DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ancient Turkic Book of Reasoning and Revelations "Īrq Bitig"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana ISSN: 1315-5216 ISSN: 2477-9555 [email protected] Universidad del Zulia Venezuela The Ancient Turkic Book of Reasoning and Revelations "Ïrq bitig" of X Century KAIRZHANOV, Abay; AYUPOVA, Gulbagira; SHALDARBEKOVA, Azhar The Ancient Turkic Book of Reasoning and Revelations "Ïrq bitig" of X Century Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, vol. 23, no. 82, 2018 Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27957591006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1495802 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 2018, vol. 23, no. 82, July-September, ISSN: 1315-5216 2477-9555 Artículos e Ancient Turkic Book of Reasoning and Revelations "Ïrq bitig" of X Century El antiguo libro turco de razonamiento y revelación "Ïrq bitig" del siglo X Abay KAIRZHANOV DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1495802 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=27957591006 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1022 Gulbagira AYUPOVA L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan Azhar SHALDARBEKOVA L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan Received: 05 August 2018 Accepted: 14 September 2018 Abstract: e article analyzes the texts of legends in the ancient Turkic "e book of reasoning and revelations" ("Їrq bitig"). In order to reveal the implicit text layer of legends there are used methods and techniques of comparative approach, hermeneutics, component analysis, as well as some of the techniques of modern linguistics. Identified different ideological incorporation borrowed from other mythological systems to Turkic environment, which were entered by Silk Road: proto-Sumerian borrowing, ideas of Nestorian Christian, Manichean beliefs, ideas of various kinds of Buddhism, some images from the Mahabharata. Keywords: Acculturation, Buddhism, Nestorian’s, Tengrism. Resumen: El artículo analiza los textos de las leyendas en el antiguo libro turco El libro del razonamiento y la revelación ("Ïrqbitig"). Con el fin de revelar la capa de texto implícito de las leyendas se utilizan métodos y técnicas del enfoque comparativo, hermenéutico, análisis de componentes, así como algunas de las técnicas de la lingüística moderna. Se identificaron diferentes incorporaciones ideológicas tomadas de otros sistemas mitológicos al ambiente túrquico, que fueron incorporadas por la Ruta de la Seda: préstamos proto- sumerios, ideas del cristiano nestoriano, creencias maniqueas, ideas de varios tipos de budismo, algunas imágenes del Mahabharata. Palabras clave: Aculturación, Budismo, Nestoriano, Tengrismo. INTRODUCTION ere is a need in modern Turcology to study some texts of Eastern Turkestan, subjected to a "façon de parler", it is the ancient book "Їrq bitig", in which the meanings of parables is difficult to define an explicit value. Information about cultural contacts of the peoples of Central Asia and the ethnic groups that lived in the Celestial Empire, are known mainly from the Chinese annals, besides some information is far from the truth. is is not only an aberration of the range of events, but deliberate distortions in the Chinese narrative sources. erefore, a particularly large role is in filling gaps in these relations, the analysis of ancient texts, in which we discover vestiges of different cultures of ethno masses of the Great Steppe and its opponents in the face of the Chinese rulers who belittled and maligned culture of the ancient Turks. Despite the negative complementarity between nomadic and settled peoples of China, we observe the phenomenon of acculturation, when the members of the ruling minority sent their offspring to learn in medieval Chinese school. e people from Steppe, who acquired Chinese knowledge, were able to contrast that knowledge against the aggressive intentions of the Chinese emperors. In addition, we observed consequences and effects PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative 100 Abay KAIRZHANOV, et al. The Ancient Turkic Book of Reasoning and Revelations "Ïrq bitig" of X Cent... of the Hellenistic culture in the ancient Turkic texts, which are concepts in the language of the nomads, reflecting the most ancient contacts between representatives of the West and the Great Steppe. Ongoing research is related to important scientific tasks for the disclosure of the mental world of the ancient Turks of the X century. In addition, we use the comparative-historical method along with cognitive techniques for the analysis of the concepts of this work. e purpose of this article is to analyze and uncover the binary meanings of ancient parables, to determine which specific texts of the middle Ages affected on their appearance. "Їrq bitig" is written by the anonymous author in the first third of the 10th century AD in the Manichean monastery of "e Great Cloud"; it is found by the