de ign,

A n all-red group. It is diffi­ cult to find red pieces in good condition.

4 Docume nt boxes in red, brown, and red, respective­ ly . The oval specimen a t the right is almost certa in­ ly Pennsylvanian ; the oth­ ers (note brass handles ) may reasonably be ques­ tioned.

a ndre traint in the num ber of motif u ed 011 any given piece. about 27. They ha\'e been found in plain oblong models Besides the objects mentioned, one might list pin tray, with rounded co rners and in ski ll fu ll y executed " Chippendale" chi ldren' drinking cups and mall pa il (" 'blickie "), nutmeg shape . Like most large trays, they ha \'e wide tencil ed graters, sand er , alt shakers, ugar bowl , cream p itchers, gilt borders. The central decoration is lavish, and one boxes with Bat or trunk top from fo ur to twelve inches in fa \'ored de ign feature a bird-of-paradise (or is it the pea­ length, a nd till other . In la te Yictori a n time, wa terin" cock the dealer call it?) perched on a Boral pray. One cans, di play ca e in store, and ugar and Bour drums were of the two central fl owers cl o el.\· re embles a single red a il y painted . bu t these late articles (unjapa nned) are not correc tl y ca ll ed tole. From the co ll ector' point of VIew, the color of the basic varni h i a t lea t as important a the des ign in establi hing a co ll ec ti on. D a rk brown i the u ual color ; red i fa r Ie s common, and therefo re much so ught for ; blue is almos t never een, but exist; green a nd yell ow a re real find s. An in terestin g pair of pill trays in the wri te r's co llection offers ome data as to the time when toleware \\" a in actual use. The trays were a Chri stmas gif t in ] 837, acco rding to a notation scratched on the back of each by Su annah :Miller. who goe on to reco rd interes ting bit of hi tory a nd geneal­ ogy: "1 done thi in the year of our Lord 1 37 on the 24 th of D ecernber"; "Su a nnah J\Iill er her hand a nd knife" ; "Cone­ stogo i my dwelling pl ace" ; " done this on Sun day afternoo n by myself"; " na mes of my father, mother, brother, si ter" (the name foll ow). In the a rn e ha nd a ppears a nota ti on of "Price, 15" ; in a n alien ha nd , ,. usan i go ing to ge t married to J ohn E hbach"! Almos t or qui te in a class by themselve a re the Lancaster County tray, o-call ed, of graceful hape and elaborate A typical large troy of the Victorian period, with the plumes af the peacock in blue and the barder de ign. These ra nge in size from ten inches in length to in gilt. Not necessarily Pennsylvanian.

Teo caddies in ever-popular designs-the tulip peren­ nially, the peach in early Victorian times, and the hexagonal figure early and late. " M~r not the .disputed Hex have derived as reasonably from "Hexa­ gon" as from Hexen?

5 The so-called Lancaster County "Chippendale­ edge" troy at its most distinctive . This design is repeated on straight­ edge trays of various sizes and shapes. For all its splendor, the brush­ work is less ex p e r t I y controlled than in some more simple objects.

dahlia; the oth er, cream-colored, ha serrated petal partly tedly, but more powerful than entiment only- tha t the hown in profi le. P erha ps it would be far afield to ugges t dealer' wh o e effort a nd aeumcn went into the bui lding of that this la tter fi ower ha been borrowed from the tooled a worthy coll ection in the fir t place hould have the fir t leather cover of :lHa rtin Luther' " Ge ang-Buch" printed in 1\1a rburg in 178.J. - but the resemblance is tt·iking. This r fu al if a nd wh en circumstance put it back on the market. same design i used in an apple tray. T o be ure, it does not always work that way, but the enous Old inventories show that co rn parable major pieces were co ll ector doe not overlook the po ibilit.v. sold in Philadelphia, a nd from this fa ct it i ometimes Too-frequent changing of hand is not good fo r tol eware. as umed th a t therefore all good tole came from Philadelphia. It a ttracti vene s lies largely in the co mpletene and the Inventori e arc only too frequently lacking in the town a nd vill ages of the Dutch Country, a nd the fact mi "ht just fine co ndition of its painted de ign. a nd with every removal, a well be admiUcd. We have in tead th e poken word every change in climate, every wrapping and unwrapping, of a n occasional per on who says with pos itive finality, " \\'hy, tho, e trays were deco ra ted over in Lancaster. 1\1,)' fa th er knew .. . " There a rc enough uch in stance to ma ke it scem rea on able that tO le decoration was no more co nfined to Philadelphia th a n it wa to New England. P erhap it i time to bury the hatchet, in the face of a oncern more pre in g : Li ttl e tolewa re in good cond iti on I bein g discovered today, and pieces ofi'ered for sale as " prime" wo uld not have commanded even a econd gla nce a mere decade ago. Heall ,\' superi or pee imens do change hands, it is true, bu t oftcn thc tra nsaction is a pri vate one, or contri ved for a favorite co ll ector to wh om price is of econd a r,v importa nce. r~ong-c , tabli hed good co ll ec ti on arc dispersed now a nd then ; he who aspi re after the cream of the crop would do well to scan a uction catalogucs a nd haunt the gall eri es- and cul ti\'ate the dealers wh o helped form the ori ginal coll ection! There i a n unwri tten fee li ner- not , 0 trong as la w, admit-

Not Pe nnsylvanian. These exquisite specime ns in cream and yellow serve to point up some of the differe nces between work assumed to be local and work known nat to be.

6 that condition i jeopardiz d in orne degree. Even du ting lIould be kept to a minimum, for once the paint ha begun to fl eck away deteri oration is likcly to be rapid . A i true in an." fi eld of co ll ecting, it make good cnse to ecure onl y the fin e t piece po ible, not onl y for their even tual re ale value but for the present sati facti on they give. It make good ense, too. to take care of them fo r while coll ectible piece grow fewer, coll ector do not, a nd a liking for painted tinware eems to be increa ing. I proof of the point of origin more important than the inherent beauty in a fin e pecimen? Think twice. If it is, pa it up, becau e ab olute proof i lacking. If it i not, act An all but perfectly matched painted pair. Stencil­ fast ; the person who will acqui re it i even now breathing ing might have given exactness, but would nat have added to their desirability. Found in Shillington, Po . down the back of your neck!

Front and reve rse of a pair of trays be longing to Susannah Mille r, " Cone­ stoga," 1837. Whethe r or nat Susannah married John Eshbach (upside­ down inscription an left tray ) is a matter for the genealogists.

7 Amish maide n dane in a ppli q ue and embroidery with fra ctur- like arrange ment of heart ond cherubs . ..

Embroideries and Cutouts By OLIVE G. ZEHNER

Colorful appliqued wall hanging done on homespun line n inspired by the Amish

Amish Madonna, another portrait in applique and e mbroide ry with a fractur- like quality. Bright little birds odd sparkle to this charming embroidery of Amish children on a horse.

!\Ir . Gerald A. Le tz i a person who love to go explorin g ha lived in Lan a ter eight year (her husband i a newspaper with new id ea in the fi eld of art. l\Iany Lim es he ha found ma n) and, like many other comi ng into Lhe area, has found a eo mp l e Le l ~ ' new Lreatment for a pi eLu re a nd then see in an Lhat P ennsyl\'ania Dutch folk a rt. the Amish fo lk. and art publi cation that omeone el e has done Lhe same thing. P ennsylvania in general ju t naturall y seep into her eon- Thi doe not make her feci disappointed or fru b'ated, clOusne and find way of expre sin g themselve th rough for she ay that it i an indication that she is working \yithin her work. her own time or era. She finds that he like to work in m a n~ ' mediums at one Edith Le tz \\'a born in Las E peranzas, l\I exieo, where time and often has four or fi ve difl'erent piece III progre s her ra ther \\'a a mining enginee r. She graduated from imultaneously. 'Yhen he fee ls Lhat she i go in O" stale l\I ontana State and studied art in Pari and I taly. he with one he wi ll work on another for awhile. l\lueh of

Hurrying horses done in block, gray and gold metallic threads convey the feeling of great motion to this framed panel which hangs over a Dutch water bench in the Lesh home.

9 Another Amish madonna done this time with snips of colored paper. The companion piece to the picture to the left. The background is gold wrapping paper.

Amish man holding rooster-in paper mosaic technic. This is a new ideo original with Mrs. Lestlt.

Signs of the Zodiac embroidered in block, colored and metallic threads with simple outline stitch and varia­ tions of the feather stitch.

This cutout and the %odiac panel above were inspired by the Lancaster BAER'S ALMA­ NAC which Mrs. Lesh' husband publishes. This particular piece was done as a birthday present for him. The design is from the ALMANAC ,over.

10 The Bird and the Egg- applique with threads. This is a beauti­ fully done semi-abstraction which rem i n d s one of the so - called string paintings. Its success de ­ pends upon the skill in which the loose threads are drawn tautly over the fabric. The two large birds are done in a printed cor­ duroy material which odds feel ­ ing of texture.

Threads skilfully drawn in various planes aver salid masses af applique make this a most interesting piece. The heavy threads of wool vary the texture.

her work hang In her own home and he like to make her own gift. For eycral year now she has used decorated egg and cloth bird with plcaled wing on her Christma tree. "Whi le her work can be cia scd as modern in feeling he call on the lraditional P enn ylvania Dutch as a theme many lime, just as he combines modern furni hing with Dutch antiques in her home. he i now producing modern painted lin, and in a recent Lancaster exhibit howcd for th first time anywhere her paper mosaic . She uses snip of paper from magazine, wrapping paper, etc., to produce pictures A real cutout Volentine complete with the eternal with a bright jewel-like quality. message "I Love You." Mrs. Lest% uses surgeon's Edith Lestz i a member of the E cho Vall ey Art A ociation shears to produce these intricately cut pieces. and the Conc toga Vall ey Chapler of the P Cllll ylvania Guild of Craft men. Her work ha app arcd in Craft lIorizons, Design ~Maga zine, and the Pennsylvania Farmer.

11 Moravian Architecture Bethlehem By HENRY J. KAUF FMA N

There are many place of intere t and hi torical importa nce a nd it continues to thrive in the achievement of the Bach to visit in the Dutch Country of P ennsylvania. Lancaster Choir of Bethlehem. The elf- uffi cienc.\· of the town req uired County ha the Ephrata Cloister where a prote tant anctuary a number of craft men who not o nl~ · were the economi c was e tabli hed in the eighteen th centur.\', imilar in many main tay of the co mmunit~ , but old their products in distant details to earlier Catholic one in Europe. Lebanon County cItIes. There i frequent mention of the fine needJ ework can boast of the furnace at Cornwall where iron wa produced that wa produced in the Si ter' H ouse, while among the for over a century and it now stand intact, a sil ent witness Brother uch trade were pur ued a , ha t making. tailorincr , to the mechanical and technological skill and ingenuity of carpentry, blacksmithing. tanning. milling, carding. fulling. the men who built it. Berks County has the Oley Valley hoemaking, bell -founding, brick and tile making, and with it numerous examples of Georgian architecture and farmina. its many tile covered econdary buildings. Northal"llpton It would ce rn rca onable to presume that a community County seems to have the greate t heritage in the remnant of such di ver ifi ed intere t and such hi gh achievement would of the :l\1oravian settlement at Bethlehem. be greatly concerned with the architecture of their dwelling. Although less easil y found by the casual visitor to Bethle­ Their reli gion was deeply rooted in European tradition and hem, in addition to their physical heritage, there i also a their cheri hed idcal of architecture had a similar European spiritual heritage. I odified and changed for mid-twentieth background. The architectural pattern \Va further in­ century li ving its roots are ancient and deep. Their theology flu enced b.v the peculiar social structure which exi sted at an tedates the nailing of the the e on the church door by that time and which ma~' be briefly described as follow. Luther. It passed throtl""h many trials and tribulations For about the fir t twenty )'ear of the se ttlement a com­ of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a nd ma ny of it munal plan of owner hip wa opera ted. There was no follower uffered martyrdom or exile. Nurtured by Count ow nership of priva te property and a ll the people reall.,· Zinzendorf at H errnhut, a mall ba nd zealously pursued owned wa their clothin

12 - Tobia . Photo for Women. All of the e buil ding were built in the eight­ Old print of Bethlehem as it was between 1803 and 1816. Central Church had parches on the ends of the roof. In eenth century and de pite many attempt at m dernization 1816 the gable roof was extended from end to end. they pre-ent a quaint eUing for the study of Eur->pean n-Iediaeval architecture in .\.merica. From lhe fool of hurch lreet one can view one or the On the corner of 1\Iain and Church street the Central fin e t display of 1\le li aeyal Europ an a rchi tecture in Amer­ M oravian Church of Bethlehem i located. Built the fir t ica. Gnfortunatel.\' the fir t log hou e built in Bethl ehem decade of the nineteenth century it provide an interesting is obyiously go ne, the water works arc ou t of character (i t contra t wi th the other tructure. It a rchitectural pattern is now u cd a. a re id enee). and the Id e t apothecary in i not Mediae\'al but in the contemporary Cla ic R evival. America ha rece ntl.Y become lhe home of the local Chamber Thi masterpiece with it ixty foot beam, upported from of Commerce. Howe\'er, be.\·o nd the Central 1\Ioravian wall to wall, co mplete the major group of building in thi Cbureh on the left stand a high clapboard covered, log urvey. building, with its harpl.\· pitched roof. it double attic, it A detailed tudy of Moravian architecture in Old Bethl e­ b autifu ll.\ proportioned gable end, and it intere ting hem hould naturally tart with the fir t building erecled diagonal moulded-joint door. Beyond, and to the rear, on the town ite. Thi chronological approach is doubly is the old Chapel with its turd.\' stone walls and impre i\'e intere ting for the fir thou e was al 0 partially a barn. bu ttre. ses. Beyond the Chapel is the Bell Hou e which The house and barn combination was a common pattern time and fa hion have changed. but it eO lltinue to perpetuale in European architecture 0 it is logical that the e pioneers an old world charm with it bell tower and flat topped hould build such a building here. It i difficu lt to explain dormers. Forward to the street i the Sister's Hou e, the wh~ ' only one uch building was erected in the Dutch Coun­ fir t section being bui lt in ]744 to be u ed as men' quarter . try, however, economie of material and pace were not a bu t later rei inqu ished to the now res id en t sister's grou p. pressing here and the practice quickly was establi hed of Across th e stree t from the Sister's H ouse is the Widow 's building eparate quarters for man and beast. H ou e and by co min g down th e hill one finds the tructure The structure was of log and mea ured 20' by 40' . There provided for th &:Brethren wh en they left thei r original abode, wa a ingle pa rtition between the two rooms, one serving but now occupicd by the I onwian Seminary and Coll ege as a residence for ten men, two women. and two boys, the other bcing a shelter for their stock. The loft above the whole area erved as sleeping quarter . It wa in thi hou e that the first Clui tmas was celebrated in 1741 and after Count Zinzcndorf led hi little band of worshippers into the table on Chri tmas E ve they im­ mediately conceived the idea of calling the ettlement Bethlehem. Subsequently the structure wa used a a table, later a re idence, and in 1823 this precious tructure \Va razed to provide space for the erection of the Golden Eagle H otel. In 1892 a memorial marker \Va placed on the site, but in ]921 hotel parking became acute and the marker wa imbed­ cl ecl in the we t wall of Hotel Bethl ehem. The hotel is doubtle a convenient pot for traveler , but the ori ginal - Tobia s Photo tructure of the ite would be a pricele s example of European Hypothetical appearance of the first lag house built in architecture in .\. meri ca were it tanding today. Bethlehem, 1741 . It did not have a cellar so the cave cellar at t he left was used as a substitute.

- Tobias Photo Floor plan of the Mo­ ravian Buildings an the north side of Church Street in Bethlehem. At the left bottom is the Gemeinhaus, next is the old Chapel, then the Be" Hause and finally the S i ste r ' s Hause. The name of the architect is not known.

