2013 Butterfly Sighting List for Singapore - NSS BIG (Butterfly Interest Group)
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Title Butterflies Collected in and Around Lambir Hills National Park
Butterflies collected in and around Lambir Hills National Park, Title Sarawak, Malaysia in Borneo ITIOKA, Takao; YAMAMOTO, Takuji; TZUCHIYA, Taizo; OKUBO, Tadahiro; YAGO, Masaya; SEKI, Yasuo; Author(s) OHSHIMA, Yasuhiro; KATSUYAMA, Raiichiro; CHIBA, Hideyuki; YATA, Osamu Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto Citation University (2009), 30(1): 25-68 Issue Date 2009-03-27 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/156421 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Contn bioL Lab, Kyoto Univ., Vot. 30, pp. 25-68 March 2009 Butterflies collected in and around Lambir Hills National ParK SarawaK Malaysia in Borneo Takao ITioKA, Takuji YAMAMo'rD, Taizo TzucHiyA, Tadahiro OKuBo, Masaya YAGo, Yasuo SEKi, Yasuhiro OHsHIMA, Raiichiro KATsuyAMA, Hideyuki CHiBA and Osamu YATA ABSTRACT Data ofbutterflies collected in Lambir Hills National Patk, Sarawak, Malaysia in Borneo, and in ks surrounding areas since 1996 are presented. In addition, the data ofobservation for several species wimessed but not caught are also presented. In tota1, 347 butterfly species are listed with biological information (habitat etc.) when available. KEY WORDS Lepidoptera! inventory1 tropical rainforesti species diversity1 species richness! insect fauna Introduction The primary lowland forests in the Southeast Asian (SEA) tropics are characterized by the extremely species-rich biodiversity (Whitmore 1998). Arthropod assemblages comprise the main part of the biodiversity in tropical rainforests (Erwin 1982, Wilson 1992). Many inventory studies have been done focusing on various arthropod taxa to reveal the species-richness of arthropod assemblages in SEA tropical rainforests (e.g. Holloway & lntachat 2003). The butterfly is one of the most studied taxonomic groups in arthropods in the SEA region; the accumulated information on the taxonomy and geographic distribution were organized by Tsukada & Nishiyama (1980), Yata & Morishita (1981), Aoki et al. -
A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)
MAJOR ARTICLE TAPROBANICA, ISSN 1800–427X. August, 2014. Vol. 06, No. 02: pp. 110–131, pls. 12, 13. © Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia & Taprobanica Private Limited, Homagama, Sri Lanka http://www.sljol.info/index.php/tapro A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS UTILIZATION OF SRI LANKAN BUTTERFLY LARVAE (PAPILIONOIDEA) Section Editors: Jeffrey Miller & James L. Reveal Submitted: 08 Dec. 2013, Accepted: 15 Mar. 2014 H. D. Jayasinghe1,2, S. S. Rajapaksha1, C. de Alwis1 1Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka 2 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies are poorly documented in the historical literature and there is a great need to identify LFPs in conservation perspectives. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out during the past decade. A list of LFPs for 207 butterfly species (Super family Papilionoidea) of Sri Lanka is presented based on local studies and includes 785 plant-butterfly combinations and 480 plant species. Many of these combinations are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The impact of introducing new plants on the dynamics of abundance and distribution of butterflies, the possibility of butterflies being pests on crops, and observations of LFPs of rare butterfly species, are discussed. This information is crucial for the conservation management of the butterfly fauna in Sri Lanka. Key words: conservation, crops, larval food plants (LFPs), pests, plant-butterfly combination. Introduction Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis 1949). As all herbivorous insects show some and have two stages of food consumtion. -
Exploitation of Lycaenid-Ant Mutualisms by Braconid Parasitoids