second expedition of A. Steyn (1906-1908). At the request of A. Steyn it has been explored, decoded and published by Wilhelm omsen in 1912 (omsen, 1912). e text contains 65 small parables, and at the end of the manuscript – a colophon, written in red ink over the Chinese Buddhist text. e book had no title, but all interpreters translated the text before a colophon by this way: "[...] this book of fortune-telling is good!" erefore this monument of ancient Turkic rune written language became known under the name "e book of Fortune-telling". However meaning of the term "ϊrq" can mean "guessing and a sign", the "reasoning and a revelation" sent by a deity and "statement" of the deity. at is why we suggest translating the name of this book like this – "e book of reasonings and revelations" (Akishev, 1978). J. Hamilton by analyzing colophon terminology hypothesize that this work has been written in the Manichean environment (Hamilton, 1974). ere are many words attest to it: manystan ("convent, the monastery") formed from Middle Persian m'nyst'n; dintar ("the Manichean priest") formed from the Sugd lexeme dynd'r, durna ("good sign") which is arising from the Middle Persian word mwrw. ese terms are usual for Turkic Manichean compositions. However the word from Sanskrit – γuru ("the spiritual mentor, the teacher") which belongs to Buddhist religion appears here. So, only in one colophon we observe symbiosis of at least two various religious systems, to be exact, one of them is anti-system of Manichaeism. us, there has been "swaying" of minds in monastery of "e Great Cloud". Actually, many researchers of this book are right that many places are rightly considered as one of the most difficult for understanding of the ancient Turkic texts. CROSSROADS OF CULTURES However the main thing apparently isn't about environment where was written this most difficult for understanding book, the most important is what has affected for the emergence of similar texts. We believe that there were number of such conjectural texts. Several literary Buddhist texts were found in Niye and Krorayna: four Sanskrit shloks, which similar to "Mahabharata" and some other texts by the contents. Our attention was drawn by the manuscript at number of 565 – the conjectural text dated for the Central Asian lunisolar calendar. e text indicated what are favored by each year of a 12-year animal cycle. Apparently, it is one of the most ancient mentions of a 12-year cycle in texts from Central Asia. e Indian term "nakshatr" which literally means "star", "constellation", and in a context it gets indirect meaning "year". Such meaning doesn't meet in one other place. e most probable is that similar texts have formed the basis for creation of the analyzed philosophical book of reasonings and revelations. However some places of this book have appeared as a result of more ancient world outlook systems’ influence which have resulted by acculturation’s processes between East and West cultures which have laid the foundation of texts "Book of reasonings and revelations". Acculturation is the process, which is representing by consequence of direct and long contact of one ethnic group with another, that changes culture paradigms of both groups’ individuals (Saiyn et al., 2017). In some parables of "e book of reasonings and revelations" we find vestige from the Ancient Chinese "Book of changes" (Blyumkhem and Komissarov, 1991; Kirabaev, 1991; Kobzev, 1989; Shutsky, 1999). e PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative 101 Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 2018, vol. 23, no. 82, July-September, ISSN: 1315-5216 2477-9555 main idea of this book which comprises in its basis, is a variability concept. In prehistoric times before the onset of scripts perhaps during an era of protosumer culture’s influence of first sign through the Old Indian means of Indus valley of the Pre-Aryan Civilization, this idea was received by various ethnizes of Central Asia. Ancient people, by placing the person in a space continuum tried to track – whether human activity is contrary to the course of a space fulfillment or it is harmoniously incorporated in the universe course. In short, whether it connotes unhappiness or happiness to a person, and the life of the individual a priori depended on it, that was reflected in equipollency contents of "e book of changes" and in "e book of reasonings and revelations". e current system of "e book of changes" has been created under the Zhou dynasty and in contrast to the most ancient mantic (oracle) systems of earlier eras, she has received the name "e book of Zhou Changes " (Mo-zho, 1959). As to the composition this book consists of 64 symbols (ancient Turkic – 65 parables), each of which define a life situation in the evolution over time. "e books of changes" symbols’ consist of six features each.
Recommended publications
  • Kay 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 5: Seljuk Empire + Emergence of Turks in World History Ortaylı, Pp

