CEU eTD Collection In partialfulfillment for the degree ofMaster of inGender Arts Studies. Genetic Studies of Romani Populations in Second Reader: Professor Dr. Professor Reader: Second Supervisor: Professor JuditSándor An Department of Gender Studies Department of Central EuropeanUniversity Intersectional , Hungary Barna Szamosi Submitted to 2010 By Analysis habil. AndreaPet Ę CEU eTD Collection POPULATIONS IN HUNGARY...... 20 OFGENDERANDETHNICITY3. ANALYSIS INTHEGENETIC STUDIESOF CONTENTS ILORPY...... 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION...... 47 2. BACKGROUND TO POPULATION GENETICS...... 14 1. METHODOLOGY...... 4 INTRODUCTION...... 1 III ABSTRACT...... 3.5. 3.4. 3.3. 3.2. 2.2. 1.1. 3.5.3. Forming Roma Biosocialities...... 44 3.5.2. Genetic Research on Closed Gypsy 42 Communities...... 3.5.1. Ethnic Categorization 40 in Genomic Medicine...... 3.4.2. Role of Gypsy Males and Females in 36 the DNA Sample ...... Collection 3.4.1. Social Hierarchies 33 in Gypsy ...... Communities 3.3.3. Ethnic Identity Based on Y Chromosome 25 Research...... 3.3.2. Genetic Identification on the 24 Base of Patronyms...... 3.3.1. The Significance of the Genetic Genealogy of Roma 23 Population...... I T G T E I SSUES RELATED TO THE NTERSECTIONALITY HE HE XPERT ENETIC I G NTERSECTIONS OF NTERSECTIONS ENEALOGY OF I NTERVIEWS WITH A PPLICATIONS OF THE OF PPLICATIONS : R A OMA E F R THNICITY RAMEWORK TO OMA H I DENTITY UMAN B R IOBANK OMA , G G ENETICISTS ENDER ...... 20 ...... C ATEGORY G ...... 40 ...... ENETICS , C LASS ANDLASS ...... 10 ...... 23 ...... 4 ...... G ENETICS ...... 31 ...... ii CEU eTD Collection along the lines of traditionalthe gender hierarchies. gypsies’ the social fragmented structures andthey anddiversegypsy ethnicities reconstruct homogenize abiological marker culturally the to Roma the category byattaching Geneticists social categories. of character performative the consideration into take fails to This aspect level. biological amolecular Roma the on category stabilizes this connection however that I argue genetic disorders. to systematically link category andthey Roma centre the at the are of diseases categories the geneticists human of research In the perspective. constructivist feminist a non-Romani from beanalyzed will material The collected data. collect to interviews expert use I and intersectionality of methods the apply I analysis my In geneticists. ofhuman in works the Roma ethnicity of conceptualization onthe focuses This thesis Abstract iii CEU eTD Collection Approach. “ of Hungary. I use a context. project cultural every in plan the biological andprocesses with shifting produce subjectivities permanently emphasis these as a starting construct categories of social the vectors intersecting the implies that The argument point in my research, which is entitled context. cultural socio- the according articulated to subjectpositions andthe areperformatively constructed performativity 1990)whichstates theory allsocial(Butler, that arecategories discursively determine my on phenomena this work meaning.rests the present cultural argument cannot In level.44), thereforebiological genetic 2003,p. biologicalthe (Lindee, produces Ethnicity social hencepractices itis possible not justify to link a between ethnicity and amarker on the through is ashis/her reiterated ethnicity such subject of the imagined identity reality.The use reason whyhumanasocial itis geneticistsas think possiblepopulation category to important conceptual ethnic Anslippagecanbethe categories. performatively constructed the which stabilizing aims at geneticists’ work, the with beresearch can explained emerginginsignificanceRomani people screeningof from genetic Hungary.of the The this Introduction Romahealth”: Classical and Molecular Epidemiology of Roma Population, A Pan-European Roma Population,A of Classical andMolecularEpidemiology Romahealth”: My iscase study about genetic the screening of Romani inpopulation parts different boundaries of category a denoted are constructed(Anthias, 2001,p. 378). involvebut shifting of constellations dependingsocial actors, on ways the the Class, andethnicity be gender, seen cannot as constructingfixed permanent groups, are isit the questions toinvestigate that important In theactual context political This project proposal was handed in to the European inhanded European ThisprojectUnion tothe in2007, and 10 was proposal CEU eTD Collection division in the genetic research and the issue of gender hierarchies which are reconstructed in hierarchies which in andtheissueof are reconstructed division gender genetic the research address by mastered workI problemsthe of gender afemaleperson.In this a maleand social hierarchies in a cultural and thecontext possible subject positions which can be category, but the emphasis is only on the male members of the ethnic communities. meaningthink only not andfragmented with disappear Roma the cultural the diverse inleast At frame, maleI individuals. this genetic it gypsy refers because to perspective, only from all a gender is at notoverarching andtheterm Roma Beasi Gypsies), Gypsies, groupsreasons: target the themselves define their ethnicity category this with (Vlachian The term forwhich is by seemssuitable humanpopulation two geneticists. used gypsy the collection. Roma sample DNA during hierarchies gender traditional the legitimize and geneticists of process the gypsy populations. during screening they Iclaim that reconstruct Nucleotid-Polymorphism)mutation and toreflect on problematicthe practices of human the mistaken and oversimplification to define an ethnicityis isprove whyit to work this aim The of project. genetics Roma-related ofdifferent leaders with the phenomenon of team SNP the with (Single-conducted I that interviews expert the on based is work present The genetics. categories, such as Roma, class, gender and proposal. rejected the category the of in spite Hungary of parts in different of communities gypsy ethnicity on research their continued is possible in EUhuman therefore I analyzepopulations livingin parts different of The . project wasnot awardedfunding from the the work of geneticistsidentify forgenetic both determinants non-infectiousinfectious and ingypsy diseases who were is part. Themain take of projectcountriesEuropean andIndia to the objective to planned part of the proposed project and The term gender means the division of males and females, the aspects of sexuality, the In this work I use the term gypsy and gypsies to differentiate from the term Roma, In study investigatethis towhatI extentis application the socially of constructed 2 CEU eTD Collection geneticists. In the third section I evaluate the issues related to the Roma biobank. by reconstruction andtheir communities in gypsy the hierarchies ethnic the deals with analysis This subsection. second in the geneticists the of fieldwork the analyze to move I part the analysis is of inimportance The the ethnicity. slippageRoma the of genealogy genetic and in social the thewith start useI levels. of the terminology in the different fields. onthree ofthe Hungarian studies body gypsy populations the genetic thesis the I analyze of From this main the In humans. among structures gene differing scarcely the for explanation possible I build onhisisolation-by-distance model is which by accepted many as the researchers only part Iprimarily of becauserely work Luigithe on (2000), inmy Luca Cavalli-Sforza research this In genetics. human population to background brief a Igive chapter third the In research. closed field of human genetics. into gain insight thethinkingpossibility andeverydaypracticesthis researchersof the of to only this isthe butan easy not choice, material is collect to Interviewing work. of present the fields. From eight contacted persons I could organize three interviews, which limits the results part Icontacted intended therefore leaders team the institutes totake of Hungarian work the are the members of a small closed community. In the proposed the In community. closed asmall of members the are research the whoconduct scientists area,the research closed isa genetics population human field conduct The I choseempirical of the to research. methodology that from and the partly communities. gypsy the of members the from samples DNA collecting human of ethnicwhiletheywere the fieldwork the geneticists the duringcommunities In the second chapter of the thesis I introduce the methodological frame of the of frame methodological the introduce I thesis of the chapter In the second The scope of the work is very limited. This partly results from the of the subject Romahealth project eight project 3 CEU eTD Collection because I intend to draw attention to the anticategorical and intracategorical approaches, asI approaches, intracategorical and anticategorical attention to the draw intend to I because Romani populations. Thismethodological is from important differentiation my perspective of structural and locational methodsimportant and Iwill evaluate them according totheir usefulness in research abroader analysis in relationgive article to mostparagraphs drawon next Iwill of McCall’s (2005) adescription the to the present research In forthe its is idea methodologies. of alsotrue The complexity forframe agenderanalysis. on genetic studies of same time. the study at empirical approach theoretical and research to works to can opportunity give intersectionality of methods open the seems it scholars, of tools the between difference big a lends itself both to theoretical and empirical researches (Davis, 2008, p. 76). Although there is means a hazinessandambiguity”.successfully which This theory incompleteness, endedness, vagueness, open- theory are a good of “the characteristics Kathy Davis(2008) According to is to genetic related the question:whothe discourse in labeledas Hungary. Romani study to be applied can approach methodological and as anopen theoretical Intersectionality “biology is destiny, bad, difference and technology solution”the (1996,p.342). find like: help views geneticsways howtoovercome can onproblematic to to approach mappedAdrienne anintersectional that Asch biology.feminist and Gail Gellerunderscore genetics cultural claims that normsnot should be through determined technologically the to approach Afeminist genetic discourse. on analysis incritical afeminist tools conceptual Genetics to AFramework 1.1. Intersectionality: 1. Methodology Intersectionality itswith Intersectionality theoretical fields complex interrelated and givesconvincing The andtheoretical methodological ofintersectionality works frameprovide and 4 CEU eTD Collection the use of the categories in biology with their socially constructed meaning fields. useof inbiology the categories theirthe socially constructed with possibility avoidto these in a political isWhatdiscourse. possiblebalance anddesirable is to nois there as issue,practically identity I see but labels this categories or use the political of rejects approach and linksintersectionality. This the of between process the subjectification therefore later in my text I return to the of ontheworks Michel Foucault, This approach indraws structure. genetic their marker gene Foucauldian notion of subjectivitiesmighthave same the individuals, who perform by the refused to or reiterated continuously when I map out meaningless because is ethnicity complex a which term to refers lives which ways of are becomeimpossible stableandmakesit for subjecttorefusethe toidentify it. with category thesociallyconstructed ingenetics institutionalized useof ethnic categories the move from individual the isand it autonomously done in a butgiven context, with the is astrategic This him/her. for beundesirable seems to identify that a category with to refuse can subject the but sametime at the purpose for his/her identifications use can temporarily or withsocial because thecanidentify categories of subject perspective individual,different the is from they simple categorization. approach slip out of primarilyimportant the This fluid areso that and structures subjects because fix categories stabilize or impossible to isit therefore change in permanent is it and is complex life social that idea the on relies view This categories. analytical deconstructing is aimedat it and deconstructionism from out starts that asrealities. by geneticists and applications their categories constructed fields of socio-culturally pointthe slippage isto the meaningbetween