31(3-4):153-168,Journal of Research 1992 on the Lepidoptera 31(3-4):153-168, 1992 153 Exploitation of lycaenid-ant mutualisms by braconid parasitoids Konrad Fiedler1, Peter Seufert1, Naomi E. Pierce2, John G. Pearson3 and Hans-Thomas Baumgarten1 1 Theodor-Boveri-Zentrum für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl Zoologie II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany 2 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-2902, USA 3 Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Western State College, Gunnison, CO 81230, USA Abstract. Larvae of 17 Lycaenidae butterfly species from Europe, North America, South East Asia and Australia were observed to retain at least some of their adaptations related to myrmecophily even after parasitic braconid larvae have emerged from them. The myrme- cophilous glandular organs and vibratory muscles of such larval carcasses remain functional for up to 8 days. The cuticle of lycaenid larvae contains extractable “adoption substances” which elicit anten- nal drumming in their tending ants. These adoption substances, as well, appear to persist in a functional state beyond parasitoid emer- gence, and the larval carcasses are hence tended much like healthy caterpillars. In all examples, the braconids may receive selective advantages through myrmecophily of their host larvae, instead of being suppressed by the ant guard. Interactions where parasitoids exploit the ant-mutualism of their lycaenid hosts have as yet been recorded only from the Apanteles group in the Braconidae- Microgasterinae. KEY WORDS: Lycaenidae, Formicidae, myrmecophily, adoption sub- stances, parasitoids, Braconidae, Apanteles, defensive mechanisms INTRODUCTION Parasitoid wasps or flies are major enemies of the early stages of most Lepidoptera (Shaw 1990, Weseloh 1993). -
Journaloffthreaftenedtaxa
OPEN ACCESS All arfcles publfshed fn fhe Journal of Threafened Taxa are regfsfered under Creafve Commons Afrfbufon 4.0 Inferna - fonal Lfcense unless ofherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unresfrfcfed use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon and dfsfrfbufon by provfdfng adequafe credff fo fhe aufhors and fhe source of publfcafon. Journal of Threafened Taxa The fnfernafonal journal of conservafon and faxonomy www.fhreafenedfaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnf) Shorf Communfcaffon An observaffon on fhe fruff feedfng behavfor of bufferflfes fn some areas of Bangladesh Tahsfnur Rahman Shfhan 26 Ocfober 2016 | Vol. 8 | No. 12 | Pp. 9479–9485 10.11609/jof.2519.8.12. 9479-9485 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Abouf_JoTT.asp For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes.asp For Polfcfes agafnsf Scfenffc Mfsconducf vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnsf_Scfenffc_Mfsconducf.asp For reprfnfs confacf <[email protected]> Publfsher/Hosf Parfner Threafened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2016 | 8(12): 9479–9485 An observation on the fruit feeding behavior of butterflies in some areas of Bangladesh ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Tahsinur Rahman Shihan Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Founder, Butterfly Flocks, Belgachi Railgate Para, Chuadanga 7200, Bangladesh [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract: Very little information has been found about the behavior Bonebrake et al. 2010). of fruit feeding butterflies in Bangladesh. So this was an attempt to Fruit feeding butterflies are usually attracted to know about the fruit feeding behavior of butterflies from different areas of Bangladesh. The study was conducted during June 2014 to the volatiles produced by the fermentation process of September 2015. -
Notes on Some Danaid Butterflies from Guangdong and Hainan (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)
NOTES ON SOME DANAID BUTTERFLIES FROM GUANGDONG AND HAINAN (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) OKANOMasao and OKANOTetsuo In recent years, the knowledge on the. Danaid fauna of South’East Asia has bee・・em・・k・bly・d・qnced by M・RlsHITA(1977・1981).・.h・W・ve・・中・・e・till・erP・i・ some questions on the fauna ot the Tnainland of China apd .. the . island of Hainap. In this small paper we add a fqw novelties to several species of Danaidae from Guangdong (=Kwantung) and Hainan. Before goirig further we・wish to express our hearty thanks to Dr. T. SHiROzu for his kindness rendered in various ways; thanks are also’ due to-Mr. S. KolwAyA, Mr. S. KAMMuRI and T. SuzuKI for their assistance in securing materials, Ideopsis vulgaris contigua (TALBoT, 1939,) (PL 1,’ figs. 1, 5, 9) Danaus vulgaris: TALBoT, 1943: 147. Hainan. Dana”s vulgaris: TALBoT, 1947: 52. Hainan. Radena vulgaris contig. ua: MoRi$mTA, 1970: 68, .Hainan. ldeopsis vulgaris conti’ №浮=F MQRiSmTA, 1981: 504, 505. Hainan. Guangzhou, Guangdong:.2 9, August, 1980. This is the first record of the species from the continent of China and the northernmost record of the distribution of the species. M6reover, we have examined the following Hainan specimens. Tiaomengshan, Hainan: 1 6 1 9, December, 1980. Hainan: 2 6 2 9, January, 1981.