A Desktop Assessment of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
‘A strategic framework for statewide management and conservation of Tasmania’s freshwater ecosystem values’
Report to the Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project Water Development Branch Water Resources Division Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
February 2004 © Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
Author: Rolan Eberhard, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
Published by: Water Resources Division Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart Tas 7001 Telephone: (03) 6233 6328 Facsimile: (03) 6233 8749 Email: [email protected] Website: www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au
Citation: Eberhard, R. (2004). A Desktop Assessment of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania . Report to the Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania.
Cover photograph: Phreatoicid isopods from Marakoopa Cave. Photo taken by John Gooderham.
Copyright All material published in the report by the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, as an agent of the Crown, is protected by the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Other than in accordance with the provisions of the Act, or as otherwise expressly provided, a person must not reproduce, store in a retrieval system, or transmit any such material without first obtaining the written permission of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment.
Disclaimer Whilst the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment makes every attempt to ensure the accuracy and reliability of information published in this report, it should not be relied upon as a substitute for formal advice from the originating bodies or Departments. DPIWE, its employees and other agents of the Crown will not be responsible for any loss, however arising, from the use of, or reliance on this information.
ii A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Contents
Summary...... 1
1. Definitions...... 2
2. Methodology...... 2
3. Results...... 3 3.1. Karstlands ...... 3 3.2. Deflation basins ...... 8 3.3. Freshwater crayfish burrows...... 9 3.4. Fractured and porous rock aquifers (excluding karst) ...... 10 3.5. Subsurface streams in talus and colluvium...... 12 3.6. Groundwater Dependent Vegetation...... 14
4. Conclusions...... 16
5. References...... 16
Appendix 1. Contributors ...... 21
Appendix 2. Digital maps ...... 23
Appendix 3. Classification of Karst areas...... 27
Appendix 4. GDE point features...... 33
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project iii A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Summary A desktop assessment of groundwater dependent ecosystems was carried out to identify classes of ecosystem where the species composition and natural ecological processes are determined by the permanent or temporary presence or influence of groundwater. It was recognised that groundwater contributes to the water balance of a vast array of ecosystems in Tasmania, including those associated with the majority of rivers and lakes as well as vegetation in many environmental settings. Identifying and mapping these ecosystems entails a range of practical and theoretical difficulties, and was not a viable objective for this project. Nevertheless, it was considered worthwhile to identify ecosystems where groundwater plays an obvious and critical role in the water balance of component organisms. The following classes of feature were identified as groundwater dependent ecosystems or features hosting groundwater dependent ecosystems: Karstlands (landform systems in limestone, dolomite and magnesite); Deflation basins (depressions formed through erosion by wind action); Burrows produced by freshwater crayfish (these host a characteristic faunal assemblage); Porous and fractured rock aquifers (especially coastal sand aquifers); Subsurface streams in talus and colluvium; and Vegetation types associated with shallow water tables. Examples of each class of feature were mapped digitally, although the comprehensiveness of the data varies considerably. For example, karstlands have been subject to considerable previous work including the preparation of a State-wide map of karst areas and studies of the distribution and ecology of karstic groundwater fauna. In contrast, Tasmania’s non-karstic stygofauna is virtually unknown, except for the fortuitous discovery of depigmented crustaceans in a spring at Devonport. This is a serious gap in our knowledge of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Tasmania and should addressed in an integrated way as part of regional hydrogeological assessments.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 1 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
1. Definitions In accordance with definitions proposed in Environment Australia’s discussion paper on groundwater ecosystems (Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd 2001) and the NSW government’s Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Policy (Department of Land & Water Conservation 2002), this study defines a groundwater dependent ecosystem (GDE) as an ecosystem where the species composition and natural ecological processes are determined by the permanent or temporary presence or influence of groundwater. Following the Australian Natural Heritage Charter, an ecosystem is taken to mean a dynamic complex of organisms and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit (Australian Heritage Commission 2002). Groundwater is sometimes taken to include all subsurface water as distinct from surface water, and has been defined simply as ‘water below the earth’s surface’ (e.g. SDAC 1996). Tasmania’s Water Management Act 1999 defines groundwater as ‘(a) water occurring naturally below ground level; or (b) water pumped, diverted or released into a well for storage underground.’ More conventional definitions of groundwater refer to that part of the subsurface water that is in the saturated zone or phreas (i.e. below the water table). The water table is taken to include perched water tables (i.e. groundwater water resting on an impermeable layer that impedes its downward movement). Subsurface streams flowing through natural pipes or gaps between clasts in colluvium or talus are examples of perched water tables. This assessment has followed the more restricted definition of groundwater. Within its definition of a groundwater dependent ecosystem, Environment Australia recognises a spectrum of groundwater dependency (Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd 2001). At the higher end of the spectrum are ecosystems that are entirely dependent on groundwater, where only slight changes in key groundwater attributes below or above a threshold would result in their demise. At the other end of the spectrum are proportionally or opportunistically forms of dependency, where changes in groundwater level or quality can be tolerated in the short term but will cause the ecosystem to decline and ultimately collapse if this state is prolonged excessively. Because of the short time available to this project and our rudimentary knowledge of the relationship between groundwater and ecosystems in Tasmania, this project focussed on ecosystems where groundwater was considered an obvious and critical factor in the water balance of the ecosystem. The ecosystems that were identified in this assessment would generally be classified as entirely or highly dependent on the spectrum of groundwater dependency proposed by Environment Australia.
2. Methodology Relevant specialists in the fields of earth science, zoology and botany were invited to workshops with the purpose of identifying groundwater dependent ecosystems (cf. Hatton & Evans 1998). A paper defining groundwater dependent ecosystems and discussing forms of groundwater dependency was circulated prior to the workshops. Some specialists who were unable to attend the workshops were consulted individually.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 2 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Potential groundwater dependent ecosystems identified at the workshops were investigated through a literature review and in discussion with experts at DPIWE. Classes of feature considered to satisfy the definition of groundwater dependent ecosystem were then mapped digitally using various sources (see Section 3.0). Contributors at the workshops are listed at Appendix 1.
3. Results The following classes of feature were identified as groundwater dependent ecosystems or features hosting groundwater dependent ecosystems: Karstlands (landform systems in limestone, dolomite and magnesite); Deflation basins (depressions formed through erosion by wind action); Burrows produced by freshwater crayfish (these host a characteristic faunal assemblage); Fractured and porous rock aquifers (especially coastal sand aquifers); Subsurface streams in talus and colluvium; and Vegetation types associated with shallow water tables. These are discussed in more detail below. Spatial data on the ecosystems is described at Appendix 2.
3.1. Karstlands 3.1.1 Physical context Karstlands develop in response to the tendency for certain rock types to dissolve in natural waters, rather than be eroded by physical processes that dominate rock weathering in other environments. A paucity of surface water is characteristic, as runoff sinks rapidly underground via streamsinks, caves and internally draining closed depressions such sinkholes. Groundwater circulation within karst aquifers (a type of fractured rock aquifer) typically involves flow through solutionally enlarged cavities that can act like pipes, rapidly transferring of groundwater from higher to lower points in the catchment. For example, water that sinks underground into the cave known as Growling Swallet on the slopes of the Mt Field massif reappears less than 24 hours later at Junee Cave near Maydena, 9.4 km away. The high permeability of karstic rocks has the effect of lowering the water table; however, because surface denudation of karstic rocks generally proceeds faster than on surrounding rock types, valleys and plains with shallow water tables are also common. This is well illustrated at valley karsts such the Vale of Belvoir and Vale of Rasselas, where the valley floors are pock marked by numerous ponds of varying size where sinkholes intersect the water table. Springs are likely to occur where subsurface drainage is blocked by geological contacts with less permeable rock types at the margins of karstlands. Tasmania’s karstlands are developed in limestones, dolomites and to a lesser extent magnesite. These rock types underlie about 288 000 ha or 2.3% of Tasmania’s landmass.
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3.1.2 Biota The groundwater dependent biota of karstlands may be broadly characterised as plants and animals that live within karst aquifers, and those that inhabit the surface environment but rely on groundwater available at springs and karstic depressions. The former has attracted considerable scientific interest – Tasmanian caves contain the richest assemblage aof obligate cave dwelling species known nywhere in temperate Australia (Doran et al. 1997). Crustaceans dominate the aquatic fauna of Tasmania’s karst aquifers, as elsewhere in the world. Species inventories are available for many karst areas (S. Eberhard 1988, 1999, 2000, Eberhard et al. 1991a, 1991b, Clarke 1997, Houshold & Clarke 1998). The surface biota that relies on groundwater include the aquatic and riparian communities of surface watercourses supplied by springs or standing water in karstic depressions. Where a spring discharges groundwater that is saturated with dissolved salts, a calcareous mound or sheet may form at the spring outlet due to the deposition of carbonates (Plate 1). These features are known as tufa (sometimes also travertine) and often host a rich assemblage of ferns and bryophytes, including calciphiles. Barnes at al. (2002) describe ‘tufa herbfields’ from the west and south coasts of King Island. These occur at sites such as the spectacular Dripping Wells at Boggy Creek (Jennings 1956). Trampling by stock threatens the integrity of these coastal tufas. Karstic depressions subject to intermittent flooding by groundwater are likely to show characteristic vegetation, such as the grasslands at Circular Ponds at Mayberry (Plate 2) or Blackwood swamp forest at Dismal Swamp near Smithton. 3.1.3 Spatial data A digital map of Tasmania’s karst areas known as the Tasmanian Karst Atlas Version 2 has been prepared by Sharples (2003), following an earlier version based on Kiernan (1995). The Karst Atlas Version 2 was updated for this project by digitising some missing catchment boundaries and the addition of a classification of karst systems based on their geological, topographic and climatic setting (Appendix 3). In addition to the map of karst areas (Taskarst.shp), some specific karst landforms of interest in relation groundwater ecosystems have been mapped as point localities (GDE points.shp). The point localities cover the following classes of feature: Cold springs (karstic) – springs (often at cave entrances) where water temperature is unaffected by geothermal heating (178 sites); Warm springs – springs where the water temperature has been raised through geothermal heating (8 sites); Tufa-depositing springs – spring where calcareous material (tufa) has been deposited by groundwater (54 sites); Mound springs – a tufa-depositing spring where the calcareous material is deposited by groundwater under pressure to produce a raised mound or hillock (7 sites); Karst depressions – enclosed depression subject to perennial of intermittent flooding by groundwater (54 sites).
