DOCSLIB.ORG

Ki As It Relates to Martial Arts”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ki As It Relates to Martial Arts” This is the Chinese symbol for Ki. One is which shows the spirit. The second is and represents the whole rice plant (roots, stem, and rice) before it is pulled from the ground; in it's natural form. It symbolizes the physical body. “Ki as it relates to Martial Arts” “Ki” is a somewhat mystical force that is encountered in many forms of Chinese, Korean and Japanese martial arts including: Jujitsu, Aikido, some forms of Karate, Some forms of Kung Fu, Katana sword play, some forms of Taekwondo and Silat. In my system of Japanese Jujitsu, taught by O Sensei Matthew Cugola, Ki is one of our main principles. Ki can be likened to life force or energy. Ki is inside every atom. Ki can also be spelt ‘Chi’ or ‘Qi’. The physical manifestation of Ki in our body is Adrenaline. Adrenaline is the hormone giving us that burst of energy enabling us to react faster and not to feel pain. The majority of traditional martial arts systems have a spiritual aspect to them. Similar concepts of Ki can be found in many cultures, for example, Prana and Cit in Hindu Religion, Mana in Hawaiian culture, Rauh in Hebrew, Lung in Tibetan Buddhism or “Vital Energy” in Western philosophy. In popular culture we also see the concept such as “The Force” in the Star Wars movie franchise. Ki (or Qi as it is known in Chinese) is the central principle of Chinese martial arts and Traditional Chinese Medicine. They believe that Qi flows through the body and that illness can arise due to a blockage of the flow of Qi. Traditional medicine practitioners will often use Acupuncture, Herbs, Food therapy, Exercise and Martial Arts as a way of ‘unblocking’ the Qi. In Acupuncture they insert a needle into the bundle of nerves at a ‘pressure’ point. The needle causes minor pain that stimulates the release of oxytocin and other hormones that trigger pain relief and begin the healing process. As the mind and body are inextricably linked and the mind controls the body there is an obvious benefit in not only mastering the physical aspects of Jujitsu but to also attempt a degree of understanding of the mental and spiritual aspects of Jujitsu. For me, Ki is like the spirit that is separate from but linked to the body and mind. Some experts believe that a person’s level of “Ki” will vary throughout the day. This concept also applies to “Biorhythms”. A mans “Ki” or energy levels are supposed to be highest in the morning and early evening (sunrise and sunset). Whilst a woman’s “Ki” is supposed to be highest in the afternoon and in the middle of the night. Some physical practices can lead to a heightened awareness of Ki. For example by ‘dropping your weight’ or lowering your stance you are able to achieve improved balance by being closer to the earth you feel more grounded and this gives you increased strength and greater ability to ‘take’ the balance from an attacker or Uke. Another physical exercise that is known to heighten a person’s awareness and connectedness to Ki is to practice correct breathing techniques. These breathing techniques are best practiced both before and after training. Breathing in through the nose and out through the mouth in slow rhythmic breaths, filling the diaphragm with air and slowly exhaling is the basis of the method. This breathing mimics the type of breathing we practice when sleeping. This results in a giving us a mini rest that delivers a greater store of energy. This method of breathing results in greater oxygenation of the blood vessels resulting in more available energy to respond to an attack and to give more blood to the brain to allow quicker reaction time and improved decision making. The mind and body can react more quickly and more appropriately when in a relaxed state. This allows our movements to flow (like Water) and this is one of the other main principles of Jujitsu. The correct breathing method also has the benefit of creating an increase in metabolism. This allows for the efficient burning of fats and elimination of toxic wastes from the body. This leads to a healthier, leaner and more muscular body that is better able to respond to an attack and better able to cope with being hit and recovering more quickly. A concentration on breathing is a form of meditation. Meditation has been used for thousands of years by many religious people as a way of attaining a higher state of consciousness and calmer state of mind. Most religions and health practitioners have known that the practice of meditation has far reaching benefits, including stress relief by greater serenity. This can result in increased well-being that has health benefits. Personally I use the time immediately before training to relax by breathing and focusing my mind on the components of