the to research present sideimportant of the Themost by geneticists. applied whichare categories the connection to in will They that are useful in myfurther analysis. be useful arethemethods think these The connection of ethnicity with a biological phenomenon on the genetic level is level genetic the on phenomenon abiological with ethnicity of connection The The anticategorical complexity (McCall, 2005,p. 1773) whicha methodology to refers 5 CEU eTD Collection conservatives, nationalists and fundamentalists treated this phenomenon as a threat to their to threat a as phenomenon this treated fundamentalists and nationalists conservatives, some but celebrated only not isunfortunately process This subjectivities. multiple create identity formationseroded foundations and institutional way the to openedstable upthe of localculturally both changes, continuouslyand intra-acting economically, the processes their subject positions at the intersections of race, class,closely tothewaysconnected andmethodsindividuals how groups identify or negotiate and gender etc. As a result of global and categories. social of these transformation and construction of mutual processes the of recognition isthe intersectionality of characteristic important the because is useful intra-action of notion think the I into the butwith they (Lykke, of 2005). mutually other other the boundaries each penetrate is asitnon-bounded therefore in just are involved these not categories clashing this definition are entities these that entails which approach is an this intra-action, term use the to suggests she other. Onthecontrary they the against boundaries sothat are clashing which have certain entities to refers word meaning of the the because other, with each interact notonly categories these that emphasize to is necessary it that argues, further Lykke class. nationality, ethnicity, as gender, such categories of construction in interact relations discursive the are power how and on intersections provide explanations theirp. 1773-74). atthe connections (McCall, 2005, categories of certain ask ustotrace backbut genealogies the bysocial categories, represented are not does reject stable besidesthe that and boundaries thismethod relationships define how weconstruct of processes the of investigation the supports itrather analytical categories: the reject not does methodology This micro-level. the at experience lived reveal the to space toexplore socialthe andindividual groups positionssubject intersections at andit tries I agree with Lykke who sees the recently articulated concept of intersectionality as it is as itintersectionality of with concept I agree sees recently articulated the Lykke who Nina Lykke (2005) claims, intersectionality as a conceptual tool is useful to analyze The intracategorical methodological importantisapproach because I think it gives 6 CEU eTD Collection culturally attached to the body. tothe attached culturally where homogenousfunction group, itnotdoes as anotheringis category. Ethnicity always a in irrelevant especially and focus in the always not is it point, anchor an not is background an ethnic words other In situations. social the to according changing areconstantly categories myhomogenous groups.In vital itseeis thattheironthe opinion to emphases constructive backgroundethnic andtheir particularly in visible mixed difference and ethnically subjectivitiesfor are aDanishboy differentfor aboy and different with a Turkish/Kurdish gain power. to in order theirpositions articulate subject these because consciously of formations children subjectivity As of from intersections Isee,thisisinteresting age. and ethnicity,of point gender the view inherbecause is focus the study onthe interesting is example . Her particularly of in aschool students of behavior the analyzes Staunaes intersectionality. and subjectivity the analysis of Dortheon by individual, Idraw created positions the subject tothe related mystandpoint strengthen Staunaes (2003). In to order In situation. social the on depending categories intersecting the between emphasis her paper the she shift consciously individuals sheds how show experiences lived the life, lightindividual’s the on the connections in intersections of change constant and dynamic the of in spite Isee, as because, formations of changing. performatively are they therefore determined, culturally always are they and always realities in constructed aresocially biology meaningfields understand that the necessary to itis but became social realities, andsocialization through generations arepassedto identities individuals their discursivelyconstruct imagined identities. Thesesocially constructed and communities which through social emphasisprocesses put to not identities does traditional and existence they fear loss the stable anchorof points. This traditional approach to Staunaes manages to show that the semantic fields connected to the construction of construction to the connected fields semantic show the that to manages Staunaes identity their to relation in capacity individuals’ the on elaborate to like would I Here, 7 CEU eTD Collection positions. Staunaes’contribution important the fieldintersectionalityto isher of suggestion to subject of idea the to approach intersectional an of points connecting the on elaborate itpossible torelate itto intersectional methods. Hence,in followingthe paragraph I will possibilities of individualthe inopen a socio-cultural andcontext I think thisopenness makes socialour on positions an individual level. concept The of subject positions leaves the discontinuing the reiteration of the traditional way of life. performativedisconnect the individual actions, has from powerto the ethnicgroupby the subjectivitiesnorms. the ethnic inrelation is Asfaras to through ethnicity constructed of the ethnicmembers by the be accepted and is traditional, lifelive that to continue can person a example, group,are butdefinitely it is peopleimportant: ina aloneor group ontheindividual level“cultural They are not dopes.” the active decision made by Margaret Wetherell Maybinand Janet in (cited Staunaes, 2003,p.103)is highly agents inof factors, thepoint the of both aresignificant these Ithink process. isatwo-way subjectivities the formulationindividuals of articulation this and ofdiscourses vectors intersecting the at is articulated subject of The theirpossibilities. subjects’ the constrain which discourses or to contexts cultural the to refers stoplives, articulating subjectivity inof notion the and subjectivity; its in creating is active subject the in that a way act relation to ethnicitytheir sameat the fluidity and time. for notion expressstability becausethiscan is idea subjectivity useful moreconcludes the that comparison intersectionality. with Shecompares subjectivity with identity (2003, p.103) and intersectionality,investigate suggeststo the relation of subjectivity, in subjectposition isfrom that locational arising of practices mainthe two the and structural the strands, The idea of subject position is a powerful concept because it gives space to negotiate spaceto itgives because is position concept a powerful of The idea subject can in context subject a cultural the that sensemeans in Foucauldian the Subjectivity Staunaes (2003, p.103) by realizing the importance of methodologicalthe problem 8 CEU eTD Collection understanding of (1996,p.342). community” shouldbiological surrender social meaningand to refuse to factinclusive insist should an on and Geller are right: a feministpolitical and subjective constructionsidentities” of (Yuval-Davis, 2006,p.205). I thinkAsch critique of genetics by to they how and each other relate enmeshed andconstructed areconcretely social divisions is important “to identify the values that iscategory used by ethnic the community in and by order others to create social boundaries. performatively constructed theacts through individualof the orthe community andethnic an is time. Ethnicity to from time reiterated performatively are which habits certain ethnicity is this only possible if understand thewe term a as category is that used toidentify his/her relation.moving balanceaccording willandcapableof Inthecaseof the inapower to a subjectwhocan act seesas individual the approach positions. This –subject uncomfortable individual has torefuse identification thethe subjectthe the power with – generally as certain by controlled arepartly mechanisms the This that means vectors. of power shifting character the on light shed to manages she research her In level. individual the on works agency how untroubledtroubled or positions” subject (2003,p. 105). ineither this andhow ofdoing outcome results the between relation this categories, doing meansthe of “this the her understanding, In “doinguse intersectionality.” term the An intersectional analysis has to investigate “the differential ways in which different whatThe 108) inis makesStaunaes point her (2003,p. argument theexplanation of 9 CEU eTD Collection it is possible to identify them in every country where they live: the intersecting vectors of vectors intersecting the live: they where country every in them identify to possible is it is class,because social in in which formed this only Europe, the ethnicity away position that and of ethnicity categories definethe through apopulation to approach give on the acritique sciences to genetics. The case of the genetic screening minorities. of definition genetic of issue of gypsy people givesintoisinsight the provideinstrumental because frameis of projectthe to theaim case study, possibility to beintrinsicinstrumental studies In can investigation and2003, p.136-7). this (Stake, the case to approaches study, is a case research This results. limited very as study present of the findings the treat to necessary is it why reason the partly is This interviews. expert three only and from eight scientists, unfortunately I could project, in onlyinterested Romahealth the whowere institutes, Hungarian the leaders team the of meet with three, therefore I could record contacted I researchers. accesstothese easy is itto get andnot project chosen onthe working many not sciences, is geneticists fieldin natural the genetics a very elite Population genetics. of field academic developing rapidly the in researchers the of experiences recent most the of in geneticists. works the as‘realities’ areapplied categories social how analyze this work the aim will notbe objectivity, mystandpoint as a feminist researcher is criticallyto In of research. the results the forms be whicheventually have to taken, standpoints research; standpointof p. 12)who isDenzin andLincoln underscore (2003, therethat free novalue fields are the question ofavalid concerning the divided methodological Iaccept approach. social theacademic interviews. Within sciences conducted the through population genetics Geneticists Human with Interviews 2.2.Expert Primary interest of the study is to understand the relation of the categories of social of categories the of relation the understand is to of study the interest Primary to interviewsoffers access isbecause thisapproach conduct The reasonwhyIchoseto field of critically study the to approach afeminist-constructivist Itake In thisresearch 10 CEU eTD Collection But the concept of thick description entails many interpretational concept But the of many interpretational entails thickapproaches. description 99). inDenzin,in and theirintersect conception 2001,p. (cited people’s world” themselves of and naturalized, become emerge, categories social all in which ways “contingent the to connected to the features of thick description. As Rofel argues, thick descriptions are sensitive analyze the collected recorded material fromdata Hungarian to English. with the I translated into body thesis of the the interviews the the integrate analyze to and to be able tools ofTo sensitively. data collected empirically analyze the to helps transcript precise the because intersectionality of transcribingitisand analyzingspokeninteraction, record crucial dataprecisely,the to as methodology offered byAnna-Brita Stenström Stenström (1994). deals with methodology the in my view this can be results. and their fields their they presented genetic Iorganized studies inHungary. Romani of studiespopulations theanalysis of as their tothe in relation speak their about experiences to researchers Iaskedthe therefore genetics, turned itout that was not possible relate the to questions differentfields tothe ofhuman it interviews, explainsemi-structured conduct ItisIplannedbut methods. that necessary to to working their into insight get to want and geneticists human of experiences everyday open ended questions questionnaires for (Fontana &Frey, strategy 2003, p.48), reason the this is unstructured, that are the only plausible In interviewmethod. this isused. method face-to-face casestudy the of Iapply unstructured choice for me if I want to gain data about Europeanthe Continent. in marginalized in their class social state every the positions similarly create and ethnicity The interviews be through will interpreted methodof the description.thick Iwill the of a combination of use the through transcribed and recorded are The interviews data for produce isa academicaccepted analysis interviewswidely to To conduct 11 CEU eTD Collection gender, , and discursive power relations which are constitutive in the formation formation of inthe constitutive relations whichare language, power gender, discursive and societies. to the gypsy approach traditional because of geneticists the are necessary and gender of class categories the and lives autonomously their articulate inevitable for the presenthavegender keyroles in formation the Theseof subjectivity p. 114). are perspectives (2003, research, and class position that agency standpoint the on are scholars feminist Socialist gender. and class is crucial to be ablep. 