EWF-096 5/17

Source: Becky Ruzicka Habitat Requirements of Texas Quail M. Frank, K. Ruppert, and J. Cathey*

Quail across Texas Declining habitat, declining quail Texas is home to four species of quail: northern Many Texans can recall experiences with quail, bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), scaled quail whether they were hunting quail, watching quail, (Callipepla squamata), Gambel’s quail (Callipepla or just listening to quail calls. However, overall gambelii), and Montezuma quail (Cyrtonix abundance of Texas quails, especially northern montezumae). Northern bobwhites are distributed bobwhites, has declined over the past few decades. across most of the state—except the Trans-Pecos Recent research efforts have sought to determine region. Scaled quail have the next largest geographic what factors have contributed to the decline of distribution in Texas and can be found in the western quail in Texas. Potential causes evaluated by this half of the state. Gambel’s quail and Montezuma research include drought, changes in land use, quail have small distributions in portions of the land fragmentation, invasive species, insecticides, Trans-Pecos. However, the geographic distributions and habitat loss. Habitat is a common term used in of Texas quail do not tell the whole story about where wildlife management, and refers to four components: they live. food, water, shelter, and space. Loss of quail habitat occurs when there is a decrease in the amount or the quality of one or more of the components of quail habitat. To manage for quail, landowners need *Assistant Professor & Extension Wildlife Specialist, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service; Student, Texas A&M University; and Associate Director, to know the specific habitat requirements of each Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute locally occurring quail species (Fig. 1). The Texas A&M University System Quail Habitat

Food Water High-quality habitat has a variety of native seeds Quail can meet most of their water needs through and vegetation for quail to meet their nutritional “preformed water,” which is the water contained in and caloric needs. Insects will be abundant in good vegetation, seeds, and insects. Habitat that provides habitat, and are a rich source of calories. Poor- adequate vegetation should meet the water needs quality habitat may have invasive species or be a of quail, although free water (ponds, streams, and monoculture. dew) may also be used.

Shelter Space Quail need cover for nesting, brooding, loafing, The food, water, and shelter needs of quail will be roosting, and escaping from predators. Good quail spread across the landscape. Large, contiguous habitat provides thermal cover and protection from tracts of land give quail access to all of the different predators while not being so dense as to restrict resources they need and allow quail to move to movement. Quail need sufficient openness to move different areas as needed. Space also refers to the across the landscape. abiotic features of the landscape such as soil type, elevation, climate, topography, etc.

Figure 1.

Basic life cycles of Texas quails Scaled quail Northern bobwhite Scaled quail begin to select mates while still in Northern bobwhites form large coveys in the fall coveys, sometimes as early as late February. Covey and winter, then pair up for the breeding season breakup and pairing are typically complete by the beginning in mid-March and into April. Bobwhite end of April. Scaled quail nest on the ground in females can produce more than one clutch per season a variety of vegetation types. Egg production and and may pair with more than one mate during the incubation of scaled quail are similar to that of breeding season. Nesting begins as early as mid-April. northern bobwhites, with an average clutch size of Bobwhites nest on the ground and typically lay 12 to 14 and an incubation period of 22 to 23 days. Scaled 15 eggs. Incubation lasts about 23 days, with males quail reach maturity around 12 to 20 weeks of age, at incubating about 25 percent of all nests. Bobwhite which time they associate with coveys. chicks reach maturity around 15 weeks of age.

Male and female scaled quail are difficult to distinguish in the field.Sources: Left, Becky Ruzicka; right, Greg Schechter–Flickr CC by 2.0 Male northern bobwhite. Female northern bobwhite. Source: Becky Ruzicka Source: Becky Ruzicka