13 The end view of the Cemeinhaus includes the iron fence of the Central The doorway of the Gemeinhaus is Church on the left and the Sister's House can be seen in the distance. one of the most pleasing in Old Beth­ lehem. The bronze plaque briefly tells the history of this famous structure. Under the stoop is the entrance to the old kitchen. Tbe eeond bui ldin cr in the town , a nd the oldes t now tanding, i called the Gemeinhau (Community H ouse) . The corner tone for this buge log trueture wa laid in The old Chapel \\'a built a t the ea t end of the Gemein­ eptember 28, 1741 , and it wa completed in the pring of ha us a ncl perpendicula r t o it main axis. It \\'a built fr om 1742. By Augu t, 1743, an addition was fini shed and tbe April 5, 1751 to July 10, 1751, iLs ize being 66 feet long building was then 94 feet long and 32 feet wide. The Gemein ­ and 32 feet wide. The ground fl oo r provided a dining a rea bau conta in ed dormitori e , 10 Igin g area for the co mmunity for the l\Ia rri ed P eople' Choir a nd the econd fl oor was leader , and their first pl ace for worship. A portion of the the community' second place of wor hip. It had common ea t end of the econd fl oo r wa set apart a a chapel but it wa ll with the Gemeinha u and the Bell H ou e through oon became inadequa te and within nine year they had to whi ch door were cut , 0 that re idents from either area eek pace el ewhere. could have ea ~ ' acce to thc chapel. Thi p lan developed The building wa primarily a res idence 0 a kitchen was a unique architcctural fcature for it did not ha" e a n out ide nece ary and it was placed on the ground [i oor in the we tern end. Its large fireplace \\'as used for cooking and heating; in th back a beautiful brick lined oven can be seen today. The kitchen Hoor a nd th e adjoining eating area were proba bly fl oo red with red tiles in the typical 'Moravian fashi on. The entrance to the k i tchen was off the treet wlder the stoop wh ere a modern door conceal a n interesting doubl e doo r with appropria te hinge and la tches . The inLeri or a nd xteri or of th e bui lding have been changed a great deal but it retains some of it m diaeval apt. An openin g throu"'h the plaster wa ll in a hall reveal the ori ginal wa ll of hewn log and pia tered chinking. The ori ginal pla nking of the fl oo r was unfinished a nd t he wall and ce iling joist were exposed in the traditional manner. The ha rdwa re \\'as ma sive a nd the strap hinge of the door bave functi on d saLi sfacLori ly for two ce nturie. There a re also sliding ba rs and pre, latches on the door . The interi or wall. were pia Lereel in 1750. The simple exteri or framing of the door and their pedi ­ m nLed mould joint a r ' a triking detai l. The harply pit 'bed roof and fl a t topped dormers a rc retain d a nd the projecting corni ce assist in making it a n a ttractive build in g. In ]868 th cla pboard coverin g \Va added and the building' mos t imporLa nL featul' was oneeal d from a n admiring public.

14 - Tobia s Phot o The old print shows a Moravian fune ra l proces­ sion. The sma ll building to the right of t he tree is the Corpse House where the body is kept while se rvices are held in t he church.

The old chape l showi ng t he new facade wh ich wa s built in 1865. A new corpse house was built at that t ime but it was torn dewn before thi, picture was take n.

en trance. There were eparate en trance for the men and women and they were eated eparately at service . The pre ent interior of the chapel reveal little of it ori ginal pattern . The window openings ha\'e not been cha nged, but the original pew have been replaced and one can only conclude that it wa a imply built and Iurni hed hou e of wor hip. The exterior of the Chapel conformed to the architectural pattern of the co mmunity. It thick tone wa ll are up­ ported b.v buttre sc and it had a t.\·pi 'al Germa nic gambrel roof with fiat topped dormers. In 1 65 the North fa!;ade wa added which provided a n out ide entrance, but also changed the character from the current tyle of the mid­ nineteenth century. The difference in , tone texture of the fa !;<'Lde cI ad y indicates the divi ion between the old and the new ection . The name Dell Hou e \\'a naturally derived from the intere ting belfry and its three bells. The Chine e Chip­ pendale pa ttern i contemporary with it use in England and is a pleasing delicate departure from the heavy unor­ namented plan of the balance of the building. Three bell Originall y there was a clock in the tower, made by Augus­ were placed in the tower, the large t being used to regul a te tine Neis er, a clockmaker from Germantown. Although the daily life of the eUl ement, which tarted at 4 :15 A.M. it ha had everal internal face lifting it continues to mark in 1755. It was also quite u eful when the house provided time in the belfry of the Central Moravian Church on Church a home for the :Moravian Seminary for ·Women. Street. The original wind-vane continue to revolve at the t op of the belfry. Its lamb and banner, in eribed with the word H eil (Salvation), were designed by the younge t bishop Front view of Be ll House. A charming of the :Moravian Church, John Frederi ck CammerhofL The residence for mem­ lamb wa a holy ymbol in England in the eicrhteenth century bers of the Moravian although one writer point out it decadence by appearing Church. in a vane for an alehouse. A imila r de ign was also widely ~ used a a ' touch mark by Engli h pew terer at that time. The Bell House seems to be the most charming of all the building on Church Stree t. Its cc ntral location, its po ition back from the treet and its unique tower eem to set it apart from the other buildings . The original tructure required about one year to build and it wa completed in October, 1746. Its length was from chimney to chimn ,v, a vertical line clearly showing it termination on the ri ght hand end. The window opening above the door wa originally larger Belfry af the Bell and accommodated another door. The texture below the House showing the window docs not conform to the balance of the wall and detail of the Chinese Chippendale railing. the window is four light wide instead of the u ual three. This appendage is a At the econd floor level the joist were obviou Iy sawed maste rp iece in plan off flu h with the wall indicating that th e ~1 at one time and execution. extended and upported a small porch. Thcre the town musIcian entertained the community a earl y a 1746.

15 Front view of Widow' s House showing the mossive Back vi e w of W idow's House. The part in Ihe appearance of t he structure and the fin e stone work. foreground was the last addition mode 10 th is unit.

The co rn er tone of the wid ow's house was laid April 27. T he SisLer's H ouse compl 'te the la rge section of building ] 766, a nd the first portion of the bui ld ing was fini hed on Lhe nort h side of Church Lreet. The ori ginal structure October ] I, 1768. I n J\ La.\'. 179-+, an in creased n um ber was not attached to Lh e Bell H ouse and \\'as not a long of widows req ui red the bui lding to be eil larged and in 1889 as it is today. The co rn er tone \Va la id .\. ugu L 8, 17H, an a nnex measuring 0 feet b,\' , ~ o fee t wa bui lt on the and the bui lding was occupied D ece mber G,IH-+. south side and co nn ec ted with the original structure b,\' Although addiLions haw bee n made to thc bui lding the short enelo cd pa sages. exterior architectura l pa LLeril has been cha nged little. It The a rchitectu ra l pattern of the widow's hou e indicates reta in it typical German gambrel roof and the dormer that it is on of the later truetu res on Church Street. The in the back or a l 0 the typical flat topped t.\'pe. Some of gable of the roof is less sharply pitched tha n the simi lar the dormer in Lh e front a rc euriollsl,\' gabl ed in the la tel' roof on the Gemeinhaus and the gable topped dormers arc fashion. thi tyle likely being the res ult of reno\'ation Ie s ha rmonious wilh the pla n than the second tier \\' hich rather than original pla nning. a re flat-topped. The profusion of chimne.\' indicates that it. like the The small front porch has been modernized, it originall ,\' other buildings, \\'a heated b.\· fi replace and on occasions had gabled roof with lender upporting po t. Benches by t il e to\'e. The fi rcplace opcnings a re distincti\'e for were placed bctwee n the porch posts and the wa II in the their functiona l simplicit,\'. ornamented onl,\' by a top a rch traditional manner. which re emble the brick a rches over the exterior door The shutler have been reta in ed throughout the house, and windo\\' . T he fi replace in the hall s did not ha\'c hearth however, ome of Lh e ash ha\'e bee n changed fr om six light and mo t of them \\'ere about a foot above the floor le\·el. to two. I n this detai l, like many other, the architectural plan of Archiledura ll ,v Lhe exterior of Lhi bui lding is Lh e leasL the e building resemble th ose at the Ephrata Cloister. interesting of a ll. The writer was unable to examine the The moulcled-joi n t exterior of the doo r \\' a attached interi or and a brochure call ed Church S treet in Old Bethlehem to vertical boards and hori zo nlal battens on the inside. by K enneth H amilton doc not de cribe any of its a rchitec­ The batlen fun ctionin g doubly h.\' holding the door together tura l featu re. Apparen Ll ,v thi bui lding ha alwa,\'s been used as a 'Yid ow's re id ence. Inte rior of Sister's House showing a typical Moravian Chair. The othe r furn ishings and carpet are of a later pe riod,

Doorway of Ihe Sis te r's House. The d ia gonal mould- joint in the door is found in othe r spa ts in Be thle he m. -Tobias Photo of an old print Colonial Hall is regarded by many as one of the mast attractive buildings in the Church Street group, Whe n this print was made it was obviausly used as the main unit of the Young Ladies Se minary at Bethlehe m,

a nd providing a n adequaLe placc Lo atLach the long Lra p The Co rn el' ton of oloni al Hall \Va laid April 7, 1748,

hingc, SonH' door a re locked wiLh liding ba r buL ori ginall y and Lhe buildin Cf wa dcdi cated ~ ovember 16, 17.J. , At Lhc,\' werc I( ekeel by placing hori zo nLa l bar acro s thc fir t Lh cre wa only one building on thc ite, The timber middlc, Thc slll a ll transoms a boyc Lhc doors a rt' quite and board wcre RoaLcd down thc Lchigh H,i\'el' from Gnaden­ dccora ti\·c a nd suppl,\' Lh c onl ,v li ght a va il abl c in the ha ll s hutLen, a ThIOI'avia n India n c LLl cment, whcrc a aw miJI wh cn thc doors a rc closed, wa opera ted, F oul' out-of-town ma ons werc c mpl o ~ ' e d The La ir ra il wcre simplc in cro - ec Li on and wcre Lo work on the tructurc, but mo t of t he work wa done by a Ltached Lo equall,\' imple newcl posL , Lh e kill ed Brethrcn who were dc tincd to occupy the building A mall IllU CUIll i hou ed in the iter' H ou e in which wh cn it wa fini shed, a fcw eighLecnth ee ntur,\' a nd ome laLer nin eteenLh ce ntury The first entrance to thc hou e wa in the center of the cl eeOl'a Li\'e art a nd furni hing a rc exhibitcd, Thcrc arc North ide (facing lVla in b'cet) a nd on lhc stone lintel the al 0 so n~c inLel'c ting earl,\' kcLchc of Bethlehem a nd omc foll owing inscription was carvcd, Valer, Lieber },Iann­ musical illstruments which were u ed beforc thc advcnL TIabt Ehr vom J unglings Plan, On the lintel of thc outh of machine made dC\'icc , door Gloria Pleura wa carved, The carving of lintel \Va widely practi ced in the Dutch ountry , In addition End of Sister's House looking down Church Street to moral precepts, the o\\TJ1e r' ini tial or name i round toward the Gemeinhaus and the Central Moravian Church, and more frcqucntly the da te the building \Va erected, Thc roof on Coloni al Hall i thc typical Gcrman gambrel t~ ' p c on top of which i a pla tform with a balu tcr, From Lhi pot Thloravian mu ician announccd thc d a th of a mcmber of Lhe con gregation, Thc original u e of thi building wa a resid cncc for thc breLhren, Thcrc wcre the nece aI'," cooking, eating and Iceping qua rLer a nd thc basemcnt was filled up a a work­ shop 0 tha t the brethren did not have to leave the building to pl,\' thcir tradc , Somc employcd at trade uch a brcwing, brickmaking, a nd milling had to leave for such facilitie could ob viously not bc in stall ed in the basement of a hall, SubsequenLl,,, Lhc building was uscd as a ho pital for the oilier of the .\mcri can R evolu tion, On D cccmber 3, 1776, it hecame thc Gcncral H os pita l of thc Ameri can Army and on thc amc da,v D oc tor \Yarl'cn and hippen arrived to arra ngc accommoda ti ons for 250 ick and wounded soldier, Again on eptember 2, '1777, it wa occupied as an army 110 pital and finall," relin quished in June, 1778, 13,\' 1810 thc membership of Lhe BreLhren Choir had diminished Lo uch a ma ll numbcl' tha L uch a large building could not be devoted Lo Lheir u e, It then becamc the home of the :JIol'

- Tobios Photo The understructure of the roof forms an interesting pattern and a substantial support.

F or a number of rea ons the Central Ioraviall Church with a baluster around the edge. Thi roof proved difficult i consid ercd last in thi sun'e.,' of l\l oravian ArchiLceture to keep waLer- Li ght 0 in 1 16 the gable wa extended and in BeLh lehem. It " 'a the la t building erectcd in the Church reache from end to end. treet group and iL refl ecL the climax of the reli giou a nd The fi ve window in the north and south wall greatly ccul ar life of the M oravia ns in old Bethlchem. It i al 0 reduce the ma ive appeara nce which the church would diA'crent in lyle for lhe earlie r building were low, rn a sive, otherw ise have. The e were al 0 nece ary for lighting imple, au lere, and fun cti onal in lhe l\Iediaeval Germanic a the previously used small window would not have ade­ lradition; an cl the new church i lall , light, and ornamenLed quatel.v lighted such a large interior. t fir t there were a nd in mosL delails fils the contemporary lyle known a ca ement ash in the e large window but in one of the Classic R cviva l. reno,'a tions they were removed a nd the pre ent one in taIled. One of the 111 0 L slriking pa rts of the c 'leri or of the church One wou ld expect to find the main entrance in the middle is its belfr,\' . Its supporting roof ha less pilch than the of one of these long side for ueh a plan was eu tomary urroundin g building, but it is obviously adeq uate for the to fo ll ow in the eighteenth eentur.v, but for orne unexplained proper heddin O' of water. The D ori c columns of the belfry rca on the entra nce wa alway a t th end where there a re more decoraLive than the simple a rch Lopped one of the a re ve tibules a nd offices for the pastor, Bell H ou e, but curiou Iy, the Chine e Chippendale pa ttern The outer door have a pleasing arrangement of rai ed was repcated in lhe rai ling. The flo or in id e the railin O' pa nels and are imply framed in a double recessed moulding. upporLs a n eighL id ed podium. four ide ha"ing clock The e we re quiLe a departure from the earlier imple door and the al Lcrn aLe sid cs ha vin g a rch topped doo r . The fra med in a pinned oak frame, A decorative band wa em ici rcul ar roof i covercd wiLh co pper which replac d placed above lhe door which wa ornamented with a draped an earlier 1'0 f which leaked causin g the under Lructure to curtain and fluLin g. The e detail a rc commonly a oeiated roL. The band beLwecn Lh c roof and th e eapiLal of th e with the tyle o f: Adam. The door knob a re a clo ed hand columns i orn amented wiLh carved blo k of wood which with a bar, which facilitate ea y opening, although the e give the feeling of den ti l moulding on a large cale. may not have been original, they certain!.\, a r di linetive. Originall.,· lhe gable roof covered only Lh auditorium The window frame ar the double rece sed pa ttern but portion of the church, the en I portion havin

1 The belfry rises ma­ jestically abav e all ather b u i I d i n g s on Church Street.

- Kauffman Photos

The brick walk and iron baluste rs provide an int e r e sting ap­ proach for the simply executed doorways.

impl.\' upporLed with a number of tone wall provided with arche for ventilatin" purpose. The interi or of the church ha been ehanged beyond recognition from the fi r t pla n. The pew , licrhting fixture, and other appointment have kept pace with moderni zation of church interior throughout the nineteenth and twentieth P erhap the ize of the church the next mo t triking centurie . part of the architectural plan. Thc rna ive size of ixty In conclu ion, a description of Bethlehem in 1829 mi ght b.\' ninety feet eems to have becn a great enginee ring feat of the time, particularl.\·. ,,·hen the fact i con idered Lhat assi t in presenting the so-call ed bird' -eye-view at that there wa no master a rchitect employed and only the men time. re ponsible for its building ee m to have been enaaged in Bethlehem i comparati vely a la rge town a nd though it planning. :l\Iany of the tructural detai l were referred rno tl.\' built of tone, has om hand ome brick building . to the congregation bu t the sIze wa an earl y deci ion and It i r gula rly laid off into handso me lt'eets, and like Naza­ it was never changed. reth, tand on considerable eminence. It, however, inks in ome place and ri ses in other . The new building are The ceilin g beam from sid e to ide are ixty-eight feet howy, a nd built in the modern tyle; but original building long, not on l.v covering the ixt,v foot inside span, but ex­ are roughly built of tone, and tho e where the ocietie Lending over the outer wall and fo rming an integral part li ve are huge rna e of great ize, mall window, and tone of the co rnice. nfortunately there a re no record s de cribing or brick fl oor , on the lower tori e. The Church , however, the haping and install ation of these timber. The vertical upport from the beam to the apex of the roof a re twenty and the Young Lacli e' Academy, are two of the fine t rcet long. The entire network of braces i cleverl y contri ved building in the United tate. and pinned toge ther 0 that the auditorium b c n ~ ath i free In final conclu ion, one might ay that, 0 it is to-day. from any obstruction or upport . The floor of the church

- Tobia s Photo ' The brick arch top of the windows, the ce n ­ tral chimney, and the hori%ontal boarding in the gable are attrac­ tive parts of the old water works at Beth­ lehem.

- Tobia s Photo _ The oldest apothecary building in America is located on Main Street near the Central Maravian Church. At present the inte riar is being re novated for the lacal Chamber of Cammerce wha are its new tenants. Scratch-Carved Easter Eggs

By ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER

The earli e l reference lhu far localed to the cu lom of scralch-carving Easler egcrs in the Dulch Country i III Thomas Anburey's Travels Through the Interior Parts oj America, London. 1789. The a uthor peak of bo~ - and girl cratehing all orts of hape and fi cr ure on d~ - e d Ea ler egg with needles. 'IVe learn nothing about the design, however, that were cratched on the egg. Judging from everything else tha t \Va ever decoraled in lhe earl y peri od, it i quite likely that there were lulips, hearl and di teliink . The yer." nex t reference, chronolog­ ically, does mention cratching tulip on Easter egg. A Moravian, in a letter to the publi her of the All ntown Republilcaner of April 23, 1829, wrile that on a trip from Nazareth to umn~ ' town he saw old fo lk cratchincr tulip on Easter egg . ("Die alten kritzellen Tull panen darauf.") In an article on "Easter Lore" I wrote in the Eastei' 1953 Pennsylvania Dutchman I published the material I had galhered up to that time on scratch-can oed eg"s. In the meantime I have located everal other items on the subject.