113).Forasocialist feminist themost subject, way definingof the categories important are argue that the subjectsgoverned byfree will, and hencethisviewimagine cannot the subjectwithout agency (2003, can is s/he individual, rational is a subject the that states view This iscrucial. subject feminist ideas wherethemostimportant liberal me,article (2003) ontheare analyzed. For subject the Weedon’s Idrawon my approach of In formulation the ideaof subject. tothe approaches is unavoidable. issue of subject the be whichmeans clarified, haveto interviewee position the butof subject the of researcher the and various visual texts ( interviews life stories, experiences, personal studies, be case can materials – these empirically matter is collected subject a qualitativethe research For itsmaterial. study empirical Lincoln,in 2003,p.2) focus, whichinvolves“interpretative naturalistic and methods” to subject’s perspectivehis/her through own eyes (Denzin,2001,p.111). present the to itallows researcher the because frame chose I this interpretational therefore in case material any interpretation the of inevitably the viewof shapes point The researcher’s about. s/he reports that form description the to interpretation researcher’s allow the to enough Judith Butler’s performativity theory manages to entail the categories of class, race, feminist various the account into take to has researcher an the analysis conduct To The definition of qualitative research can be described as a “multimethod” (Denzin & (Denzin “multimethod” a as described be can research qualitative of definition The The most suitable for thisstudyis intrusive description. the Thismethod thick is open ibid . 2003). In an oral history research, notonly position subject the 12 CEU eTD Collection phenomena. biological areproducing practices ground the cultural the the claim enables to that approach level.This theoretical local on the subject autonomy the of and contextual the levelrecognize onthe structural thinkboth practices discursive the this approach of a society community. the on social life, agency excludes andherargument of grounds reiteratingon the the of practices subjectivityp. 127-8).Butler Weedon, gives 2003,avery 1990, (Butler, deterministic account I take a I take constructivistliberal feminist standpointto conduct my research because I 13 CEU eTD Collection globe from globefrom Africa toAsia, from Asia toEurope and and Australia Americas the and Oceania the across spread humans Basically from. coming were humans all which from area the is In this theory this Equator. the Africain around of wereliving humans first the ancestors that biologicalmigration history, and human evolution species.of the Inhishe analysis argues many geneticists LuigiLuca Cavalli-Sforza (2000) provided anextensive analysis on the in Europe. communities liesreasoningfor beyond the which supporting argument geneticthe studies Romani of the back trace I following the In health. their improve to order in populations human of structure genetic the analysis of the which support medical differently to react treatments Genetic ethnicbetween is variability groups very low butis thatdifferentproved populations whole of in the Human racist, Project. the meaningGenome changed partly consequence sensitively, doesnotmean this ethnicthat in categorization contemporary genetic studies is .through legitimization for seeking based andwere biologically were Nazi’s of the racist arguments the that was their theories between difference important the Nazi’s, the similarly to grounded (Foucault, 2003, p.82-3). Theclass-basedpowers of arguments Communistswere the political Nationalist and Communist the by societies the of purification the advocated which of 20 practices the of 20 the eugenic practices racial ispopulations. related Problems to burdened heavily categorization by racebased the 2. Backgroundto Population Genetics Racial differentiation neither in social nor in natural sciences is not possible. Among The interchange of racial categories with ethnicities similarly has to be treated with similarly The interchange of racial ethnicities categories contemporary human be of studies hasThe question addressedin to race to of relation th century can be grasped through a look at the application of the theories the of application at the look a through be grasped can century th century’s . The division between the different race based different betweenthe division The Nazism. century’s 14 CEU eTD Collection community. ingroups a a geographical shape areaunavoidably biologicalgiven the makeupof ethnic isolate still which lines dividing linguistic and cultural visible hardly These time. to time from community the of boundaries ethnic the re-formulated basically which practices socio-culturally reiterated the light on shed traditions These ethnic theircommunities. ethnic leaving behind way the lifeof theirthat people follow they are excludingthemselves from which they 1997).Theindividualswere born (Stewart, by anddenying the normsof group the whomarry to aperson from the majority population, lose their membershipin the community within flow freeto obstruct genemarriages. a state by external prohibiting barriers create can practices sub-cultural tradition cultural a In aswell. a state of boundaries argumentis presented by Cavalli-Sforza (2000,p.133-72)andit is applicable within the whenclosed linguistic boundariesarecreating populations relatively on a given territory, this by can behumans tests genetic detected among amonghuman variation Genetic populations. genetic differences present led to eventually which communities between distance, physical case by inthis something, was obstructed gene flow that forexplanation phenomenon the p. 244-5)which basically ongeographicrelies differentiation as can bethis the only plausible only option explainto human genetic differences is“the isolation-by-distance model” (2003, Alan R. Templeton drawing on the works of humanoriginal from group sub-specieswhich datetheirother ancestry, isemphasized by this Cavalli-Sforza et al., Templeton argues that the migrationof (Cavalli-Sforza, 2000,p. 11). andin natural different changeof climate the human consequence environments to adaption to is related eyes the shapeof head skin or shape color, such as human superficial differences for 100 between The explanation 94). p. 50 2000, and 000 (Cavalli-Sforza, yearsago 000 In the traditional Vlachian gypsy communities those members, both male and female, and male both members, those communities gypsy Vlachian traditional the In In contrast to the tree-branching model, there is no valid explanation arguing for an 15 CEU eTD Collection data from data Amishinthe of communities Pennsylvania 1950s the and 60s.TheAmish is a very were examined (Milunsky,p. 84). 2003, whohad Those ethnic very groups rules endogamy for first populations which strict were the marriages. of close institution of the because primarily incommunities, diseases distinct in interchanged acommunity which thegenes group the of caused andtoday still cause humansthat builta defense system in various andenvironments thoseindividuals lived who argue certain researchers populations to connected diseases regarding genetic results different sickle-cell gene and1in Africanevery gets 625 disease the p. 269).From (2003, the of a carrier is American African twelfth every US in the that out points Duster Troy in States, United the first realized was problem This gene. pathological the of are carriers who sick parents of aresult whoget two as children moremuch newborn are evolved there it is where Inthemalaria. territory timeagainst mechanism asadefense evolved through which mutation a is anemia sickle-cell the example, an take To individual. the of level globe (Milunsky,p. 84). 2003, survive the around to everywhere enabledthem adapt tothevarious environmentswhich to had they migrating were populations human while evolution to key the is mutation that note easy to tackle for the individual or some other solution to health problems. It is important to some kind Thisan beof effect. can outside responseto environmental not iswhich problem asaresponse to is mutated is that gene a gene A pathological flow of community. genetic the sharedgroup thesame togetfrom risk in pathologicalthe genewhich got somehow the in people were sameethnic model, whothe those isolation-by-distance rests on the argument is by long relatively accepted This structure many shared their genetic time researchers. Among the first researchers on genetic disorders was Victor McKusick who collected who McKusick Victor was disorders genetic on researchers first the Among be it community level is atragedy can the on ethnic whatthe or on success However for migratingtogether human whowere those populations The reasoningthat 16 CEU eTD Collection African people to the from eight major regions of Africa: kidnapped slave highlightthat traders andCharmaineIn Royal Rick Kittles (2003) their study Kittles 2003, &Royal, 2003). (Rose,2007,Duster, the States AmericanUnited of population African the of anemia sickle-cell isthe example cited often most the disorder marriage ethnic societies. the from communities their of exclusion the from stemmed partly is endogamy support the custom of Thisendogamy. case study But on inthe theAmish disordercase groups of whichthe is clearlygypsywas presumably communitiesrelated ofa reaction a to socialthe ofgypsy thethe bodyreason ethnicgroup to a certain fortraditions phenomenon. The research on Amishthe provedclosing population that downtheboundaries with environmental cultural which challenge. practices(Lindee,44). Practices and 2003,p.biological can of produce ethnic groups reproduce can lead thebiological” “the totheclaimproduced cultural that drawsattention McKusick clearly to the high number in study of The case disorders a community. in genetic of frequency determining the of the same geneticfirst scientific case for population geneticist that marriages with close relatives are key drivers marriages. community aboutprecise in-group their which kept records even the This provided disease religious— the Ellis-van reasons.for andtheirrelatives marriages of records the kept because they significant particularly So in thisCreveld was This closed population. inastrictly ofmarriages effects the underscore case the researcher syndrome(Lindee, 2003,p.43-44).The importance of casethis lies inits strength managed itthat to who was whichmany basicallyprimarily caused new born that babies the — Creveldgot Ellis-van syndrome came acrossinterestedreligious population haswho rulesstrict for marriages and they are allowed cousin marriages inthe this ethnicrare traditions of a Liberia), the Windward Coast (Ivory Coast and Liberia), the Gold west (Ghana andLiberia), the Coast Coast (Ivory Windward Coast the Liberia), Senegambia (Gambia and Senegal), Sierra Leone (Guinea, Sierra Leone and parts of Not only one ethnic community can have the same genetic disorder. For amixed 17 CEU eTD Collection literally meant complete physical isolation because of the geographic circumstances. Theaim circumstances. geographic ofthe because isolation physical meantcomplete literally case in this this ethnicity of boundaries the within wasfrequent disorder this genetic that fact geneticistsThe made (2003). to what attractive theIcelanders homogeneity the group the of and research of the center inthe diseasewas sclerosis multiplex The nationality. individuals’ 2003, p. 81).