good technique including: Speed, Power, Focus, Reaction time, Accuracy, Balance, Dynamic Balance, Distancing and Timing. I visualise myself performing a technique and concentrate on how I will apply each of the components of good technique to that motion. I.e. I picture myself dropping my weight (lowering my stance) and feeling rooted to the ground, then I picture myself being alert but calm and thinking clearly, I then see the attack coming and move my feet into a better position and react with an evasive, soft, controlling or hard technique depending upon the nature of the threat. By relaxing and letting things flow the reaction time is improved and the footwork and timing is better. The speed and power is applied and a Kiai helps to focus the Ki and this can stun and disorient an attacker. I have found that it has been helpful before moments of anticipated stress (like the ‘Circle drill’) to take a few slow deep breaths with the diaphragm. This will help to relax your physical and mental state and should result in a better flow of “Ki” and therefore better performance. Some say that to ‘achieve’ Ki is when the spirit controls the body and not the mind. Training in martial arts is really training of the spirit. The concept of ‘muscle memory’ is supported by this theory of Ki where the reaction time is faster than the mind can think and act. A healthy and fit person is more alert mentally and therefore has sharper reflexes and can make quicker decisions. Training by defending unknown attacks such as the “Circle drill” can assist in preparing a Martial Artist for the dynamic and unpredictable nature of physical confrontations. As many fights are usually over in a matter of seconds the mind (brain) often does not usually have time to process the situation and develop a planned response. A Martial Artist’s reaction time is reduced through years of repetitive training so that the body reacts without thinking. The martial arts training involving sit ups and other exercises helps to develop a strong core from which the power is generated. Strikes and throws etc are always more powerful when the torso and hips are engaged in the movement. Therefore with better technique we can engage biomechanics to deliver speed and power. Ki in martial arts is sometimes demonstrated through acts known as ‘the unbendable arm’, ‘the immovable body’, ‘the unraiseable body’. Examples of these can be found on You Tube. Modern science including conditioning, biomechanics and psychics can offer an alternative explanation for these amazing feats. Shaolin Monks from China are particularly famous for performing these techniques. Recently in class I experimented with using Ki. My Sensei asked us to partner up with someone our own size and take turns using a push type of front kick across the tatami. Sensei then asked the person receiving the kick to resist moving as much as possible. When it was my turn I kicked higher on the chest and focussed my energy flow, I also exhaled sharply “Oss”. Using the components of good technique and application of Ki I was able to easily move my partner across the tatami. Then it was my turn to offer resistance. I lowered my stance and then imagined that my feet were rooted to the floor and that I was made of stone. When the kick met my body I moved forward very slightly to meet the kick. The kick had little effect. My partner tried his hardest and was puffing and sweating. After a few kicks that did not move me, I decided to step back one pace after I had fully absorbed the kick so that I could still practice application of Ki and to show respect to my training partner. Another personal experience in the application Ki is the Kiai. I have found that through experimentation with the type and volume of Kiai together with the simultaneous exhalation of breath is beneficial in a number of ways: Andrew Mackie-Smith ! 25/7/14 9:18 PM 1. Generating more power in a strike or kick, Comment [1]: 2. Taking the mental balance of my Uke or attacker and therefore making my defence more effective. 3. Helps to release feelings of fear or tension. 4. Tenses midsection allowing better protection against a strike to that area. In conclusion I believe that a deeper understanding of Ki and the other main principles of Jujitsu is beneficial to the seasoned Martial Artist who is seeking a higher level of physical performance and personal growth through the training of mind and spirit. The development of Ki has other benefits that flow into other areas of a persons life including work, family and friendships as they have greater vitality, confidence, strength, discipline and stamina.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kiai-Exhale, the Strong Shout