From th e Reading Times and Dispatch oj April 3, 1 74

La t evening we were hOW11 by lVIr. Lewis H . Ncider. rc iding al No. 25 Iorth econd treet, an Ea tcr E gg of the ~ ' ear 1840. In cribed on it is thc year 1840, a 10" cabin , hard cider barrel, buckeye tree, the Ameri can Aag, a heaf of wh eat, and mountain tulip . It is a veritablc Old Linc Whig egg, and \Va inscribed by the late Abraham Neider, the {ather of Mr. Ieider, who prize it as an old fami ly relic.

From the Lancaster 1 ntelligencer oj March 1 , 1 0 Amo Miley, saddler, showed u thi morning an old Easter egg whi h ha a history. The egg wa deco rated fifty-five year ago by David Miley, Amos Miley's father, who wa a wh eelwright and then re ided in Washington Borough. On one ide of the egg i drawn a mill wilh two large arche under it through which the tailrace water i suppo ed to pass. The mill is urmounted by a p ire, the weather-vane of which is a fi h , very like a had. The No . 4- Hen's Egg, reddish ; 0 tree ; decorative bronch mill j Banked on either ide by Lomba rdy poplar , tree tha t leaves ; pig ; nest with eggs ; decorative tree ; two turtles ; : animal ; house with a large and small trees ; cup with ha were held in high e teem in the olden time. To the rear of The ends are geometric designs. Inscription- E H H the mill, on the oppo ite sid of the egg i a garden in which (This was probably the son of the No. 11 , see al$o No fl owers are growi ng- one of them being a good represen tation and 4 .) of a tulip, and the leave of another looking like tobacco leave. a plant lha t was cultivated to ome ex tent in 'IVa hing-

20 Egg Collection of FRED WICHMANN

-Photography by Samue l Coope r

en's Egg, brown ; 0 ,ird ; smoll animal ; ,s; decorative branch ;; bird an branch ; s nest with eggs ; a Ends highly geo­ Inscription - EO­ RR MARCH 28 1869 No . 1-Hen's Egg, brown ; a house ; decarative trees ; initials­ 11 , 2, 4. ) E A F; bird on a branch ; e nds highly geometricized. See No. 12.

No. 3-Hen's Egg, brown ; a box with two-branched decorative tree with bird on top ; a long- necked bird ; nest with eggs ; ark ; cup with handle ; gull- like bird ; small bird. Ends highly developed geametric designs. Inscription- 1869.

Note : This probably belongs with Nos. 4 and 9 as it has the same style, subjects and was purchased with them.

No. 5-He n's Egg , yellowish­ brown ; a large house with large and small trees ; an ark ; tulip and leaf. Inscription-MAMA AND PAPAS GIFT TO THEIR BA BY. The one end reads­ OUR BESSIE COLUMBIA APRIL 25 1886 in a circle.

21 LOll , cycn aL lhal carl." da.,·. 011 Lh e ecntrc of Lhe larger end of lhc egg is sera Lched a doublc whitc tar, and 'ur­ No. 11 - Turkey's Egg , rounding lhe lar a rc Lh e fo ll owin g IcLtcr and fi gures: dark brown ; a nest sur­ "1).1\1.13 .8., 182.3." " D .]\1. " arc Lhc initial of David Milcy, rounded by t w o large fowl and six small ones, and 182.3 is Lhc ~ ' ea r wh cn Lhc egg \\'a scratchcd. The a palm-like tree; a box '·B.8.'· is s upp o~e d Lo be Lite iniLial of somc oLhcr pCI' on's containing 0 decorative name. plant with a bird sitting en top. The e nds are geo­ This egg wa found about a dozcn year ago in a ecrct metric in design. Inscrip­ drawer in a n old -fa hionccl de k, and from that timc until tion- A M H MADE BY HIS PAPA 1843. See about Lwo year ago wa carefu ll y preservcd in his safe. Nos. 2 , 3, 4 . Two da~ ' s ago, Mr. rilc.\' Look iL from the afc and put it in hi coaL poeke L for Lh c purposc of showing it to somc friends. ForgcLL in g Lh a L it wa in hi poekc t hc " at dOWJl

No. 10- Hen' s Egg, yellowish-brown ; decorative flowers and leaves ; a pair of flying birds. The end has COL A (is this for Columbia? ). Most of the space is toke n up by the inscription­ B£SSIES GIFT FROM MAMA APRIL 18 1890. See No. 5 .

No. 9 - Hen's Egg , brownish­ purple; the e nds are spotted with lighte r dots resembling 0 r esis t treatment. The inscription is No. 7-Hen's Egg , dark reddish purple; the scratch carved - EMMA LOUISA side area is divide d into fiv e equal p .. rts: 1855. 1, contains a tree; 2 , a fish ; 3, a bird on a branch ; 4, the dote 1897 ; 5, the inscrip­ tion- LIZZIE. The ends are five-pointed stars.

22 on it" cru bing it into fragment. Gathering together the pieces, he placed them in the hand of harles R . Fraile.,·, e q., with a requ t that he should mend the egg if be cou ld. Mr. Frai le.'· took a large cork and cu tit down to the hape and ize of the broken egg, as nearl.'· a he could judge its proportion , and then piece h." piece placed the fragmen Ls on the surface of t he cork. There w re 36 fragmen land l\Ir. Fra ile.,·, wi th much labor and ki ll , u 'ceeded in getting each one in it place, re toring lhe egg to il original ap­ No. 8- Hen's Egg , redd ish - brown ; a weeping wi llow ; pearance. pick ; shovel ; oxe ; form wogon ; plow. The do te- 1870. The e nds ore plo in. From the L ancaster I ntelligencer oj 111 arch JO, 18 0 \Ye were today ho\\'n b.,' .\ be :M ill er. four colored eggs which have been scralched by hi m, and which will be shipped to B rooklyn, a pa rt." from that cit.\' having ordered them orne time ago. One of the egg ha a corr'eel likeness of Horace Greeley on one ide, whi le on the other i a coat-of­ arms of P enn ylvania. On a la rge goose egg M r. M ill er ha scra tched picture of \Y ilhelm j. the \'iolinist, and M iss Anna T ere a Berge r, the cO l'll etist. Another goose egg conta in an excell ent pictu r of H en 1'.,. \Ya rd Beecher on one. ide, while on the other is a picture represe nting a tobacco packer a nd his bo . On the fo urth e"g is cratched a picture of the Berger fa mil.,· of musicia n a the.l· appear on the tage. The \" ork i rema rkably \I'ell done, and it shows th a t I I'. I ill er i quile a n arti t in tha t line.

From the L ancaster I ntelligencer oj jJ[ arch 27, 1882 No. 12- He n's Egg , yellowish-brown ; has lorge ond smoll Abe ~I i ll e r , the well -known egg cratcher, ha ju t com­ vesse ls with sails spreod ; a bird ; three rectongular de­ pleted two good jobs for Dr. H. H . Gerh a rt, of Canand aiq ua, signs ; the initials - E A F. The date - 1883 ond J\Cw York. On the ide of one there is an excell enl likene s E A S T E R. See No . I . of P resid ent Ga rfi eld a nd on the rever e i a cros entwined with fl ower . The other egg has a ve ry good picture of Wa hin gton on one ide a nd a n Ea te l' eene, wilh a rabbit. a mall boy a nd a n cgg on the other. MI'. M ill er has left No . 13- He n's Egg , bright red ; a heort and the nome at thi offi ce an cgg eon lai nin g a picture of Garfi eld on one and date-LIZZIE CAMMAUF 1888. Othe rwise plain. sid e and one of the catafa lque, on which hi body re ted in the \Ya hington depot. 0 11 the other.

From the L ebanon Dail!) T imes oj M arch 21,. f 8J M r. L .l'man He , barbel', of thi place, la t \\'eek forwa rded t o Gov. P a ttison a n E a tel' egg which is arti ticall yengraved with repre entati on of the Goddess of Liberty, the Ameri can cagle with a treamer in il mouth, with th e word "D emo­ cra ti c victor,\''' ; a roo ler. crowing the words. "40.000 fo r P a tti on"; and a 1'0 c, cncircled by star . The egg i ver." Illu ch admired b.,' Go\'. P a ttison and he ha retul'll ed hi lha nk to ~lr . He fo r the pre enL.

No. 14-Small Hen's Egg , brown ; t wo decorotive trees ; o circular geometric design. The initiols- S A K and the dote-I 846. The one e nd hos 0 lorge crawling turtle.

No. 6 - Duck's or Turkey ' s Egg, pur­ plish-grey ; outline pic­ ture of a boy with a printed inscription SNOOKS EASTER 1868. All of this is treated by resist in ­ stead of being scratch carved. The Conestoga Horse

By ALBERT I. DRACHMAN

Dedicated to my learl/ ed al/d belofed father. Ra bbi Dr. Henwrd it adultll .,· cO lltain. oilly olle short chapter on them, Lhe Bel1jalll1'l1 Drachmall , whose ill/erest ill horses has passed down rema inder conce ntratinff Oil the "chi c le. to me and from ll'hom. as a t'ery yOUII{1 boy . I first heard of the I at fir t foulld it singularly diffi cult to obtain an.,· informa­ sturdy Pen/lsylvania Dutch alld their sigmjical1trole ill the del'el­ ti on regarding the hoI' es. For exa mple. about a .,·ear and opment of th is cowllry. a half ago, ha"ing fail ed to ge t all I wanted. I fe ll back 0 11 the U n i ted State D epartment of Agricul tu re. as I \Va :Ko eli cu sion o f' P enn sylvania LransporLaL ioll could well aware of their numerous and valuable bu ll etin . The rroperly omit the fam ous Cones toga \\'agons and the rcmark­ Department's Bureau of .\nimal Industr.v wrote me " ... we able a nimal that powered them. F or O'e neraLion the know of ver.\' little available information on the o-eall ed feedi ng (,f' Lh populace \\'a dependenL on them ; Lh ey kept Cone toga ho I' e. The Conestoga hoI' e \\'a of ome hi - ali,'c the Continental Arm.v dUI'ing the bitter winter a t Ya ll e.'· torieal significancc in the earl.v da.,·s .. . bu t ... i no Forge. brought supplie a far as Lake Eric during the \\'ar longer in exi tence...... The followi ng . . . i t.vpical of 18] 2. a nd . in the modified forms kno\\'n a covered 1l'agOllS of the brief . .. information . .. which occasion a ll ." ap­ or 1Jmir ie schooners. made po sibl e the eltlement of Lh e pear ." Then foll ows a hort quotation from a reference western Late. Without them the his tor.\' of the nited whi ch is too brief to be of much value to our reader. The ta Lc would have been different. letter continues. "It i possible that ~ · o u might be able to Although the publi c ha no conce ption of the immen iLy run acros similar brief references by combin g through the of the role pla.'·ed b.v these vehicles. they ha" e heard of them books, . .. but ... probably not very extensive." and have a general id ea that the." were of some importance . Later, after further co rrespondence, the Bureau wrote The \\'agon are mentioned often in hi s to r~ ' books, novels me again. thi time a.ving, " . .. we would a ppreciate and film. D o not, however, imagin e Lhat YOll can get recei vin g an.v references you would care to send llS on the reliable printed information at the nea res t librar.,· or book ubject for use in ea e of future inquirics . .. " (Ttalies tore. The best work on the subject i J ohn Omwake mine. A.I.D.). The iron,\' of the ituation is that one of the " The Cone toga ix H orse Bell T eams of Ea Lern P e nn S ~ ' I ­ more important item which I Ii ted was an arti ·I e beginnin g vanJa . One would expec t it to be widespread. but I on page 175 of the R eport of the U. S. Co mmi ioner of was unable to purcha e a coP." from any of the rare book gri culture for the ~ ' ea r 1863, mentioned in more deta il dealer whom I approached over a peri od of abouL six month. below, and about its own publication of which the D epart­ In the li brar~ ' s.vstem of the great e iL~ ' of New York. there ment apparentl~ · knew nothing. No critici m i intend ed . i not a sin gle coP." available for circulation. H owever, Th e ~ ' have much to concern themseh'es with. of importa nce ~lr . F lorence Nixon Kane, Librarian of the 1\Ionroe Count." to pre ent day agriculture, a nd can not alwa.\· burden Public Library at Stroudsburg, very kindl.v procured a themselves with matter of purel.\' hi stori cal interest. Al 0, copy for me from the library at Harri burg. once the~' learned of this reference. the,\' offered to end me 1\Jr . ]~o rrain e CarsLair Pierce, no\\' of Wes t Che tel' , a photo tatic copy thereof for a modera te fce. P enna. wrote me OYCl' half a ~ ' ea r ago. "Did .,·ou kllOw the Shorll.\· after m.\' fir t letter to the D epartment, I did Omwake book was published in two editions? The sccond what I hould ha"e done in the beginning b.,' writing to our cd ition is beLler thall the first. I have bee n unable for two Editor. Profe SO l' .\lfred L. Shoemaker, \\'ho had oft en .,·ea rs to get a co p." of the second edition. Howa rd Frey previousl.\· been both kind and helpful. H e responded b~ r has the on ly copy of the eeond edition that I have e,'er ending me the P enn ylvania DuLchman. volume III, no. ] 1, een.·' iss ued No\'. 1. 1951. eontainin O' a fi ve paragraph article H o\\'ard C. 1"rc.'· i described b.v the P enns.dn1l1ia Dutch of thi horse b." Hobert J ennings. reprinted fr om the Phila­ F ol klore Ccn Ler a ,. the a u thor of numerous articles and delphia Great We Lern Almanac for 1863. Dr. hoe maker pamphlet on the Cone toga \\'aO'on and wa s the principal also printed in the paper of Januar.,· 1954 (volume V, no. 9) a contributor Lo the J ohn Omwake book . ... pri vatel.\' le LLer from me asking for information. Our Dutchman pu bli heel. ·' famil ." re ' ponded nobl.\'. wiLh pel' o l1 a l le LL r f inform ation 1\11'. Frey' " ,]'he Conestoga \Yagon," oriO'ina ll y publi li ed and with refercnee. Prominent among the corres pondenL as "Paper of the LaneasLer Coun t.\· Historical Societ.,·, " wcre Professor H erbert H. Beck. ~[r . Pierce (mentioned volume LT , no. 3, ]947, i an excell ent and informati" e abovc), R aymond E. Hollenbach, ~rar." A. Hanck. Librarian \\' ork. and even include four pages of deLail ed speeifi ea Li on of the Lanea tel' Count." Historical ociet.\'. a nd other . " for making a large Conestoga road \\'a gon.'· His "Conestoga .\ rela tivel.v brief anal.,' i of thesc reference ma.,' be of \\'agon Lore" published b.\' our own P e nn s ~ ' h-ania Dutch valli e to reader intcre ted in pursuin g the ubject further. F olkl ore CenLer, make good reading, though it is, naturall.,·, 1. The longe t, mos t comprehensive a nd be t treatmenL more concerned with the human interes t a peel of the toric. i that of Prof. H erbert H . Be k, "The Cone toga H orse" R egarding the wagons, then, there is con iderable ffe neral in "Papers Head before the La nca tel' Count.,· Histori cal awareness on the part of thc public. as well as reli able, Soe i et~ · " volume XLIV, no. 5. 19·10. pro mabie a a pamphlet deta iled informa tion ;]vailable. The ea e of the hoI' e IS (307 N o. Duke Street, l,anea Le I' , P enna .. 50 een L ). Pro­ quiL differcn t. 10s1 peopl e ha\'c never evcn heard of fes or Beek ha not onl.\' done an excell ent job in this 9'2 pa O'e them. Although th title of the Om\\'ake book appeal' pa mphlet, b u t has .1 1 0 been mo t kind and informative. Lo indicate that it i concerned mainl.\' with the a nimal , H e ha written me p e r s o nall~ ' everal times alld has O' ranted

2-1: - Courtesy, Maryland Historical Socie t y Conestoga t eams a t Fa irv ie w Inn three miles from Baltimore .