(Rose, smallnation its closed and of relatively because for research genetic community perfect Rose nationality The population was considered asa IcelandicDeCodeproject.was the Iceland of explains that the inhistorical time areaasaresponsetothe environment. samegeographical the research same changed atthe their well,that in geneticstructure possible caseas this explanation was carriedethnically gypsydifferent mightsharepopulations some kinds of butitgeneticis disorder, a out asits it similaritywas basedethnic diversity of descendantsof the Africanthe slaves in and Unitedthe tohighlight States, toon the the homogenization related. environmentally ethnically, but not anemia as adisease sickle-cell primarily that means ofThis threatening. life was malaria gypsywhere tropics the on body human the of mechanism ethnicitiescommunities. within In of their boundaries closed created the in Unitedof States the society the position Their class thisthe caseRoma the category.pathologicalgeographical the area soldkidnapped and eventually camefrommany Africans ethnicities. geneThe In spite of contemporary the political andgeographical categorization of enormous this was the result of the evolution of defense Delgado, including the island of Madagascar) 219) (p. Angola), andthesouthern Africacoast of (from Cape Hope of the Good to Cape Bight of Biafra (east of the Benin River to Gabon),the Rivers), Central Benin and AfricaVolta the (Gabon,(between Benin of CongoBight the and River), Volta the of Among the first attempts to create databanks from genetic samples based on based samples genetic from databanks create to attempts first the Among emphasize the isfrom Kittles Royal and to above theparagraph I cited The reasonwhy 18 CEU eTD Collection result inresult morefrequently diseases. genetic emerging eventually which mutation a pathological of accumulation for the way the pave marriages inmixedClosed diseases communitieswithout populations. whichareonly certain present geneticdriverin important causeof themostdistinct the as isconsidered cultural practice phenomenonbe could 180). This with explained ethniccustom the endogamy of (2003, p. which communities gipsy Vlachian and Beasi the between significant is difference genetic that well as her by is emphasized it However populations. gypsy the of origins Indian gipsyof different geneticthe structure populations. and needsis tothe And individuals.mapping of therapies onlypossible these this of with the programs different tailor to significance medical has it so treatments medical and medicine different Thismeans also2003, p.180). their that them genetic makeuppredispose to populations gipsy the that agree genetics including came fields scientific different fromsince and intolerance lactose India their genetic 110-1). Itis emphasizingworth herelivepopulations ofAsia that areamongwho those with structure react to certainkeepingmake animalsand usedthe milk out foods to various itof (Raskó &Kalmár, 2003,p. food differently because were population they is Caucasian by the exception five. Theonly ability ageof their (Béres, this lose most populations of buthuman the birth from of their time the human every person digestion. inor Digestion is examplethis case a good milk is because theability digestion of skin pigmentation to related abilities distinct developed life styles leading different areas and geographical in People different living cohorts. population on these research complex genetic the important make communities gipsy the of conditions health poor generally the and group, population of based on citizenship.Iceland of mapwas biobankthis to and project the genetic thegenetic structure diseasesof the Béres Judit points out that Y chromosome and mtDNA researches prove the North- the prove researches mtDNA and Y chromosome that out points Judit Béres anethnic ontheindividual effects andor genetic their structures The knowledge about 19 CEU eTD Collection not solved by the societies of neither in the 19 in neither the Europe Eastern of solved societies by not the 1997,because of women) 114-5). These lived life identity p. the were (Stewart, they conflicts majority population. The gypsies labeled the majority as majority the labeled gypsies The population. majority life, they resisted to abandon their identity and become a become and identity their abandon to resisted they life, lived gypsywayof the wasagainst peasants The wayhowthe p. 65,Koulish, 2005,p.313). much (Czeizel,2003, success majority without intothe population integration enforced their and then II. Joseph.the Theymovements were of thethe gypsyfirst communities who created within laws the of characteristics gypsy populations. Habsburgin order Empirefragmented the on toelaborate I section in this help werelater differently, Maria themselves but identify they theyTheresa rather Europeand gypsy across ethnicities Therearenumerous p.537-8). 2008, century (Crowe, example theywereenslavedin and until secondhalfthe of 18 the againstfrom them majority an partof the occurred discrimination to the take population, Much appeared. they where society in every marginalized they were arrival Since their Liebich,Barany,p. 540-1,p. 313, Czeizel, 2007, 1998,Béres,2003,p.180).p. 64-5, 2003, 27, from 1997,p. and (Stewart, North-India were cominggeneticists) they that suppose of Constantinople. Researchers from various disciplines (linguists, anthropologists, historians in fall 1453,the from largernumbersafter only Europe across Eastern Balkan-Peninsula the Identity ofRoma Genealogy 3.2. The of Gypsy Populations in Hungary 3. Analysis Studies andEthnicity the Genetic Gender in of There is data which proves that the first empress and emperor who wanted to control wanted to who andempress first emperor the that whichproves is data There Europethrough Travellingspread Turkishthe communities Empireand entered gypsy gazos gazo th nor in the 20 in the nor or as it was expected by the gazis (peasantmen and th century. As a 20 th CEU eTD Collection are many communities identify which differently: Servika,Manush, , Kalo and Gypsies, there But only. in Hungary Gypsies Lovári or Gypsies Romungro Gypsies, Vlachian Gypsies, Beasi as themselves identifying by communities gypsy other from themselves differentiate They 180). each (Béres,2003,p. majority other the to biologically to population than closer are they but habits cultural their in diverse only not are they that means This migrating. were they while population majority the with mixed they but Hungary, in gypsies Romungro They Europe. onlynot majority learned thelanguageof ithappened the as case inthe of the of similar attacks. p.as a 2008, 523) result Republic flew from to and Czech (Crowe, groups the gypsy state; in their encountered they aggression the of because for left gypsies easy were target toscapegoatand they They never had really muchpowertodefend Many themselves. population. majority the from block post-socialist the of countries many After the transition many gypsy communities experienced rage, aggression and open hatred in 2002). 1980s(Bernát, the from 1945 to weredated and unhealthy they considereddirty were in becausebathings mass part forcedcompulsory when totake were period communistsintegrate wantedto gypsythe into population working the class. In Hungary the and establishedcommunist thepogroms governments continued butin a differentway. The Europe endstrugglenot thewarbecause did Soviet after troops Eastern whenthe occupied gypsies death to camps during theSecondWorld War2008, p.522). But (Crowe, their want responsibilityto take they for anything, or are dirty inresulted the of the gypsies. of the sterilization the advocated ideology and inwell race-based as 2002), Hungary (Bucur, inRomania wereinstitutionalized sterilization World forced Wars Between two the politics. national of level the on legitimized became that thinking eugenic the of result The gypsy communities were scattered across the borders of the nation states of nation theof states borders the across werescattered communities The gypsy Stereotypes suchas lazy, want are gypsythe people not towork, do they they not do 21 CEU eTD Collection communities at the turn ofthe21 turn atthe communities gypsy the of different revelation an essentialist not the move strategic a israther communities ethnic from identity Roma the with identification the that means This with. identify to their demands under acategory which hoped tobecome easy for differentgypsy communities formulate to intelligentsia their made communities gypsy the of discrimination and situation marginalized constantly The Roma. termed is which difference cultural multi-layered and diverse onthefragmented, is because it reflects from others themselves differentiate use to majority the 2008, p. (Crowe, 521, 530). by Gypsies Turkish as labeled are they in and Muslim are gypsies of number large a where Bulgaria, and in different is this however faith, their to according labeled not the members of the gypsy communities are generally catholic (Koulish, 2005, p.316) they are through religion and they are divided according different to territories. the In case of Hungary gypsy for example tribes onlyinBulgaria These (Barany,1998, p.313). areidentified groups 449) andp. 882, McGarry,Gábor arenineteen Gypsies p. there 2003, (Vermeersch, 2008, noting that which is open enough serve to as a connecting pointmany to ethnicities, butgypsy isit Roma worth servesfor womanas a or traditionalRomni form wife a feminine has word this that argues (1997, Stewart Michael since important is meaning p. 208). The expressionpoliticalVermeersch claims similarly thethat term manRoma means husband882), or (2007, p.which Roma is chosencategory to be used as categoryand itsurroundedmeanings that different the gypsy categories ethnic (McGarry,p. 449). 2008, does not imply a positivefor gypsy central point across groups thebordersdeconstruct to negative the gypsy andsocially constructed in itsis meaning language.rooted is Romani the serve It meant to as from different gypsy social movements, therefore it is important to emphasize that it is The reason why I listed these different ethnic categories that the gypsy communities the that categories ethnic different listed these why I The reason In Romani the language the “Rom meansword 1997,p. human” (Stewart, 114), Peter st century. This idea of a common Roma identity ideais of This a common identity coming Roma century. 