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 4 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Plate 1 Tufa-depositing spring, Fossil Cliffs, Maria Island. The feature is about 10 m high.
It should be noted that warm springs and mound springs are not exclusively karst features; however, all known examples from Tasmania are karstic. While karst depressions are a ubiquitous feature of many of Tasmania’s karstlands, the examples mapped in this study are larger examples that show evidence of flooding by groundwater. The sites range from perennial features such as perennial lakes such as Lake Sydney, Lake Timk and Lake Chisholm (the first two produced by the interaction of karst and glacial processes), to intermittently flooded depressions such as Dismal Swamp or Circular Ponds. The sites do not include flooded karst depressions reported at Mt Cripps (Gray & Heap 1986), as location data was not readily available, or some sites in the southwest (e.g. Maxwell River, Algonkian Rivulet, Vale of Rasselas).
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 5 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Note: Many of the springs mapped as point localities are cave entrances. In the interests of cave conservation and public safety, this information should be considered sensitive and not made generally available.
Plate 2. South Circular Ponds, Mayberry, in dry and wet conditions. Groundwater floods into the depression from an underlying cave system.
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3.1.4 Conservation priorities Conservation priorities for karst in Tasmania are discussed by Kiernan (1997) and the Interdepartmental Technical Working Working Group on Karst Conservation (1998). Recommendations made in these reports are based primarily on geoconservation criteria, but will be relevant for the conservation of groundwater dependent ecosystems because the geoconservation priorities focus on highly karstified areas which are rich in groundwater dependent ecosystems. Significant developments since the above reports were published include: Investigations at Mole Creek in 2000-2003 indicate that the Kiernan’s recommended areas for protection KR-13E and F should be extended to take in a larger area of State forest between Urks Loop Rd and Marakoopa Cave. This area is now known to contribute water to Marakoopa Cave and Kubla Khan Cave, which contain rich assemblages of cave dwelling invertebrates including rare and threatened species (Eberhard 2000, PWS 1994, DPIWE 2001). The forest is zoned for production under Forestry Tasmania’s Management Decision Classification system. Further evidence concerning the significance of runoff from State forest on the northern side of the Liena Rd to the groundwater system at Kubla Khan Cave. The area in question encompasses the catchment of two creeks that cross the Liena Rd at 388996 and 398002 (AGD66 datum). The creeks, which drain the northern slopes of Solomons Dome and Standard Hill, are major tributaries to Kubla Khan Cave. This forest is also zoned for production. The discovery in 2002 of the outstanding Shooting Star Cave, in the Croesus Cave area at Mole Creek, reinforces the significance and sensitivity of the Mill-Kansas catchment (Kiernan’s KR-13D). This area is State forest that has been classified as conditional (decision on logging deferred). A range of obligate cave-dwelling species have been recorded from caves in this area (Eberhard 2000). Some of the areas recommended for protection have now been reserved or covenanted. These include: Mostyn Hardy Cave (Kiernan’s KR-11E), Gunns Plains Cave (part of Kiernan’s KR-10), Kubla Khan Efflux (part of Kiernan’s KR-13J/K), Mersey Hill Cave (part of Kiernan’s KR-13L), Westmoreland Cave (part of Kiernan’s site KR-13A), Montagu Caves (Kiernan’s KR-02), Dogs Head Hill (Kiernan’s KR-13M), Mt Cripps (Kiernan’s KR-17) and Dismal Swamp (Kiernan’s KR-05). The reserve status of some of these areas does not preclude limestone mining, a potential threat to groundwater dependent ecosystems. Karst in State forest in the Junee River catchment on the western slopes of the Mt Field massif (Kiernan’s KR-23) contains a nationally significant karst system with a rich groundwater dependent cave fauna (Eberhard 1994, Eberhard et al. 1991, Clarke 1997, PWS 2002). An extension to the boundary of the Mt Field National Park to more adequately protect this karst system should be a priority. As warm springs and mound springs are rare in Tasmania, all examples are significant for conservation. Major warm springs at Hastings and Kimberley have been extensively modified. However, a large and essentially undisturbed spring exists on the Lune Plain (Clarke 1990).
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Tasmania’s most impressive mound springs occur in the Smithton area. The majority appears to be located in cleared agricultural land, where they have been quarried or otherwise modified. A project to map the mound springs and identify any intact (or least modified) examples would be valuable.
3.2. Deflation basins 3.2.1 Physical context Deflation basins are an aeolian landform i.e. produced through the action of wind. Dixon (1997) provides the following description: Deflation basins (also known as pans ) are basins, which may vary greatly in size and depth, from which erodible material has been removed by wind action. This implies sparse vegetative cover, competent winds and sandy or clayey soils at the time of formation (and hence suggests arid conditions, at least in the past). The basins are shallow, often irregular in shape and do not necessarily have any associated dunes (Timms 1992), although lunettes and/or sand sheets may occur in association… The base of a fully developed deflation basin is often at the water table as wet sand is less readily erodible and hence may form ephemeral lakes (Bradbury 1994). It is unclear exactly what initiates the deflation process, however in some cases they may originate in pre-existing depressions and valleys adjacent to a floodplain (Timms 1992), or perhaps dryland salting may have a role in initiating deflation. Under current climatic conditions deflation basins range from perennial water-filled to swampy or dry for extended periods. The role of groundwater within the water balance of specific basins has not been the studied quantitatively but is likely to be significant in many cases. An examination of borehole data held by Mineral Resources Tasmania indicates that the water table is very shallow (a couple of metres or less) in the vicinity of many of the Midlands deflation basins. A number of deflation basins in the Tunbridge area contain saline water, presumably due at least in part to salts in the groundwater (S. Blackwell pers. comm.). Examples include Mona Vale Saltpan, Glenmorey Saltpan, Grimes Lagoon, Folley Lagoon and Township Lagoon. Grimes Lagoon was the site of an early salt mining operation. Dixon (1997) identified major examples of deflation basins in the Central Plateau, Midlands, South Arm and Cape Portland areas. The area around Lake Ada and Lake Augusta comprises the principal cluster of deflation basins on the Central Plaeau (Bradbury 1994). The area around Tunbridge and Ellinthorpe Plains contains the most extensive and best developed assemblage of aeolian landforms including deflation basins in the Midlands (Dixon 1997). Ellinthorpe Plains comprises 19 large and small deflation basins within an area of about 20 km 2. Many of the basins are bounded clay- rich lunettes (crescent-shaped dunes) and associated sand sheets. Ellinthorpe Plains is noteworthy also in that the aeolian landforms remain in relatively good condition. The Rushy-Mygunyah Lagoons deflation basins and lunette complex form part of an extensive aeolian landform system around Cape Portland. These features have been subject to considerable disturbance due to land clearance and, stocking and drainage works.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 8 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
3.2.2 Biota Wetlands associated with deflation basins vary from freshwater to brackish to very saline and support different vegetation depending on salinity levels (Kirkpatrick & Tyler 1987, Kirkpatrick & Harwood 1981, ANCA 1996). In general the vegetation is characterised by saline and freshwater herbfields, poa dominated grasslands, and rushlands (L. Gilfedder pers. comm.). The native vegetation at some sites has been completely lost e.g. Grimes Lagoon, which is used for growing potatoes. The fauna of saline sites is particularly interesting, comprising a ‘soup’ dominated by copepods, ostracods and cladocerans (de Dekker & Williams 1982). Barr Lagoon near Ross hosts the salt lake slater Heleniscus searlei , a threatened species. This species was formerly found at Township Lagoon near Tunbridge, but recent sampling suggests that it is now extinct at that site (S. Tassell pers. comm.). 3.2.3 Spatial data The digital data layer Deflation basins.shp is based on a map of aeolian landforms prepared by Dixon (1997). The shapefile has been attributed to indicate whether the individual sites are considered to definitely constitute deflation basins (107 sites) or are only regarded as probable deflation basins (14 sites). 3.2.4 Conservation priorities Dixon (1997) discusses conservation priorities for aeolian landforms with reference to geoconservation criteria. From a groundwater dependent ecosystem perspective, priority should be given to the conservation of deflation basins where the natural landforms and vegetation are relatively undisturbed and/or deflation basins known to contain significant biological values.
3.3. Freshwater crayfish burrows 3.3.1 Physical context The burrows of Australian crayfish have been classified into three types according to their hydrological context (Horwitz & Richardson 1986). Type 1 burrows are connected with permanent water bodies, being located in or adjacent to lakes and rivers. Type 2 burrows penetrate to the water table and are at least partly inundated by groundwater. Type 3 burrows are located on slopes and do not reach the water table; water in the burrows is derived from surface runoff or throughflow (soil water percolation in the vadose zone). Tasmanian Geocharax and Parastacoides crayfish excavate type 1 or 2 burrows (Horwitz & Richardson 1986, Richardson & Swain 1980). These can be considered highly groundwater dependent communities under the Environment Australia classification (moderate changes in groundwater discharge or water tables would result in a substantial change in their distribution, composition and/or health of the community). The burrows of Tasmanian Engaeus crayfish may be of type 1, 2 or 3, depending on the species (Doran 2000). Type 3 Engaeus species (e.g. E. orramakunna ) may be considered proportionally dependent on groundwater (communities that do not exhibit the threshold-type responses of the more highly dependent ecosystems, but show a proportional response to change, particularly in terms of distribution). Crayfish burrows contacting groundwater are most likely to be found on flatter terrain such as valley floors. Burrow densities of more than 10 per m 2 have been recorded (Horwitz 1991).