    Kiai-Exhale, The Strong Shout By David Stainko KI ( chi ) – inner energy By observing human movement or stillness AI – uniting, joining in a short time interval, it is possible to see two basic possibilities for a person’s e kiai is the consequence of a special kind of relationship to the surroundings in which breathing. It is usually said that it is a guttural they nd or don’t nd support. sound, but the right kiai comes from the abdomen as the result of strong expiration. e complete expiration lowers the unconscious center of gravity of the body in the surroundings e real kiai is the consequence of the where we nd ourselves, while we strengthen the unconscious part of the human being and is central part of the body around which circulate not deliberately provoked. e kiai is largely peripheral attachments under the impact of the connected to proper breathing because the right force of muscle contraction. All life phenomena kiai means the proper expiration, and only the are connected to the process of oxidation or proper expiration enables the proper inhalation. reduction. Without oxygen there is no life. Moreover, the contraction of abdominal muscles while exhaling strengthens the trunk, i.e. the e supply of our cells depends on the transport pelvis as the axis around which extremities rotate. of blood and oxygen by the blood. While contracting, the muscle acquires up to ten times e technique of strong guttural expiration was more blood than when it rests, thus taking in also applied by Zen masters for explaining some more oxygen and glycogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboutdog Brothersmartial Arts
    About Dog Brothers Martial Arts Dog Brothers Martial Arts (DBMA) is a system of many styles where the ultimate goal is to “walk as a warrior for all your days™.” As such we have an ap- proach that is in search of the totality of both ritual combat (sport fighting such as Mixed Martial Arts/Vale Tudo, Muay Kickboxing, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and others) and reality (practical street defense, weapon awareness, and uneven odds). This means that the greater mission is to have real skills throughout the entirety of one’s life—not just when one is young and competitive. Considerable thought and experience has gone into the development of this cur- riculum, and as is the case with all things taught in the DBMA curriculum: “If you see it taught, you see it fought.™” The curriculum is divided into 3 areas: Real Contact Stick Fighting, Kali Tudo™ and Die Less Often. A brief overview of these areas of study is found on the next page. What You’ll Learn Consistency Across Categories Fun, Fit, and Functional Hurting, Healing, and Harmonizing The Filipino Martial Arts are unique in that they As previously stated, we look to share the long In addition to combative tools, tactics, and focus on weapons first, and allow the learning that term training goal: “walk as a warrior for all techniques, DBMA also incorporates a healing takes place there to inform a practitioner’s empty your days™” with you. For the long term, it of component to training. We include yoga, alignment hand movements and skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 278 2nd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS 2018) 1st Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2018) Martial art of Dayak Central Kalimantan (a Study of History, Philosophy, and Techniques of Traditional Martial Arts) Eko Hernando Siswantoyo Graduated Program Graduated Program Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This study aims to explore how the history of baboon called as Southern pig-tailed which is called macaca traditional Dayak martial arts in Central Kalimantan, the nemestrina in Latin. philosophy contained therein, and the techniques of martial The bangkui stance is the main or ultimate technique to arts in Dayak Central Kalimantan. The research applied a turn off and lock the opponent's movements because, the qualitative research with historical research method. The Data bangkui movement itself has a some techniques capable of sources in the study were obtained through three traditional paralyzing an opponent with just an attack. This traditional martial arts colleges in Central Kalimantan, namely; martial art tends to use bare hands and relys on the agility of Pangunraun Pitu (East Barito regency), Silat Sakti Salamat the players' movements, although there are also some martial Kambe (Katingan regency), and Palampang Panerus Tinjek art practitioners who use weapons. This pattern of the (Pulang Pisau regency). The data collection techniques used traditional self-defense tends to attack enemies from the were observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that (1) the figure who first spread the martial arts of bottom and directly attacks the opponent's body's defensive the Dayak tribe into all parts of Central Kalimantan were two points.