・ Euploea sylvester hopei C. & R. FELDER,一 1865 (Pl. 2, figs. 1, 5, 6) Euploea (StictoPloea) harrisi bin’otata: JoicEy & TALBoT, 1924: 536. 2 6 2 9, Hainan.’ E”ploea (Stictoplbea) dufresne hopei: HuLsTAERT, 1931: 138. Hainan. Euploea sylvestor [sic]: SmR6zu, 1960: 118, text-fig. 146. -
POTENTIAL INSECT PESTS on ZINGIBERACEAE *) By
{\lo. 3.. "j POTENTIAL INSECT PESTS ON ZINGIBERACEAE *) by YAYUK R. SUHARDJ~NO**) AND SOENARTONO ADISOEMARTO**) J. RINGKASAN Pengamatan telah dilahsanahati terhadap beberapa Zingiberaceae untuk mengetahui jenis-jeniss serangga y ang dapat menjadi hamanya. Dari banyak jenis serangga yang terqmati merusak bagian-bagian tanaman Zingiberaceae ini, lima terlihat mempuny ai potensi sebagai hama serius, yaitu Attacus atlas, Kirana diocles, Xanthoptera sp., "Jamides alecto dan Prodioctes sp, Walaupun demihian, berdasar- kan kegunaan bagian yang dirusah, hany a satu y ang perlu menr1apat penanganan pemberantasJn::tya, yaitu Prodioctes sp. Untuk jenis-jenis lainny a tindakan y ang perlti dilakukan lebih lanjut adalah tentang pemonitoran perilohu populasi. Dengan demikian gejala peledakan populasi dapat diketahui sehingga tindahan preoentif' dapat dilakukan. SUMMARY _. -' On some species of Zingiberaceae, observation have been done to record the possible insect pests on these host plants. Among the many species observed that cause damage ion parts of these zingiberaceous plants, five were observed to show potentials as serious pests. These were Attacus atlas, Kirana diocles, Xanthoptera sp., Jamides alecto and Prodioctes sp, However, based on the usefulness of the plant parts damaged, only one species could be considered as the dangerous pest that had to be handled carefully. This was Prodioctes sp. Fe! other species, the, need of further researches covers monitoring the population behaviour which is related to population out rreak, so that preventive action can be measured. INTRODUCTION Production of modern medicine as well as traditional "jamu" (medicine) in Indonesia requires a lot of supply of zingiberaoeous rhizomes. The increase of demand on this commodity results in the s more extensive planting of the zingiberaceous plants. -
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OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Note First report of rust fungi Puccinia duthiae on Dichanthium foveolatum from India S.D. Pawar, S.V. Thite, A.S. Kadam & B.A. Kore 26 February 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 2 | Pages: 11354–11355 10.11609/jot.3630.10.2.11354-11355 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Threatened Taxa Report of Puccinia duthiae on DichanthiumJournal foveolatum of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11354–11355Pawar et al. Note Among plant pathogens, First report of rust fungi Puccinia duthiae fungi are most important natural on Dichanthium foveolatum from India pathogens. The Uredinales, 1 2 3 4 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) commonly known as rusts occur S.D. Pawar , S.V. Thite , A.S. -
Archiv Für Naturgeschichte
© Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Lepidoptera für 1903. Bearbeitet von Dr. Robert Lucas in Rixdorf bei Berlin. A. Publikationen (Autoren alphabetisch) mit Referaten. Adkin, Robert. Pyrameis cardui, Plusia gamma and Nemophila noc- tuella. The Entomologist, vol. 36. p. 274—276. Agassiz, G. Etüde sur la coloration des ailes des papillons. Lausanne, H. Vallotton u. Toso. 8 °. 31 p. von Aigner-Abafi, A. (1). Variabilität zweier Lepidopterenarten. Verhandlgn. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 53. Bd. p. 162—165. I. Argynnis Paphia L. ; IL Larentia bilineata L. — (2). Protoparce convolvuli. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben. 17. Jahrg. p. 22. — (3). Über Mimikry. Gaea. 39. Jhg. p. 166—170, 233—237. — (4). A mimicryröl. Rov. Lapok, vol. X, p. 28—34, 45—53 — (5). A Mimicry. Allat. Kozl. 1902, p. 117—126. — (6). (Über Mimikry). Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Entom. 7. Bd. (Schluß p. 405—409). Über Falterarten, welche auch gesondert von ihrer Umgebung, in ruhendem Zustande eine eigentümliche, das Auge täuschende Form annehmen (Lasiocampa quercifolia [dürres Blatt], Phalera bucephala [zerbrochenes Ästchen], Calocampa exoleta [Stück morschen Holzes]. — [Stabheuschrecke, Acanthoderus]. Raupen, die Meister der Mimikry sind. Nachahmung anderer Tiere. Die Mimik ist in vielen Fällen zwecklos. — Die wenn auch recht geistreichen Mimikry-Theorien sind doch vielleicht nur ein müßiges Spiel der Phantasie. Aitken u. Comber, E. A list of the butterflies of the Konkau. Journ. Bombay Soc. vol. XV. p. 42—55, Suppl. p. 356. Albisson, J. Notes biologiques pour servir ä l'histoire naturelle du Charaxes jasius. Bull. Soc. Etud. Sc. nat. Nimes. T. 30. p. 77—82. Annandale u. Robinson. Siehe unter S w i n h o e. -
BIONOTES Vol
ISSN 0972-1800 Volume 21, No.1 QU AR TERL Y January-March,2019 Date of publication: 28 March, 2019 BIONOTES Vol. 21 (1) Mar., 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial 1 SIGHTINGS OF JAMIDES BOCHUS (STOLL, [1782]) AND PROSOTAS NORA (C. FELDER, 1860) (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM URBANIZED PARTS OF NEW DELHI, INDIA by Rajesh Choudhary and Vinesh Kumar 3 GAEANA CONSORS (ATKINSON, 1884) (HEMIPTERA:CICADIDAE) IN CENTRAL NEPAL by Shristee Panthee, Bandana Subedi, Basant Sharma and Anoj Subedi 6 FIRST RECORD OF BLUE-CHEEKED BEE-EATER (MEROPS PERSICUS PALLAS, 1773) (AVES: MEROPIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN TIP OF INDIA by C. Susanthkumar, K. Hari Kumar and P. Prasath 8 REDISCOVERY OF THE NARROW SPARK BUTTERFLY SINTHUSA NASAKA PALLIDIOR FRUHSTORFER, 1912 (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE) FROM UTTARAKHAND, INDIA by Shankar Kumar, Raj Shekhar Singh and Paramjit Singh 10 EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE VAGRANT BUTTERFLY VAGRANS EGISTA (CRAMER, [1780])(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) TO BASTAR, CHHATTISGARH by Anupam Sisodia and Ravi Naidu 12 ORSOTRIAENA MEDUS MEDUS (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) FROM EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA by Peter Smetacek, Anant Kumar, Nandani Salaria, Anupam Sisodia and C. Susanthkumar 14 GAEANA CONSORS (ATKINSON, 1884) (HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE) IN THE KUMAON HIMALAYA, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA by Peter Smetacek 16 A NEW LARVAL HOST PLANT, FICUS RACEMOSA, OF THE COPPER FLASH BUTTERFLY RAPALA PHERETIMA (HEWITSON, 1863) FROM ASSAM, INDIA by Parixit Kafley 17 OBITUARY: Martin Woodcock by Bikram Grewal 19 BIONOTES Vol. 21 (1) Mar., 2019 SIGHTINGS OF JAMIDES BOCHUS (STOLL, [1782]) AND PROSOTAS NORA (C. FELDER, 1860) (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM URBANIZED PARTS OF NEW DELHI, INDIA RAJESH CHAUDHARY* & VINESH KUMAR Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110 019. -
Diversity Pattern of Butterfly Communities (Lepidoptera
International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Zoology Volume 2011, Article ID 818545, 8 pages doi:10.5402/2011/818545 Research Article DiversityPatternofButterflyCommunities (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidae) in Different Habitat Types in a Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Vietnam Lien Van Vu1 and Con Quang Vu2 1 Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Department of Insect Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Correspondence should be addressed to Lien Van Vu, [email protected] Received 26 January 2011; Accepted 1 March 2011 Academic Editors: M. Griggio and V. Tilgar Copyright © 2011 L. V. Vu and C. Quang Vu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Diversity of butterfly communities of a tropical rain forest of Bu Gia Map National Park in South Vietnam was studied in four different habitat types (the natural forest, the disturbed forest, the bamboo forest, and the stream sides in the forest) in December 2008 and April 2009. A total of 112 species with 1703 individuals of Papilionoidae (except Lycaenidae) were recorded. The proportion of rare species tends to decrease from the natural forest to the stream sides, while the proportion of common species tends to increase from the natural forest to the stream sides. The stream sides have the greatest individual number, while the disturbed forest contains the greatest species number. The bamboo forest has the least species and individual numbers. -