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 9 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
3.3.2 Biota Three genera of freshwater burrowing crayfish occur in Tasmania: Geocharax, Parastacoides and Engaeus. Geocharax is represented in Tasmania by a single species, whereas about 15 species each have been described for Engaeus and Parastacoidies (currently under revision) in Tasmania (N. Doran pers. comm.) Crayfish burrows provide shelter and access to groundwater for a range of animals other than crayfish. The faunal assemblages of crayfish burrows are highly characteristic and have been termed ‘pholeteros’ (Lake 1977). At least 18 major taxonomic groups have been recorded from the burrows of E. spinicaudatus in north- eastern Tasmania, including nematodes, turbellarians, crustaceans, acarines and insects (Horwitz 1991). A comparable diversity of groups has been found in the pholeteros of crayfish burrows in southwest Tasmania (ibid.). 3.3.3 Spatial data The digital layer GDE crayfish.shp indicates the range of freshwater burrowing crayfish within the genera Geocharax, Parastacoides and Engaeus, from data supplied by Alistair Richardson (University of Tasmania). Richardson excluded some of the northern and eastern ranges of Parastacoides, where conditions are probably drier and burrows are either very isolated, or confined to the very edges of creeks. Richardson recommended that slopes greater than 5 degrees and land above 300 m asl should be excluded, in order to focus on low lying terrain where crayfish are likely to be present and burrows would contact groundwater. 3.3.4 Conservation priorities The survival of Tasmania’s burrowing crayfish is threatened by a range of processes, including drainage works leading to lowering of water tables (Doran 2000, Horwitz 1991). Some of the crayfish species are listed under Tasmanian Threatended Species Protection Act 1995 and/or the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . A Recovery Plan has been prepared for Engaeus crayfish (Doran 2000).
3.4. Fractured and porous rock aquifers (excluding karst) 3.4.1 Physical context Fractured rock aquifers store water in the fractures, joints, bedding planes and cavities of the rock mass. Tasmania’s fractured rock aquifers comprise pre-Tertiary sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary or porous rock aquifer store water in the pore spaces between the grains of sediment. This type of aquifer is typically associated with unconsolidated Quaternary sand, river valley alluvial deposits and smaller basins in Tertiary rocks. About 10-15% of Tasmania is underlain by porous rock aquifers while about 85-90% is underlain by fractured rock aquifers (SDAC 1996). Groundwater-fed springs are common in areas underlain by basalt, dolerite, marine sedimentary rocks within the Parmeener Supergroup, coastal sand masses and Tertiary sediments filling structural basins (Scanlon et al. 1990, Leaman 2002, Weldon 1991, Matthews 1983). These geological types are widespread in Tasmania. The existence of numerous springs is particularly characteristic of basalt terrains. For example, Pardoe Creek near Devonport is fed by 234 springs across a catchment of 36
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 10 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania km 2, while Greens Creek in the same district is fed by 62 springs across a catchment of 30 km 2 (Cromer 1993). Extensive sheets of unconsolidated sands characterise sections of Tasmania’s coast, forming dune systems behind beaches, tie barriers (e.g. Eagle Hawk Neck) and bayhead barriers (e.g. Seven Mile Beach, Nine Mile Beach). Coastal sand aquifers yield significant quantities of freshwater in the majority of cases (Scanlon et al. 1990). The water table within the sands is often very shallow (Cromer 1979, 1981), leading to features such as salt marshes and dune-barred lagoons. Because the sands are highly permeable, surface runoff is typically reduced or non-existent. Rainfall mostly percolates rapidly underground and the discharge of streams rising on surrounding rock types is sometimes completely attenuated, as water is lost to the sand aquifer. Groundwater discharging into the sea can take the form of major springs (e.g. Birthday Bay and west coast of King Island) or may involve less obvious seepages within the tidal zone. 3.4.2 Biota Tasmania’s non-karstic groundwater biota or stygofauna (animals living permanently in groundwater) is virtually unknown. An exception to this is the chance discovery of syncarids and small blind white amphipods in a spring in basalt that appeared in a cellar underneath a house in Devonport. The syncarids were found to be a new genus and species, Eucrenonaspides ointheke (Knott & Lake 1980); the amphipods are still awaiting scientific description. Dark conditions in the cellar evidently encouraged the animals to emerge from the spring where they were noticed. There are reports of white invertebrates in other springs, but the Devonport record is the only one to have been verified scientifically (A.Richardson, pers. comm). The Devonport discovery suggests that groundwater biota of non-karstic aquifers could prove to be as widespread and scientifically interesting as that of more studied sites interstate and overseas (e.g. Ward et al. 2000). In the absence of a systematic sampling, the stygofauna of Tasmania’s non-karstic aquifers will remain inadequately described and at risk of decline as pressure on groundwater resources increases. Surface biota that relies on groundwater for survival includes the biota of spring-fed watercourses, and vegetation growing in areas where the water table lies within the root zone of plants (see Section 3.6). 3.4.3 Spatial data Spatial data on the groundwater dependent ecosystems of fracture and porous rock aquifers is limited, reflecting the paucity of data on the groundwater fauna and lack of systematic records concerning the locations of features such as springs and seepages. The shapefile Coastal sands.shp depicts coastal sand masses known considered likely to host shallow sand aquifers. The extent of the sand aquifers was inferred from coastal sand masses identified on Mineral Resources Tasmania’s 1:250,000 scale digital geological map of Tasmania (October 2003 version). A minor proportion of the sand masses are on slopes and elevated coasts (e.g. cliff top dunes) well above water table level, and would not support groundwater dependent ecosystems. The digital layer has been attributed to identify sand masses known to contain wetlands, springs or other evidence of shallow groundwater, and those were the available data was sufficient only to identify the sand mass as having potential in this regard.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 11 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
The shapefile GDE points.shp provides point localities for non-karstic springs, which are attributed as ‘cold spring’ in the type field. Twenty three examples of non-karstic springs were recorded, undoubtedly only a tiny fraction of the total. 3.4.4 Conservation priorities A systematic program to characterise Tasmania’s stygofauna should be a priority. This issue is relevant for groundwater resource investigations, water management plans and planning for major water developments. Stygofauna are particularly vulnerable to changes in groundwater parameters. Our lack of even basic information concerning the occurrence of these animals is a major impediment to addressing this class of groundwater dependent ecosystem in planning for the management of Tasmania’s water resources. Several Tasmanian wetlands in coastal sand aquifers have been identified as conservation priorities under the National Land and Water Resources Audit (Dunn 2002). A number of sand masses identified in this study as hosting groundwater dependent ecosystems are listed in the Tasmanian Geoconservation Database, which is maintained by DPIWE’s Nature Conservation Branch with advice from an expert panel. The listed sites include the Henty Dunes, south coast dunes, The Neck (Bruny Island), McRaes Isthmus (Maria Island), Seven Mile Beach, Nine Mile Beach, Bay of Fires, Waterhouse Dunefield, Flinders Island (eastern portion), Smithton area and Lavinia (King Island). The selection of non-karstic springs listed in the GDE points shapefile is highly unrepresentative and should not be used for prioritising management. An exception to this is Stinking Spring, a site being considered for listing in the Tasmanian Geoconservation Database. Information on the condition of the site is lacking, but it is the only recorded example of a sulphurous spring in Tasmania. Stinking Spring is attributed as a ‘non-karst priority’ in the GDE points shapefile.