22 CEU eTD Collection DNA level humans are fundamentally similar to each other, but differentiation among differentiation but other, each to similar fundamentally are humans level DNA complex in diseases metagroups” different (FP7-HEALTH-2007-A-2.1.1-2, p. 14). On the monogenic both “toriskand early andapproaches prevention present prediction, detection the canrearticulate this work can begained through that because knowledge the important of Roma Population Genetic Genealogy 3.3.1. TheSignificanceofthe Category Roma the of Applications Genetic 3.3. Roma. essentially numerous, be can use thecategory forrefusing to asRoma. Reasons categorizewantto themselves not from fear thisto exampleignorance, it is visible thatmembers of geneticistsany minority, andif s/he replies, so s/he can deny the answer” (Interviewee 1). In or experience are they if problem any itwithout ask can You Roma. or is that are ifthey nobody from thepossible people they meet sometimes “we neverask experienced Thesepractices bygeneticists: with are categories. ethnic their thatdo themselves theyidentify to afraid are communities gypsy of members many that surprising donot not is it And feelwill. his/her by category political acertain with identify to refuse can individual The that they aresimultaneously. This is group individual theethnic and by is done the action theperformative that process a dynamic two-way process in which both parties are active agents. implicitly includes thatethnicity is performatively constructed, the in life” (ibid. “ethnicityidentities” short isConsequently definition or this p.450). away of and interests formulating of a way acting, and talking of a way experience, interpreting a not thing, an or adistinctattribute, life,sphereof it is a way understandingof and women.agree within I 452) (cited “ethnicity definition Brubaker’s McGarry, p. that 2008, is According to the to According Romahealth project, the genealogy of the gipsy populations is nature of this reiterating 23 CEU eTD Collection explained to me by the same interviewee later in the same monologue. When they researched they When monologue. same in the later interviewee same the by me to explained 1). as (Interviewee Roma” himself/herself identifies the person for itself, sometimes itspeaks case some In all sharply. time the apart tellbutnameyou is byHungariansas well, this cannot issimilarly so Horváth, them used who Roma many are there ‘Horváth’ populations: both by used are which undoubtedly names namean ‘Orsós’ majority use it. Roma Thereare is99.99% Hungarian name,sothe do not described by the Interviewee 1: “in many cases itis very trivial, sofor example, we know that (Intervieweenon-Roma” or isRoma somebody if genes the from tell to possible not is “it people, 1), it is not an easy task,the BaseofPatronyms 3.3.2. GeneticIdentificationon though it seems sometimes p. 2007-A-2.1.1-2, 14). simple, (FP7-HEALTH- singledisorders gene numerous posses that subgroups genetic the categorize and as determine to important is it why itreason is the this diseases of is distribution in uneven in whichresulted Europeinternaloccurred their differentiation communities across travelling were While they from India. areoriginated gipsycommunities the that presupposition linguistic supportthe data thepresent studies genetic on these given of population. Based a back the origins of a populations. These markers can shed light on the history of the migration p. 2007-A-2.1.1-2, 13). from isolationoriginated by language distance, and cultural differences” (FP7-HEALTH- is geographical“This of theblueprintaccordingmating to random substructure regions. populations be madebasedcan on variousthe DNA markers polymorphic which is different But the difficulty of identifying the ethnicity of someone through their names is names their through someone of ethnicity the identifying of difficulty the But Roma the identify to possible not is it technologies genetic of application the With In these studies the Y chromosome has key role because it is used as a marker to trace 24 CEU eTD Collection time. On a small part of the X chromosome the mitochondrial DNA similarly preserves similarly DNA mitochondrial the chromosome X the of part small a On time. through changes barely Y chromosome the of structure The son. to father from transmitted is it way the and Y chromosome the on preserved was information how phenomenon Thesepopulations is studiesinvestigating are biological called phylogenetics. the of different ancestors common on the focuses which discipline men. The of relatives Y Research Chromosome Based on 3.3.3. EthnicIdentity can be by appropriated Radical RightWing and politics usedagainst easily. populations Identification of social constructs with biology, as identifying people as Roma by their names, a society. of inas men asimportant construction not the asmenas good are they and are not women that perspective masculinist levelthe biological onanother can reformulate practice from aspectis ancestors population the of thata society.this Andahighly important genetic which means that the necessary, are parties male andfemale practice both for reproduction put emphasisfact that the on not of researching methodology does 7). This inmales(Nash, interested 2004, p. isdescendants a fatheronly of leave out more than the half of name fathergives his children. to their custom the which isbasedon the that the surnames single of analysis patrilineal called is method this and geneticists population human by sothis isaccepted straightforward, iswidely practice visible this not from examples, the not make it a secret,with is there butpleasure Bosnian in branch.’s/he told the great-grandparent s/he So did us, althoughthis that.To nor my biggest surprise, some of my colleagues told me: ‘Igive you myDNA his/her namewho were sure that their ancestors, at least from the last four generations,isnobody were neither completelypeople for Hungarian DNA: “we asked for samples from Hungarian.”the majority, Hungarian majority, Although, as it is The gives analysis asamethod groundtocollect samplesfrom supposed the This genealogical methodof tracingfamily andorigins relatedness through group the 25 CEU eTD Collection research the Y chromosomes, because it “can be divided into ten major haplogroups, which majorhaplogroups, beinto ten “can it divided because Y the research chromosomes, specific. And Theseit oncehappens andthesearepopulation areuniquemutation events, ancestors. this is importantpointmutations, and then itwith methodthis isfollow possible to the examined person’s in the [Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphisms]on back Ychromosomethe trace the history to of these case of Roma”is the (Interviewee study answersget questions tothese to method And (Interviewee the 2). come Europe” to ancestors of the changes2). It research isY chromosome to find out(point for examplepromising how did a chosen Hungarian person’s mutations)hand, which can determine the possible startingto point of migration of a given population.“We on the Y chromosomes.method does not leave space for women in the genealogy of a population. “We detect isThe informationof tochange frequently. this partHowever subject more DNA the the on SNPs chromosome is that its from Themother. problemhis researchon the hisXchromosomebut childgets the X the of structure more easilychromosomes occurs itis changes mentioned that the father transmits the of the joining Y chromosome the When in2). to his son,(Interviewee comparisonpreserved” are DNA the of part this on information to the Y chromosome.relatives of the Y chromosome.their unchanged. structure And this makes itdopossible extensive to long time analysis on It does not matter both keep XandYchromosomes the Otherparts, occur. can geneflow if the where connection populations mixed withgenes. each other “Whenthe thereason to conduct Y chromosomeX analysischromosome is the low information flow on these parts of the from problems which are arising from Ychromosomes a genderperspective.the studies The joins the Y chromosome only smallfocus on the chromosomes (Interviewee 2). parts of theminformation has for long time. The study field is divided into Adam and Eve research by their Nevertheless the research on Y chromosomes is justified as this is the only tool at In this case because of the limited number of interviews I can only specify the 26 CEU eTD Collection each otherbutin a social ethnicity until the class reallymatter not 15 did the races mix 2003), two (Foucault, leaders theirnot they classof the and did with subordinates, In Europe, or in Hungary, before the great geographic discoveries the society was divided into sharedgroups, place. living thesame andto differentthat geneflow take could therefore place isand give method but this when able is the date to merely this genemutated, resultthe point ethnicity. same ifyes, share but haplogroup is not mean samethe the still Ithinkit does they that answer the reproduction of a population. Itgives comparison answers to of populations if belongthey to and the ancestry matrilineal tothe related whichare answer the questions cannot method this but a Y chromosome, ancestry of the to descriptions give can mathematical programs lived 2).These ancestors (Interviewee common theirmutations andwhen happened programs that helps to determine from these two kinds of mutations, the time when did these mathematical are mutation. Andthere SNP have same people,the who for those term used are occurringAnd frequently.to the thosemenbelong ahaplogrouphaplogroup, is same a particular define when mutation (Intervieweethat happened” 2). wecan statistics, mathematical of methods with the analyses, of two results these the on which mutating very are And isquickly. secondinvestigation the related SNPs.Based to the investigations havebeto doneon Ychromosome.the Thefirststudy is to markers those split that occurred in in occurred area. a geographical a population.mutation Ychromosome the where place backthe trace is to itpossible variants chromosome “To define TheseY p. 156). 2000, (Cavalli-Sforza, Ychromosome” ofthe variants genetic are the the dates of migration two mathematical This analysis can point geographical to the areawheremutation SNP this happened mutation mutation canbe mutations A (SNP) definedasa other and the point unique ofmigration ofthe andthedate define thedate itisThrough to analysis this possible th century. The century. 27 CEU eTD Collection immigrate from India, they crossed the Middle-East, and then they wentinto the , and Middle-East, and Balkans. the opinion, Roma started “In our the groups to migration the through way phylogenetic supposed of gypsies the of couldprove studies language useandgenetic make upof communities.the By studying the Ychromosome communities itis probable mixedthat which occur marriages has effect onthe customs, of a certain change in if ethnicities geneflowthe asit is has understood on biological the effect structure group and their of structure humanthe body. Phylogeneticunderstanding cancontribute to the studies the of customs. If an ethnic factors a givenon environmental geographical area. community to asreaction bodily of mosta probably aresult reason, by unknown some which occurred opens in And theirpercentage DNA. in different mutation sameY chromosome who sharethe up to other ethnicwho live there. It cannot inis still geographical frequent particular H1haplogroup populations the this area where the point to one particular ethnicity it 2). isand (Interviewee groups” lower tribal the cast membersof the the rather pointing to ethnicitiesH1 haplogroup is an Indian ancient population, and in they are India, atpresent, frequentin “the but citizen, Indian every of characteristic the is not it precisely, more Or 2). (Interviewee total ishaplogroup characteristic population and theIndian this population” of the in the percent is 7 haplogroup H1 that samples in the found “We country the of citizens the 2000, p.151). (Cavalli-Sforza, Uralic conquerors” to be can of attributed genesinHungary barely the basin.“Today,10 percent Carpathian the in down settled they when assimilated biologically conquerors Hungarian the how example an is of genetic Slavicthe people populationtothe structure similarity Hungarian the genetic of Cultural change is relatively visible in comparison to the changes in the biological in the changes tothe in comparison visible is relatively change Cultural in defining result only can analysis statistical the that visible is it statement this From from randomly when DNA that were collected samplesshow Hungarian on Research 28 CEU eTD Collection that they have the same origins, so they belong to the same ethnicity. But this analysis is not is analysis this But ethnicity. same the to belong they so origins, same the have they that itmutation andfrom is shared ethnic SNPmutation same concluded SNP the same the groups if different out point to applied be can analysis network This 2). (Interviewee ancestors” had same the they (SNPs) mutations because few of the that state to is possible andit populations Roma other and Spanish of Hungarian, characteristics genetic we can the analyze analysis network of aid the with Roma, of case in the example For not. or ancestors common isolation. their the gypsy inthe areenforce of countries towards attitudes ethnicities population majority the stereotypical negative and the intermarriages their obstruct can gypsies of the diversity ethnic The European continent. the areasacross geographical onvarious communities populations, is verylowmajority the distance gypsiespopulations. Inthecaseof the to geographical the but thegeographic in beit difference in genetic distancecauses argues that applied because this case, cultural isolation-by-distanceout-flow” (Interviewee p. 196)can theory 2).The 2000, (Cavalli-Sforza, distance from no group into thereflow is no and inbreeding,outside the gene is consequence of is there a kind of and isthe theotherhaplogroups this see predominates H1haplogroup the that possible to isolation livebecause in “When groups. is communities, they it isolated is a group closed/isolated which explains theirfamily 1997). closely to life (Stewart, connected closed theirfrequent practices for endogamy, butof course theirpreserve struggle to their is ethnicity explains partly exclusion This society. the from communities gypsy these of exclusion the (Interviewee 2). The only reason why geneticists arestill able todetect these characteristics is from travelling they theymettheir way” upgeneticcharacteristics picked populations the on from Balkansitsthe [the H1haplogroup] spread acrossEurope.And whilethey were “With isphylogeneticdefine methodsit to possible whether the groups had studied inthe Roma aredetectable migration their thatthey upduring picked The haplogroups 29 CEU eTD Collection the biologically used ethnicity its biologically the ethnicity social and the Andbecause cultural used construction. produces between is slippage a there that claim the on changenot would results the analysis, mtDNA (Nash,p. 10). 