2 Gambel’s quail Definitions for the “Habitat The breeding season of Gambel’s quail depends Requirements of Texas Quails” chart largely on the weather. After a cool, wet winter, Space: The area wherein quail find food, water, Gambel’s quail will begin to breed in mid- to late and shelter is the space component of habitat. February; initiation of breeding is delayed after a Abiotic factors, such as slope, elevation, soil type, warm, dry winter, in which case Gambel’s quail may and presence of rocky outcroppings also are part of remain in coveys for several months. Gambel’s quail the space needs of quail. hens take longer to lay a complete clutch of eggs Diet: For all quail species, diet plays a key role than other quail, sometimes taking over 30 days to in determining which habitats they use. If an area produce 10 to 14 eggs. Both parents typically tend to lacks sufficient food, quail are not likely to use that broods; chicks remain dependent on their parents for area. The primary components of a quail’s diet are about 12 to 13 weeks. seeds, insects, and green vegetation. The exact types of plants preferred vary depending on the species of quail. Water: All species of quail found in Texas can meet their daily water needs through preformed (in food) and metabolic (produced during metabolism) water, given sufficient availability of succulent food items. However, quail will use free water (water in ponds and streams) when it is available, and may Male Gambel’s quail. Female Gambel’s quail. prefer habitats where free water is available. Source: JeffB–Flickr CC by 2.0 Source: Matt Tillett–Flickr CC by 2.0 Nesting cover: Depending on the quail species, nesting areas may or may not be densely covered Montezuma quail with vegetation. Nesting cover helps shield eggs and Montezuma quail depend heavily on summer incubating adults from predators, and also provides precipitation as a signal for nest initiation, but occur protection from the heat. in two distinct areas of Texas with very different Brooding cover: Quail chicks are small and have seasonal rainfall patterns. Montezuma quail may nest difficulty moving through dense vegetation, but are earlier in the Edwards Plateau region, where peak also vulnerable to predation due to their inability to rainfall usually occurs in late spring, as opposed to flee quickly. Often, a mosaic of vegetation types is the Trans-Pecos region where rainfall typically peaks best for brooding, but the most important qualities in midsummer. Clutch size for Montezuma quail of brooding habitat are the presence of nutrient-rich ranges from 6 to 16 eggs, which are incubated for 24 insects, limited vegetative litter, and overhead cover. to 26 days. Both parents tend the chicks. Loafing cover: After eating, quail will retreat to loafing cover to digest their food, rest, and escape the heat. Loafing areas will typically have a closed canopy and be open at ground level, providing a screen from aerial predators without blocking the quails’ view of potential ground predators. A dense overhead canopy also provides shade from the midday sun. Woody brush or small trees are common loafing cover. Female Montezuma quail. Escape cover: When quail encounter a predator, Source: Bettina Arigoni–Flickr CC by 2.0 they will run or fly into dense cover to hide. Escape cover often overlaps with loafing cover, but quail will Male Montezuma quail. Source: Bettina Arigoni–Flickr use almost any dense or visually obscuring structure CC by 2.0

3 available to flee into and hide from predators. Scaled and Gambel’s quails typically roost in shrubs, Roosting cover: Preferred roosting cover varies while bobwhites and Montezuma quail often roost widely among the four quail species found in Texas. on the ground in tall grasses.

Habitat Requirements of Texas Quail

Northern bobwhite Scaled quail Gambel’s quail Montezuma quail Colinus virginianus Callipepla squamata Callipepla gambelii Cyrtonix montezumae

Statewide distribution

Space • Prefer 10–30% brush • Prefer sparse ground • Found at 2,500–3,900 ft. • Wooded, steep mountain canopy cover and 29% vegetation and woody elevation terrain with prominent woody cover plant canopy cover in • Semiarid grasslands, grassy understory at • Mixture of short and tall shrub savannah, savannah, bajadas, arroyos, chaparral, elevations greater than plants with bare ground and brush/shrubland evergreen woodland, 4,900 ft., or riparian in a well-interspersed habitat types desert scrub, oak corridors, desert patchwork mosaic • Bare, open ground and woodland, pinyon-juniper, washlands, and mixed- • Estimated 1,600 contiguous woody cover are selected riparian areas oak woodlands at lower acres needed for 800 birds for more than grass, forbs, • Adaptable to many elevations and herbaceous ground different habitats, but • Evergreen woodland cover prefer open ground with matrix, pine-juniper, high woody canopy cover montane meadows, and few herbaceous plants semidesert grassland, oak woodlands with high grass cover • Prefer high tree species richness and tree canopy cover around 26% • Grass cover should be about 51–75% and mean grass height around 8 in.

Diet • Seeds, insects, and green • Green vegetation, seeds, • Seeds, mast, green • Insects and vegetative vegetation fruits, and insects vegetation, and insects material, including • Annual broomweed, • Blackbrush, bundleflower, • Broom snakeweed, brown underground sorrel, tubers, croton, doveweed, hairy doveweed, euphorbia, dalea, crownbeard, desert and rhizomes vetch, lespedeza, longleaf hairy caltrop, low mendora, willow, grain sorghum, • Flatsedge, onion, wood pine, panicum, partridge ponyleaf oxalis, prickly kochia, mesquite, pecan, sorrels pea, plains bristlegrass, pear, spiny hackberry, pigweed, prickly pear, sunflower, western spreading sida, starwort Russian thistle, sumac, ragweed, oak, arthropods wolfberry