3.5. Subsurface streams in talus and colluvium 3.5.1 Physical context Inter-connected voids within regolith materials such talus and colluvium entails the potential for subsurface drainage on shallow perched water tables. This situation is common on the middle and upper slopes of many of Tasmania’s dolerite mountains. Evidence of this is found in disappearing streams in talus fields, often where a depression has formed from a slab topple, slumps or landslips. Such depression may episodically flood to form ephemeral lakes and ponds (e.g. Disappearing Tarn, Mt. Wellington). Subsurface streams in dolerite colluvium are sometimes encountered during roading excavations (Plate 3). Typically, the streams are perched on a layer of less permeable material, which may be sedimentary rock, unweathered dolerite or more deeply weathered (clayey and impermeable) dolerite colluvium (P. McIntosh pers. comm.). Springs are common at lower altitudes where the talus or colluvium thins out. Some dolerite slope deposits exhibit well-developed subsurface drainage despite the dolerite being highly weathered with interstitial spaces mostly filled by clay. McIntosh (20001) has been suggested that in this situation the watercourse originally flowed through unweathered material and has maintained its course despite weathering of the rock clasts to the extent that the majority of voids are now filled by
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 12 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania clays. This implies that some subsurface streams may have persisted in the landscape for thousands of years. A less common situation that can give rise to subsurface watercourses in talus is where a landslide or rockfall buries a surface stream. If the infilling debris is sufficiently porous, a ‘dry gorge’ may be produced with a subsurface watercourse beneath the overburden. Examples of this phenomenon include the Blythe River near Natone (granite), the Fisher River at Devils Gullet (dolerite) and Badger Creek near Crossing River (siliceous rocks). 3.5.2 Biota There has been no investigation of the ecosystems of subsurface watercourses in talus and colluvium in Tasmania. Species that inhabit nearby surface watercourses are likely to be present, through their adventitious occupation of the subsurface channels or as a result of being washed in. Some subsurface channels in dolerite talus may have persisted in the landscape for thousands of years (MacIntosh 2001), raising the possibility that, like karst caves, they are inhabited by characteristic faunal assemblages. 3.5.3 Spatial data The digital data layer GDE points.shp includes 23 examples of subsurface drainage systems in talus or colluvium: three non-karstic ‘dry gorges’ (Blythe River, Devils Gullet, Badger Creek); four subsurface watercourses intersected by road cuttings; and sixteen non-karstic depressions, springs or sinking streams in talus or colluvium. Disappearing streams and features mapped as closed depressions or marked as ‘sinkholes’ appear on 1:25,000 scale topographic maps of many Tasmanian mountains. These features mostly coincide with dolerite bedrock or Quaternary talus, suggesting that subsurface streams are common. A large depression shown on the southern slopes of Schnells Ridge is mapped as Precambrian quartzite warrants investigation as a major example that is not formed in dolerite. The sites included in the digital data layer represent only a small sample of the potential examples. 3.5.4 Conservation priorities Mt Punter and Mt St John provide some of the best Tasmanian examples of dolerite terrain affected by large scale mass movements with karst-like subsurface drainage systems (Sharples 1995). These sites are listed in the Tasmanian Geoconservation Database as features of State significance, and are attributed as ‘non-karst priority’ sites in the GDE points shapefile. Both sites are State forest where their conservation status is described as threatened. The database lists Mt Arthur as a nationally significant site, although its conservation status is considered secure. The Blythe River gorge is listed as a site of State significance; its conservation status is also considered secure.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 13 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Plate 3. Subsurface stream in dolerite-rich regolith at Mt Arthur. Note the absence of any surface expression of the watercourse (P. MacIntosh).
3.6. Groundwater Dependent Vegetation 3.6.1 Physical context As discussed below, groundwater dependent vegetation is likely to be extremely widespread in Tasmania. 3.6.2 Biota Hatton and Evans (1998) argue that if groundwater is available then the ecosystems that develop in proximity to this resource will show some level of groundwater dependency. This conclusion is particularly pertinent to vegetation. In arid areas groundwater emerging at springs and billabongs, or tapped by deep root systems, is the principal source of moisture for some plants. In more humid areas, such as Tasmania, surface water is relatively abundant and moisture availability less of a problem. Nevertheless, the water balance of many plants will include a groundwater component, particularly as water tables in humid environments can be relatively shallow, providing an accessible and reliable source of moisture. It may not be necessary for the water table to be very close to the surface for plants to tap the water, as it is not uncommon to encounter large roots tens of metres below the surface in Tasmanian karst caves. Groundwater will be critical to plant survival during times of water stress in both arid and humid regions. The above discussion suggests that with a few possible exceptions (e.g. cloud forests) the majority of vegetation types in Tasmania can be considered groundwater dependent at some level. For the purpose of this assessment it was decided to focus on vegetation types at the upper end of the spectrum of groundwater dependency i.e. entirely or highly groundwater dependent on the Environment Australia scale. Accordingly, priority was given to identifying vegetation types that utilise
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 14 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania groundwater as their principal source of moisture. The experts consulted identified twenty six vegetation types that were considered to satisfy this criterion. These are: Alkaline Pans Sphagnum peatland with emergent trees Treeless Sphagnum peatland Wetland (general) Sedge/rush wetland Herbfield and grassland marginal to wetland Saline aquatic vegetation Fresh water aquatic vegetation Saltmarsh (undifferentiated) Succulent saltmarsh Graminoid saltmarsh Spartina Buttongrass moorland Sedgy Buttongrass Pure Buttongrass Restionaceae flatland Southwest buttongrass moorland Sparse Buttongrass on slopes Lowland grassy sedgeland and sedgy grassland Highland grassy sedgeland and sedgy grassland Melaleuca ericifolia forest Acacia melanoxylon on flats Short paperbark swamp Buttongrass Tea tree sequence Eastern buttongrass moorland Highland wet sedgeland/grassland These vegetation types occur in association with water-logged soils, such as blanket bogs, swamps and other wetlands. Their classification follows that of the Tasmanian Vegetation Mapping Program (Harris & Kitchener in prep.). 3.6.3 Spatial data Spatial data on the distribution of the vegetation types is available from DPIWE’s Tasmanian Vegetation Mapping Program. Jenny Deakin (pers. comm.) has suggested that the distribution of the vegetation types should be compared against a hydrogeological model of the State to ensure that groundwater dependence can be supported in all cases.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 15 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
3.6.4 Conservation priorities No attempt has been made to identify conservation priorities for groundwater dependent vegetation types.
4. Conclusions This project has identified a range of groundwater dependent ecosystems. The degree of comprehensiveness achieved in mapping these ecosystems and characterising their dependency on groundwater varies considerably. For example, Tasmania’s karstlands and the fauna of karst aquifers are relatively well documented. In contrast, our knowledge of the aquatic invertebrate fauna (stygofauna) of non-karstic aquifers is extremely rudimentary and certainly inadequate for planning the management of water resources. A program to systematically characterise the non-karstic stygofauna of Tasmania should be a priority. This work should be integrated in the regional hydrogeological assessment of Tasmania.
5. References Australian Heritage Commission, 2002; Australian Natural Heritage Charter , 2 nd edition, Environment Australia, Canberra. ANCA, 1996 ; A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia , 2 nd edition, Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. Barnes, R.W., Duncan, F. & Todd., C.S., 2002; The Native Vegetation of King Island, Bass Strait, Nature Conservation Branch, DPIWE. Bradbury, J., 1994; Aeolian Landforms in the Lake Ada-Lake Augusta Area: A Preliminary Investigation and Management Strategy , report to Parks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Clarke, A., 1990; Lune River Valley Karst Inventory , report to Forestry Commission, Tasmania. Clarke, A., 1997; Management Prescriptions for Tasmania’s Cave Fauna , Report to the RFA Environment & Heritage Technical Committee. Cromer, W.C., 1979; Groundwater from Coastal Sands at Greens Beach, Northern Tasmani a, Tasmania Department of Mines, Geological Survey Bulletin No. 57. Cromer, W.C., 1981 ; Groundwater Investigations at Seven Mile Beach for the Royal Hobart Golf Club , Tasmania Department of Mines, unpublished report 1981/3. Cromer, W.C., 1993; Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Devonport – Port Sorell – Sassafras Tertiary Basin , Tasmania Department of Mines, Geological Survey Bulletin No. 67. De Dekker, P. & Williams, W.D., 1982; Chemical and biological features of Tasmania’s salt lakes, Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 33: 27- 1132. Department of Land & Water Conservation, 2002; The NSW State Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Policy, NSW Government .