perrnis ion to li se hi material in this article, whi ch is based but to which I had gi" en no pecial atlention then. I large ly on hi. Hi paper includes a ubstantial number recall ed that George Washington had been desirou of breed­ of references, mosll y not cited here becau e the," are no longer in" large and fin e mules. The King of Spain presented easil," obtainable. him with a number of pani h jack. or male a e. As 2. The fir t article of an." len th on the ubjee t is "The suitable dams to be ero cd with these prize ire, he pur­ Cones toga H oI' e" b," former Congressman "Hones t John" chased 27 Lanca tel' mare. 'IYi thin the past ,,·ear. R aymond trohm. This i the one in the Agriculture Heport for 1 63. E. H oll enbach. who is exce ptionall," well informed in P cnn yl­ mentioned previou I," . Although onl," four and one-half vania Agri cultural hi tor,". has kindl.\' furnished the exact pages long. it i vcr." good and ha been the ba i for a ll of reference. It i page 88, volume LY, "l\l emoir of 'Loll" the later "'riting on the ubject. Island Historical Societ,v" (New York 18 9). 3. l\lonthly Bulletin of the Common weal th of P enna., In "The Cabinet of Natural Hi lory and .\.meri can Rural D epartment of Internal Affair, Harrisburg, P enna., "olume port ., (J . and H. Dought",. Phila., 1832) there i a ection IX, number and 9, July and All"u ~ t ]9,1.1. contains a entitled "The American H orse" whi ch recognize only three two instalment article b,v Profes or Beck, which is e sentially breed on the entire American co ntinent : the Canadian, the a reprint of his pamphlet, though apparenLl,v edited a nd cut. English and the Cone toga. L. F. Allen sa." of Ameri can Thi abou t exhau t a ll the material on the su bject which Draft H oI' es (R eport of the P ennsylvania D epartment of is both of value and ea ily obtainable. Some additional Acrri culture l877) "of thi class fir t in order tand the reference, not po e ing thi double qualification, a nd Conestoga...... It i doubtful if a better cla of (fathered mainl.,· from Profe or Beck's paper, will be ci ted heavy draft hoI' cs .. . ever existed." .Many other brief later for pee ifi c point . reference how the admiration accorded these animals. trohm give , a one of his reason for writing the paper, almo t a century ago, "to rescue the ... animal from hal TV ere onesloga IIorses Lilce? that obli vion to whi ch modern inventions ... are rapidl,v no con ignincr iL. " in cc so much les is known today about On a number of point most of the description agree. the hOJ'se than about the wago ns, the remainder of thi In genera l. the.\' picture these horse a large, heav,\', strong, article will co ncelltrate primarily on the horses themsch'e . with exceptionally large feet, well fed and cared for. powerful , The pre ent unawarene of the e fin e animals wa by no and relatively acti" e for such heavy animal. The main mean alwa,v the ca e. On thc contrar.,'. they were well colors gi" en are ba.v, brown, black a nd , to orne extent, known and highl,v rega rd ed. A a rl ," as 1789 Dr. Benjamin dapple grey. It is frequently tre sed that they were gentl e, Ru h writes of tbe wagon " drawn by . . . horse of a placid and remarkably well trained. To 'uch an extent was pec uliar brced," and relates how they mO" ed heav," loads this latter the case that the team were guided mainly by "ovcr the roughe t roads. " The animal , however, were the voice and not b.v reins 0 1' line attached to a bit in each not originall y call ed onesloga, bu t Lancaster hor e . The animal' mouth, a ,yould normall ." be done in controlling name Conestoga i a geographical one. coming from the horses. The construction of the Conc to a wagon did not India n Conestogoe and applying almo t exactl y to that part e' "e n provide a scat in front, on which the driver could si t of Southeastern P ennsylva nia at present constituting Lan­ to manage hi animal . The men walked along ide, rode the ea tel' County. 'I"hen I began looking into thi ubjeet, "saddle horse," o-call ed, namel," the ni gh wheeler or, in th e name Lancaster, as ~pp li e d to the quadruped , reawoke a other words, left rear hoI' e, or re ted on the " lazy board," memor," of something I had read orne 35 or 0 year earlier about at the middle of one side of the e very long vehicle.

25 Al l three are positions from which it wou ld be diffi cult animals m osL rcsemhling , , . Lh ei,' old favorites, , . 111 or imposs ible to hold six lines and control the animals thereb,l" their fatherland."

What I s th e ['rob/elll? tearing Away the Obstacles Any reader who i not a peciali t in this fie ld may by In all th ese 1'1.' peels there is pre LL,\' general agreement. H owel'er, ther<: is also much variation, and el'en co ntradiction, now be bogged down in this mas of diverge nt view. It i Lime to give him a helping hand, sift the facl , and leave in the accounts, To uch a deg ree is this true, that a, tudent him with ome cl a I', ' imple and reasonably I'alid conclusions, \\'ho is not himself fami liar with horse breeding but reads It is certainly necessar,l' for me to give my interpretation of th e th e desc ription carefu ll ,\', is liable to beco rn e l'er,Y mu ch facts, H owever, to be at all cientific, we mu t co nsid er all onfused, Several additional colors a rc given, not mentioned the known data, including tho e which eem to be not in above, troh m hows a picLu re, reproduced here as l! igu re conformity with the finding, The remainder of this pap r , which he de cribe a "a very good specimen of the ones­ wi ll endeavor to harmonize the apparently contradictory toga Horse," and whose weight he give as 135 0 pound , Other writers state different weights up to 1900 pounds, ob ervati ons. Profe SOl' Beck has kindly 'l'l'iLLen me recently a letter with The first point which ne d to be emphasiz d i this: cI'eral items of intcres t on these horse, including the tate­ The Conestoga were never a real breed in the true ense of the ment "Po sibly th e mo t valuable part of my reco rd wa word. They were vergin g towa rd becoming one, with that I go t from the late Harry Snavel~' on th e typical Cone - characteri ti cs gradua ll y growing mo re uniform and fixed toga, ,," The pa rticul a r animal referred to here is discus­ toward the la rge and heavy draft type, If allowed to con­ sed in Profe SOl' Beck' pamphlet which relate that It', tinue developing along this line, they would undoubtedly navely "say this hoI' e ... weighed over ]800 pound ." have become a ge nuine breed, relatively invariable and On tlte oth er hand, the ame pamphlet quote the ]832 breeding true. The preading of the canal and railroad Doughty work as de cribing the Cone toga as "long in limb systems, which made these heavy freight movers unnece ary, and li O'ht in carca ," though Frank Forester in "Horse pu t an end to their development before that tage in their and H oI' emanship" (l 71) ay " the Cone togas, ex ell ent el'olution wa reached, for ponderou slow effort ," The laUer author also sa\' This make comprehensible the differing de eriptions of " ... with the e eeption of the ones toga, .. , there i 'i~ the animals, The t,"pe being not ,I'et standardized, different the United tate no purely bred draft or cart hoI' e, nor indi vidual would vary, both within a community and from a ny breed ... kept entirely for fie ld or road labor, without locality to locality. In those days, within each small area, a view to being u ed at time for quicker work ..." ome one, or a few, desirable and prepotent talliol1 would 1. Daniel Rupp in "The F a rmer Complete Fanier" (18402) be bred to the local mare, The trail of the sire would repeat the previou tatement about long leg and light be handed on to their get, and, a the latter matllred and ca rca a nd add '·tho e of middle ize, . , are much used \\'ere bred in their tUI'll, wou ld tend to characteri ze the horse for the addle a nd. , . for hunting," H e pre ent a picture, of that district. Thu the qualities would vary from place given here a Figure R , which he en title " r\. Lanca tel' to place. County Drafl H oI' e." Professor Beck ays of thi drawing A ide from the variation with pace, just indicated, there ", . . a typical Conestoga," \\, ith all due re pe't t o th e wa also notable differentiation with time. The earlier learn ed gentleman, a nd with decp ap] reciation of hi a si t­ accounts, the ones of the L ancaster IJorse period, de eribe ance and kindne s, I am not in complete accord with this the animals as li ght, long-legged, aetive and suitable for road cha racteri zation , a expla in ed a litlle more fu ll y below, work under sadclle or hitched to carriage . The la ter de erip­ A concern breeding, there i p rhap even greater disa­ tions tre ize, weight and the great load that they were greem nt. An intere ting a rticle in " The H erald," Honey abl to draw. Thu , in the ]870' , the Cone toga horse poken of by 1\I r. Snavely, onc won a wager for hi owner Brook, P enna., July 1, 1954, very courteousl,l' ent me b,v 1\11'. Pierce, says bluntly that the famous animal were by pull ing 3 tons for a ub tantial distance. "actuall y ... bred in thi co untry of Belgia n drays," Thi also tie in with the contradictory tatement re­ garding breeding. Va rious author a cribe the Conestoga 1\I any of the writer say a good deal a bout the horses to diflerent progenitor. E ach may be correct, at least temming fr om the Engli h draft breed, the Suffolk Punch. to this extent: that the source propo ed by him did play Fully as man ,v lay tres on the influence of British Thorough­ a part in e tabli hing the t~ ' p . But, on the other hand, breds. Thus Profe SOl' Beck, in th e above mentioncd letter, any of the writer would be in error if he maintained that hi wriles " ... the Suffolk Punch .. , eems to b the heavy propo ed ori gin i the ole, or almost the sole, ource of the ancestor of the Conestoga, The longer leg .. , from a nimal , For undoubtedly the e celebrated horse resulted something of the Eclip e type." Eclip e wa a famou from th minglin cr of many blood line . Engli h race horse, of nearly 200 years ago, regarded by horsemen as es entiall y the ancestor of the present day At this point, orne practi cal consideration, a little "hor e Thoroughbred, This quoLation by no means give a com­ ense," 0 to speak, would b very helpful. What are the plele and fail' picture of Profe or Beck' fu ll view, a he actual condition on farms, and pa rti cularly on the P enn­ ha aid very much more, not quoted at thi point. I give s,dvania Dutch farm of that time? Some of the irnmen it because it ummarize in one entence two opinion widel,v "nl a production" tarnl of today arc highly pecialized, each animal, machine and man being fitted for one particular held among tudents and a uthor in this field, fun ction. Thu in catLi e, for example, we have the H oi tein Stoneh nge' " The Horse, in th e Stable a nd the Field" [or high milk yield with low butter-fat content, the Jer ey (London ] 869) ascribes the ori gin of the bre d to I?lemish for fewer quart of rich, creamy milk, the H ereford fo r (that is Belgian) and German progcnitor , brought over by quantity o[ meat and the berd een Angu with it mailer the P ennsylvania Du tch setLi ers, bu t adds " . . . 0 1' el production but finer quality of b ef. In th early day, they have sin ce elected from those wit hin their reach the and even, to a large extent, during the childhood of people

26 -.: )..- ....a;..",;:" -, ' -..i~ .f/'~-:-___~"?'~" ""..!.' -oQ;i.~-~

- Courtesy, l a nc aster County Historical Society Figure R : From I. Daniel Rupp's " T he Farme rs Complete Farrier" of 1842.

who today arc onl ,\' in their fiftie and ixtie, the 'ondition to a great ex tent. Thi co mbination of method , given were quite different. Then farmer . their tool and live in the pre\·iou t\\'o paragraph , res ulted in the "Lanca tel' tock had to be Ie s pec iali zed. The,\' were Ie perfect H oI' e," the precur or of the final, more typical and more for anyone particular function but more ge nera lly e/'vi ceabl perfect Cone toga, At the fir t of the e two tage the animal fo/' all ta k . wa beeomin" heavier, but was till more active than ponder­ The farmer's eq uine at that time were general purpose ou , and sti ll showed man,\' of the trait of the li O' hter breeds. hoI' e, They were heavy enough for atisfaetor,\' ervice Thus in Figure It, the ani mal i not a typical heavy draft before the plow or cart, while imu ltaneously light and horse, of whi ch Figure ,twenty year later, is more nearly active enough for road se n 'ice in the bugg,v or under addle. characteristi c. The former ho\\' the Lanca tel' horse alert. The ~ ' co uld neither draw the great load of genuine heavy long and relatively thin-li mbed, apparenLl,V active and draft breeds nor deYclop the high peeds of spec ial ized li ght pirited, and wi th a delicate, fin el,v-c hise led, almo t Arab hoI' es uch a the Thorou O'hbred mUllin" hoI' e or the head, Standard Bred trotter. But the farmer co uld u e the same '''hen the la ter and reall y massive type of Cone toga animal to pull a reasonable load in hi wagon or to take his wagon wa developed and the transportation of large buggy to town without undue consumption of tim. volume of, freight became an extensi\'e activity, the need The ori ginal hoI' e w re mongrels, containing the ge netic for heavier hoI' e lI'a apparent. The ani rn al could now inherilanee of man,v indeterminate breed , wbich co uld profitably be specialized for that purpo e. leaving the addle certainly include some uA'olk Punch, Belgian and other and li ght carri age duties t o other types, Production of draft train , a well a tbo e from other and li ghter ou rces, heavier hor e wa timulated, J'e ulting in animals like 1\lal1~ ', undoubtedl,\', ori ginatcd cnti rely from ancestor of that in Figure S, with it larO'e r head , O' reater chunkine s, no tandard breed . shorter and thicker legs and other t~ ' pi ca l draft characteri stics, tarting with the e ge neral purpose animal , their owner The e include calmness, placidity and a quiet re' erve of fed them lib rall ,\', cared for them attentivel,\' , and bred power, ready for usc when needed but not \\'asted by needle from the be t tallion, On occasion, when any good sire tension , activity or unnece sal',)' movement , of pure draft or other de irable breeds were available, they In breeding up the weight of the hoI' es, ulldoubted l~ ' . were uti li zed, but thi can not have been u ual. There tuds of genuine draft breeds were occas iona ll~ ' utili7.ed were not enough purebr d around, and the turd~ · Dutchmen when con\ ni enLl,\' poss ible, and by that time there were were too pracLieal to maintain expensi\'e and fini cky blooded more purebred in this countr,\' \\'hich could be so used. an imals yoosht fer sclz ee, '''riter on the subject ometi mes , though not frequentl,\', To some extent, the blood line introduced into the horses mention the P rChel'01l a mon" the progenitor of the Cones­ included the Thorough bred, but, a explained belo\\', not toga. I Lhink thi heavy F rench breed mu st have played

27 - Courtesy, Lancaste r County Historical Society Figure S: John Strohm used this cut in 1863 to illustrote the Conestogo Horse. a somewhat grcater part than is co mmonly realized, since those of the draft breeds, For example, one of the few items somc dapple gra,\' is found in Cone toga , a nd fcw draft ani­ on which the dcscriptions agree i that of tem perament, mals other than thc P erchcron have that color. a lm ost a ll the authors tre ing placidity, gentleness and docility. This temperament is the exact a nti the is of that JVhat IV as the Role of tlte Thoroughbreds? of the running horse, which i characteri ticall y nervous, There no doubt that the Thoroughbred entered into high trung and elf-wi ll ed. the brceding of the Conestogas, In the first place, the ea rl ,v Since the Thoroughbred is so prepotent. its trait of general purposc hoI' e included stra ins of vari ous li"h t ('() nformation and action shoul d be well marked in it de cend­ breeds, :Man~ ' of the good li ght breeds co ntain Tho r o u~ h ­ ent • even those with but a small fraction of the blood, The bred blood, Thus, even if inadvertenLl\', the La nca tel' Cone to "as were alm o t at oppos ite poles from the e ancestor horses would tend to have ome gene from 'that racin g breed, in weight a nd all thc more important aspec ts of bui ld and In addition. about the sccond decade of the nineteenth tcmperament. By the time they had developed to their century, there was some intentional eros in g of Thoroughbred maximum, the Thoroughbred genes had apparenLly been tuds with La nca tel' mares, la rge ly for the then rapidly almost co mpl tel,\' bred out of them, and the\' had become spreading tage coach lines, These hea\'." vehicles require t,\'pieal draft animal , . more powerful ani rn al than the usual li ght harness road tel's. and time schedules- primitive and vari able a the\' may Significant a this point is, it is ne\'erthele nece a I' ," ha\'e bee n- could hardl y be met by ordin a ry draft ~ r f'al'l~ to avoid exaggerating it. The Cone toga had become real horses, The best pecimens of the Lancastcr type. as in d raft animals. but these hor e ne\'er became a highly Figure B , show a noti ceable. thou" h not consid erable, in ­ , pcciali zed in tha t di rection a a n,\' of the pure draft breed, flu ence from the British racer. Consider, for example, Figure S, selected b\' Strohm to N eyertheless. too mu ch stres is usuall ,v la id on that ele­ illu strate "a vcr," good specimen of the Coue~t:)ga horse," ment. which, howe ver, is not surpri ing if one refl ects on This a nimal wcighed 1350 pound , ~ o one would call a the background circumstance, The Thoroughbred, even horse of that weight a good pccimcn of the uffolk Punch, today, is almost the 0111 ," breed known by namc to most Belgian. Percheron, Shi rc or an,\' other pure d raft breed. people, At that time, the same cou ld have been said o f' whieh norma ll,\' weigh around a ton, fr om about 1800 to mo t farmers a nd man," horse mcn, 1\{oreover, this breed 2200 pound , r\ 1350 pound animal, in an,\' of those breeds, of race rs is notabl,v prepotent. That i . it stamps it off . wou ld be more nearly a runt than an example of the t,\'pe, spring very markedl y with its own cha racteri stic, H ence Intere tingl,\'. this Strohm election livcd at the same time the long, thin limb and other similar traits in the a rticles as ]Ur. navel,V's favorite 1800 pounder and not ma n,v mile on the Lanca ter hor e. a way. This again illu trate that, even at that late date, The Cone toga animals. howcver, were quite different. the Cone toga lI' as hardl,\' a ge nuine breed with uniform In thei r heyday, their conformation and action were typica ll y characteristics,