    Kay 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 5: Seljuk Empire + Emergence of Turks in World History Ortaylı, Pp

    Kay 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 5: Seljuk Empire + Emergence of Turks in World History Ortaylı, pp. 97-110 Emergence of Turks in History • Pre-Islamic Turkish tribes were influential • in Central Asia and Maveraünnehir (between Amudarya/ Seyhun and Syrderya/Ceyhun rivers), Caucasus, near Volga river and Near East • The Turks began to accept Islam from the 10th century and became an important force in the history of the Middle East • The mission of "being the sword of Islam" The Islamic World before the Seljuks • At the end of the 9th Century, Muslims dominated the Mediterranean • By the same time, the Eastern Roman Empire had (re)strengthened and entered an era of conquest • In Sicily, a cultural environment was created where Islam and Eastern Rome civilizations have merged • Islamic conquests came to a halt in the 10th Century, and a period of disintegration began with the Abbasids • Both the Andalusia (Umayyad Caliphate) and local dynasties in North Africa, Syria & Egypt have proclaimed independence • In 945 the Shiite Buveyhis became the protectors of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad The Islamic World before the Seljuks • Recovery in the Christian world • The Eastern Roman Empire has gained strength again in the 10th Century • Conquests in Crete, Cyprus and Syria • Normans took southern Italy and Sicily from the Arabs • The Crusaders went to Jerusalem and Palestine • Jerusalem fell in 1099 • Christian conquests in Andalusia • The spread of the Islamic religion has stopped • Christianity spread among the pagan peoples of Northern
  • September 2010

    September 2010

    This Month in Mongolian Studies – September 2010 This is a monthly listing of selected academic activities and resources related to Mongolia. This list is based on information the ACMS has received and is presented as a service to its members. If you would like to submit information to be included in nextmonth's issue please contact the ACMS [email protected] ==================================== ACMS has Moved to the Mongolian University of Science and Technology ACMS Speaker Series ACMS Library – New Acquisitions Call for Papers, Conferences and Workshops Research Fellowships, Scholarships and Grants Recent Publications Resources Position Openings News and Events ==================================== ACMS has Moved to the Mongolian University of Science and Technology At the end of August, 2010, the ACMS moved to the MongolianUniversity of Science and Technology (MUST) in the new e-learning library. This building is outfitted with state-of-the-art electronic communications and hardware, and features dedicated televideoconferencing space for national and international programming. With the ACMS’ expanding emphasis on educational exchanges, NSF funding, and digital resources, the resources at MUST will provide the kind of support needed to carry out these initiatives. We will now be able to offer dedicated space to our ACMS Fellows and scholars- in-residence to work with our research library collection, plan and write up their research, and develop grant applications. Our excellent relationship with NUM’s faculty and International Relations Office remains unchanged and we look forward to continuing our work with these talented scholars and staff. As always, the ACMS continues to work with all academic and scholarly institutions in Mongolia to carry out our mission.
  • Place”: Performance, Oral Tradition, and Improvization in the Hidden Temples of Mountain Altai

    Place”: Performance, Oral Tradition, and Improvization in the Hidden Temples of Mountain Altai

    Oral Tradition, 27/2 (2012): 291-318 Sensing “Place”: Performance, Oral Tradition, and Improvization in the Hidden Temples of Mountain Altai Carole Pegg and Elizaveta Yamaeva Dedicated to Arzhan Mikhailovich Közörökov (1978-2012) 1. Introduction: Altai’s Ear The snow-capped Altai Mountain range runs from southern Siberia in the Russian Federation, southwards through West Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, and the Xinjiang autonomous region of Northwest China, before finally coming to rest in Southwest Mongolia. This essay is based on fieldwork undertaken in 2010 in that part of the Altai Mountains that in 1990 became the Republic of Altai, a unit of the Russian Federation.1 The Altaians, known previously as Kalmyks and Oirots, engage in a complex of spiritual beliefs and practices known locally as Ak Jang (“White Way”)2 and in academic literature as Burkhanism. Whether this movement was messianic, nationalist, or spiritual and whether it was a continuation of indigenous beliefs and practices or a syncretic mixture of local beliefs (Altai Jang), Buddhism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Orthodox Christianity have been argued 1 Dr. Pegg wishes to thank the World Oral Literature Project, University of Cambridge (2010), the Economic and Social Research Council (2003-07), and the British Academy (2002) for funding her field research in Altai, as well as the Gorno-Altaisk State University for facilitating that research. Special thanks go to Irene Aleksandrovna Tozyyakova for her help as research assistant and interpreter. Dr. Pegg is also grateful to the musicians, spiritual specialists, and Sary Bür communities of Altai who shared with her their valuable time. Thanks also go to Danil’ Mamyev, founder of the Üch Engmek (Ethno) Nature Park, and Chagat Almashev, Director of the Foundation for Sustainable Development of Altai (FSDA), who both helped with the practicalities of research.
  • UYGHUR STUDIES in CENTRAL ASIA: a Historical Review