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 16 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
DPIWE, 2001; Draft Mole Creek Karst National Park and Conservation Area Management Plan 2001 , Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment, Hobart. Dixon, G., 1996; A Reconnaissance Inventory of Sites of Geoconservation Significance on Tasmanian Islands , Parks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Dixon, G., 1997; A Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Conservation Significance of Inland Aeolian Features in the Midlands, Northeast and Southeast Tasmania , Parks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Doran, N.E., 2000; Burrowing Crayfish Group Recovery Plan 2001-2005 , Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment, Hobart. Doran, N.E., Eberhard, S.M., Richardson, A.M.M. & Swain, R., 1997; Invertebrate biodiversity and conservation in Tasmanian caves, Memoirs Museum of Victoria 56(2): 649-653. Drysdale, R., 1992; Karst Reconnaissance Survey Report of the Lower Coles Creek Area, Florentine Valley , report to ANM Forest Management, Tasmania. Dunn, H., 2002; Assessing the Condition and Status of Tasmania’s Wetlands and Riparian Vegetation: Summary of Processes and Outcomes of a Component of the National Land and Water Audit , Nature Conservation Branch Technical Report 02/09. Eastoe, C.,1979; Geological Monuments in Tasmania , Geological Society of Australia, Tasmanian Division. Eberhard, R., 1994; Inventory and Management of the Junee Riiver Karst System, Tasmania , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Eberhard, R., 1995; Aeolian calcarenite at High Rocky Point, west coast of Tasmania, Southern Caver . Eberhard, R., 1996; Inventory and Management of Karst in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Eberhard, R., Eberhard, S. & Wong, V., 1991; Karst geomorphology and biospeleology at Vanishing Falls, south-west Tasmania, Helictite 30(2): 25-32. Eberhard, S., 1988; Survey of Cave Fauna in the Western Tasmania World Heritage Area (Parts I, II & III) , report to the Department of Lands, Parks & Wildlife, Hobart. Eberhard, S., 1991; Loongana , report to Forestry Commission, Tasmania. Eberhard, S., 1994; Gunns Plains , report to Forestry Commission, Tasmania. Eberhard, S., 1999; Cave Fauna Management and Monitoring at Ida Bay, Tasmania , Parks & Wildlife Service Nature Conservation Report 99/1. Eberhard, S., 2000; Reconnaissance Survey of Cave Fauna Management Issues in the Mole Creek Karst National Park, Tasmania , Department of Primary Industry, Water & Environment, Nature Conservation Report 2000/1. Eberhard, S.M., Richardson, A.M.M. & Swain, R., 1991; The Invertebrate Cave Fauna of Tasmania , Zoology Department, University of Tasmania.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 17 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Environment Australia, 2001; Environmental Water Requirements to Maintain Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems ; Environmental Flows Initiative Technical Report No. 2, prepared by Sinclair, Knight Merz Pty Ltd for Environment Australia, Canberra. Fensham, R., 1985; The Pre-European Vegetation of the Midlands of Tasmania . Unpublished BSc (Hons) thesis Geography Department , Uni of Tas. Gray, L. & Heap, D., 1996; Beyond the Light: The Caves and Karst of Mount Cripps , The Savage River Caving Club, Burnie. Harris, S. & Kitchener, A., (Eds), Tasmania's Vegetation A Technical Manual for TASVEG:Tasmania's Vegetation Map. Version 1.0 . Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. Version 1 (December 2003 DRAFT) Hatton, T. & Evans, R., 1998; Dependence of Ecosystems on Groundwater and its Significance to Australia , Land & Water Resources Development Corporation Occasional Paper No. 12/98. Horwitz, P., 1991; The Conservation Biology of Engaeus spinicaudatus , a Threatened Crayfish from North-eastern Tasmania , Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, March 1991. Horwitz, P. & Richardson, A.M.M, 1986; An ecological classification of the burrows of Australian freshwater crayfish, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 237-242. Houshold, I. & Clarke A., 1988; Bubs Hill Karst Area: Resource Inventory and Management Recommendations , report to Department of Lands, Parks & Wildlife, Tasmania. Houshold, I. & Spate, A.P., 1990; Geomorphology and Hydrology of the Ida Bay Karst Area , report to Department of Parks, Wildlife & Heritage, Hobart. Houshold, I., Calver., C. & Sharples, C., 1999; Magnesite Karst in Northwest Tasmania , report to Department of State Development, Tasmania. Interdepartmental Technical Working Group on Karst Conservation, 1998 ; Karst Geoconservation on Private Land , Forest Practices Board, Tasmania. Jackson, J.A. (ed.), 1997; Glossary of Geology , 4 th edition , American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. Jennings, J.N., 1956; Calc sinter and dripstone formations in an unusual context, Aust. J. Science 18(4): 107-111. Joyce, S.D., 2003; Karst Documentation and Hydrological Investigation of the Hastings Caves State Reserve , B.Sc. (Hons) thesis, University of Tasmania. Kiernan, K., 1984; Land Use in Karst Areas: Forestry Operations and the Mole Creek Caves , report to the Forestry Commission and NationalParks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Kiernan, K., 1990; Bathymetry and origin of Lake Timk, South-west Tasmania, Helictite 28(1): 18-21.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 18 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Kiernan, K., 1995; An Atlas of Tasmanian Karst , Tasmanian Forest Research Council, Research Report No. 10. Kiernan, K., 1997; Recommended Areas for the Protection of Karst Geoconservation Values , report dated 12 November 1997. Kirkpatrick J.B. & Harwood C.E., 1981; The Conservation of Tasmanian Wetland Macrophytic Species and Communities , report to the Australian Heritage Commission from the Tasmanian Conservation Trust Inc., Hobart. Kirkpatrick, J.B., & Tyler, P.A., 1987; Tasmanian wetlands and their conservation, in The Conservation of Australian Wetlands , A.J. McComb and P.S. Lake (eds), Surrey Beatty, Sydney, pp. 1-16. Knott, B. & Lake, P.S., 1980; Eucrenonaspides ointheke gen. Et sp.n. (Psammaspididae) from Tasmania, and a new taxonomic sheme for Anaspidacea (Crustacea, Syncarida), Zoologica Scripta 9: 25-33. Lake, P.S., 1977; Pholeteros – the faunal assemblage found in crayfish burrows, Australian Society for Limnology Newsletter 15: 57-60. Leaman, D., 2002; The Rock Which Makes Tasmania , Leaman Geophysics, Hobart. Matthews, W.L., 1978; Thermal Spring at Kimberley , Tasmania Department of Mines Unpublished Report 1978/12. Matthews, W.L., 1983; Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Longford Tertiary Basin , Tasmania Department of Mines Geological Survey Bulletin 59. MacIntosh, P., 2001; Subsurface stream channels in dolerite talus. Forest Practices News 3(3): 10. Middleton, G.J., 1979; Wilderness Caves of the Gordon-Franklin River System , Centre for Environmental Studies ccasional Paper 11, University of Tasmania. Nature Conservation Council of NSW Inc., 1999; Desktop Methodology to Identify Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems , Sydney. Nye, P.B., Finucane, K.J. & Blake, F., 1934; The Smithton District , Geological Survey Bulletin 34, Department of Mines, Tasmania. PWS, 1994; Kubla Khan Cave State Reserve Management Plan 1994 , Department of Environment & Land Management, Tasmania. PWS, 2002; Mount Field National Park, Mariotts Falls State Reserve and Junee Cave State Reserve Management Plan 2002 , Department of Tourism, Parks, Heritage & the Arts, Hobart. Richardson, A.M.M. & Swain, R., 1980; Habitat requirements and distribution of Engaeus cisternarius and three subspecies of Parastacoides tasmanicus (Decapoda: Parastacidae), burrowing crayfish from an area of south-western Tasmania, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 475-484. Sharples, C., 1994a; Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the Huon Forest District , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart.
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Sharples, C., 1994b; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the North-Eastern Tasmanian Forest Districts , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Sharples, C., 1995; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the State Forests of Eastern Tasmania , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Sharples, C., 1996a; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the Circular Head Forest District , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Sharples, C., 1996b; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the Murchison Forest District , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Sharples, C., 1996; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the Circular Head Forest District , Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Sharples, C., 2003; Tasmanian Karst Atlas Version 2 , digital data layer prepared for Department of Primary Industries Water & Environment and Forestry Tasmania. Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd, 2001; Environmental Water Requirements to Maintain Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems , Environment Australia, Canberra. Scanlon, A.P., Fish, G.J. & Yaxley, M.L., (eds), 1990; Behind the Scenery: Tasmania’s Landforms and Geology , Department of Education and The Arts, Tasmania. Sharples, C., 1996; A Reconnaissance of Landforms and Geological Sites of Geoconservation Significance in the Murchison Forest District , report to Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. SDAC 1996; State of the Environment Tasmania, Volume 1 – Conditions and Trends , Sustainable Development Advisory Council, Department of Environment & Land Management, Tasmania. Ward, J.V., Malard, F., Standford, J.A. & Gonser, T., 2000; Interstitial aquatic fauna of shallow unconsolidated sediments, particularly hyporheic biotopes, in Wilkens, H., Culver, D.C. & Humphreys, W.F. (eds), Subterranean Ecosystems , Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 45-58. Weldon, B.D., 1991; Potential Effects of Forestry Operations on Slope Stability and Springs in the Mt Koonya Area , Tasmania Department of Resources & Energy, Division of Mines & Mineral Resources Report 1991/23.
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Appendix 1. Contributors
1. Earth Science Workshop (December 9 th , 2003) Grant Dixon (Parks & Wildlife Service) Chris Sharples (Geoconservation consultant) David Dettrick (DPIWE Environment Division, DPIWE) Nathan Duhig (Forest Practices Board) Miladin Latinovic (Mineral Resources Tasmania) David Leaman (ex- Mineral Resources Tasmania) Jessemy Long (DPIWE Water Development Branch) Danielle Heffer (DPIWE Water Development Branch) Rolan Eberhard (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch)
2. Fauna Workshop (December 15 th , 2003) Alistair Richardon (University of Tasmania) Leon Barmutta (University of Tasmania) Helen Dunn (University of Tasmania) Arthur Clarke (University of Tasmania) Niall Doran (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Danielle Warfe (DPIWE Water Management Branch) Danielle Heffer (DPIWE Water Development Branch) Rolan Eberhard (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch)
3. Flora Workshop (16 th December, 2003) Mick Brown (CFEV Scientific Advisory Group) Sib Corbett (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Danielle Heffer (DPIWE Water Development Branch) Rolan Eberhard (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch)
4. Other contributors Peter Davies (University of Tasmania) Sarah Tassell (University of Tasmania) Jenny Deakin (DPIWE Water Management Branch) Ian Houshold (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch)
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Michael Pemberton (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Kathryn Jerie (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Jason Bradbury (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Stuart Blackhall (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Jennie Whinam (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Louise Gilfedder (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch) Lindsay Millard (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch Anne Kitchener (DPIWE Nature Conservation Branch Richard Barnes (DPIWE Private Forests Reserves Program) Bob Mesibov (Queen Victoria Museum & Art Galley) Loyd Matthews (ex-Mineral Resources Tasmania) Peter McIntosh (Forestry Tasmania)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 22 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Appendix 2. Digital maps Data layers summarising currently available information on groundwater dependent ecosystems have been compiled as five Arcview shapefiles. These relate to: Karst areas (Taskarst.shp); Point localities for landforms (e.g. springs) associated with groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDE points.shp); Deflation basins (Deflation basins.shp); Range of freshwater burrowing crayfish (GDE crayfish.shp); Quaternary coastal sand aquifers (Coastal sands.shp). The data layers are described in more detail below. The AGD66 datum has been used in all cases.