    [Show full text]
  • HITOHIROSAITO Hitohiro Saito Was Born In
    HITOHIRO SAITO Hitohiro Saito was born in 1957 and brought up in Iwama, where he started aikido at the age of seven, studied under Morihei Ueshiba as a child, and continued learning from his father Morihiro Saito Shihan. Devoted to preserving the spiritual and technical tradition of O-Sensei's aikido, (Iwama-ryu) Hitohiro has established a reputation for excellent technique and teaching methods in Japan, the US, Europe and Australia. We could feel his overflowing love and profound respect for his two masters (the founder and his father ) during this exclusive interview. AJ : Hitohiro Sensei, what are your earliest memories of the dojo ? Saito : I used to share meals with O-Sensei and to be given what was left on his plate. I also remember crying in the mornings in my childhood because I could not find my mother beside me when I woke up.She was always away at the dojo helping O-Sensei. AJ : They say O-Sensei used to be very severe ? Saito : O-Sensei generally only demonstrated his techniques in other places, but he truly instructed in Iwama and was very strict. He would shout, " What kind of kiai is that! Go outside and see if you can down a sparrow with your kiai." Or, to someone applying a sloppy yonkyo, " Go out and try it on a tree! Keep at it till you peel off the bark " Even as a child, I realized from the atmosphere around him that he was a great man. We all used to bow our heads from the moment Saito Sensei, my father, went to fetch O-Sensei , and remained prostrate until O-Sensei arrived with Saito Sensei following along behind.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 World Championship Results
    octagon e O cial Publication of the United Fighting Arts Federation September 2009 PHOTO CONTEST WINNER: ! s DAN BLUHM o t o h p f o s n o t d n a - r e n r o c i a i k - s t l u s e r p i h s n o i p m a h c inside this edition: gun defense training - 2009 world United Fighting Arts Federation Dear ITC Attendees: Mission Statement I wanted to take a moment and thank you so much for attending the 2009 The United Fighting Arts Federation (UFAF) United Fighting Arts Federation International Training Conference celebrating is dedicated to providing and facilitating quality the 30th Anniversary of UFAF. e entire weekend was certainly a uantum martial arts instruction, leading to the most Leap Forward. prestigious black belt ranking certifications in the I hope you enjoyed the streamlined Check-In Process, the UFAF Shop, martial arts world. Master Rank Induction Ceremony, Training Seminars, Pool Party, and Tour- Through the disciplined, internal growth of its nament Competition. When the family of UFAF assembles, we are always membership and the development of world class assured a fantastic weekend. teaching ability and leadership within its ranks, Of course, the Awards Banquet was the highlight of the weekend. Gena and I were thrilled to UFAF seeks to make Chun Kuk Do one of the most meet you and shake your hands. I cannot thank you enough for all your support of UFAF and Chun recognizable and respected martial arts styles in Kuk Do.
    [Show full text]
  • Sag E Arts Unlimited Martial Arts & Fitness Training
    Sag e Arts Unlimited Martial Arts & Fitness Training Grappling Intensive Program - Basic Course - Sage Arts Unlimited Grappling Intensive Program - Basic Course Goals for this class: - To introduce and acclimate students to the rigors of Grappling. - To prepare students’ technical arsenal and conceptual understanding of various formats of Grappling. - To develop efficient movement skills and defensive awareness in students. - To introduce students to the techniques of submission wrestling both with and without gi’s. - To introduce students to the striking aspects of Vale Tudo and Shoot Wrestling (Shooto) and their relationship to self-defense, and methods for training these aspects. - To help students begin to think tactically and strategically regarding the opponent’s base, relative position and the opportunities that these create. - To give students a base of effective throws and breakfalls, transitioning from a standing format to a grounded one. Class Rules 1. No Injuries 2. Respect your training partner, when they tap, let up. 3. You are 50% responsible for your safety, tap when it hurts. 4. An open mind is not only encouraged, it is mandatory. 5. Take Notes. 6. No Whining 7. No Ego 8. No Issues. Bring Every Class Optional Equipment Notebook or 3-ring binder for handouts and class notes. Long or Short-sleeved Rashguard Judo or JiuJitsu Gi and Belt Ear Guards T-shirt to train in (nothing too valuable - may get stretched out) Knee Pads Wrestling shoes (optional) Bag Gloves or Vale Tudo Striking Gloves Mouthguard Focus Mitts or Thai Pads Smiling Enthusiasm and Open-mindedness 1 Introduction Grappling Arts from around the World Nearly every culture has its own method of grappling with a unique emphasis of tactic, technique and training mindset.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 – US Martial Arts Hall of Fame Inductees