28 This is not derogator," to the animals, For the purpo e active than the ·tandard draft breed, and Ilc\'er a~ hea\·.\' (or which they wcre used, the,\' were beltcr suited than if nor a highl,\' pecialized a they. the,v had becn morc highly speciali zcd, .\. reall,v hea\',\' Thi was intcrcsting and perhap \'alu able, but wa~ just draft hoI' e i an almost perfect mac'hine for the , hort haul m," ow n conel u ion and lacked e'lrroboration. .\nd then . of great wcight in pl ace, \\'ith \\'cll pa\'cd roads and good through the kindne of our Dutchmen readt'r . as relatt' d condition, The one toga traveled hundred of mil e, above. I obtain ed fuller and more auth')ri tati\'e inf rmatir)l1- often over poor road, and through mountainous territor,\', notabl.v the excell ent trohm and Beck lreati e, . It wa Despit the u ual libera l f ding and good care, there must a revelation to me lhat :Mr. Strohm advanced. of hi own freq uently ha\'c been times when fe ding bccame a problcm per onal knowledge whi le the Conest')gas were . till prominent. and road and weather condition bad, ha rd hip which thc almosl exactl,\' thc samc points which I had a rri\'ed at a hi ghly bred, pure draft h I' cs wou ld ne\'er ha\'e been able the re ult of a reasoning pnces and with , turm ll'u{ Dran(I. to take, As co ndition improved, the weighl of th Cone­ IIi essential rclevant p lint a rc a bstracted bchw. I h')pe toga were in crea ed corre pondingl,v, I do not belic\'e that our readers will find thcm a res tful h'lvclI a ftcr their that either 1350 pounds, or the 18 or 19 hundred reported a rduoll ' trip. b,\' ome writer , wa the average weight f the t,vpical " The wide eclebrit,\' acquired b,\' thi di tin~ui hed animal Cone toga, There may ha\'e been a few individuals who ha induced the b lief' thal he prings fr ,)m 3me peculia r did attain the higher of lhese poundages, P erhap 1600 pecic 0 1' breed. or thereabout wa approximaLel,v thc a\'eragc weight b,\' " Full,\' impressed with the bclief that the supcri or excel­ the middle of the ninetee nth centur,\', Though Strohm' lence attributcd to the Cone toga ... is not dcri\'ed from pictured animal wa considerably li ghter, he wa probably a n.v strain or breed that can now be traced to it origin. elec ted becau e of hi s conformation and other point rather the foll owin g kelch ha been penned with the \,iew of than weight, 0 man~ ' of the writer speak of size and exploding that id ca, and. to rescue ... that eclebrated poundage that it i hard to believe tha t the u ual Cone toga a nimal from .. . oblivion. wa that light, not ver,\' mu 'h heavier than a good ized " The horse u ed b,\' ... ea rl~ ' cLll er wcre . . . thc addler or heav,\' hunter, A a fail' compromi se between progenitors of the far-famed 'Cone toga hoI' e' ... but the extreme. and taking into a('count the a mount and nature of wh a t particular stock 01' t rain .. . hi tor.\' and lradition of the work which the~' did, I a rrive at 1600 pound a a arc equall ,\' sil n L. probable fi gure for the typical animal. Thi wa my e ti ­ " Being ... well fed. protected from ... in clem nc,v mate. Later I found that Profe or Beck' paper had · , . and never overworked or abused, this horse ... aid, year earlier "its average weight 1650 pound " a rri \'ed at a degree of ... perfection .. . much urpassin g the original tock. This was not ... b.v an,v cien tific Where JIave These lJorses Ta/,en Us : .\'. tem of breeding: for this fru gal people, .. . ha\'in an Let u pause herc. look around and see where we have e ~ 'e to 'onomy and utility, kept neither male nor female, arrived. In the rcad ing time of thi a rticle. you have now for the excl usive purpos of breeding. . .. a tud hoI' e traver ed the cour e which I have fo ll owed over a period · , . was ... compell 'd to do hi ha re of ... labor. of ~'ear . and in about the same order. I had heard rumor , 0 with the ma re; he was worked until within a few and vague scrap of information for a long time, and had week of fo aling. mentall ,v arrived at that picture of these hoI' e with which ,. Under this ,v tem ... b,v electing their best sto k an earl,,' paragra ph of thi article has aid, " mo t of th · .. , the farmers ... w re vel',\' uece fu l in improving de cription arc in agrcement." Then, ,\ 'ear later, I began their stock. CO ll ciou I ~' tr~'in g to get more knowledge on the ubject, ". . . Lhe aLLen tion of the . . . farmer \\'a directed . . . an I did u cecd in gettin , man,v di connected and often to procluce a strong. heav.\', well -set, and tolerabl,v active contradictory bit of information. I wa puzzlcd 1 .\' the animal. \yith great ... endurance. conAicting tatement and be"an anal,\'zin g them. looking "The Cone toga horse is not a di tinct specie or strain for a central core around whi ch a ll could be ha rmoniously .. bu t ... has attained a great degree of effi 'i enc,v for organized. Thi led me to the conclu ion which YOU have a parlicular purpo e; and ... the appell ation b~ ' which jut read in the last dozen paragraph . T o um them up this cia is ... known denote superior excellence in ... bri e A~ ' : clraught hoI' es, althou h the individual compo in g it ma,\' 1. The one toga were never a real br ed , with uniform have sprung from a cro sm ... of various breed or characteri tic and breeding true. f am il ies. 2. They originated from mongrel ge nera l purpose horse. 3. B.\' good feed in g and care. b.v breeding from the more "I . . . regret that the 'Cone toga 'hor e' likcly de irable and heavier pecimen , and b.v the occa ional in a f w ~'ear ... to become quite extinct." admixture of blood from ge nuinc draft breed such a the ]Jaw right he was! uA'olk Punch , and from Thoroughbred. the La nca te l' "tbout the Author ho I' e wa finall,v arrived at. This type wa heavier than the u, ual farm hoI' e. but relatively long limbed and acti\·e . :Mr. Drachman. a high hool teacher in New York it,\', 4. Thi proc wa continu d. ta rting now with the was a farmer wh n a )'oung man. Ov I' 30 year ago he Lanca tcr hoI' e and breedi ng more for weight than previously, res ided in P enn yh-a nia and now pend all h i Summer almo t completel,\' eliminating the Thoroughbred influence. here. The present a rticle combines two of hi main interest: The final product wa the typical Conc toga: large, heavy, "Dutch" cultur and hal' e . H i paper on the d i telfi nk. about 1600 or ]650 pound , placid and docile, hort and the fi r t comprehen i ve stud.v on lhat topic ever to appear, thick limbed, with very lar"e feet, but omewhat more wi ll be published shor Ll ,'"

29 The Rea ding Boat By EA RL J. HE YDINGER

The Heading Boat of the ehuylkill equalled lhe much R eading Boat wa sixty fee t in length by eight wide and publicized Dmham Boal of lhe Delaware and the ark of lhe lwo feet dee p, id enlical wilh ils Durham Boat modcl except Su quehanna in performance, but never received the pub­ that it was a foot Ie in depth. T o better vi ualize the li city it deserved. This ma.v have been due lo the fact ize of this Schu.vlkill craft, subtra t a fo ot from the width lhat lhe R eading B oat was an adaptation of lhe earlier of your li vin g room 9 x] 2 ru g a nd mu ltiply its length b.v Durham Boat, lhat lhe S c hu~ ' l kill Valle.v is small er in a rea fi ve. A craft of these dimensions cost fifty pounds, about lhan lhe olher valleys. and lhat lhe craft on lhe D elaware $220, and was u ual ly navigated by its owners. The seventy­ and the Susquehanna CO lllinued to operale for several fiv e mile lrip to Philadelphia (fifl.v-six b.v land) consumed decades or more after the Sc hu~ ' l kill R egion had converled only fourteen hour on the ri ver. .\ five-to-six-da.v round from the ten-to-fifteen ton Heading Boat to the twenty­ trip u ua ll .v required one or two day to fl oat to Philadelphia, eight ton canal boat. a nother to discharge and to load the two-ton return cargo. The Durham Boal. developed on thc D elaware before and lhree days to pole back to R eading. The fiv e lo seven 1730. Lewi Entns described in 1755: roundtrip accompli shed on the spring and fall fl oods, plus those made on occa ional fl oods, in this account are probably trough-like. square abovc. the H eads and Sterns loping exaggerations for propaganda. The in come per lrip, $110, a lillie fore and aft: ge ncrall.v fort.v to fift.v fe et long, paid the owncr a profit of $48 after ix men had been paid six or SC \'en wid e and lwo feet nine in che or three fcet $6.60 each for the roundtrip withoul meals. River freight deep a nd drawing lwenl.v to twenty-two in ehe , wh cn rate . $1.10 per ton less than la nd cha rge, were $7.70 a loaded. ton for wheat and fl our and $6. 20 for bar iron. while the The Durham Boal was probably copi ed oon after ils ill\'e n­ lwo Lon brought labori ou I,v upriver pa id $12.20 a ton. lion in a modifi ed form b.\· an obscrvanl Schu.vlki ll canoe, Land fl our cost to Philadelphia carried two rate, $15.50 fl at. or raft navigator. In] 760. Franklin wa told lhat a ton by the professional teamster and $13,30 by the transient pr o perl~ · con tructed flalboats with len-ton eapaeit.v wcrc (" harpshooter ,. or farmer) wago ner. R eading-bound opcrating on the Sehu ~ ' lkill from R cading to Spring Mill goods pa id $13.30 a ton b.v land. In either direction. the Fall. The ] 768 Potts c tate invenlory lislcd a boal valued newspaper account averred , river cost were. 1.1 0 a ton at twcnty pounds. and the Valley Forge accounting a year cheapcr lhan la nd . In lhc period from the opening of later carried a boat al lwenty-four pounds. Similar craft navigation to ~[a .v, 1788. in addition to corn. fl our, board were probably owned al other Schuylki ll iron works. .\ 1- a nd scantling, fourteen thousand bu hels of wheat had been lhough a 1769 navigation enthusiast whittled his thirlY carri cd on lhe Schu.vlkill. This wheat would have made boat (o f fifteen tons each) located at Head in g to fifteen to avoid a rgument. hi modified latement fail ed to tally wilh 1 L . P . Gipson , L eu'is Evans (PillIadcipbia , 1939) 165. Thomas a ] 788 account which located ten five hundred bushel wheat Pownall, A Topographical Descript.ion of Such Parts of North America as are contained in th e (annexed) .\lap of t.he J f idclle British Colonies, boats of t he same tonnage at R eading. ' et.c. , in North A me rica ( Londo n , 1776 ) 35. Pennsylvania GazeUe, A pr. The mos t complete R eading Boat description is given in 3, 1760. H e l'caftcr Ga zeUe. 111' . T . P . Jame , " [emorial of Thomas Pott s, Jr .. with a iIist.oric-Genealogical Acco unt of H is Descendant.s the P ennsylvania Gazelle, ~Iay H. ]788, accounl of a lrip t.o the Bight.h Generation ( ambri dge, 1874) 164, 2 16. Gazette, Nov. 30, from H eading to Philadelphia on the Schuylkill. The 1709, 1Iay1 ,178.

THE DURHAM BOAT ON THE ~'VeR DELAWARE. SCALE ~

Wo/k,;" Boord

- Courtesy, His tori cal OorBloCk Socie t y of Buck. County Plan of Durham Boat from which the Read­ ing Boot was adapt ed.

Rowlne Oors Lfnglh 62lt.Wli1lh811. /Hpthj)tlt Dr off 4111. altd 281n. Most 33ft. B

30 -Courtesy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Reading Boat (on lefft ) , flour-laden, from Barralet's 1805 " Market Street Bridge." Schuylkill lumber raft (on right).

fort.,·-two ten-ton. or twent.,·-eight fiftee n-ton boatloads. by on the wave the next: in lTlany in tance th e ~ ' were wrecked. land 350 four-hor e \\'agon load . 2 H owever. Fall ' accident appeared onl.v in ]765. 1790. 1799, The boat which made thi 1788 trip moyed on a three­ and 1812 newspaper. few in eompari on to the number foot freshet at five to eyen mi le an hour, but stopped an of R eading Boat on the ehuylkill. It i highly po sible hour at each of three landing below Reading for additional that the aeeiden ts were toned down while the propaganda lading, and tied up nin e hour at a farm house. Thi over­ favorin" improvement was given prolTlin enee. 3 ni ght stopping place ma.v ha,'e been the Lamb's Inn, better Cazenove in 1794 gaye onl." two dimen ion of a R eading known toda~ ' a the :Mounce Jones House. the oldest in Boat which he observed under con truction on a bacle street Berk County, which \\'as a hotel much frequented b~ · river of R eading. His con truction costs. forty-five pound or boatmen and raft men in the pre-canal da.v. In di stance $lH!.50, reAect the deAati on of the period . Capacity varied, thi hotel wa about halfway between the head of lumber­ according to this observer, from five ton on low water to raft navigation (above toda~ "s Poll vi ll e) and Philadelphia. tweh'e on Aood. Two ~ 'ea r later, I~ain co urt, in hi account In the vicinity of the Lamb' Inn wa another river ware­ of R eading' extensi"e grain buying, gave a questionable hou e; John and of the area di po ed of a river boat and larger capacity to the R eading Boat and a poli ti cal lant to warehou e in 1775. There were also everal angular dams the wh eat trade. During the winter when navigation wa (win gdams) improvement mentioned in thi 1788 trip yisible impossible on the chuylki ll , farmers in need of money had in the chu."lki ll near this ite. After the boat' la t lading to ell wheat at a low price to wealth." men. The e buyer , it gunwale were within two inche of the riyer' . urface, finan ciall y able to hold their purchases until the river opened, and oyer fifty mi le of the chuylkill were navigated with ent their arain at a profit to Philadelphia. The Schuylki ll , thi narrow elearanc to pring :l\Ii ll , where suffi cien t wheat Laincourt reported. "'a navigable. winter excepted. for \\'a sold that the boat wa able to navigate the six-mile craft of one to two hundred ton !4

Fall section with afet,\'. 3 1788 Trip. Schofer Scrap Books 13 255, at the Historical Socie tv From R eadin cr to pring :l\Ii ll the ix-man crew had alter­ of Berks County. H ereafter Scllofe r. Verbal information fr'om l\Ir ~. J . V. R . Hunter, Reacting. R eading Zeitung. ?la r. 3 . 1790, ?lar. 27, nated in navigating five-mi le ection of the river. but in 1709. H ereafter' Zeitung. Reacti ng Weekly Advertiser, D ec. 8, 1 12. running the next six mi les through Spring Mill Fall . Rumhill H ereafter Advertiser. R eacting Adler, Dec. 12, 1812. H ereafte r Fall , the Narrow and the Fall of chu.dkill the two oar Adler. C harles V. H ab'ller, Early llistory of the Falls of Schuytkill, M anyunk, chuylkill and L ehigh N(Lvigation Companies, Fairmont of the boa t and the ti ll er were double-manned. An eye­ Wateru'orks, etc. (Philadelphia, 186!)) 60. H ereafte r F(Llis. lI'itne described the pa age of the Fall s of Schuylki ll by • R aynor "T. Kelsey, ed ., Cazenove J ournal, 179J" A R ecord of the J ourney of Theo ple Cazenove through N ew J erse y and P ennsylvania loaded R eading Boat a a beautiful and exciting sight. (H a rrisburg, 1022) 83. Value of the Pou.nd at $2.50 on p . I . H ere­ The long, narrow, harp-prowed boat de cended with great a fter Cazenoce. Compa re building site of his R eading Boat with that rapidity, bein g almo t 10 t to sight one in tanL and bicrh in J . B enne tt Nola n 's. Til e Schuylkill (Rutg rs, 195 1) 269. He"eafter chuylkill. Duke d La Rochefouca lt Laincourt, Travels th rough _V orlll America, The Country of th e Jriquois and Upper C(Ll1ada in th e , Gazette, ~r ay 14 , 17 H ereafter 17 Trip. Dollar' value ar l 'wrs 1795, 1796, 1797 u'ith an Authentic A ccount oj L ower Can(Lda ba ed on a P ound q u otation o f 4.44 in the Gazette, Jul y 22, 17 O. (London , 1700 2 V) I 28. H ereafte r' L aincourt.

31 - Courtesy, Berks County Historical Society Re ading Boat at Penn Street Bridge in Re ading fram early engraving.