Nesting • Bunchgrasses 12–18 in. tall • Scattered shrubs and trees • Nest must be shaded by • Dense understory adjacent cover • Balsamscales, bluestems, • Build nests under or near forbs, shrubs, or rocks to large rocks or tree lovegrasses, panicum, shrubs or cactus • Cool-season forbs that trunks and perennial paspalums, prickly • Line nests with grass, support high densities of bunchgrasses pear, sand sagebrush, stems, or leaves invertebrates • Beardgrass, sideoats threeawns, yucca • Prickly pear, tobosa grass, • Broom snakeweed, cool- grama, sprangletop, Texas yucca season forbs, prickly pear bluegrass, wolfstail

4 Northern bobwhite Scaled quail Gambel’s quail Montezuma quail Colinus virginianus Callipepla squamata Callipepla gambelii Cyrtonix montezumae

Brooding • Overhead cover with low • Rough habitat and shallow • Small shrubs that provide • Diverse vegetation cover litter and lush vegetation soil with low grass cover shade structure that provides • Vegetation should support and bare ground • Succulent forbs with high greater visual obstruction an abundance of high • Proximity to water water content • Prefer 50–85% grass protein invertebrates • Annual broomweed, • Vegetation that supports canopy in mosaic heights • Broom snakeweed, ceniza, western ragweed invertebrates of 4–16 in. goldenweed, lotebush, • Near juniper, mesquite, or mesquite, partridge pea, oak trees spiny hackberry, sunflower, western ragweed

Loafing cover • Dense brush, 3- to 10-foot- • Brush at least 3 ft. tall, • Overhead shrub cover at • North-facing hillsides with tall shrubs about the size of dense above, but open at least 3 ft. tall, and may use woody cover a car (at least 5 ft. diameter) ground artificial brush piles • Agave, brickellia, catclaw with a closed canopy and • May use mesquite that • Catclaw mimosa, cholla, mimosa, forbs, grasses, open base, located about is wide (~12 ft.) and tall mesquite mountain mahogany, oak, a softball throw apart from (~6 ft.), or man-made pine, plains lovegrass, one another (40–50 yd.) structures if vegetative sedges, wolfstail • Overall brush canopy cover is limited should cover 5–25% • Catclaw mimosa, cholla, • Lotebush, mesquite, lotebush, mesquite, multiflora rose,plums , sandplum, yucca sumac

Escape cover • Loafing cover also used for • Forbs, mesquite, shrubs, or • Run or fly to dense cover • Prefer grass cover such as escape cover man-made structures that such as allthorn, catclaw perennial bunchgrasses, meet loafing requirements acacia, juniper, mesquite, but will use tree canopy if sumac, or yucca necessary

Roosting • Nesting cover also used for • Well-spaced, low shrubs • Shrubs or trees with dense • Roost at the base of rocks cover roosting cover (about 18 in. tall) with foliage, branching, and on southeast-facing canopy cover of about 35% thorns or brush canopy at hillsides • Interspersed grasses 6–16 ft. above the ground • Overhanging tall grasses covering about 45% of the • Camphorweed, sideoats ground grama, tanglehead • Cholla, mesquite, yucca

Summary of • Grasses: bluestems, • Forbs: bundleflower, • Grasses: blue grama, grain • Grasses: beardgrass, key plants lovegrasses, panicum, doveweed, euphorbia, sorghum, sideoats grama blue grama, flatsedge, paspalums, plains hairy caltrop, low • Forbs: beargrass, broom plains lovegrass, sideoats bristlegrass, threeawns menodora, ponyleaf oxalis, snakeweed, burroweed, grama, sprangletop, Texas • Forbs: broom snakeweed, spreading sida, starwort crownbeard, jimmyweed, bluestem, wolfstail croton, hairy vetch, • Shrubs: blackbrush, kochia, pigweed, Russian • Forbs: camphorweed, lespedeza, partridge pea, catclaw mimosa, lotebush, thistle onion, wood sorrels ragweed, sunflower mesquite, sandplum, spiny • Shrubs: allthorn, • Shrubs: agave, brickellia, • Shrubs: blackbrush, ceniza, hackberry, yucca brittlebrush, brown dalea, catclaw mimosa, juniper, dogweed, goldenweed, • Cactus: cholla, prickly pear catclaw acacia, condalia, mahogany, mesquite, oak, guajillo, Hercules club, desert hackberry, desert pine longleaf pine, lotebush, thorn, desert willow, mesquite, oak, plums, ironwood, juniper, littleleaf sand sagebrush, spiny sumac, mesquite, saltbrush, hackberry, sumac, scrub oak, pecan, shrubby whitebrush, yucca buckwheat, triangle-leaf • Cactus: prickly pear bursage, turpentine bush, white-thorn acacia, wolfberry, yucca • Cactus: cholla, prickly pear