Karst areas The shapefile Taskarst.shp is an updated version of the Tasmanian Karst Atlas V. 3.0 (2003) digital dataset held by DPIWE and Forestry Tasmania. Attributes
Field Attributes Comments Kfeat_id Unique polygon identifier The numbers are inherited from the Karst Atlas v.3, except for new polygons, which have been allocated new numbers. Klocation Alphanumeric code As applied in the Karst Atlas v.3. Karst catchments are coded as identifying each karst area per the relevant karst area. Kname Karst area name As applied in the Karst Atlas v.3. Karst catchments are named as per the relevant karst area. Kcategory Karst category: The categories relate to the degree of karstification, following Kiernan (1995). Karst catchments in the northwest which A = known or likely to be discharge into to multiple karst areas have been attributed with intensely karstified the ‘highest’ relevant karst category (i.e. the category of the most B = substantially karstified karstified downstream karst area within the catchment). C = partly karstified D = possibly karstified Type Identifies type of polygon: The catchments of some karst areas are yet to be digitised. Karst Area Karst Catchment Karst+Catchment (i.e. polygon is a karst area within the catchment of another karst area). Gcode Classification of karst areas The classification is based on the lithological, topographic and (see comments). climatic (precipitation) context of the karst areas. Lithology and topography were taken from relevant fields in the Karst Atlas v.3. Data on effective precipitation (mean annual, maximum daily and maximum daily cv) provided to Kathryn Jerie (DPIWE) by the Bureau of Meteorology was used to identify four Tasmanian rainfall regions used in the classification. The classes are listed at Appendix 3.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 23 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Field Attributes Comments Glacialmax Identifies polygons that fall This attribute was derived using a map of the maximum extent of within areas considered to Cainozoic glacial ice, that was prepared for the RFA have been inundated by geoconservation assessment and later digitised by Kathryn Jerie glacial ice during Cainozoic (DPIWE). cold climate periods. 0 = not glaciated 1 = glaciated
Point localities for landforms associated with groundwater dependent ecosystems The shapefile GDE points.shp provides site data for the following landforms identified as supporting groundwater dependent ecosystems: Warm springs Cold springs Mound springs Tufa-depositing springs Perennially or intermittently flooded karst depressions Subsurface streams in talus and colluvium. The accuracy of the location data varies depending on the source. Some sites were mapped in the field by GPS or other reliable method and will generally be accurate to within metres or tens of metres. Other sites were digitised from features marked on 1:25,000 scale topographic maps or follow locations cited in reports. Note: Many of the springs mapped as point localities are cave entrances. In the interests of cave conservation and public safety, this information should be considered sensitive and not made generally available.
Attributes
Field Attributes Comments ID Unique polygon identifier Name Feature name Many of the names are not formally accepted nomenclature, but are in common usage or appear in published reports (e.g. Null = feature not named Shannons Lake, many cave names). Type Warm spring See main text for description of the types. Cold spring Cold spring (karstic) Mound spring Tufa-depositing spring Karst depression Subsurface stream
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 24 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Field Attributes Comments Tenure Private land State forest (Protection Zone) = administrative form of reservation under Forestry Tasmania’ Management Decision Private land (TALC) Classification system State forest
State forest (Protection Other Crown land = unallocated Crown land and public reserves Zone) under the Crown Lands Act 1976 Forest Reserve
Conservation Area Private land (TALC) = land owned by the Tasmanian Aboriginal National Park Land Council State Reserve Regional Reserve Nature Reserve Wellington Park Commonwealth land Other Crown land Source Published or unpublished references relevant to the groundwater attributes of the site Location Major named feature (e.g. town, river, etc) close to site Non-karst Non-karst priority Identifies non-karst sites that are considered priorities for priority conservation management.
Deflation basins The shapefile deflation basins.shp is a polygon coverage of deflation basins identified by Dixon (1997). The polygons were digitised from 1:100,000 scale paper maps prepared by Dixon to accompany his report.
Attributes
Field Attributes Comments Type Definite Definite = landforms considered by Dixon (1997) to definitely constitute deflation basins. Probable Probable = landforms considered by Dixon (1997) to probably constitute deflation basins, based on the topographic, morphological and/or sedimentary setting.
Range of freshwater burrowing crayfish The shapefile GDE crayfish.shp comprises polygons showing the range of freshwater burrowing crayfish within the genera Geocharax, Parastacoides and Engaeus. The polygons were mapped by Alistair Richardson (University of Tasmania). Some of the northern and eastern ranges of Parastacoides, where conditions are probably drier and burrows are either very isolated, or confined to the very edges of creeks, were
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 25 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania excluded. Richardson recommended that slopes greater than 5 degrees and land above 300 m asl should be excluded, in order to focus on low lying terrain where crayfish are likely to be present and burrows would contact groundwater.
Coastal sand aquifers The shapefile Coastal sands.shp is a polygon coverage depicting the potential extent of GDEs in coastal sand aquifers. The polygons were selected from MRT’s 1:250,000 Geology of Tasmania digital map (October 2003 version) according to the following criteria: (1) the polygons occur on the coast, and (2) the polygons comprise geological units containing sand formations. The relevant geological units include those identified as Quaternary coastal sand and gravel, Holocene sand, gravel and mud of alluvial, lacustrine and littoral origin, undifferentiated Quaternary sediments and undifferentiated Cainozoic sediments. Because various geological units have been combined and/or remain undifferentiated on the geological map, some polygons or parts of polygons included in the coastal sands shapefile may contain sediments other than sand and/or are located in topographic settings not conducive to the formation of coastal sand aquifers (e.g. steep slopes, cliff tops). Further work would be required to identify polygons that should be excluded on this basis. Expert advice was used to flag those sand masses known to contain landforms indicative of a shallow water table and/or groundwater discharge (see Status field in the attribute table). Other sites included in the coverage should be considered potential GDEs until they can be properly assessed or other information is available to confirm their groundwater status.
Field Attributes Comments Status GDE GDE = sand masses characterised by landforms indicative of a shallow water table and/or groundwater discharge. Potential GDE Potential GDE = potential sand aquifer based only on geology and proximity to coast. Age Holocene Source: Mineral Resources Tasmania 1:250,000 Geology of Tasmania digital map (October 2003 version). Quaternary Cainozoic Geology Description of geological Source: Mineral Resources Tasmania 1:250,000 Geology type of Tasmania digital map (October 2003 version).
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 26 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Appendix 3. Classification of Karst areas The karst areas were classified using a matrix approach based on three principal controls on karst processes: the rock type (lithology), topography and precipitation. Rock type and topography was taken from Kiernan (1995). Tasmania was divided into four precipitation regions derived from data on effective precipitation, maximum daily rainfall and the coefficient of variation of maximum daily rainfall.
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 1 Lithological system undifferentiated hill flank and plain (plain 2 type unspecified) 2 Holocene freshwater limestone (e.g, plain (type unspecified) 3 recent spring mound or tufa deposits) 3 Holocene freshwater limestone (e.g, coastal plain 3 recent spring mound or tufa deposits) 4 Holocene freshwater limestone (e.g, riverine plain 3 recent spring mound or tufa deposits) 5 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite Coastal 2 6 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite Coastal 3 7 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite Coastal 4 8 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite coastal plain 2 9 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite coastal plain 3 10 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank 2 11 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank and coastal 2 12 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank and coastal 4 13 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank and plain (plain 2 type unspecified) 14 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank and plain (plain 3 type unspecified) 15 Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite hill flank, plain and coastal 2 16 Pleistocene freshwater limestone (e.g, plain (type unspecified) 3 Pulbeena Limestone) 17 Tertiary marine limestone Coastal 3 undifferentiated 18 Tertiary marine limestone plain (type unspecified) 2 undifferentiated 19 Tertiary marine limestone plain (type unspecified) 3 undifferentiated 20 Tertiary marine limestone Coastal plain 2 undifferentiated 21 Tertiary marine limestone coastal plain 3 undifferentiated 22 Tertiary marine limestone riverine plain 3 undifferentiated
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 27 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 23 Tertiary marine limestone hill flank 3 undifferentiated 24 Tertiary marine limestone hill flank and coastal 2 undifferentiated 25 Cainozoic (mostly Tertiary) freshwater coastal plain 2 limestone (e.g, Geilston Bay deposits) 26 Cainozoic (mostly Tertiary) freshwater riverine plain 2 limestone (e.g, Geilston Bay deposits) 27 Cainozoic (mostly Tertiary) freshwater hill flank 3 limestone (e.g, Geilston Bay deposits) 28 Tertiary limestone over Smithton riverine plain 3 Dolomite (near Redpa) 29 Permo-Carboniferous limestones Coastal 1 undifferentiated 30 Permo-Carboniferous limestones Coastal 2 undifferentiated 31 Permo-Carboniferous limestones coastal plain 1 undifferentiated 32 Permo-Carboniferous limestones coastal plain 3 undifferentiated 33 Permo-Carboniferous limestones Hill flank 1 undifferentiated 34 Permo-Carboniferous limestones hill flank 2 undifferentiated 35 Permo-Carboniferous limestones hill flank 3 undifferentiated 36 Permo-Carboniferous limestones hill flank and coastal 2 undifferentiated 37 Permo-Carboniferous limestones hill flank and coastal 3 undifferentiated 38 Permo-Carboniferous limestones hill flank and plain (plain 2 undifferentiated type unspecified) 39 Permo-Carboniferous limestones Riverine plain 1 undifferentiated 40 Permo-Carboniferous limestones riverine plain 2 undifferentiated 41 Siluro-Devonian limestones (Eldon Coastal 4 Group) undifferentiated 42 Siluro-Devonian limestones (Eldon hill flank 4 Group) undifferentiated 43 Siluro-Devonian limestones (Eldon hill flank and plain (plain 4 Group) undifferentiated type unspecified) 44 Siluro-Devonian limestones (Eldon hill flank, plain and coastal 4 Group) undifferentiated
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 28 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 45 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) Coastal 3 undifferentiated 46 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) Coastal 4 undifferentiated 47 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) plain (type unspecified) 3 undifferentiated 48 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) plain (type unspecified) 4 undifferentiated 49 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) riverine plain 3 undifferentiated 50 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) riverine plain 4 undifferentiated 51 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) hill flank 3 undifferentiated 52 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) hill flank 4 undifferentiated 53 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) hill flank and coastal 3 undifferentiated 54 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) hill flank and plain (plain 3 undifferentiated type unspecified) 55 Ordovician limestones (Gordon Group) hill flank and plain (plain 4 undifferentiated type unspecified) 56 Cambrian Ragged Basin Complex Riverine plain 3 dolomites and cherty dolomites 57 Cambrian Ragged Basin Complex hill flank 3 dolomites and cherty dolomites 58 Cambrian Ragged Basin Complex hill flank 4 dolomites and cherty dolomites 59 Cambrian carbonate rocks (mainly Coastal 2 dolomites) undifferentiated 60 Precambrian Kanunnah hill flank 3 Subgroup/Crimson Creek formation dolomitic and calcareous units. 61 Precambrian Kanunnah hill flank 4 Subgroup/Crimson Creek formation dolomitic and calcareous units. 62 Precambrian Kanunnah hill flank, plain and coastal 3 Subgroup/Crimson Creek formation dolomitic and calcareous units. 63 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated Coastal 3 64 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated plain (type unspecified) 4 65 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated coastal plain 4 66 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated riverine plain 3 67 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated riverine plain 4