    UYGHUR STUDIES in CENTRAL ASIA: a Historical Review

    UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA 3 ABLET KAMALOV UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA: A Historical Review INTRODUCTION The Uyghurs, a Turkic people comprising a major part of the population of the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), China, also have sizable communities in the former Soviet Central Asian Republics, espe- cially in Kazakhstan, where they numbered 220,000 in 1999 (altogether the Uyghur population in the newly independent states numbers more than 300,000). The Central Asian Uyghur community played a signifi- cant role in the Uyghur nation-building process as well as in Soviet- Chinese relations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Soviet authorities used the Uyghurs as a tool in their policy toward Xinjiang (Eastern Turkistan) and for that purpose provided special sup- port for the development of Uyghur culture in Central Asia. A significant part of that policy was the development of Uyghur studies in Central Asia, particularly in Kazakhstan, which became a cultural center for the Soviet Uyghurs. Uyghur studies covers mostly the research done in the sphere of language, literature, history, and culture (art, music, etc). This article will examine the history of Uyghur studies in Soviet Central Asia and outline its trends. 4 KAMALOV THE MAIN STAGES The Initial Stage (1920–1945) The earliest research on Uyghurs conducted in Central Asia exhibited mostly a practical character. The purpose was to pursue specific goals of Soviet national policy aimed at the creation of new socialist “nations” in the region. The Uyghurs, along with other peoples, were recognized by the Soviet state as a “nation” during the period of national delimitation and demarcation in Central Asia during the early 1920s, just after the establishment of Bolshevik power.
  • The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan

    The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan

    Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 5; 2013 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan Saiden Zholdasbaev1 & Moldir Aldabergenova1 1 Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan Correspondence: Moldir Aldabergenova, Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan. Tel: 7-702-370-3047. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 28, 2013 Accepted: April 5, 2013 Online Published: April 27, 2013 doi:10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 Abstract Medieval towns and settlements on the territory of Kazakhstan is amounted by hundreds and most of them remained in the form of yellow hills that require a deep study by archaeologists. Of course one needs to consider that not every city became the political center for five centuries of a State. Syganak in this area is isolated from other territories and its archaeological study may decide to Kazakhstan's history the most key issues at the moment. Keywords: medieval Kazakhstan, commercial and political center, medieval town, Syganak 1. Introduction Speaking about trade relations in South Kazakhstan, one can specify two areas on which they were performed. On one hand there was an intensive exchange of goods in the markets of cities lying "along the caravan route from Islamic world to China", it was a number of cities, including Syganak which was a capital of the Kipchak Khanate in XI-XIII centuries, became a center of White (Blue) Horde in XIV-XV centuries, and became a political center of the Kazakh Khanate in XV-XVI centuries.
  • An Old Turkic Statue from Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Issues in Interpretation

    An Old Turkic Statue from Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Issues in Interpretation

    THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.1.059-065 L.N. Ermolenko1, A.I. Soloviev2, and Zh.K. Kurmankulov3 1Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650043, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 3A.K. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Pr. Dostyk 44, Almaty, 050010, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] An Old Turkic Statue from Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Issues in Interpretation We describe an unusual Old Turkic statue from Borili (Ulytau, Central Kazakhstan), distinguished by a peculiar position of the hands and holding an unusual object––a battle axe instead of a vessel. Stylistic features and possible prototypes among actual battle axes suggest that the statue dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries AD. The composition attests to the sculptor’s familiarity with Sogdian/Iranian art and with that of China. Several interpretations of the statue are possible. The standard version regarding Old Turkic statues erected near stone enclosures is that they represent divine chiefs––patrons of a specifi c group of the population. Certain details carved on the statue indicate an early origin of the image. It is also possible that such statues are semantically similar to those of guardians placed along the “path of the spirits” near tombs of members of the Chinese royal elite. Keywords: Old Turks, statues, Central Kazakhstan, Sogdian art, China, “path of the spirits”, bladed weapons.
  • Religion, Power and Nationhood in Sovereign Bashkortostan