R eadingite Phillip Lo Lz. ac 'ording Lo his riverboaLin g June 20, IS01, con isted of Lwent," thou and barrels of flour, account book, on 1\larch 21. I S09, deli vered ] 31 barrels of a hunch'ed ton of iron, ix hundred ba rrel of bread and flour, about twelve ton, at fift." cent a barrel (,05.40 a ton) "an astoni shing quantity of hats, lard. wax, etc,," valued to Philadelphia for H enr," Yan R eed , Tulpehocken mi ll er. at $270,000, The editor of the Zeil1mg ( Jul~ ' S. IS01) ProponenL of the navigaLi on improvements in IS1 3, probabl.v ob~e l Ted Lha L a much larger shipment wou ld have a rrived Josiah ,,'hiLe, quoted almo L the same boating capacity, in Philadelphia if the canal had been operating a promised 110 barrel , and Lh e same raLe for freigh t. Through improve­ h," their promoLer, This was mild protest against the ment, it wa promi cd. a boat would carry Lhree time Lh e folll' hundred Lhou sand dollar spent without benefit to Lh e Lonnage for sixteen dollar Ie than the ten-ton river boaL. Sc hu~ ' l kill b,v the D elawa re and Schu~ · lkill a nd the c hu~ ' lkill In addition, the improvement wou ld opera te nine months and Su quehanna Canal Companies. compared to the Len of Lh e ~ ' ea r compared Lo the three month ea on on the Lh ousand doll a rs a ppropriated for the Schu~ ' lkill in 1791. " unimproved" c hu~ ' lkill . A wheatboat accid ent in IS12 A econd set of fi cr ure . overlapping in time with tho e ju t reported. as I ,ain court had, an unreliable tonnage fi gure. quoLed, but from Gerber and trohecker only, are reported The R eading Adverl iser of D ecember S, credited a boat with b~ ' the Adler (October 6, I S01) and reprinte I in the German­ the carriage of fifteen hundred bushel of wh eaL. f o rt~ ' - fiv e language Zeitllllg. whieh credite I them to the American tons. H owever, Lh e Read1'nger Adler. four da~ ' later. told , ladtsbolhen. probabl," t o avoid giving credit to the Adler, that the lading of the wrecked boat was wheat and fl our; which along with the majorit~ · of B erks County' voter t onnage wa omitted.6 and trohecker, was D emocra ti c-R epublican, In com­ The R eading new pap r poradicall,v furni hed fi gures menting. the Zeilling remarked that the quantit~ , of Schuylkill on the chuylkill 's traffic between ] 795 and 1S11 , fi gures traffic mu l be far " reater than that reported because of the worth repetition. E ven thou O"h the e tati tic have been astounding amount of product hipped b~ ' Al exander Ei en­ presented before. Lhe editori al comment which accompanied beis from hi ehu,v1ki ll wa rehouse and the olh er tore in Lh em ha been disregarded. Three ~ ' ea l 's' hipments from R eading, Again, the misapplied fun Is, pent on non­ only one warehou e were publi h ed b.,' Lh e Adler of F ebruar,v operating canal ra ther than the ri ver it elf. are blamed 13, ]79S, without comment except to identif,v the hippers for the small ness of the hipment. The 1793 improvement as Gerber a nd • Lroh ecker. two of Lhe three R eading men all owed navigaLi on onl ," during fre hets: pr o p e rl~ ' spent the who had submitted bid on the 1791 Schuylkill contract to funds would have made the Schu~ ' lkill navigable the whole the tate. This partner hip had a warehou e on each shore ~ ' e ar , Other chu,v1ki ll warehou es in addition t o tho e of the Schu,"lkill a t Lh e LancasLer F err." (toda.,,'s Bingaman men Li oned were those of Pa ul and JJiveze,'" the proprietors StreeL Bridge in R eading). Gerber's on the western or . outh­ of the mi ll at pring 1\ [ill. who owned two- thirds of a ware­ ern shore a nd S Lrohecker'. on the R eading bank.6 Six house on the we tern hore 0f the chuylki ll opposite R eading monLh s' produce shipped be Lween D ecember 20. I S00, and fr (l m ] 794 to ]S03, a nd Yan R ced. the miller previou I,v menLi oned , wh o had a warehouse on the river a late as 1S17, • Schafer . D 70. Adler , Feh. 16, J 8 13. ' J ones S crap Books, 1 )04 , at t he Hi torical Society of Berks County . ' ''hether ever," Lore or bU," cr who advertised for counLr,v H ereafter .Jonrs. Ger ber had advertis d 16.5 acres OJ] the Ch u ylkill products maintained a warehou e on one of Lh e Lwenty-four one mile from R eading in the Ga zette, F eb. 24 , n79, \\'ithou t mention of fer r.\' , warehou se 0[' 1760 w a tel'lots. Tn lhp Aug, 13 , I 22, Adler , waterlot , or owned and or hire I R eadin O' BoaL i unknown ,' his hei rs o ffered a gristmill , " a stone warehou se on t he chul'lk ill's shore con venientl y arran ged" a l o n ~s i de t he fer r .\'. 7 Z eitUrlO , Jan, 15, 1794, dler, ;\lay 10, I R03 , ,Ja n , , 1 17.

32 All three of R eading' pa pers, in reporting a hipment an undated letter charged this iron t'tabli shment·32.,30 made in a in gle day in .March, 1 02, agreed on the produ for carr.\·ing ten ton of bariron from Bird bol'O to French and tonnage involved, but vari ed ill their editorial com­ Creek, about twenty-eight mil e. \·ia the chl!~ · lk i ll. at a ment. All agreed that 160 wagon and teams would have labor co t of '19 ..30. French Creek ordcrs peeir~'ing ten­ bee n nece. ary becau e of the weather and bad road to ton ri\'er hipment continued into 1 10. .\ n 1837 skeleh have carried the 160 ton hipment to Philadelphia. T o of Bird bol'O located an iron wa rchOl! e for ri\·C!' hipment convince its readers, the Z eit1llzg on :Ularch 3, \'ouehed for ncar the mouth of Ha.v Creek. prJbabl.\· the loading p:.>inl for the integrity of its correspondent. whil e the Adler of 1\larch 9, the shipmcnts citcd. \\,illiam Bird had pledged 40e for eolding about the danger involved in na\'igating the 'huylkill improvement in 1760. The e meager figurcs Schuylkill. commented that Philadelphia. Berk and those seemingl.\, cJntradict a ta tcrn enL that the cighteent h century eo untie more remote from the port eit,\' would benefit by carriage of iron on the Schu.\'lkill was limitcd by the diffi­ the improvements. if the river' impediment were removed. cultie of navigati on and by ri\'er freight co t whieh were One e.\·e witnes told of having een eventeen R eading Boat only lightly lower than land tran. porta tion.lo leave R eading at one time, but ga\'e no date. An unreliable The ad\'antage of the R eadin g Boat both in tonnage and hundred boat departure i I' ported. G in g Cazenove's peed, 7.5 to ] .30 barrel of flour u uall.v traveled to Phila­ five- to twelve-ton capacitie , thi would ha\'e bee n a hip­ delphia in a da.v. is further magnified wh en compared to ment of fi-ve lo twelve hundred lons. This may have happened land transportation on the ixt.\·-two mile turnpike between before 1789 when R eading had no new paper, though it is Lancaster and Philadelphia. Before the road wa turn piked doubtful, because the P ennsylvania Gazelle, an advocate of in 1791 , a five-horse wagon co uld cover the distance with improvement from 1760, does not mention the departure eighteen barrel of flour in three da.\'s; after the improvement or arriyal in Philadelphia of such an immense Reet and a four-hoI' e outfit could handle twenty-four barrel in two tonnage. day. The waiting-loaded R eading Boat departed wh enever An a rticle from the Baltimore American about R eading's the Schu.vlkill 1'0 e two fee L. If the curren t was rapid, the trade wa quoted by the A dler of F ebruary 7, 1804. The trip to Philadelphia required a da.\'; the 1788 trip account purchase of forty-five thou and bushel of wheat by R eading reported an overnight top after three loading delays. The grain-buyers after a snowfall made tran portation easy return trip con umed a week or more. or about nine days from the farmin g areas to R eading were cited to how the for the round trip. ~lanpow e r towing where the shore extent of Reading' trade. The great commerce from R ead­ permitted- probably a t the fall s- and poling brought the in g to Philadelphia, both b.\· land tran port and R eading boat to R eading. This poling wa a tediou and laborious Boat, created much fa\'orablc publicity for R eading. Thi process. but it is emplo.\'ed today in cheap-Iahor arcas of hea\'y traffic, the Baltimore papcr predicted. would con­ the world. On the Schu.dkill two men at the bow (prow) tinue to in crea e. of the boat would set their pol es against the river's bottom A report of shipmcnt ent down ri ver by Gerber and and push until they had walked on the poling plank a long Strohecker betwee n F ebruary 1.3 and June 1, 1807, told that the boat's sixty-foot length to the tern. They then pa ed ]3,198 bu hels of wh eat, 4,69.3 barrel of Aour, 50Yz ton of O\'e r the cargo to the fron t of the boat to repeat this proces . iron, 1,2.36 gallons of whiskey, 1.33 barrels of pork. 200 bushels in ce some R eading Boat carried a even-man crew. there of co rn and 274 tub of butter an I schmaltz were ent via mi ght have been three pairs of men poling at one time on the Schuylkill to Philadelphia. The Adler reminded it the sixt.v-foot craft. ll reader that there were other warehouses in R eading with There is conflicting tes timon.\' about up-ri\'er traffic. con sid erable export business, but fail ed to enumerate the m. H agner, Fall of chu.dkill hi torian. writing in 1869, held Fourteen R eading Boats under " Commodore" Jacob SaeUe that rctuJ'll loads were impossibl e. H owever, Falls of carried merchandi e down river in 1809. Two paper almo t Schu.vlki ll could be and wa cro ed with loaded craft. agreed on the tonnage and did about the number of boat , Colonel Jame Coulta, heriff of Philadelphia and 1761 bu t the F ederal ist Zeitung asked how many wagon the Schu ylkill Commi ioner, backed hi beli ef in the work shipment would have required, and politically minded, accompli hed from 176 1 to 1764 b.v betting a hundred pounds inquired wh ere a n I how the evil effect of the Embargo in 1764 that he could move two flat of hay upriver aero hurt Rcading? The last departure of R eading Boats as the Great Fall (Falls of c hu~ ' lkill ) in half an hour. Coultas reporled in the Reading newspapers wa ill 1811 when eigh teen and an unrecord ed number of men did cro the Fall with craft departed for Philadelphia between March 1 and 6. two Aats carrying 4323 pounds of ha~ ' in twenty-one minute Five of th e e R eading Boats carricd 47.3 barrel of Rour, even though the dr.v season \\'a disadvantageou to his nin ety-fi\'e barrels or 8.6 ton each. 9 ffort. P erhap towing with ropc' wa employed a well That great quantitic of bariron used the Schu.ylkill to as poling in thi feat. The bet was fi ctitious, he later an­ reach markct i a se rted in thc 1788 Boating Accoun t beca u e nounced. made onl.\' to dra w a cro\yd . The demonstration, river freight rate were '6.20 a ton. less than hall' of land he hoped. would encourage landowners a long the chuylkill transport. Mordecai Millard boated ix river hipment to ub cribe toward further improvement of the ri\'er be­ of bariron from today's Birdsboro between ·March 16 and cau. e their land had increa ed in value.12 D ecember 13 in 1800 and three additiona l b.v May 1 01. Ei enbeis and Brown, a R eading hipping partner hip, billed 10 Brooke Papers 0/ Birdsboro I ron Operations, Iicl'ofllm Roll No. 10 at the Histol'ica l ociety of B erk Co unt~·. Al·thur C. Bining, P enn­ this iron work for transportation on June 20, ]807, and in sylvania I ron ,\{anu/acture in the Eighteenth Century (Harrisbul'g, 1938) 11. 8 Advertiser, Mal'. 6. 1 02. J oms crap B ooks, 1 104, at the Hi tori cal " J ones, 1 104. Richards crap B ooks, H 87, D 260 , at the Histo/'ica l SOCiety of Berk County. H ereafter J ones. J . Bennett Nolan, eel. , oCiety of Berks County. H ereafte l' Richards. South-Eastern Pennsylvania, A lfistory 0/ B erks, B ucks, Chester, Dela­ " Falls, 39, 40 . Ga zette, Nov. I , N ov. 22. 1764. C ha ri R . Ba rke r. u:are, M ontgomery, Philadel1!l!ia and chuylkill Counties (Pll.iladel phia, " The Ston y P a rt of the chuylkill" }'In &8 L 350. Robert P. Robbi ns, 1943 3 V ) 1 54. Compa re thjs with chuylkill 270. "Colonel J a mes Coulta , High Sheriff of Phila delphia, 1755- 58" Ibid .. 'Adler, June 9, 1 0 7. Zeitung, 1\1ar. 1 , 1809. Adler, M a r. 21, XI 53. Sberiff Coulta was b U/'ied on Feb. I , 1768. omparo date 1 09, ?-'la/'. 12, 1 1 J . with chuylkill, l 77.

33 lIessiall aptain Wiederhold predicted in 1779 that to 1818. The peed of the one-day trip should have been a Philadelphia would never rea ll y prosper unles the Falls elling point, while the pa age through the Falls ection of Schuylkill wa opened, whil e Laincourt in 1795 minimized of the lower 'huylkill should have a ttracted thrill eeker. the dange r of the 1·'alls. " 1\ name vcr.v improperly '18 for a trip was matched by an 1810 payment and would greatly facilitate the building of a bridge. to ti ehter by J~ot z of $45.45 as boat profit. Another entry Laincourt's description of the Falls as incon iderable is recorded Lotz paying the owner half of the trip profit and contradictcd by a 1798 account of the labor involved in the two doll ars rent for half the boat; apparently a settlemen twas upriver pa sage of a R eading Boat. Whil e the rapid had made after ea ·h trip. A freight rate of a dollar a barrel for a fall of only three and a half fee t. the Falls. about five a ten barrel hipment of whi key, twice the downriver rate of hundred fe et long. req uired from twelve to fifteen man-hour flour, wa mentioned, probably for an upriver shipment. of labor to cross with a ll empty or lightly-loaded boat, plu Lotz al 0 handled anthracite in May ]820. buying ninety an additional expense of two or three dollars for drinks. bushcl (perhaps after unloading bariron) from the French ji gger of whiske.v being part of everyone's wage at that Creek Iron " 'orks at fOUl·teen cents a bu hel. Lotz with time. In the li ght of the e difficultie it i easy to believe Stichter' Boat participated in the July 5, 1824 partial that two tons a men tioned in the ] 788 tri p accou n t was the opening of the Schuylkill Navigation Canal from R eading usual upriver loading for a R eading Boat and that nine days southward to Philadelphia. However, on the return trip, were occa ionall.v con tllned in the return trip. Thi account because one of the new lock wa out of order, he wrecked hi also show Shcrifl' Coulta ' ] 764 feat to have been more craCt in attempting to portage it over the lock. 16 remarkable than it appeared. It i logical to beli eve that Lotz' activitie have b en cited with a double purpo e, for upri ve r lading may have bee n taken at pring :Mill, the begin­ the account itself and, more significantly, to how that the ning of easy water for the return trip.'3 R eadingite " Shad" Reading Boat did not disappear from the chuylkill becau e Hoff told that R eading Boat carried tore "ood for Reading there are no statistic available from the R eading newspaper merchant on their return trip , while Philip Lotz, a R eading after 1811. While the De W ilt Clinion, to be 0 often men­ Boatman, left an acco unt which t II of several retUI"l1 trips ti oned in tlte 1824- Q5 account of the chuylkill Canal' on which the cargo wa liquor: whi key, rum and gin by opening, may have been a full tlnee-Coot draft Durham the barrel. These probably were imported a the whiskey Uoat, the use of Lotz's boat on the new canal show that of Berks was a regular item of downriver traffic; Berk had other R eading Boats were probably u ed for their remaining 2] 2 till in] 806. There are records where several week lifetime on the Schuylkill Navigation. Their eight-foot were required for the return trip from Philadelphia. '''hile width, however, prevented their use on the 1827- 54 even the delay may have been cau ed by low water, thi time and a half feet-wide nion Canal locks. consumption might 011 0 signify a freight-trip to R eading. '4 The price differential between R eading and Philadelphia Passenger travelcd on the Philadelphia-bound R eading wa a factor in the profitable opera tion of the R eading Boats from 1775 to 1818. D elegate Edward Biddle' fall Boat. In eptember 18H, Philadelphia paid twenty-two into the chuylkill from a R eading Boat while on his way ce nts more for wheat, thirty- even cents for corn- both to attend the 1775 Congre is well known. The pre ence ixty-pound bushel - and ten cents for a forty-pound bushel of a Negro woman and her child in a ]799 R eading Boat of oat. In January 1817, the flour difl'erential wa a dollar accident at the Fall of Schuylkill is not explained in the a barrel, whiske.v scven cents a gall on and wheat eight cent . newspaper account. The trip of Jaco b 'Venig' relative During July 1819. Hour sold in Philadelphia at fifty cent downriver in order to bury hi body in a Philadelphia cemetery a barrel above the R eading priceY aved time. Whether the Schuylkill carried oldieI' during the R evolution i problematic, but the departure of Captain A rate of pay for chuylkill boatmen in 1815 may have K eim ' Volunteer Reading Washingion Guards wa de cribed been the ba i upon whi ch an anti- chuylkill 1 aviga ti on by the R eading English new paper, the Advertiser, of ep­ co rre pondent stated that labor co t of a trip to Philadelphia tember 24, ] 8]4. After an oration and a prayer by a preacher, from P otts with a twelve ton boat would be ixty dollar the oldiers escorted by their fri ends marched to the Schuyl­ for a four-man crew. In 1788 the wage per man for the kill , where they embarked on a R eading Boat for Phila­ Reading-Philadelph.ia roundtrip had been $6.66 each. The delphia. Captain Hawley' company joined in the Schuyl­ cost of a twelve-ton boat in thi ]815 letter i given a $200. kill trip at Poll grove and both group proceeded to Phila­ In 1788, the fi gure wa $222, while Cazenove ix year later delphia.' 5 Lotz noted passenger receipt only from ] 8]4 gave $l.lQ.50 a the eos t. 1

13 J . B enne tt Nola n , Annals Of Penn quare (Phila d olphia , H)38) 24. date a nd tO I' Y " cith S chuylkill. O. Theodor " '. Bean, ed ., Ilistory Laincourt, 13 . A lvi n H a rl ow, 01(/ Towpath s, The S tory of American of Afontgomer y County (Philade lphia, 1 4 ) 125. anals (N e w York, 1026) 3 8. 16 Shafer, 9 70. " J ones, I 25. S /lOfe r 9 70. R ic/w r(/s H 87. " Adl'e rtiser, pt. 14, 1 11. R eadln" Postboth e, J a n . 25, I 17 . " Z eitung, M a l'. 27, 17!J9. C ra ig Biddle , " Ed ward Biddle" MH &8 July3,1 19. I 101. Z eitung, Dec. 3 1, 1794 . Compa re A (/vertiser, e p t. 24 , I H 18 Adler. J a n . 17, I 15. liSS Trip. Caze nove, 2 .