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 29 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 68 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated hill flank 3 69 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated hill flank 4 70 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated Mountain (alpine karst) 4 71 Precambrian dolomites undifferentiated hill flank and plain (plain 4 type unspecified) 72 Precambrian Smithton Dolomite plain (type unspecified) 3 73 Precambrian Smithton Dolomite coastal plain 3 74 Precambrian Smithton Dolomite riverine plain 3 75 Precambrian Smithton Dolomite hill flank 3 76 Precambrian Smithton Dolomite hill flank and plain (plain 3 type unspecified) 77 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, Coastal 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 78 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, Coastal 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 79 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, plain (type unspecified) 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 80 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, plain (type unspecified) 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 81 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, coastal plain 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 82 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, coastal plain 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 83 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, riverine plain 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 84 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, riverine plain 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 85 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, hill flank 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 86 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, hill flank 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates 87 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, hill flank and coastal 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek Group & correlates
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 30 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 88 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, hill flank and plain (plain 3 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek type unspecified) Group & correlates 89 Precambrian Black River Dolomite, hill flank and plain (plain 4 Savage Dolomite, Success Creek type unspecified) Group & correlates 90 Precambrian Weld River Group Riverine plain 3 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 91 Precambrian Weld River Group Riverine plain 4 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 92 Precambrian Weld River Group hill flank 3 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 93 Precambrian Weld River Group hill flank 4 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 94 Precambrian Weld River Group Mountain (alpine karst) 4 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 95 Precambrian Weld River Group hill flank, plain and coastal 3 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 96 Precambrian Weld River Group hill flank, plain and coastal 4 dolomite, Jane Dolomite, Hastings Dolomite and correlates 97 Precambrian/Cambrian Arthur hill flank and plain (plain 3 Metamorphic Complex sequences (e.g, type unspecified) Keith Schist) not known to contain magnesite units but stratigraphically correlated with dolomitic sequences such as the Oonah Formation. 98 Precambrian Oonah Formation, Burnie plain (type unspecified) 3 Formation and correlated interbedded dolomite/clastic sequences. 99 Precambrian Oonah Formation, Burnie riverine plain 4 Formation and correlated interbedded dolomite/clastic sequences. 100 Precambrian Oonah Formation, Burnie hill flank 3 Formation and correlated interbedded dolomite/clastic sequences. 101 Precambrian Oonah Formation, Burnie hill flank 4 Formation and correlated interbedded dolomite/clastic sequences. 102 Precambrian Clark Group dolomites riverine plain 4 103 Precambrian Clark Group dolomites hill flank 3
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 31 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Gcode Lithology Topography Precipitation 104 Precambrian Clark Group dolomites hill flank 4 105 Precambrian Clark Group dolomites Mountain (alpine karst) 4 106 Precambrian Rocky Cape Group hill flank 3 interbedded dolomites (Irby Siltstone – interbedded clastics and dolomites) 107 Precambrian Rocky Cape Group hill flank and coastal 3 interbedded dolomites (Irby Siltstone – interbedded clastics and dolomites) 108 Precambrian Rocky Cape Group hill flank and plain (plain 3 interbedded dolomites (Irby Siltstone – type unspecified) interbedded clastics and dolomites) 109 Precambrian/Cambrian Magnesite and hill flank 3 interbedded Magnesite/Dolomite (Arthur Metamorphic Complex) 110 Precambrian/Cambrian Magnesite and hill flank 4 interbedded Magnesite/Dolomite (Arthur Metamorphic Complex)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 32 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Appendix 4. GDE point features Note: Many of the springs mapped as point localities are cave entrances. In the interests of cave conservation and public safety, this information should be considered sensitive and not made generally available.
Name Type Tenure Source Location 'Shannons Lake' Karst depression State forest Sharples 1996a Savage River Angel Cliffs Tufa-depositing National Park Middleton 1979 Gordon River spring Artery Cold spring State Reserve Joyce 2003 Hastings (karstic) Arthurs Folly Cave Cold spring National Park Houshold & Spate Ida Bay (karstic) 1990 BH1 Tufa-depositing National Park Houshold & Clarke Bubs Hill spring 1988 Bachelors Spring Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) data Badger Creek Subsurface stream National Park - Crossing River Big Lower Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook Sassafras Spring (karstic) data Blythe River Subsurface stream Conservation Sharples 1996b Natone Area Boggy Spring Cold spring Other Crown R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) land data Bowry Cave Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Bowry Creek Spring (karstic) Bradley Cold spring National Park Houshold & Spate Ida Bay Chesterman Cave (karstic) 1990 Bramich's Spring Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Burns Rising Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (karstic) Byards Rising Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Cashions Creek Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley Cave (karstic) (Protection Zone) Circular Ponds Karst depression Private R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry land/Conservatio data n Area Croesus Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd (karstic) data Croesus Cave Tufa-depositing National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd spring data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 33 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Cyclops Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) (Private land?) data Damper Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Precipitous Bluff (karstic) data Deception Pool Karst depression State forest Sharples 1996a Arthur River (Protection Zone) Den Cave Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek (karstic) data Devils Gullet Subsurface stream State Reserve - Fisher River Dismal Swamp Karst depression Forest Sharples 1996a Redpa Reserve/Nature Reserve Dobsons Flats Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains spring (karstic) Echo Valley Spring Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd (karstic) data Emperor Cave Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Enigma Spring Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta (karstic) data Exit Cave Cold spring National Park Houshold & Spate Ida Bay (karstic) 1990 F39 Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (karstic) Fault Creek Spring Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek (karstic) Area data GP6 Cold spring State Reserve S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Gads Spring Cold spring Other Crown R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) land data Gillam Cave Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Gollums Spring Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains Gone South Cold spring State Reserve Joyce 2003 Hastings (karstic) Great Western Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains Cave (karstic) Green Pond Karst depression Forest Reserve Sharples 1996a Arthur River Hastings Cold spring Hasting Caves C. Sharples pers. Hastings (karstic) SR comm. Hastings Thermal Warm spring Hasting Caves Joyce 2003 Hastings Pool SR Honeycomb 2 Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside Cave (karstic) data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 34 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Hop Farm Spring Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Howes Spring Cold spring State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Howes Spring Tufa-depositing State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta spring data Jack Daltons Blue Karst depression State Reserve S. Bunton unpub. data Hastings Lake Joe's Rifts Cold spring Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Julius River Cold spring State Reserve Sharples 1996a Arthur River Outflow Cave (karstic) Junee Cave Cold spring State Reserve R. Eberhard 1994 Maydena (karstic) Kaines Cave Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Kimberley Springs Warm spring State Reserve Matthews 1978 Kimberley Kubla Khan Efflux Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) Area data Kutikina Cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (karstic) Lake Chisholm Karst depression Forest Reserve Sharples 1996, 1997 Arthur River Lake Lea Karst depression Conservation I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir Area comm. Lake Sydney Karst depression National Park Kiernan 1989 Mt Bobs Lake Timk Karst depression National Park Kiernan 1990 Mt Anne Lawrence Rivulet Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Rising (karstic) (Protection Zone) Vallery Lawrence Rivulet Karst depression State forest Eberhard 1997 Florentine Valley Sink (Protection Zone) Leven Canyon Tufa-depositing Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana spring Leven Cave Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Lime Pit Cold spring Other Crown R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) land data Little South Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry Circular (karstic) data Little Trimmer Cold spring State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta Cave (karstic) data Little Trimmer Tufa-depositing State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta Cave spring data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 35 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Loons Cave Cold spring National Park Houshold & Spate Ida Bay (karstic) 1990 Lowana Road Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains Spring (karstic) Lynds Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd (karstic) data Lynds Cave Tufa-depositing National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd spring data Mackies Spring Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) Area data Mackies Spring Karst depression Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry Area data Marakoopa Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Mersey Bridge Cold spring Other Crown R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd Spring (karstic) land data Mersey Hill Cave Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek (karstic) Area data Mesa Creek Cave Tufa-depositing State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune spring (Protection Zone) Mill Cave Cold spring Forest Reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data Minimoria Cold spring National Park Houshold & Clarke Bubs Hill (karstic) 1988 My Cave Karst Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook Window (karstic) Area data North Lune Cold spring State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Parsons Spring Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Pendant Cave Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) Perched Lake Karst depression National Park J. Bradbury pers. Gordon River comm. Platypus Lagoon Karst depression NationalPark I. Houshold pers. Weld River comm. Pungalannar Pool Karst depression National Park Eberhard et al. 1992 Salisbury River Quetzalcoatl Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Precipitous Bluff Conduit (karstic) data Raymond Road Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains Spring Riveaux Karst depression State forest - Huon River Roberts Cave Cold spring State forest - Huon River (karstic)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 36 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Rotuli Cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Gordon River (karstic) Salisbury River Cold spring National Park Eberhard et al. 1992 Salisbury River Spring (karstic) Sassafras Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) data Scotts Rising Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Shirleys Pool Karst depression National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Surprise River data Short Creek Spring Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Shower Cliff Tufa-depositing National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River spring Snailspace Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Soda Creek Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data South