    Year 2010 – US Martial Arts Hall of Fame Inductees Alaska Annette Hannah……………………………………………...Female Instructor of the year Ms. Hannah is a 2nd degree black belt in Shaolin Kempo. She has also studied Tae kwon do, and is a member of ISSKA. Ms. Hannah has received two appreciation awards from the U.S. Army, and numerous sparring trophies. She is also proud to provide service to help the U.S. soldiers and their families that sacrifice to keep this country safe and risk their lives for all of us. James Grady …………………………………………………………………………….Master Mr. Grady is a member of The Alaska Martial Arts Association and all Japan Karate Do Renbukai. Mr. Grady is a 6th Dan in Renbukan California William Aguon Guinto ………………………………………………………..Grandmaster Mr. Guinto has studied the art for 40 years he is the owner and founder of Brown Dragon Kenpo. He has training in the styles of Aiki do, Kyokoshihkai, tae kwon do, and Kenpo. Mr. Guinto is a 10th Grandmaster in Brown Dragon Kenpo Karate and has received awards in Kenpo International Hall of Fame 2007 and Master Hall of Fame Silver Life. He is a member of U.S.A. Martial Arts Alliance and International Martial Arts Alliance. Steven P. Ross ………………………………………………Master Instructor of the year Mr. Ross has received awards in 1986 World Championship, London England, numerous State, Regional and National Championships from 1978 thru 1998, Employee of the Year 2004, and principal for the day at a local high school. He was formerly a member of The US Soo Bahk Do, and Moo Duk Kwan Federation.
    [Show full text]
  • Martial Arts As Embodied Knowledge: Asian Traditions in a Transnational World
    1 Introduction Martial Arts, Transnationalism, and Embodied Knowledge D. S. Farrer and John Whalen-Bridge The outlines of a newly emerging field—martial arts studies—appear in the essays collected here in Martial Arts as Embodied Knowledge: Asian Traditions in a Transnational World. Considering knowledge as “embodied,” where “embodiment is an existential condition in which the body is the subjective source or intersubjective ground of experience,” means under- standing martial arts through cultural and historical experience; these are forms of knowledge characterized as “being-in-the-world” as opposed to abstract conceptions that are somehow supposedly transcendental (Csor- das 1999: 143). Embodiment is understood both as an ineluctable fact of martial training, and as a methodological cue. Assuming at all times that embodied practices are forms of knowledge, the writers of the essays presented in this volume approach diverse cultures through practices that may appear in the West to be esoteric and marginal, if not even dubious and dangerous expressions of those cultures. The body is a chief starting point for each of the enquiries collected in this volume, but embodiment, connecting as it does to imaginative fantasy, psychological patterning, and social organization, extends “far beyond the skin of the practicing individual” (Turner and Yangwen 2009). The discourse of martial arts, which is composed of the sum total of all the ways in which we can register, record, and otherwise signify the experience of martial arts mind- 1 © 2011 State
    [Show full text]
  • 1001 Years of Missing Martial Arts
    1001 Years of Missing Martial Arts IMPORTANT NOTICE: Author: Master Mohammed Khamouch Chief Editor: Prof. Mohamed El-Gomati All rights, including copyright, in the content of this document are owned or controlled for these purposes by FSTC Limited. In Deputy Editor: Prof. Mohammed Abattouy accessing these web pages, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial Associate Editor: Dr. Salim Ayduz use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or Release Date: April 2007 change in any way the content of this document for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of FSTC Publication ID: 683 Limited. Material may not be copied, reproduced, republished, Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2007 downloaded, posted, broadcast or transmitted in any way except for your own personal non-commercial home use. Any other use requires the prior written permission of FSTC Limited. You agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any of the material contained in this document or use it for any other purpose other than for your personal non-commercial use. FSTC Limited has taken all reasonable care to ensure that pages published in this document and on the MuslimHeritage.com Web Site were accurate at the time of publication or last modification. Web sites are by nature experimental or constantly changing. Hence information published may be for test purposes only, may be out of date, or may be the personal opinion of the author. Readers should always verify information with the appropriate references before relying on it.