34 Boskets of Strussels ond li gh ted con dies for Morovi on love-feost.

H a \'e you wondered wh ere the pretzel came from; The word it elf, though German. was ta ken from the Latin pretiola. meaning "Iittle gift. '· I n the P alatinate lhey were once give n a re\ya rd to children who learned their pra.yer. . The hape of the pretzel ugge led a pair of fo lded a rms, a n attitude of upplication. Wha t a signi fi cant beginning for the lowly pretze l. From this grew our pre ent multi-mi ll ion doll a r indu tr.'·.

STRU EL n -N S N ow. let u take a look at two foods which a re connected more definitel.v with the per onal life and have a reli gious significance : namely. I oravian trussel Bun a nd l\Iora\·ia n Sugar Cake. Both a re se n 'ed in the Lititz church a a part of the love-fea t . of which there are nine throughout the year. These arc times et aside for fellow hip in the Lord. when members of the congregation (and vi iting Christian of other denomina tions) eat and drink together the love-feast buns and coffee. Wherever you find l\Ioravians, there wi ll be love-feast buns. The type of bun served differ with each eon" rega­ tion. but a t the same time. caeh kind seems to be traditional Lititz with it congrcgation. '1'0 the Lititz M oravian . thi bun is the Stru. sel Bun, also ca ll ed Streisler. It i a round bun about fOllr in ehe in diameter. The dough is weet a III Specialties other buns bu t the distinction lie in the topping. A ort of glaze, made b.v a cinnamon sugar, and butter mixture, By EDNA EBY HELLER cover the whole bun. At the church, before serving, they arc prinkled with powdered ugar. In Lititz, a neat little town in Lancaster County, 'you Stru sel bun a re a delicacy that have been enj oyed b.v wi ll find the arne P ennsylva nia Dutch foods that a re typi 'al thousand of persons, yet no one in the congregation eems of the res t of the co un ty. There are ShooEly Pie galore to know how to make them. As lon g as anyone can remember a nd Saffron to pa re. Great crowd s gather at the firehouse they have been upplied by a bakery who bake them on ly for Chicken Corn Soup Suppers and Sa uerkraut Dinner. for thi one church. }<'or the Chri tmas love-rea t alone But there are other food that belon " in a very special way (of which there are three) the." uppliedfifteen hundred to this town alone, and particularly to the l\Ioravians who buns. founded it almo t two hundred year ago. The present bape is round but Stru el Bun were not always so. Originally they were in the shape of pretzels. PRETZELS A recently as fifty years ago (perhaps a few years more or Con ider the pretzel- that "sal t-be prinkled twist of Ie s) they were still haped thus for the Children' love­ dough" a Dr. Pre ton Barba call it. On the Main Street ('cast and then were call ed ugar Pretzel . of Lititz tands the olde t pretzel factory in the new world. The Strus el Bun a rc erved at all love-Iea ts of the lhe N. D. turgi plant. On the front of tbis stone building Lititz church excepting the " Diener '" which i the one a bronze plaque honor the producti on of the fir t co mmercial give n b.y a nd for all the workers of tbe church. F or this pretzel. It reads: love-feast the M oravia n Sugar Cake i used. The rea on for the ubstitution seem logical wh en one realizes that On this site in ]861 ,v eal' ago when the "Dieners" thernselve make the Strei ler Juliu turgis for a ll love-feasts they chose to make a impler one for their E stabli hed the first pretzel baker.\· own . In the K ew World. Thi tablet i dedi cated by The N a ti onal Pretzel Bakers In ti tu te M ay 1951 The Lititz Pretzel can truly be call ed l\Ioraviall In orig ll1 . The ori "inal rccipe it elf belonged to l\Ioravia ns. Through­ out lhese ninety-four year in ce Juliu Sturgis began manu­ facturing pretzel from the formula received from an itinerant baker ma ny pretzel bakeri e have op rated in Lititz.

Morovion women reodying Strussels for se rving. - Courtesy, Ma ry Huebener, Lititz: Litih Morovio ns de pict wors hip of fore fothe rs.

MORAHAN SeGAR CAKE G NGER COOKIE

Thi Sugar Cake is a d e li eac~' known Lo the l\Ioravians There are two more recipes that are defi nitely a oeiated of \Yin ton Salem a well as Lo the Bethlehem churches in with Lititz l\Ioravians: Ginge r Cookies a nd Moravian Mint . P enn ylvania. Un like the trei IeI' which seem almo t The Ginger Cookie ar almo, t identical with what is known sacred in thaL Lh ey arc resen 'ed for love-feast, the ugar in Bethl ehem as the l\Ioravia n Brown Christma Cake. Cake i baked in many home even by Jlon-l\[oravians wh o Of the imila r Moravian \Yhite Chri tmas Cakes there seems have borrowed the recipe. It i a raised cake made with to be no likene s in Lititz. ~ 'e ast and baked in large sheets. abouL eight inches b.\' cleven. The Ginger naps, a ometime called, are wafer-thin Thi . too . has a scrumptious topping. \\'hen the cake are a nd made in the hape of tar. men, women, and tree. raised light brown sugar is copiou 1,v spread on top with a If you would v i it the home of the town hi torian, :Mar,\' sprinkling of cinnamon added. N ow here co mes Lh e good Augu La I-Iuebener, at Ch ri stma time, l\Iis Huebener and part! Indentation are made about a n in ch apart over her brother Loui wou ld know that you "dropped in" to the Lop and the e arc fill ed with buLLer. Of course, Lh e sce their Christmas Putz. UndoubtecUy they would pa s more bu lter the be LLer! their homemade cookie which will probably include hrew­ There is a difl'erenee III ugar Cakes ju t as there i In berries. co teh , Sand tart , Coeoan u t l\i(aearoons, and Kisses Shoo-FI,\' Pie. bu t basicall ,v Lh e,v arc Lhe same. Some as well a the Ginger Cookies. Amoncr the Ginger will cooks let Lh e dough ri e over ni ghL, while other use a shorter be camel sha.ped one that ha\'e been cut with a camel cutter raising dough. Although comparativel.\, few women bake thaI' Loui s himse lf made. \\'ith yea t today. I ventu re to ay that wh erever there is a King's Daughters' Bake ale you will Lill find Moravian Ginger Cookies Sugar Cake. 1 ql. New Orleans mola es The following recipe co mes from a ugar Cake baker 1 lb. soft brown sugar 1 lb. lard a nd buller mixed, 0 1' all Cri co wiLh twenty years experi ence. She i l\irs. Joseph Eidson. 3%, lb. fl our (more if neces ary ) a n1ember of the Lancaster congregation but formerl y from lYz tab p, gin ger (no more) Lititz. She is well known as a Sugar Cake baker as he 2 or 3 tab p. cinna mon Yz tabsp. cloves sold them at the Arcade Farmers' l\Iarket in La ncaster 1 heapin g ts p. oda, dissolved in }4 cup hot water for the past eight ,\'ea r . Although she discontinued her 1 cup milk market baking everal months ago, l\Ir . Eid on still fill s l\lix together the fl our, sugar, and spices. Rub in the hortening as for pi dough, Add molasses a nd oda and mix thoroughly. home order . R e t a sured that her recipe is fully te ted Chill overnight or longer. R oll out ve ry tbin on a fl oured for with it he sometime baked two hundred cakes in a cloth. Cut out a nd pl ace on tins. Wash with the milk, one week! H ere is her recipe. cup, to which has been added on tsp, molas es. Bake in a 315 degree oven. Moravian ugar (Lke Mi s Mary H uebener Lititz, Pa. Place in a la rge bowl: % cup vegetable shortening Yz cup granul ated ugar MORAnAN MIN T 2 tsp. salt 1 cu p hot ri ced polatoes These have been made in many l\Ioravia n to wns but I ileaL well. Add : do not kn ow of a n,von e who decora ted them like the late 2 beaten eggs l\lr. Loui I-Iuebener, \Yith a toothpick he decora ted 1 pk. yeast dissoh'ed in Yz cup lI'11rm wa lci' 7 cups enriched flour them with Chri tmas flower, wreath and candles in multi­ 1 cup \\'a rm milk color. D a intier mint ha \'e ne\'er been found. Each NJi x and kn ead for Len minuLe. Grease Lop wiLh shorLening. year l\lr. , Huebener made thou ands which she sold a an Cover wiLh a cloLh and et in wa rm place to rise until doubled accommoda ti on Lo her fri end s and their friends. The,\' were in bulk Punch down and spread on greased pans Lo ~3 inch lhickness. CO\'er \\'ith a dry cl oLh a nd cove l' the dry cloth indeed a wOl'k of a rt that will long be remembered. with a wet or da mp cloLh , Let rai e t o %' in ch thickn e s. With a pastry brush, paint the top with melted buLLcr. Sprinkle Jloravian Mill Is with sugal' mixLure : 1 Lab p, fl our Lo 2 cups mcd, brown sugal', 1 Ii)' XXXX sugar Wi Lh linger punch holes about an in ch apart. Place;Xl pat 4 tahsp. water of butter in cach hole. Sprinkle top with melted buLLeI' . using 7 drops oil of peppermint 0 1' spearmint pastry brush. prinkle with cinn amon, Bake at 350 degrees for 20 to 25 minutes. When baked, rcmo\'c from pans to a P ut onc pound of XXXX ugar into the top of a double boiler. lhick cloth un til cooled. Add the water and allow to dissolve. .\ d I the fla,'oring. When Mrs. J o eph Eidson the mixturc hardens slightly on t p, it is ready to drop from a Lancaster, P a, leaspoon on to waxed papel·.

36 PENNSYLVANIA DU TCH PIO NEERS By DR . FRIEDRICH KREBS--Palati ne State Arch ives, Spe yer, Germany Translated by Don Yode r

Albisheim (]{reis K irchheimbolanden) Xovember 16, 1767, he wrole from .\,1 ace Town hip, Bcrk County, to his relative. lhat hc renounced hi hare of lhe 1. .JOHA TK EKGEL MORGEKSTER~ , born at Albis- inherita nce. which he would hal'e had a claim on from home, hcim cplcmber 20. 1726 on of .I hann Philipp M orgen- and wi he onl y lhat a clock and a Bi ble be ent ovcr to him. lcrn and wife n1aria Ro ina- " re iding in P enn ylvania." W ith him went JOHA T T GEORG BOER TLER, li kewi e [J ohann Engelbert JlIorgenslern, hip t. Andrew, eptember from A enheim. Lo America, but later returned home again. 9. 1749.] [Frantz Baltzer chalter, J org B oerstler, hip Edinburgh. 2. ABRAHAM BRUBA HER- on of Jacob Brubacher eptember 30, 1754 .] from hi fir t marriage- " in P enn yh'ania" (Document . JA OB NEFF on of the An abaptist (Mennonile) dalcd 1763). The Brubachcr fami ly, of Mennonite back­ P eter N eff of As cnheim and hi wife Yeronika R oe ch ­ ground. "'a in thc 18th ce ntury located in the reg ion of - "ab cut in merica" (Document dated 1\1a.l· 27, 1789). Albisheim, al oin the M ennonite ettlement of Iber bei m, [Jacob N eff , Brig B etsy. October 15, 17 5.] ncar ·Worms.

A llenkirchen (Kreis Kusel) B illigheirn (Kreis B ergzabern) 3. JACOB BERG- so n of Jacob Berg of Altenkirchen and 9. BERNHARD KNEY on of Philipp Kney of Bil- II·ife Anna 1\Iargaretha '''agncr- blacksmith by trade, li gheim and his wife Maria l\Iargaretha Hutmaeher- " who went to P ennsylvania without manumi ion , along with has gone to thc o-ealled Ncw Land" (Document dated .JOHA IN THEOBALD CHRAMM- on of George Sch­ May 10, 1755 ). ramm of Altcnkirchen- in thc ~ 'e ar 1769. Thc property 10. A TNA 1ARGARETI-IA DEGREIFF- daughter of of bOlh of them, namely an inheritance which came to them the counci lor Jacob Degreiff of Billigheim- "i married III later, wa on that account confi cated by the Government the New Land" (Document da ted May 1:2, 1755). of tbe Duchy of Zweibrllecken. ince they no longer intended lo return to their homeland. Jaeob Berg was referred to in lhe document a a blacksmith at 1\1iddletown, near B oeckweiler (Kreis lJomburg. aar) Frederi ck, Ian'land, ",hil of Theobald Schramm i known 11. JOHANNE KELLER- son of Danicl Kell er, of on l,\' that aftcr his arrival in Ameri ca he worked a a ho tiel' Boeckweilcr- "c tabli hed and married in the IIew Land" in Philadclphia. [J acob B erg. Theobald Schramm, Ship (Document dated October 19. 1776 ). M i ll erva. October 13. 1769.] 12. H ENRICH K N Z-" on of the decea ed citizen of the ame name. of Boeekwcil er and wife 1\1ari a 1argaretha "J ppenhofen (Kreis B ergzabern) Hock- removed himself from this country in 176,], and 4. l\IARGRETHA and IBILLA WINTZ- daughter of according to report that ha reached here went to America Georg Wintz of Appenhofen- " who are by thi time li v ing without permi ion, contrary to the pre cnt governmental in the New Land" (Document dated F ebruary 10, 1752) . order" (Frankfurter Kayserl. R eichs-Ober-Amis-Postzeitung, On e of them wa marricd to T H Ol\1AS SCHLEY of Frcderi ck, :2-13-1787). According to thc doc- um nt H enrich Kunz wa a cartwright and from a lettcr dated Augu t 21, 1768 l\lar~ · l and. 5. l\l ARGRETHA KUH N - daughter of Iicklau ]< uhn, we learn that he wa li ving with J onathan Hegel' in Canage - ·itizen of Appenhofen, and his wife E lisabetha Nickler- wa , chick in Maryland. according to official d claration . married at Bill igheim to h·iedrich 'YUERTH BACHER (or WIRTH BA HER), Breitfurl (Kreis IIomburg, aar) who wa a ph,\' ician born in the region of Heilbronn nVu rt­ temberg). and wcnt with him to Ameri ca in 1764. [Friderich 13 . .I COB WELKER- on of W ilhelm Welker of Breit­ Tf'urlzbacher, hip H ero, October 27, 1764.] furt- "who according to r port, ha gone to America" 6. GEORG MICHEL BAN Z. tailor b~ ' trade, and hi (Document dated December '1, 1777) . [Either Jacob W elcker, isler C.\'T H RIi"\lA BANZ, bOlh from Appenhofen, the Ship M inerva. r ptember 17, 1771, or Jacob W elclcer, hip form er ingle, the latter malTied to PETER BR NI ER Crawford, October 26, 1768.] of Klingen, Iycnt to P e nn s ~ ' l vania without i ue about 1748. 14. A I IA APPOLONIA YOGELGE ANG- daughter of A leller sti ll ex lant in lhe Speyer Archives dc cribes Gcor" Nickel Gentes. magi trate and citizen of Breitfurt- " married ::\ [ichel Banz as ettled in Frederi ck County, l\1ar~ ' land , to Georg Vo elge ang . .II'. (evidently also from Breitfurt), Johann P eler Brunner in the neighborhood of the town re ident in _\ meri ea" (Document datcd May 6, 1765). [Georg of Frederick. [Peter Brullner, bip Albany, ptember Vogelgesang , hip . quirrel, 0 tober 21. 1761.] 2, 17-/.9. ] 15. 1\1 T H EISS and GEORG CI-IMIDT- chi ldren of Abraham chmidt, ciLizen and magi trate of Breitfurt- " in Assenheim (Kreis Lmlwigshafen ) Am ri ca" (D oc ument daLed Octobcr 7,1760). 7. F R IZ BALTHA AR SCH ALTER- on of Johann 16. J O EPH I EU- on of Georg N eu, re ideut of Breit­ Georg halter (died 17.;.1 ) of A enheirn and hi wife E li !\,­ furt and his wife hri tina l\1ar"aretha Gente s- "went to beth went to P enn syh'ania hortl.l· after his falher' death, Ameri c-a" around ] 740. Hi brother PETER IE ,"w n t in oreier to inherit herc the property of a brOlher of hi father, to Ameri ca" around 1753. \\'ho had a l read~ ' bcen a long time re id enl of P enn ylyania. 17. JOHA~N OTTO NKC- on of W ilhelm N eu of Breit­ After the dealh of his unci he stayed in P enn ylvan·ia. On furt and hi wife Anna l\1argarctha- " now re iding in the