Butterfly Biodiversity in Singapore with Particular Reference to the Central
Proceedings of the Nature Reserves Survey Seminar. 70re 49(2) (1997) Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 49 (1997) 273-296. ~ laysia and Butterfly Biodiversity in Singapore with Particular :ingapore. Reference to the Central Catchment Nature Reserve discovery, 1 2 ~y Bulletin. S.K. KHEW AND STEVEN S.H. NE0 1103, Tai Keng Gardens, Singapore 535384 re. In: L.M. 2Blk 16, Simei Street 1, #05-13, Melville Park, Singapore 529942 )f Zoology, Abstract Chin, R.T. A total of 381 butterfly species have now been recorded in Singapore of which 18 are new City: Bukit records since 1990. Of this total, 236 species (62%) were recorded during the present JOre. Suppl. survey. A U except 8 (3%) of these occur within the Nature Reserves and 148 (63%) were recorded only within the Nature Reserves. A total of 74 species (31%) within the Reserves were considered very rare. e Nee Soon ion: Marine Introduction l impact of The study of butterflies by amateurs is not new, and indeed, it is through onservation. the observations of these dedicated individuals that much important data have been accumulated over the years. The information on butterfly biodiversity in Singapore is, at most, sketchy. Most of the documentation ater prawn, of the species occurred done during the post-war years until the late 1960s. nidae) from From our literature research, two references stand out: W.A. Fleming's )gy. 43: 299- Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore (1991) and Steven Corbet and Maurice Pendlebury's Butterfli es of the Malay Peninsula (1992). Although the latest editions of the two reference books were published in the early ~amalph eops 1990s, most of the updates referred only to the Peninsular Malaysia. -
SYSTEMATICS of VAGRANTINI BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: Nymphalidae)
Treubia 2003 33 (1) 71-87 SYSTEMATICS OF VAGRANTINI BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHAlIDAE). PART 1. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS Djunijanti Peggie . Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences JI. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Abstract Eiglit ge/lera of lndo-Australian butterjiies: Algia. Algiachroa, Cirrochroa, Cupha, Phalanta, Terinos, Vagrans, and Vindula are presented here. These genera together with two Afrotropical genera: Lachnoptera and Smerina, and a Central American genlls Euptoieta were previollsly placed as subiribe uncertain. One-hundred adult morphological characters were scored for fifty-four taxa, and were analyzed simultaneousuj (Nixon and Carpenter, 1993). The cladistic analysis showed that all species were properly assigned to monophyletic genera, and the arrangement of the outgroup taxa is in concordance with the classification previously suggested. The eight lndo-Australian and two Afrotropical genera belong to the tribe Vagrantini within the subfamily Heliconiinae. Key words: Heliconiines, Vagrantini, Indo-Australian, butterflies. Introduction The subfamily Heliconiinae is recognized by most authorities but the included taxa may differ. Ackery (in Vane-Wright and Ackery, 1984) suggested that the heliconiines may prove to represent a highly specialized subgroup of the Argynnini sensu lato. Heliconiinae sensu Harvey (in Nijhout, 1991) also include Acraeinae and Argynninae of Ackery (1988).Parsons (1999)included argynnines within Heliconiinae but retained Acraeinae as a distinct subfamily. Harvey (in N ijhou t, 1991) recognized three tribes of Heliconiinae: Pardopsini, Acraeini, and Heliconiini. The Heliconiini include the Neotropical Heliconiina (Brower, 2000), some genera which were placed as "subtribe uncertain", Argynnina, Boloriina and three other genera (the Neotropical genusYramea, the Oriental Kuekenthaliella, and Prokuekenthaliella) with uncertain relationships.