2004, data biological on based is it time this but stories genesis religious the to similar kinship” constitution of an ethnicity geneticists “naturalize a specifically patriarchal version of inmale importance the With inexclusiveof re-appropriation the 1993). history (Butler, tradition which defined thinking about women and their role in society for long time Platonic in the itwere as asreceptacles women aretreated or seen, are women discipline patrilineage andpowercontained within Ychromosome the 11). (ibid. p. In this new from father sons to life ‘form,the and andsoul’, nowgenes, including for code the origin through patrilineal ancestry (Nash, 2004, p. 11). “Mothers are mere matter that transmit percentmaleof a person’sgenotype, this twopercentserves asthejustify ground to ethnic problematic in this With genealogy. Y the chromosome studies emphasis isan on 2 put their marker. history shared this genetic the discipline of human population genetics to cover all those people whose ancestors once in single-nucleotide-polymorphism on is Ychromosome the in which asH1haplogroup termed of bea asifwould usedasanequivalent Overall looks it category theRoma 2). (Interviewee inbreeding term long of a result is which samples, DNA collected inthe haplogroup H1 the of domination the iswith explained 2).This phenomenon (Interviewee geographical distance” Malaysian North-Indian, conclude closer Hungarian and aregenetically to the Roma people that Indian groupsMalaysian-Indian, than and with Roma, of Hungarian data haplogroup of the to thecomparison North-Indian“In simple time. the all that the Romatribal groups, communities and Balkan Roma communities ofwe couldthe Balkan, in spite of the Although innoanalyzepossibility this caseIhad the to results of possibly conducted But not merely the reduction of the diverse gypsy ways of life into an SNP is 30 CEU eTD Collection significance lie in their role how they constitute difference, otherness and certainly males canmaster p.29). Gender (2007, and ethnicity are central social and categories their ethnic which formulate group, eventually thepossible subject positions thatfemales and be determinefrom of reiterated which members genderhierarchies the the to are expected the status of can an influenceethnic group mobility social of and person the the ethnic traditions position of individualispartly the contextwhere bythe determined isborn. the The person can gain social capital (Shah, 2007, p. 29). membersthe gypsy of genetic through the differentlegitimized communities. screening of In her study Shah further of gypsy minorities and ethnic ethnic how Hungary arereconstructed and hierarchies claims, inthe status health their and positions thatsubject individuals’ the forming are which theinteractions class customs and in this case most importantly: their health. lifestyle, everyday affect acommunity’s factors listed previously the sciences agreethat In this chapter I point to the complex their which positions class theirsocial capital.determine both social natural Basically and hierarchies and their life, gender effect imagine agood they life; how lead (can) their group of theofan factors how members ethnic ways.socio-cultural The interrelated in complex class of positions individualsareshaped the andtheof community, status group the social the Genetics and Class Gender, of Ethnicity, Intersections 3.4. The level. biological amolecular on ethnicities gypsy various the of stabilization biological the lead to can in genetics as reality Roma category of The application material. which articulated in interactions are not possible to trace backtotheir to trace possible not are ininteractions which articulated realities constructed socially thatthe underscore isto necessary It mutation. chromosome ethnicthe categories itis impossible tofind its inequivalent studiedthe mtDNA or Y Ethnicity plays a significant role in the ways how an individual from an ethnic group ethnic an from individual an how ways in the role significant a plays Ethnicity of genderthe an ethnic and hierarchies ethnicities characterize thatcustoms Different original biophysical 31 CEU eTD Collection group where the members live in a relatively closed community and the family functions as a as functions family the and community closed relatively in a live members the where group in is stronger effectan This ethnic society. thevalues of the internalize hierarchies and gender family is the primary Several scientistsShah,social arguesimilarly 2001,p.383, p. 34) (Anthias, the that 2007, site where the children learn the culturalforces interrelatingmany and isit primarily through cultural the determined sphere. traditions of the family,individual agroupof is gypsy health the or people.populations’ Therefore affectedby status the of mutuallyan status the health Thesedetermine vectors 118). intersecting lifestyle (2006,p. labor force has indirect affect on health status but inevitably significant effect onincome and effects on individual’sthe And status. health lastly marketpositionthe of individual’sthe indirectand andincome havedirect factor educational The lifestyle. and mobility, material and social giftedness, biological environment, community environment, socialization, family, are healththe status to factors affecting and directly closest the arguesthat Aracsi László groups. marginalized of socially the health conditions the of in play articulation roles the key on health status” state detrimental multilaterally of effects the “on (Aracsi, done were surveys Hungary In intersections. 2006, p. 108). These studies their mutually at health subject’s the areconstructing single forces butthese not way show the different are of their Thesevectors vectors gypsy populations. of role intheformulation health status the the how they pointto to is necessary itin case andthis status health individuals the articulate that vectors health care. access to impossible detach is from central these ofthe health individualorgroup the to categories which soit hasways 2001, p.368), the life enormouseffecton can formulate, they that an of (Anthias, resources can gain people ways through the restrict rather frame or give eventually subjectivities which bymany interest groupsinare appropriated a society and which From these interrelating forces it is important to emphasize the effects of family. the effects the toemphasize is important itforces interrelating From these insufficient are power education marginalization,and deep-poverty Discrimination, 32 CEU eTD Collection blood samples were collected (Interviewee 3). (Interviewee samplesblood werecollected field where with them the to the whowent alwaysrepresentative minority alocal were there and minority representatives with Roma the contacts established they and committees, ethical from institutions, wereasked different tosample permissions related through collection examples from County, where the majority of the Beasi population lives. Szatmár, and Borsod Hajdú counties in side North-East the of Hungary and there are population. Vlachian In are the inSzabolcs- this groups targeted case studied communities the whatis kindimportant of permissionsunderstand were to telling the gender hierarchies in the wantto conductsuccessful fieldwork. ethnically different political environments made the geneticists toadapt to the situation if they and regional fragmented, sub-cultural These division. political traditional own their have they rather or sphere, political the from divided still are communities gypsy in the hierarchies local level the on the organizations Romani civil several transnational are there century first 21 the decade of by endof Gypsy Although populationsthe (Barany,1998,p.315). the transition. The leaders of these Romani organizations are coming from the elite classes of the Gypsy Communities 3.4.1. SocialHierarchiesin context. marginalized ina especially position social his/her not completelyis if it or traditions, by their is determined life of way their and determinedhierarchies divided strongly it is very among the Gypsies. The ethnically mandefined inandhard woman gypsy the havecommunities on the level ofmodel the forindividual the possible to orbreak desirable out from life ways for the children. Familial ties are very strong In relation to the Vlachian studies, the geneticists had to organize the field works had the toorganize studies,geneticists the Vlachian the In relation to The processhow geneticscreeningthe of gypsythe werecommunities and planned of period the after number only greater in wereestablished Political organizations 33 st CEU eTD Collection My aim is not to question the good intention and effectiveness of the methods, nevertheless methods, the of effectiveness and intention good the question to not is aim My overall, so this way it is more effective givesentence] to his andreconstruct family blood it helpto because in muchmorehelps tree, in reaching the aims of the project” (Intervieweefinish powerbuttheintervieweeconvince or the didnot someone whohas[possibly: prestige, 3). ifask they help of had we support the gypsyleader.“So the to to wantthem us,we have to sometimes samples blood collect to wanted if they but communities, these on values their wanted to reach their goals. This strategy is politicallyspheres. correct they did politico-social their organize people life gazo/gazi the adapt way how want the of to not not want to impose majority very the culture thelevel This is structural to of they similar opposition on do a majority. the by them from expected is which culture political the into integrate to opposition traditions to elect their strong where the places are There Vlachian. the such as minorities ethnic different the own leaders are still are alivefragmented how example This aclear is 3). cut (Interviewee roles” political official the and these practices reflect of political gypsylaws arebasedon the theirroles andthey communities from are differing on their strong and Thesocial state. bythe was appointed who representative minority the with identical is not representative minority local becausethe ), leader (the local gypsy the contact human geneticists will work in of a group inform villages andthem to what themayors towns the of leaders. contacted They that place. “And there was a town previously notnothingnegotiate didsteps withwould worth if local gypsy did they the where a mayor told us to these they there were field andwhen to the could get researchers how ways complicated the show to is research the prepared which work official the in describing point The levels. The research team had to adapt their work methodology to the circumstances if they circumstances the methodology to adapt their work had to team The research different many on be had established to contacts be askedand hadto Permissions 34 CEU eTD Collection hierarchical relations and the orders of the leaders in organized leaders case of traditionally the these orders andthe the of relations hierarchical investigatenotAlthough is in legal wantto it I dothesis, these this problems that possible 1). (Interviewee system own their have societies their them: with working of connection samples without any significant problem,is it clearfrom the situations what they encounter in collect can they theiraffect research; not does this that claims further S/he interactions.” story. Sothat is the unquestionablelaw. Patriarchal structures are alive this is visible from the isis