    Religion, Power and Nationhood in Sovereign Bashkortostan

    Religion, State & Society, Vo!. 25, No. 3, 1997 Religion, Power and Nationhood in Sovereign Bashkortostan SERGEI FILATOV Relations between the nation-state and religion are always paradoxical, an effort to square the circle. Spiritual life, the search for the absolute and worship belong to a sphere which is by nature free and not susceptible to control by authority. How can a president, a police officer or an ordinary patriot decide for an individual what consti­ tutes truth, goodness or personal salvation from sin and death? On the other hand, faith forms the national character, moral norms and the concept of duty, and so a sense of national identity and social order depend upon it. Understanding this, states and national leaders throughout human history have used God for the benefit of Caesar. Even priests themselves often forget whom it is they serve. In all historical circumstances, however, religious faith shows that it stands outside state, nation and society, and consistently betrays the plans and expectations of monarchs, presidents, secret police, collaborators and patriots. It changes regardless of any orders from those in authority. Peoples, states, empires and civilisations change fundamentally or vanish completely because the basic ideas which supported them also vanish. Sometimes it is the rulers themselves, striving to preserve their kingdoms, who are unaware that their faith and view of the world are changing and themselves turn out to be the medium of the changes which destroy them. In the countries of the former USSR, indeed in all the former socialist camp, constant attempts to 'tame the spirit' were in themselves nothing new, but the histor­ ical situation, the level of public awareness and the character of religiosity were unique; and the use of religion for national and state purposes therefore acquired distinctive and somewhat grotesque characteristics.
  • Mythical Spirits of the Volga-Ural Forests

    Mythical Spirits of the Volga-Ural Forests

    Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 71 (1), 45 – 69 (2018) DOI: 10.1556/062.2018.71.1.4 ARÇURA/ŞÜRÄLE: MYTHICAL SPIRITS OF THE VOLGA-URAL FORESTS RUSTEM SULTEEV 49B Cowper Gardens, Southgate, London N14 4NS, UK e-mail: [email protected] Folk beliefs, which have their source in history, culture and geography, are among the most signifi- cant factors determining the identity and characteristic features of a people. In Tatar and Chuvash folk literature myths about mythological beings are often stories written in prose, describing su- pernatural creatures and spirits. These stories describe “encounters” between humans on the one hand and various mythological creatures, on the other. Among these Arçura/Şüräle is a Forest Spirit which has a very significant role in folk narratives of not only the Tatars and the Chuvash, but widely in the folk culture of other Volga-Ural peoples. These mythological beliefs help people of the Volga- Ural region perceive themselves as a part of the universe. In this paper, the etymology of the word Arçura/Şüräle is investigated; then its characteristics and its comparison with some other neighbour- ing Volga-Ural Finno-Ugrian and shamanic Turkic-Mongol spirits are examined. Key words: mythology, Forest Spirit, Şüräle, Arçura, Tatar folk narratives, Chuvash folk narratives. Introduction Folk beliefs, which have their source in history, culture, and geography, are among the most significant factors determining the identity and characteristics of a people. These beliefs which carry traces of paganism, above all show peoples’ ways of think- ing, traditional ties with the environment and nature in early ages, whilst each ethnic group has its own type of myths and beliefs related to mythical creatures.
  • Faces of Mongolian Fear: Demonological Beliefs, Narratives and Protective Measures in Contemporary Folk Religion*

    Faces of Mongolian Fear: Demonological Beliefs, Narratives and Protective Measures in Contemporary Folk Religion*

    Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 14 (1): 49–64 DOI: 10.2478/jef-2020-0004 FACES OF MONGOLIAN FEAR: DEMONOLOGICAL BELIEFS, NARRATIVES AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN CONTEMPORARY FOLK RELIGION* ALEVTINA SOLOVYEVA Junior Research Fellow Department for Estonian and Comparative Folklore University of Tartu Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia Leading Research Fellow Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies National Research University Higher School of Economics Myasnitskaja 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article looks at the perceptions of fear and ‘the frightening’ in contemporary Mongolian demonology. In the article, I discuss beliefs concerning both human and supernatural – what is supposed to be frightening for humans and what is supposed to be frightening for spirits, ghosts and demons. In daily interaction with the supernatural this mutual ‘fright’ can be regarded as an important part of communication. In this article, I discuss what is believed to be the most frightful for humans and for supernatural agents, what kinds of image this fear relates to and what the roots of these beliefs are, as well as the popular ways to confront and defend against ‘frightening’ in Mongolian folklore. My research is based on fieldwork materials collected during annual expedi- tions in different parts of Mongolia (2006–2017) and Mongolian published sources such as Mongolian newspapers and journals, special editions of stories about encounters with the supernatural. KEYWORDS: Mongolian folklore • narratives • rites • fears • socialist past and contemporary period. * This article is a continuation of my paper, presented at the Anthropology of Fright: Per- spectives from Asia international conference (Aarhus University, May 18–19, 2017), inspired and developed with the support of event organisers Stefano Beggiora (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy), Lidia Guzy (University College Cork, Ireland), Uwe Skoda (Aarhus University, Denmark).
  • Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities

    Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities

    Dr. K. Warikoo 1 © Vivekananda International Foundation 2020 Published in 2020 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter | @vifindia Facebook | /vifindia All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Dr. K. Warikoo is former Professor, Centre for Inner Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is currently Senior Fellow, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. This paper is based on the author’s writings published earlier, which have been updated and consolidated at one place. All photos have been taken by the author during his field studies in the region. Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities India and Eurasia have had close social and cultural linkages, as Buddhism spread from India to Central Asia, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and far wide. Buddhism provides a direct link between India and the peoples of Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Tuva, Altai, Urals etc.) who have distinctive historico-cultural affinities with the Indian Himalayas particularly due to common traditions and Buddhist culture. Revival of Buddhism in Siberia is of great importance to India in terms of restoring and reinvigorating the lost linkages. The Eurasianism of Russia, which is a Eurasian country due to its geographical situation, brings it closer to India in historical-cultural, political and economic terms.
  • THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of EASTERN TURKESTAN and the FORMATION of MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY in XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United

    THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of EASTERN TURKESTAN and the FORMATION of MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY in XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United

    THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF EASTERN TURKESTAN AND THE FORMATION OF MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY IN XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United States Air Force Academy, 2005 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 Approved by: Major Professor David A. Graff Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 13 SEP 2006 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Islamic Republic Of Eastern Turkestan And The Formation Of 5b. GRANT NUMBER Modern Uyghur Identity In Xinjiang 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 9.
  • Turanism, an Aspect of Turkish Nationalism 23 Did, Turkic Ethnicism in Contrast to the Theocratic Interracialism of the Community of the Faithful Jümmetj

    Turanism, an Aspect of Turkish Nationalism 23 Did, Turkic Ethnicism in Contrast to the Theocratic Interracialism of the Community of the Faithful Jümmetj

    T U R A N I S M AN ASPECT OF TURKISH NATIONALISM In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, as is generally known, the Ottoman Empire drifted away from the British orbit and came increasingly under the influence of Germany. It was the time when the British Foreign Office, after half a century of adhering to the principle of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire as a barrier to Russian expansionism, began to tolerate, or even support, the nationalist movement of the Balkan peoples and their claims against Turkey. At the beginning of Gladstone’s administration, in 1880, Montenegro, thanks to British as well as to Rus­ sian favor, acquired an outlet at Dulcigno (Ulcinj);1 a year later Abd-ul- Hamid II was compelled to cede Thessaly to Greece;2 on several occasions thereafter London registered an interest in behalf of the Cretans and the Armenians and reminded the sultan of his obligation to introduce reforms according to Articles 23 and 61 of the Berlin Treaty.3 No less important in Turkish eyes were Great Britain’s attempts to carve off Ottoman territories or to establish a foothold in the periphery of the declining empire. The retention of Cyprus by the British and the occupation of Egypt, the former in tune with Greek aspirations,4 5the latter in overt opposition to Egyptian nationalism,6 were equally severe blows to 1. See William L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments, 1871 -1890 (New York, 1939), pp. 203-206. 2. Ibid., p. 209. William Miller, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors (Cambridge University Press, 1936), pp.