    [Show full text]
  • SECTION 5: Games: Activity Based Learning
    SECTION 5: Games: Activity Based Learning 5.1 Strikes 5.2 Blocking/Defence 5.3 Kicking 5.4 Stances 5.5 Sparring 5.6 Co-ordination/Athleticism/Evasion 5.7 Concentration/Reflexes 5.8 All-Purpose 5.9 Just For Fun 5.1 Strikes only if they are struggling and you wish to boost confidence).Note: More relevant for special Paper Breaks classes. Prop required – A4 paper Sensei hold’s A4 paper like holding a board. The students line up in front of this in short fighting stance and then punch through the paper as they 5.2 Blocking/Defence kiai. The paper is not hard to break, but it gives them a sense of penetration with their punch. Noodle Blocking This can also be tried with 2 pieces of paper but Prop required – floatation noodle be aware that this is more than twice as hard. Note: A noodle is a long and relatively soft foam floatation device used in swimming teaching. Paper ‘Hole-punch’ Use the noodles to simulate a weapon coming Prop required – A4 paper down from a height onto their heads. They must Played in partners. Cut a circle in A4 paper (about perform a head block to stop the noodle hitting 50% bigger than the size of a child’s fist). One child their head. You can also incorporate a punch to holds the paper while the other tries to punch into follow this. In most cases you start them in short the hole and then retracts the punch out of the fighting stance. You can also spear the noodle hole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice of Pencak Silat in West Java
    The Politics of Inner Power: The Practice of Pencak Silat in West Java By Ian Douglas Wilson Ph.D. Thesis School of Asian Studies Murdoch University Western Australia 2002 Declaration This is my own account of the research and contains as its main content, work which has not been submitted for a degree at any university Signed, Ian Douglas Wilson Abstract Pencak silat is a form of martial arts indigenous to the Malay derived ethnic groups that populate mainland and island Southeast Asia. Far from being merely a form of self- defense, pencak silat is a pedagogic method that seeks to embody particular cultural and social ideals within the body of the practitioner. The history, culture and practice of pencak in West Java is the subject of this study. As a form of traditional education, a performance art, a component of ritual and community celebrations, a practical form of self-defense, a path to spiritual enlightenment, and more recently as a national and international sport, pencak silat is in many respects unique. It is both an integrative and diverse cultural practice that articulates a holistic perspective on the world centering upon the importance of the body as a psychosomatic whole. Changing socio-cultural conditions in Indonesia have produced new forms of pencak silat. Increasing government intervention in pencak silat throughout the New Order period has led to the development of nationalized versions that seek to inculcate state-approved values within the body of the practitioner. Pencak silat groups have also been mobilized for the purpose of pursuing political aims. Some practitioners have responded by looking inwards, outlining a path to self-realization framed by the powers, flows and desires found within the body itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Silat: a Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand 125
    Silat: A Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand 125 Chapter 3 Silat: A Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand Bussakorn Binson Introduction In Thai nomenclature, silat has various written forms, e.g. zila, sila, shila, zilat, sila, shilat, and zzila. It can also be called dika, buedika, buezila, buerasila, padik, and bueradika. In this chapter, “silat” will be used in accordance with the Encyclopaedia of Cultures in Southern Thailand (Ruengnarong 1999:8029) to depict an art form that is a blend of martial arts, folk performing arts, sport, and an element of the ritual occult all belonging to the Muslim social group of the Malay Peninsula. The most prominent martial art among Thai-Muslim communities in Southern Thailand is known as pencak silat. According to the Pattani Malay dialect - Thai Dictionary, “silat” is derived from “bersila” or “ssila” which means a form of traditional Malaysian martial art. Some linguists postulate that “silat” is derived from the Sanskrit word “shila” which means a fight to support honesty. Silat spread northward from the Malay Peninsula into Southeast Asia sev- eral hundred years ago. Its origin, however, is still ambiguous among Thais due to the absence of written evidence. A few legends have been maintained over the generations by lineages of silat masters in Southern Thailand. Whilst the history of silat is neither clear nor concise, most scholars acknowledge the art form is the result of the blending of a mixture of religious influences from Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and cultural influences from Indonesia, India, and China. In this chapter the author will describe the characteristics of silat in Southern Thailand by describing its knowledge transfer and the related rites and beliefs in both practice and performance.
    [Show full text]