In Vitro Studies of the Hepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective Potential and Metabolism of Chalcones and a Tacrine-Silibinin Codrug

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In Vitro Studies of the Hepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective Potential and Metabolism of Chalcones and a Tacrine-Silibinin Codrug In Vitro Studies of the Hepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective Potential and Metabolism of Chalcones and a Tacrine-Silibinin Codrug Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät IV – Chemie und Pharmazie – der Universität Regensburg vorgelegt von Katharina Zenger aus Duggendorf 2013 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum März 2009 bis März 2013 unter Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Jörg Heilmann am Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universität Regensburg angefertigt. Das Promotionsgesuch wurde eingereicht am: 12.07.2013 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.08.2013 Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Achim Göpferich (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Jörg Heilmann (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. Michael Decker (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. Joachim Wegener (dritter Prüfer) Für meine Eltern Ingrid und Josef Danksagung Die letzten vier Jahre waren für mich in vielerlei Hinsicht eine Herausforderung. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all den Menschen bedanken, die durch ihren Rückhalt, ihre Zuversicht und fachliche sowie persönliche Unterstützung wesentlich zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben: Prof. Dr. Jörg Heilmann danke ich vielmals für die Vergabe und Betreuung des Promotionsthemas, seine stetige Unterstützung, die fachlichen Anregungen und Diskussionen und sein Vertrauen in meine Arbeitsweise. Prof. Dr. Michael Decker danke ich für die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit, seine hohe Einsatzbereitschaft, Unterstützung und kompetenten Ratschläge. Vielen Dank an Dr. Birgit Kraus für die wissenschaftliche Betreuung meiner Promotionsarbeit, die fachlichen Gespräche, ihre Unterstützung in allen Fragestellungen der Zellkultur und die Möglichkeit, meine Arbeit selbständig gestalten zu können. Des Weiteren möchte ich ihr für die kritische Durchsicht dieser Arbeit danken. Dr. Horst Wolff danke ich für die Einführung in die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und Bildauswertung und seine wertvollen Hilfestellungen bezüglich aller Fragen zum Cell Observer. Dr. Guido Jürgenliemk möchte ich für die kollegiale Unterstützung, sein Engagement und die schöne Zeit im Praktikum und auf Exkursion in Südtirol danken. Ein herzliches Dankeschön an alle meine Kollegen der Pharmazeutischen Biologie für das sehr angenehme Arbeitsklima, die große Hilfsbereitschaft und den Zusammenhalt. Ganz besonderen Dank schulde ich Dr. Anne Freischmidt, Dr. Magdalena Motyl und Rosmarie Scherübl. Vielen Dank, Mädels, für die schöne Zeit und die lustigen Abende, die vielen interessanten Gespräche, euren Rückhalt und Zuspruch und den vielen gemeinsamen Spaß! Ihr ward mir eine große Stütze und seid einfach toll! Gabriele Brunner danke ich für ihre Hilfsbereitschaft im Laboralltag und ihr Organisationstalent. Anne Grashuber danke ich für die Zusammenarbeit im Praktikum und unsere netten Gespräche im Glaskasten. Meinen Wahlpflichtstudenten Lisa, Janina, Andreas, Nikola und Alex möchte ich für die schöne Zusammenarbeit danken. Danksagung Vielen Dank an die Mitarbeiter der „Masse“ für die Vermessung meiner vielen Metaboliten- Proben und die Unterstützung bei der Auswertung. Dr. Xinyu Chen, Petr Jirásek und Dr. Susanne Vogel danke ich für die Synthese der Testsubstanzen, Rosmarie Scherübl für die Hilfe bei der HPTLC Analytik und Dr. Magdalena Motyl für die HPLC Reinheitsprüfungen. Der Firma Martin Bauer sei gedankt für die kostenlose Zurverfügungstellung des Drogenmaterials. Dr. Bernd Schneider vom Max Planck Institut Jena danke vielmals ich für die Möglichkeit der LC–NMR Messung und Dr. Sara Agnolet für die Probenaufarbeitung, Vermessung und die nette Korrespondenz. Meinen lieben Freunden danke ich für die vielen Gespräche und ihre Unterstützung in allen Lebenslagen. Vor allem dir, liebe Martina, vielen Dank, für deine Freundschaft, deine optimistische und weltoffene Art und dass du - auch wenn du oft unterwegs bist - im richtigen Moment immer für mich da warst und bist! Ganz besonders möchte ich mich bei meiner ganzen Familie bedanken. Danke, danke, danke für eure Kraft, Motivation, Unterstützung und Fürsorge und dass ihr immer an mich glaubt! Table of Contents 1 General Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 The liver ..................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Anatomy and physiology ..........................................................................................1 1.1.2 Liver function tests ...................................................................................................4 1.1.3 Liver diseases ..........................................................................................................4 1.2 Herbal hepatoprotectives ......................................................................................6 1.2.1 Silymarin ..................................................................................................................7 1.2.2 Glycyrrhizin ..............................................................................................................8 1.2.3 Curcumin ..................................................................................................................9 1.2.4 Phyllanthus...............................................................................................................9 1.2.5 Other herbal hepatoprotectives ..............................................................................10 1.3 Herbal hepatotoxicity ...........................................................................................11 1.3.1 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids .............................................................................................11 1.3.2 Germander .............................................................................................................12 1.3.3 Kava .......................................................................................................................12 1.3.4 Chaparral ...............................................................................................................13 1.3.5 Atractylis gummifera, Callilepis laureola .................................................................13 1.3.6 Greater Celandine ..................................................................................................14 1.3.7 Other hepatotoxic herbs and natural compounds ...................................................14 1.4 Aims ......................................................................................................................15 2 Materials and Methods .............................................................................. 17 2.1 Phytochemical and analytical methods ..............................................................17 2.1.1 Plant material and extraction ..................................................................................17 2.1.2 Fractionation and isolation of kavalactones ............................................................17 2.1.2.1 Flash chromatography ............................................................................................17 2.1.2.2 Semi preparative high pressure liquid chromatography ..........................................19 2.1.2.3 Recrystallization .....................................................................................................19 II Table of Contents 2.1.3 Analytical methods .................................................................................................19 2.1.3.1 Thin layer chromatography / High performance thin layer chromatography ............19 2.1.3.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ............................................................20 2.1.3.3 Analytical high pressure liquid chromatography ......................................................20 2.2 Cell culture............................................................................................................21 2.2.1 Chemicals, reagents, supplements .........................................................................21 2.2.2 Culture media, cell lines .........................................................................................21 2.2.2.1 Heat inactivation of fetal calf serum ........................................................................21 2.2.2.2 Culture media .........................................................................................................22 2.2.2.3 Cell line data ..........................................................................................................22 2.2.3 Laboratory expendables .........................................................................................23 2.2.4 Cultivation, handling, treatment ..............................................................................23 2.2.4.1 Cultivation of cells ..................................................................................................23 2.2.4.2 Determination of cell number, seeding of cells .......................................................23 2.2.4.3 Cell treatment .........................................................................................................24 2.2.4.4 Cryopreservation and thawing of cell lines..............................................................24 2.2.5 Viability and proliferation assays ............................................................................25 2.2.5.1 MTT assay .............................................................................................................25
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