noother is, it that andthere the way claims, leader whatthe isdiscipline, there a strict that aswell is visible “it 1, whoclaims that of Interviewee by the statement bethe supported to option seems I think last the of an order. can be it also because but solidarity of expression because whentheleader’s childis structures, whichsick they maybeare coming together an into gives Butthis insightrather away 3). hierarchical custom their social (Interviewee make badspirits go the custom that with they this people believe because him,with gypsy the 1). leader (Interviewee and thirty is him” iscoming some people from andit with behavior heis clear that their the ishis head on hat a colorful clinic, children’s the is to coming leader] he“when [the example for kinds ofleaders, havethey clinicinteractions, different the isfrom their hierarchy clear the in to go they When leaders. own their have they and hierarchy social own their have they that visible similarly is it communities these In 1). (Interviewee diseases genetic different have different traditionsCounty. They came fromand the Balkans in a different wave than theythe Vlachian groups. They have use different theywell. as communities gypsy in other dovisible is division not political The leader. mix with each other local of power some the reinforced indirectly is practices these here, thatis andwhat important they I think it is important to note that the company who is leadergoes gypsy the attending who company tonote the that isI thinkit important The Beasi Gypsy communities live in the Southern part of Hungary, in Baranya 35 CEU eTD Collection and avoid their displaying tothe public bodies 1997,p. 211-4). Infollowing (Stewart, analysis modest women,arevery who men valuethose betheir gypsy body, ashamed because of to masculinity,femininity around is theideas constructed Womenof weakness and shame. have valuesof the to in contrast However is exhibited. community malethe membersof the of strength the and body, upper their on a cloth wearing without appear often they masculine, gypsy the in oflifeways many ways. are correlating 2004, p.11,Yuval-Davis& Anthias, in p.252).TheseNagel, findings 1998, in connection to ethnicity both ideologically materiallyand 38, 2007,p. Dimova,(Shah, 2006, p.308-9, Nash, reproduce who the those are they and membersculture their of ideology the transmitting in both role of significant the ethnicity: they act asof agents the who createethnic the boundaries values of an and Collection Sample in theDNA Females Males and 3.4.2. RoleofGypsy customs take place and in the in gypsy interactgeneticists. with how ways the legitimized people family women are andthese hierarchical structure, patriarchal becausestructures of patriarchal the as mothers freedom,free or will, are things done bythesubordinates (by women, childrenandmen) play community. from casesinthese talkethnic wecannot their atraditional about In agency life should bep. (Shah, 2007, 37-8),and is this wayhowthe women and children are deprived is wayhow in the that a community, order or themaleleaders want inthefamilies persons ismeanstructures elderthe which manytimes whatmale theirprecisely patriarchal character: consent of the individual. makegroups theinformed consent highly is becauseitproblematic, (ideally)based on freethe In the traditional gypsy communities, men are constructed as healthy, strong and strong ashealthy, areconstructed men communities, In gypsy traditional the In traditional ethnic groups the family is the site where both ideological transmission What Iwould in like tounderscore tothegypsyrelation communities’ social 36 CEU eTD Collection an offspring who [no end of sentence, possibly: will have a disease]. So please tell about the about tell please So a disease]. have will possibly: sentence, of end [no who offspring an grandmother told to her children, that well I understand that you are healthy butyou may have “Ifa collaborate. children to influence their because in could they role project the screening of gypsy incommunities. Generallyelderwomen Vlachian the afamily played key genetic the of formulating success the hierarchies gender howtraditional articulated, itis clearly Inthisexample aswell 3). (Interviewee buthergrand-children children counted her only not because community in the role important very had grand-mother the that times many isinfemale experienced children.Researchers the numberof measured person their diseases of the population more easily with the help of the health guards. knowledge members aboutthe of families the whichthey screen wanted to so they mapcould meansThis had 3).geneticists families onthe given Ithink previous (Interviewee that place” the knew they therefore houses community in the school for children gypsy of preparation the for responsible were “they besides easily, more women gypsy with communicate way of life is different from the gypsy traditions. their because ethnicity their to than majority the to belonged rather they probably community majority’s the and their of both margins the on were who women, gypsy by helped was Itis that screening members andthe 3). important the (Interviewee geneticists the of group the between mediated because they process helped screening the these women Roma cases”, so “Community health guards have leavingschool exam, and they were Roma in women these guard’aswell. a‘health and sometimes minority the with going them representative was screening. of process genetic the through reconstructed are hierarchies gender traditional these how show to intend I The role of the women in the target group was basically important because a value a of could becausethey be important seems to women roleof these the Nevertheless, a settlement, into go to wanted geneticists of team the when collection, sample During 37 CEU eTD Collection members of the community. It is very probable that males construct their gender in their gender their construct males that probable very is It community. the of members and they probably bodily intheir socialized to show strength and childhood healthiness tothe be healthy from them to expect ethnicity the of hierarchies gender the because distance the men 3).Overall,ask aboutkept family-trees (Interviewee theirwere able and to geneticist the it happened that they sat down separately with the few men who abilities. reproductive went in the doctor’s their through fitness, their officedemonstrate verbally they example, in the is seen it As guardians the were passiveagents:women of represented p,16-7). ethnic the (1985, tradition women while men were active braveness; strength, ideasphysical of the along articulated is masculinity communities in out traditional points Mosse George others. to fitness their traditional ideology how males should articulate the theirto masculinity, correspond how experiences they These should3). display (Interviewee children” healthy have will they that us told they have not did if they or children healthy their about told They a disease. having of wantdidnot tounderstandbemeansit acarrier, what theysomehow to denied the possibility males was positive but they generally claimed that they are healthy.“So it seemed that they handle context. forto the females where males give room sphere, female dominated a typically is rearing child of site the but situation, social in every transparent is dominance themale In ethnicgroups Beasi the 1). (Interviewee in situations can negotiate these dominating the spheres in connections to the taskslines of diseases. that are related to their alongdescribefamily project. They theirtree tothe to the women were willing contributed children, women gypsy generally how way 3).This wasthe family” inyour (Interviewee occurred that diseases It was rare that they went in to get information about geneticingetinformation butsometimes was they rare that about to It screening, went of attitude the population, Vlachian gypsy the collectingsamplesfrom In theproject, The role of women is very similar in the Beasi gypsy ethnic groups. Women are 38 CEU eTD Collection gender division of their social structure. social their of division gender andlegitimize traditional the possiblyreconstruct geneticists such as screening, genetic anewmedical technology minority appropriate of members the gypsy how the and way the communities of these structures hierarchical the are reaffirming withthey practices these that be familiar with their ethnic way of life and follow theirmuch more productive inmany show ways respectto towards rules.their sub-cultural andsocieties But it is needless to point out gender relations of an ethnic community, and from aspectof efficiencythe work itcan be positions. traditional similarly gender expected the performed women and women than healthier and stronger seen be to themselves construct could community. Men ethnic of traditional genderre-create the the divisions helpedto geneticists males, who did not wantbe(Interviewee project 3).Andthe healthy to pretended males and because these strong and to take part in the project partin take to relatives) (mainly their own to influenceothers morehad power grandmothers could decide to becausedo they were at home.so They were more helpful(Interviewee and especially elder women, 3),Interviewee 3, who explained that they were able tocollect more samples from women simply justified is health of offspring. bytheanswer theirchildren andtheirof This of the according tothe traditional norm of the ethnicity.They havebe to good mothers and take care community, but it seems that in these cases as well,community. females have to constructweak they loose face would value maybeand masculinity their bequestionedwould by the their gender appear as wouldmales ifthey andthese traditional these ways, to according ethnic group The human is population geneticist task nottochange the social hierarchies and What is crucial in sum: males are the leaders, they allow outsiders close to the 39 CEU eTD Collection efforts madeefforts by highlight scientistssocial to their nature. Many constructed contemporary members of ethnically fragmentedthe gypsy populations. from the biological data approach of collecting methodological presentconceptual the and for pointargue biobanks importance the andapossibleof in to to andmaybe change desirable Iwillanalyze121), butinthis of notissue.My in this isto chapter thesis the aim this part this terminology has meaningdifferent inmedical and in legal sciences (Sándor, 2010,p. since from legal information be emergingsecurity are there secured.to However problems is guaranteed participant information the medical andabout the research purposes of genomic improve to order biobank theirhealth.plannedbe The system serving aclosed todatabase the in diseases preventand serve populations predict to of theinterest to gypsy which iscreated samples collected from gipsy individuals were be planned to storedin Romathe Biobank the project frame Romahealth the of the Within in places. these be stored can material forms the ground for complex genetic research is the biobank since large amount of biological 2010, p.117-8,Gottweis, 2008,p.22,Rose, 2007, p. 88). Biobank,issues relatedtotheir the controversy andworkwerenotwithout aims (Sándor, 23). From the emergence of firstthe biobanks such as the Icelandic, Estonian, Swedish or UK p. for(2008, everybody healthcare provide personalized is medicine to the goal of genomic age in the that highlights Gottweis Herbert results. the from benefit will communities ethnic its and state nation whole the but individual, the only not run, long in the since people, of groups serve interest targeted the of the to populations, werecreated biobanks heterogonous Genomic Medicine 3.5.1. EthnicCategorizationin Biobank Roma tothe related 3.5. Issues Racial and ethnic categories are present in the natural sciences in spite of greatest of the in spite sciences natural in the arepresent categories ethnic and Racial The issue is of biobank crucial for complex genetic studies. One key which element In spite of setting,their homogenousbackgrounds, different differenttargeted or 40 CEU eTD Collection pair their recessive genes the point is if two carriers meet and their chromosomes arecarrying iscarriers meetand their genesthepoint chromosomes if two pair recessive their p. 267). are athigher risk for pairing recessive genesandpassingona (Duster,2003, genetic disorder” a strong endogamous tradition (such asethnicorracial intermarry for centuries,they groups) problems be can members through genetic prevented screening.