37 TCW Land" (D ocument of JHa.v '19 , 1767). His brolher 28. GEORG 13A UH. son of the citi zc n a nd beadle Jacob JOHAN T SIMON TEU." also re iding in the Te w Land" 13aur of Freckenfeld and hi wife Anna Catha rina Klein ­ (D cument of fay ]9.1767) . "who we nt to the New Land" (Docu menl daled June '10, 1761). Dannsladt (Kreis Ludu'igshafen) Freinsheim ( Kreis N ellstadt) ]8. Aboul thc year 1748 R UDOLPH DRACH and hi 29. nCHEL REZER on of the cooper Theohald Rezcr i ler A NA l\lARL\ DRACH frcm Dannstadt, bolh ingle, of Freinsheim and hi s wife Anna !lJaria H eld- "who went wenl lo Ameri ca, wh erc they married and had children. away in the 'year 17.56 to P enn s.v lvania.· ' In the year ] 788 lhey rcq ue ted. lhrough a pO"'er of attorney, 30. JOHA T NICLAUS BACH - on of Sebasti an Bach. the urrender of their property on payment of the tithe. wh o di ed at Frein heim in ] 7.53- " wh o i now, however, Theil' propcrty wa . however. nol surrendercd. but co n­ in Penns ~ ' l vania" (D ocument dated June 25, 1768). Ni laus fi s aled according to the Emigration Edict of the Electoral Bach wa a residen t of the city of ).l ew York, a appears Palatinate. from a letter written from there. [P o ibly Nickel Bach, Edenkoben hip Adventure, eptember 25, 17M.) 31. JORA N PETER WEILBRENNER- on of Georg 19. PHILIPP CARL HAAS- on of J ohann Georg Haas­ D aniel Weilbrenner, citizen and master butcher at Frein heim intended in the year 17.J.8, to go, with his wife and fi ve a nd his wife Calha rin a Hilb- wen t to America in 1753 and children. to the New Land "on account of a beller fortune." eWed at Bouchervill e ncar :Montreal. In a document [Philipp Carel lIaas. Ship Patience, September ]6, 1748.) dated at :Montreal, June 12, 1781 , he renounced hi hare 20. A INA ELISABETHA EYFFERT- daughter of of the property tba t had fall en to him , in [a\'or of hi brothers Johann Gottfried e."ffert of Edenkoben- " married to and iter. At the a rne time there was in Montreal JO­ DAYID DELATER, who went to P ennsylva nia" (about HAN JACOB MAURER. born a t Krieg feld in the Pala­ ] 740). [David Delater, Ship Andrew. October 2, 17·n .) t. tinate. Captain of the econd Battali on of the King' RO ~ 7 a l 21. AN A CATHARINA GLEI H - daughter of the R eg iment, of New York. In a letter of hi brother, from ma tel' mill er H enrich Glei h of Edenkoben- " went to H eid elberg. he i "de cribed as oversecr of the Ro~ ' a l British P enn ~ ' I vania" (about ]756). hip in Canada." 22. JOH , N GEORG CROI SAN T and hi si tel' A TNA CATH ARINA CROI ANT- children of Jacob Crois ant Freisbach ( Kreis Germerslz eim) of Ed nk0ben- "who went 10 P enn ylvania" (about ]756). 32. JOHANN THOMAS KER ,baptized at Frei bach,­ Ellerstadl (K reis N eustadt) September 19 , 1700,- on of P eter K ern of Freisbach- "went to Penn yh'ania" - married at Freisbaeh, February 17, 1733. 23. In a Property Inventory of Eller tadt from the year Ma ri a Iargaretha- daughter of Michel J opp of Otter heim. ] 781 it i rep rted of JOHANN CASPAR H UBER- son Children, born at Freisbaeh: 1. Johann Chri toph. born of Michael Huber of Ellerstadt and his wife Anna Barbara­ J a nu ary 25, ]736- "to P enns'y h'ania.·' 2. Anna Elisabeth, " living in Philadelphia and 44 ~ ' ea r s old: he has been absent born November 20. 1733- "to P ennsylvania." [J ohann from here ] 8 years." [Casper lhlber, Sh ip Chance, N ovember Thomas K ern, hip amuel. August 30, 1737.) 1, 1763.) 33. JACOB PETER M TJENCH, born at Freisbaeh June Elschbach (Kreis K usel) 28, 1733- on of P eter Iuench an I wife Christina- "to

24. JOHANN GEORG J UNG- son of H ermann Jun 1 of P ennsylvania". JOHAl\N GEORG 1IUEN CH , born at El chbaeh and hi wife nna M argaretha- " Ii ving in the Frei bach September 27. 173 ]- son of the ame parent - New Land" (D ocument dated ] 754). "to P ennsylvania." PI-lILIPP IMO M ENCI-I. born Augu t 25, 1728 at Frei baeh- on of the ame parents­ Freckenfeld (K reis Germersheim) " to P ennsylvania." [Presumably Hans Georg ]11tenig, hip Jacob, October 2, 1749 ; 1'11l0n M inch, Ship Brotherhood, 25. JOHANN HAHN-. on of Jacob Hahn of Freckenfeld Tovemher 3, 1750.) and hi wi fe Ott ili a Eichenlauh- " went to the l\ew Land," CONRAD HAH , brothcr of the preceding, single, ··to thc Grossbulldenbach (Kreis Z1I'e1'bruecken) New Land." JOHANN JA COB HAH , brother of the two preceding cmi gra nt , "in the New Land." The la ter 34. GEORG DELI,ER- on of Georg D ell er of Gro - was baptized at Freekenfeld February 9, 1727. An Inve n­ bundenbach- " who went to the w Land" (D o ument tory of eptember 11 , 1754, lisls a ll three per ons as cmi grated dated April 4. 1761). [J ohann Georg Deller, hip Dragon, before lhat date. eptember 26 . 1749.) 26. GEORG DIERWAECHTER, baplized at Frecken­ 35. PETER LUGENBIEHL- son of Kilian Lugenbuehl feld, F ebruary 13, 1724, a nd JOHANN E1UL\RD DlER­ of Gro bundenbach- " wh o emi gra ted to Ameri ca in the WAECHTER- son of P eter Dierwaeeh tel' of FreC' kenfeld yea r 1750." [P eter LlIge1/buehl. hip Broth erhood, No\'ember and hi wife Anna Catharina Hummel " wh o both went 3. 1750.) 10 the o-called New Land I' P enn ylvania" (about ] 75 1). 36. GEORG PETER EC l~ EL- on of l\Iichael Eckel of [Ehrhardt Thllemaechier. Sh ip Janet, October 7, 175 1. Gro sbundenbaeh a nd hi wife Anna Catha rin a Kell cr- "in 27. MARGARETHA API

3 " Plain and Fancy" III the area. Another uperbly done curtain hoI\' a row of tree and has ilken la sel inter per ed with the painted lL ha been almo t two ~ 'ea r now in ee I fir t told you of leave to imulate lhe himmer of unlight hining lhrough lhe mu ical comedy about lhe .\. mi h, "Plain and F a ncy." them. I didn't pa rlieul a rl y care for a nolher curtain wilh \\'ell , I got lhe wi h that I expre ed in Iny last " Zehn-uhr crawny crow- like bird all over it. I t wa n't vcr" well . 'hlick." and I can repo rt lo ,\'ou thal it is a big hit on Broad­ painted and neither wa a back-lighted fra me arou~d the \\'a,\·' It rece i" ed a heart.\' reception in Philadelphia and tage with vine, flowers and birds. They may have been it i now at the " 'inler Garden Theatre in ~ e \\' York. R e­ well conce ived, but poo rl ," executed. Quite a bit wa done cently lhe papers have announced lhat major mOlion picture ':'ith silhouette in the background with gradually heightening studio are intere led in the how. I on ly hope that HolI .,·­ il ghts bringing in a cene. There is a breathta king scene \\'ood wi ll treal them a gentl,,, and s,\'mpatheti call .Y as the wh en the enlire ca t i motion le on the lage a the curtain thca tre ha in lhis ca e- where one laughs with the Amish ri. e. '. and i poi,~e d , in Ami h garb, r ead~ ' lo break into ong not at them. pIal III the P lenty of P enn ylvanJa." Anolher well It i uch a whole ome, ga,\' . glowing and, at times, dee ply ~r ea ~ e d cene. how Kalie and her Papa in the family buggy se nsual. fa t-moving ho\\' that ~ 'o u may e\'en \\'a nt lo ee Jogg ll1 g happil y home while I atie wi stfu ll y ing "It Wonder il mO.re lhan once. At leasl: I felt thal I had to do just nre. " lhat III order to revie\y it for ."ou. I had seen one of the The choreography i excell ent. I know that I have never final rehearsal in New York and saw two performan 'es een better. The critic a ll , without exception, agree that in Philadelphia. Mi Tamir is ha produced the ver,\' be t. he ha especiall y Pcrhap the vel'," fi rst lhing to mention aboul lhe show done well in a delightful little interl ude call ed "By Lantern i the expert ca ting of lhe characters. It was wi e to pa s L icrht" - where four Ami h couple go 'ourling in the meadow up the big name stars, for a far a the audience it 'once rned by the baJ'll with glowing lanterns. the fo lks on lhe tage could reali ," be .\. mi h. N one of lhc M r. Morton DaCosta' di recting i very ha rd to find fault actor ha been pre"iou l,v " typed" in lhe mind of the public. with all through the show. I uppo e it i a co mbina ti on The girls are a ll beautiful in the fragile, cia ic, madonna-like of directing, a ting by Stephan chnabel, an l music by Albert wa,\' of the real Amish women that I know. The men have H ague lhat produce the most moving scene of a ll - when the ufficient rural turdiness of the male of the actual Ami h with the male cboru , "P a pa Yoder" ing "Plain We LI ve.': co unlr,". This a ~ one i worth go in g to lhe how to ee. barn raising The next ilem lo be mentioned hou ld be the ets and scene IS a gay con tra t to the above, a nd is rn o t exciting co tume by Raoul P ene duBois. H ere the olorful tradi­ lo :e. I t doe n't seem imporlant that tbi i not a lypical lion of the P enn ",Ivania Dutch is upheld in a way that AmI h barn. It i a bank-lype barn, painted red, with hou ld make u a ll proud. The main character' wear "hex igns" and a hipped roof. Ami h barn never have traditional Ami h garb, but lhe choru wears muted hade "hex ign ," ha\'e slra ight roof , and a re ra rel,\', if ever, of han·e t-time- greens, yellow, brown , wine, orange, and painted red . ~'ecl in the most unu ual combinations. The opening curtain I t is with the book of the how tha t I ha" e the mo t fault IS a \'er~ ' cleyerly done map of the Amish country and a lo find- none of it too eri ou. however. But it i just dot of light fo li o\\' the roul of the 1 ew York couple lost enough to keep the show from being the very be t thing tha t ever hil Broadway and being beller lhan Oklahoma. The "Fancy" part i too trong a co nce sion to Broadwa\'. M,v feeling i that lhe little .\. mish girl. Hilda, hould n e\'~ r be a ll owed to get involved 0 dee pl,v in the carnival scene, Katie and H i I d a played by Gloria and most important of a ll , he should Jl ever be a ll owed lo Marlow and Bar­ appear at lhe final curlain dishen'led a nd bedraggled in baro Cook, " Hilda" stolen, worldl.v oar!. At lea t the writer could gel her back is not a typico I Amish nome, Miss into white pra,\'e r coverin g (cap) a nd Amish blue dre , cape Cook's own name , and apron before her tern P a pa ee her a nd befor the Barbaro , would final curlain goe down on a ge ntle a nd dignified portrayal have be e n more ' typical. The praye r of the life of a pa toral, pea anl-like American folk. ' cove rings (w hit e I fai l to see why the producer, lhe wrilers and staff did cop s ) look more like Pilgrim caps not da re to be differ nt all the way. Thealre goer can ee than Old Ord e r the "honk:-loJlk " type of tuff in any number of how on Amish. They a re Broadwa,v any timE', why houle! the" , demand it in thi show not nearly so be­ coming a s the rea l especiall ,v when lhey a re getting a gli mpse of what rnam: thing, of lhem dri" e mi le lo see (and can never ee a w Il )- Ami il life! I can' l help but fe I that orne of the "honky-tonk" The e ntire cast af " Plain and Fancy" in the barn raising sce ne. A beautiful white raaste r weathe r­ vane is raised ta the peak af the roaf in a dramatic I n Canada climax to the ballet. I spcnt everal la,"s in D cecmber in lhe Area of the Tw e nt~ ' timc eould have been beller devoLcd to Lhc deleLed" hunning in Onla rio, whcre I poke at Lhc annual meeting of Lh e balle L" which wou ld have woven inLo Lhc patLern of Lhc how Jordan H i Lori cal ocieL,\' and Hi torical l\Iu cum, and much mooLher Lh a n did Lhe o Lh er. a noLh er da." to Lh e local chapLer of the P enn ylvania Gcrman Therc a re beside a fcw minor deLails that could easil.\· be Folklore ocie ty, In Lhat brief v i it I caught glimp e eorrecLcd. of unLold and unLappcd wealth of lore and folk art, nOLabl y in Lex Li les and weaving. I also howed a few of m ,\' lide of P enn ylvania Lo four chool of Lh c area. Thcy were N ew Books much inLrig ued with thc fac L lhat the pcople in P enns,v1 vania The la Le L ~ ' ea rb ook of Lhc P ennsyh-ania German Folklore paint bright ei rcle and tal' on Lh eir big rcd barns. Now Society ha ju t come ouL. lL i a book on P cnn yh'ania boy a nd girls in OnLario are drall'in colorful Barn ign German T omb Lon e b.,' Dr. Prc ton A. B a rba and i onc a nd H ex igns in their art projecl at school. of the he t Lbing Lhis organizaLion has ever done. IL Dislelfink Naval ['nit crreaLe t charm lie in Lh e fin e, clear drawing b.\' 1\Irs. Barba, Dr. Barba ha u cd quiLe a repre cnLa tive clcction Lo bring Last mon Lh Lh e Berk Lo your a Llcn tion. \ylli l I have nevcr agreed LhaL Lhere i County recruiting office of Lhe g reat symboli m implied in P cnnsyh-ania DuLch folk arL, Phila lelphia aval Di Lri ct and Lhu differwiLh ome of Dr. Barba' views, I fce l tha L hc enli Lcd a company of over 90 ha donc an cxcell cnL and interesting job wiLh Lh c texL. P ennsylvania DuLeh recruit lL wa a vol ume long a wai Lcd by man~ ' of u , a nd a much Lo form Lh c Di tel fink Com­ needed o ne, an I I feel LhaL iL ha lived up Lo our g reaL c "­ pany . The F olklore cnler peeLaLion , acLed a advi 0 1' Lo the " roup. The chwenkfeldcr Library aL P ennsburg, under Lh e Le Ro~ ' Gen IeI', who doc the direeLi on of Andrew Berk)'. is doing an inLe re Lin g cri c la~ ' OIIL and dc ign for Lhc of very unusua l publicaLion . The la LesL of the e is a Dutchman, creaLed Lh e e mblem nostalgic liLLi e bookleL of Lurn -of- Lh c-ccn Lu r,\ ' phoLographs for thc company- a n alert from Lhc coli c 'Lion of the la Lc H . \Y in loll' F egley, a naLi ve Distelfink Insignia little Di tel fink in " bell -bot- f H crcford wherc most of the photo were taken, The re Lom Lrou er ." is an inlere ling commcnLar)' by 1\11'. Berky Lh a t weaves Person alia Lh c piclu res togeLh er a nd make i L a charm i ng keep akc. Spcaking of publica Li ons, our Folklorc CcnLer i abouL ongraLula Lion Lo Dr. D onald A. hell e,\' \\'ho i the Lo J'elea e lhe "19.3.3 Touris L Guide to Lh c DuLch CounLr," , ncll' direcLor of Lh e Ford nIu eum and Grcen£i.eld Yillage greaLl y enla rged over lasl year's, which lI'a an ovcrwhelming aL D carborn, 1\.l ichi gan. Dr. hell e." i an a uLhority on u 'ccss, provin g the great need and de mand for uch a P cnn y l\'ania fracLur and ill uminated manu eript. George pu blication. O. Bird. one of his a sistanl . (formerly curator of the Berk A most beauLiful producl of the prinLe r and binder Counly IIi Lori cal ociety) ha recei\'ed a fell ow hip to crafl has ju t been relea ed a Lh e mo t recenL publication Lud ,\' aL Lhc Corning Glas Ccnler. of lhc P cnnsylva nia German Society, It i LiLl ed " Prac ti­ Dr. H enr,\' . Borne man, a lI'ell -kno\\'n Philadclphia lall'ycr Lionel' in Ph.\' icl ," a biography of Abraham W agncr ]717- and formcr pre id enL of th ' P enns,dvania G rman ocie L,\' . 1763, and is skilfully 'HiLlcn by ndrew Berk.\' of Lh e passed a way on J an. ] 2 of Lhi ~ ' ca r , Dr. B orne man i we 11 - Schwenkfcldcr Libra ry under whose a u pI C , the book wa known for hi lwo volume on ill umina Led manus'l'ipt prinlcd, I wish thcre were morc limc and space lo givc fro m hi own coll cc Li on the rno t rccenL onc "P enn yh 'ania it the prai c il descrve , Gcrman BookplaLe " lI'a r viewed in thi eolumn recenLl,'"

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