Circular Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry Ponds data Stinking Spring Cold spring Private land Matthews 1983 Bracknell Swallownest Cave Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Swallownest Cave Tufa-depositing Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana spring The Duckhole Karst depression State forest Sharples 1994a Hastings (Protection Zone) The Three Bears Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data The Wash Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry data Thylacine Lair Cold spring National Park Houshold & Clarke Bubs Hill (karstic) 1988 Trowutta Arch Karst depression State Reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Trowutta data Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Houshold & Clarke Bubs Hill (BH13) (karstic) 1988 Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (F23) (karstic) Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (F32) (karstic) Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (F38) (karstic)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 37 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (F4) (karstic) Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (F52) (karstic) Un-named cave Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (JF335) (karstic) (Protection Zone) Un-named cave Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (JF48) (karstic) (Protection Zone) Un-named cave Cold spring National Park Clarke 1990 North Lune (N2) (karstic) Union Cave Cold spring Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Vanishing Falls Karst depression National Park Eberhard et al. 1992 Salisbury River Vein Cold spring State Reserve Joyce 2003 Hastings (karstic) Victory Springs Warm spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Arthur River (Protection Zone) Wagarta Mina Cold spring Private land - Picton Range (Judds Cavern) (karstic) (TALC) Warra Cave Cold spring State forest A. Clarke pers. comm. Huon River (karstic) Weerona Cave Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Welcome Stranger Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley Cave (karstic) (Protection Zone) Westfield Spring Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (karstic) Wet Cave Cold spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Tufa-depositing National Park Tasmanian Maria Island spring Geoconservation Database Tufa-depositing National Park Tasmanian Maria Island spring Geoconservation Database Tufa-depositing National Park Sharples 1995 Forestier spring Peninsula Tufa-depositing National Park Tasmanian Maria Island spring Geoconservation Database Tufa-depositing National Park Tasmanian Maria Island spring Geoconservation Database
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 38 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Tufa-depositing National Park Tasmanian Maria Island spring Geoconservation Database Tufa-depositing National Park Sharples 1995 Forestier spring Peninsula Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry data Subsurface stream State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry data Subsurface stream State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Subsurface stream National Park Clarke 1990 North Lune Tufa-depositing National Park Sharples 1995 Forestier spring Peninsula Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Tufa-depositing Conservation Eberhard 1995 High Rocky spring Area Point Subsurface stream State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Forest Reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Forest Reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Forest Reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill' data Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 39 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Karst depression State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Karst depression Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring State forest I. Houshold pers. North Lune (karstic) comm. Cold spring Private land Kiernan 1984 Ugbrook (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Karst depression State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring State forest Sharples 1994a North Lune (karstic) Warm spring State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring State forest Clarke 1990 North Lune Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Karst depression National Park - Cook Creek Subsurface stream State forest P. MacIntosh pers. Florentine Valley comm. Subsurface stream State forest P. MacIntosh pers. Lake River comm. Subsurface stream State forest P. MacIntosh pers. Huon River comm.
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 40 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Subsurface stream State forest P. MacIntosh pers. Mt Weld comm. Subsurface stream State forest P. MacIntosh pers. Mt Arthur comm. Mound spring National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Precipitous Bluff data Karst depression State forest Sharples pers. comm. Styx River (Protection Zone) Cold spring State forest Sharples pers comm. Styx River (karstic) (Protection Zone) Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring data Tufa-depositing Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring Area data Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (karstic) (Protection Zone) Cold spring State forest - Risbys Basin (karstic) Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (karstic) Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Cold spring Private land - Risbys Basin (karstic) Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 41 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Cold spring Other Crown Eberhard 1994 Maydena (karstic) land Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Mound spring State forest Drysdale 1992 Florentine Valley (Protection Zone) Tufa-depositing Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill spring data Karst depression State forest Drysdale 1992 Florentine Valley (Protection Zone) Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine Valley (karstic) Karst depression State forest Drysdale 1992 Florentine Valley (Protection Zone) Cold spring State forest Eberhard 1996 Florentine (karstic) Vallery Cold spring State forest Drysdale 1992 Junee-Florentine Tufa-depositing State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Olivers Rd spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Karst depression National Park Kiernan 1990 Mt Anne Cold spring National Park Kiernan 1990 Snake River (karstic) Cold spring National Park Kiernan 1990 Snake River (karstic) Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Cold spring State forest N. Duhig pers. comm. Florentine Valley (karstic) Cold spring State forest N. Duhig pers. comm. Florentine Valley (karstic) Karst depression State forest N. Duhig pers. comm. Florentine Valley Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring data Cold spring Private land Knott & Lake 1980 Devonport Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook spring data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 42 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring data Tufa-depositing National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry spring data Subsurface stream National Park Clarke 1990 North Lune Karst depression Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir comm. Karst depression Conservation I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir Area comm. Cold spring Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir (karstic) comm. Karst depression Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir comm. Cold spring Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir (karstic) comm. Karst depression Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir comm. Karst depression Conservation I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir Area comm. Cold spring Private land I. Houshold pers. Vale of Belvoir (karstic) comm. Karst depression National Park J. Bradbury pers. Gordon River comm. Tufa-depositing National Park R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Stockers Plain (karstic) data Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside data Cold spring National Park Middleton 1979 Franklin River (karstic) Cold spring Conservation R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek Area data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 43 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Tufa-depositing Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside spring data Karst depression National Park Houshold & Clarke Surprise River 1988 Karst depression National Park Houshold & Clarke Surprise River 1988 Karst depression National Park Houshold & Clarke Mt Gell 1988 Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mole Creek (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Caveside (karstic) data Cold spring State forest A. Clarke pers. comm. Huon River (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) data Tufa-depositing State forest A. Clarke pers. comm. Huon River spring Tufa-depositing Private R. Barnes pers. comm. King Island spring land/Other Crown land Tufa-depositing Other Crown R. Barnes pers. comm. King Island spring land Cold spring Other Crown Jennings 1956 Kind Island land Tufa-depositing Private Jennings 1956 King Island spring land/Other Crown land Tufa-depositing Private Jennings 1956 King Island spring land/Other Crown land Cold spring Private land Jennings 1956 King Island Tufa-depositing Other Crown Dixon 1996 Cape Barren spring land Island Tufa-depositing Other Crown Dixon 1996 Cape Barren spring land Island Cold spring National Park Dixon 1996 Hogan Island Tufa-depositing Commonwealth Eastoe 1979 Cape Grim spring land
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 44 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) data Cold spring Private land Nye et al. 1934 Pulbeena (karstic) Mound spring Private land Nye et al. 1934 Marthicks Hill Cold spring Private land Nye et al. 1934 Marthicks Hill Cold spring Private land Nye et al. 1934 Smithton Mound spring Private land Nye et al. 1934 Smithton Mound spring Private land Eastoe 1979 Mella Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Ugbrook (karstic) data Warm spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Keith River Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Arthur River (karstic) Karst depression State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Lyons River Warm spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Lyons River Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Lyons River (karstic) Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Lyons River (karstic) Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) Tufa-depositing State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet spring Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) (Protection Zone) Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Main Rivulet (karstic) (Protection Zone) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring State forest Houshold et al. 1999 Bowry Creek (karstic) Warm spring State forest Joyce 2003 Hastings
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 45 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Cold spring State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) (Protection Zone) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring State forest S. Bunton unpub. data Hastings (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring Other Crown Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) land Cold spring Regional Reserve Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Mound spring State forest Eberhard 1991 Loongana (Protection) (Private land? Mound spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Mayberry (karstic) data
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 46 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Cold spring Forest reserve R. Eberhard unpub. Dogs Head Hill (karstic) data Cold spring Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta data Tufa-depositing Private land Eberhard 1991 Loongana spring Tufa-depositing Private land Eberhard 1991 Gunns Plains spring Cold spring Regional Reserve S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Loatta (karstic) data Cold spring State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Lake MacKenzie data Rd Cold spring State forest R. Eberhard unpub. Liena data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Liena (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Cold spring Private land S. Eberhard 1994 Gunns Plains (karstic) Subsurface stream State Reserve GDE workshop (9 Dec Mt Barrow 2003) Subsurface stream State forest Sharples 1995 Mt Punter (Protection Zone) Subsurface stream State forest Sharples 1995 Mt Punter (Protection Zone) Subsurface stream State forest Sharples 1995 Mt St John (Protection Zone)
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 47 A Desktop Study of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Tasmania
Name Type Tenure Source Location Subsurface stream State forest Sharples 1995 Mt Punter Subsurface stream State forest Sharples 1995 Mt Punter (Protection Zone) Karst depression National Park - Weld River Karst depression National Park - Weld River Karst depression National Park - Weld River Karst depression National Park - Weld River Subsurface stream National Park - Tyenna Peak Subsurface stream National Park - Tyenna Peak Cold spring Private land R. Eberhard unpub. Chudleigh (karstic) data Subsurface stream Wellington Park - Mt Wellington Subsurface stream Wellington Park - Mt Wellington Cold spring National Park M. Pemberton pers. Stephens Bay comm. Cold spring Conservation M. Pemberton pes. Birthday Bay Area comm. Balfour Warm Warm spring State forest Tasmanian Balfour Spring Geoconservation Database
Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems Values Project 48