5 How you can help Texas quails and everything in between. A local natural resource Habitat management professional can help you understand specific tools that are best for your area of the state and your other Do you want to improve quail habitat on objectives for the land (livestock, white-tailed deer, your own land? To start, you may want to have wild turkey, etc.). Additionally, different species of a professional evaluate your land. Texas Parks quail have different habitat requirements, so be sure & Wildlife Department and Natural Resources that any information you use matches to the species Conservation Service have biologists that can found on your land. A strategy intended for northern help you with your evaluation. These individuals bobwhite will not necessarily improve habitat for are trained to help you to develop goals, create a other species of quail. management plan, and improve the landscape for quail. Publications available from universities and Quail appreciation state agencies can provide more information about One aspect of quail appreciation is hunting. quail and their management. Another useful tool is Texas’ hunting industry provides essential income the Northern Bobwhite Habitat Evaluation app. to rural economies across the state, and federal Some common management tools include Pittman-Robertson taxes on hunting supplies help grazing, prescribed fire, mechanical brush fund habitat restoration efforts. Furthermore, quail management, herbicide application, and invasive hunting can provide landowners with a financial species control. The effectiveness of these techniques incentive to maintain large, contiguous parcels of varies depending on the characteristics of the land and quail-friendly land use practices. Outside property and local factors such as weather and soil of the quantifiable economic value of quail hunting, type. Using a combination of management tools participation in hunting activities connects people is typically more effective than the use of any one to each other, to the land, and to Texas’ natural technique on its own. Specific management practices resources. Other quail appreciation practices can be found in a variety of print and electronic include birdwatching and photography, which resources, including the Northern Bobwhite also contribute substantially to the Texas economy Management Calendar app. through expenditures on equipment and travel. Good habitat management is not a “one and Like hunting, nonconsumptive quail appreciation done” endeavor. A landowner should be dedicated practices bring people into quail habitats. To to maintaining the habitat that has been created be successful at any quail-related endeavor, the or improved. Habitat monitoring activities, such recreationist must learn about quail behaviors and as fixed photo points, precipitation records, cover habitat preferences. surveys, forb diversity surveys, fall covey counts, Many Texans feel a special sense of joy at hearing spring whistling counts, and grass height surveys quail calls on their land. However, many urban and help you learn about your land and determine suburban residents have no experience with quail, whether any management changes should be made. and in fact, some generations may have passed You can then develop maintenance strategies without any exposure to this iconic species. Quail, based on the results of monitoring surveys. Habitat particularly bobwhite, are woven into the fabric maintenance tools may be similar to those used of Texas culture, and management that benefits to create habitat, but may vary from year to year quail populations can provide a chance for more depending on factors such as weather. Regular Texas residents to experience this hallmark of monitoring will help you keep track of changes in traditional country life. The value of quail to hunters, the landscape and adapt your maintenance plans birdwatchers, photographers, landowners, and Texas’ accordingly. ecosystems transcends economics or statistics. Keep in mind that plant communities across Keeping quail in the hearts of Texans may be one Texas vary from the dense Piney Woods of east of the most important factors for safeguarding the Texas to the wide-open spaces of the Trans-Pecos, future of these amazing birds.

6 Additional resources Wild Wonderings blog: https://wild-wonderings. blogspot.com/ “Counting quail,” Texas A&M AgriLife Extension TAMU Wildlife and Fisheries Extension YouTube Publication B-6173. Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/ “Habitat monitoring for quail on Texas rangelands,” WFSCAgriLife/playlists Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Publication Northern Bobwhite Habitat Evaluation app: B-6172. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/northern- Quail of Texas: http://wildlife.tamu.edu/quail/ bobwhite-habitat/id903595892?mt=8 Texas Quail Index: https://wildlife.tamu.edu/quail/ Northern Bobwhite Management Calendar app: texas-quail-index/ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/northern- Plants of Texas Rangelands Virtual Herbarium: bobwhite-management/id903580244?mt=8 http://rangeplants.tamu.edu/ Texas Parks and Wildlife Department: http://tpwd. state.tx.us/

Acknowledgments Funding for this publication was provided through the Reversing the Quail Decline in Texas Initiative and the Upland Game Bird Stamp Fund, based on a collaborative effort between the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. The authors also thank J. M. Tomeček, F. Hernández, and R. D. Elmore for their reviews of the manuscript.

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service AgriLifeExtension.tamu.edu

More Extension publications can be found at AgriLifeBookstore.org

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension provides equal opportunities in its programs and employment to all persons, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, genetic information, veteran status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.

1000 copies, New

7