“When of social with groups because isimportant thehealth with frequently diseases Research on occurring ethnic groups 174). p. (Rose,2007, genetic rare around diseases advocacy groups theirare articulating present they at adisease, around communities their members arearticulating their and citizens drivers in racial are madecategorization biosocialitiesthe which biological up of active (Rose,2007,p.183,Duster,marketed 2003,p.258).Nikolas further Rose other claims that Chinese Caucasian people,and be onChinese drugshave to tested itispeople before of bodies in the example for different is metabolism Drug Caucasians. the than differently Thesemade kindsoffindings first in relation to African Americans, drugs they react to differently. of a drug sameamount to the react for they example since necessary make it places of the world, or in results in in drug tests the fieldthe of thatpeoplepharmacogenomics prove livingindifferent case of migration cominguse ethnic butthe makedesired ofacommunity categories, to only genetic disorders different from different placesmedicine they and serve can interestthe 2003). of Not individual(Rose,2007,Duster, the of the world, subjectivities. own into account the complexethnicity, class stabilized or to biophysical of a personorgroup,attributes instead of taking ways how the individuals such gender, race, perfomativeas categories constructed socially reduction the of the understand themselves social scientists137, (Valentine, 2007,p.Anthias,2001, p. 378, Butler,argue against 1990) and create their At this point it is important to note that people with any kind of itis thatpeopleimportantAt pointany kindof this tonote with ethnic belonging can intheageof racial ethnic areunavoidable genomic arguethat or categories Others 41 CEU eTD Collection Therefore the possibility the possibility isTherefore carriersin two high that meet a closedcommunity 1). (Interviewee concentrated. gets gene pathological is this closed, this community a community and into geneflow of the gets mutation), gene (a if apathological population, inacertain numbers individual. the of level the A on pathological contacts have they but level, structural social the from not are groups gene is the reason why gypsy2). Theirdiseases through communities (Interviewee 1, tothese ethnic approaches a certain genetic disorder occurs in large Gypsy Communities onClosed 3.5.2. GeneticResearch issues. genetically childbut ethnicthe disordered categorization is usefulI think in only drug-related to help theirin order gypsy communities for the canbehelpful of because work the geneticists important endogamousuniversal categorization of X, Ychromosomes and their pairing of parents.the This is marriage traditions specifications. chromosome their through differentiated diseasesare butthe samethe chance, and toisparents transmitwith genes that But basically point the chromosome2, 3). 1, (Interviewee help them X adisordered cancounterbalance Xchromosome ahealthy caseof women while in the to avoid thehave XY chromosomes their Ychromosome cannot balancebirth a disordered X chromosome, males because is This besick. will males and transmit females cases in which ofred-blindness, a can ratio bevery different. the but parents, their of both from disorder genetic the get can humans explain, geneticists human theirAs offspring. they jointheirto a genetic disease pass disorder, andthey on Geneticists describe their approach of the target population as they primarily know the know primarily they as population target the of approach their describe Geneticists generic, for the argue geneticists human emphasize that to is important it In this case, There are diseases that are connected to the X chromosome, such as hemophilia, or 42 CEU eTD Collection about issues such as genetic diseases, and “in connection Romato people I would notsay that problem is the that citizenscommunity. the that havelittleare claiming They knowledge pointing existing tothe biosocialities but they are not activating citizens the of ethnic the rather or are creating they communities in ethnic the common disorders most genetic the 3). itvisible (Interviewee sinceis every time not a genetic disorder of carrier a be can anybody because community in the others about ask they and family, the of member every ask they because geneticists of case in the is different this but randomly, information collect they sample a representative have to wants researcher if a that note to important is It family-tree. on the precisedata more put down to are allowed they gave consent patient] [the person if the and office doctor’s into the go geneticists the Practitioner: General names of the the persons researchers the to tells s/he meantime in the and family in the whodiseases the explains had patient some kind of disease. The second phase is connectedgypsy population of a given territory.to the occurred (Interviewee 3). With this method diseases of it kinds is these possiblewhere about know to createthey that a family geneticanother mapsuggest to on themembers whole about the diseaseinformation they method can get this With 3). family (Interviewee inthe diseases other about ask they or community in the profiledisease the have who others about ask geneticists therefore of the in a very in blindness early which groupage, result glaucoma, like Primer-convergalis the diseases, whichvisible some are There community. targeted in the diseases communicable frequent the they examine. map They primarily lived together. generations three sometimes where families the described Finallythey samples, blood collect to went geneticists human the where families, At the fieldwork. they ask the family Through Through their map research they by highlighting disease the profile acommunity and the First process. step inatwo bythegeneticists down arewritten The family-trees To collect data, snow-ballthe wasused method by geneticistthe their during 43 CEU eTD Collection although the ethnic categories are still important but most probably only in the case inof the case mostimportant probably only butstill are ethnic categories although the categorize thegroup, be should usedto thenameof a disease because primarily carrying they are that the diseases be on focus should But the groups. map these out to necessary as patient groups, which are fragmenting the genetic body of the state. 2007, and which (Rose, asbiosocialites be canbe p. 174) can termed biosocialities seen these form a group, for adisease,marker genetic the are carrying who samegroup, the belong to who people Those areconcerned. disorders genetic faras as be changed could ethnicity Biosocialities 3.5.3. Forming Roma indistribute information the gypsy different in the communities ethnic Hungary. people in among general theHungarian Hencecitizens. the isgoal how organization the to whichnetwork providecould not genetic the counseling, isproblem low the level informed of noinstitutional are thatthere isnot problem the that 1) (Interviewee similarly emphasized is 1).It life(Interviewee totheirin personal relation genetics of importance the learn about ageto very early in a researchers the of findings the with familiar get to people gypsy for the a site create be importantpoint to would most because the genetic counseling about education structure. theircare of genetic geneticmarginalizedmakefor tolearn positions social them hard about disorders andtaking isstruggling daybyday, intheirpriorities” not (Interviewee 3).Their for survival this what to eat.know not do even They poor. very Sometimes are they places many in because soon, applied be will it they eat potatoes for a week or just bread and butter. So they are In my view the ofbiosocialitiesis question, notthe existence itis undoubtedly In I argue partisthis itthat provefrom possible to theinterviews of terminology the At samethe time humangeneticists (Interviewee1,3)arearguingfor some kindof 44 CEU eTD Collection epidemiology studies in which it is possible to define the ratio of the carriers. The application The carriers. the of ratio the define to is possible it in which studies epidemiology molecular are These frequency. kind of andwhat with occur, kindsdiseases know what of to is it Therefore before important (Béres, 2003). groups onthese ethnic such extensivestudies genetic studies in regionsdifferent and toinclude differentethnicities in projects.these do population Theseforcesas well” werethedriving inHungary to 1). findings (Interviewee itineffective haveifis but thesame justbecause we it not can side-effects of kind take drug change:“weadvocates should askin fitsmedicine ourgene-structure, which pharmacy the The argument Caucasians gene-structure. drugs than the differently to react gene-structure their because patients American for African had effects certain in drugs side time US,that the (Interviewee 1). But this contemporary attitude isstart to change, researchers realized the first getmedicinecure genes”medicine would be to symptoms,desired the get sothe our for to diseases. the of therapies tothe related But this is just one side (Interviewee1). offinddisorders” for their cure gain have chancesto they to they manage time the issue.if and habits Thedietary their change can other they or ones loved their with shift time more spend to order in the paradigm of clinical “This can be useful [paradigm shift] in many because peoplelives can ways, in change their genetics is Western countries, such as the paradigm Theexamplesfrom in technologically screeningprocesses. the the developed US, are used as a reference pointUnited States, where byfundamentally the geneticistsattitude of the society is what causes the change in the many times:in shift the the to 1points change. Interviewee to approach starts ideological cure, but this to population serves to change the paradigm of the clinical treatments. a of advocating screening genetic the arguments the Inthisaspect pharmacogenomics. The reason for studying Roma populations in Eastern-Europe is that there wereno is there that in Eastern-Europe Roma populations for studying The reason isif we wearesick the in method practice, therapeutic “Theparadigm contemporary which arepossible disorders genetic screen those wasto screening genetic The aimof 45 CEU eTD Collection to have a child who have the disordered genes transmitted. genes have disordered to haveachildwho the ifcarrying they samegenetic the theyknowabouttheir disorder prevent genetic disorder, can (Interviewee 1). From this argument itdevelop disease in not agenetic but thechildwill isthis beacarrier, child, whowill clear again that the focus is on the in ahealthy have people and way will this the In-Vitro dothe fertilization are carriers who to parents who are for the offer apossibility bescreenings, to in genetic would (Interviewee goal 1).The Vitro” In- done be should fertilization that means which genetics, pre-implantation of possibility options aswell. other are But there fertilization. way of traditional the choose if they disease the transmit unavoidably they because have a child not should they arecarriers persons if two is marker DNA the counts what because marriages of ineven case the important not are categories Ethnic a state. of citizens of the genetic structure chapter for the same practice.cite it isApart visible from forIn breastcancer”this 1). (Interviewee Roma: susceptibility mutationsinladies, thatshow Roma, that non-Roma diseases the ideal from non- apart An mutations. Roma, example, screen andbe frequent ideal the to the would occur would without be to map therelation to ethnicity,about these things andgotohave geneticin counseling their (Intervieweeregions own 3). I am arguingfor the community as well.in Soit is important to reachthis the level, that people gain knowledgesub many is so canbeprevented for aspect because theindividual good diseases program this and important very a is This genetics. prenatal in example for significant be can studies these of “If an unlucky situation occurs, when both partners are carriers, today there is the there today both carriers, partners are when occurs, situation “If an unlucky carry they genes of kind map what They diseases. their map they smart is nation a “If 46 CEU eTD Collection which fieldworkwas the of humanthe is Their geneticists. mirroring work gender the present understand theRomani wherelanguage term is the comingfrom. another is problem in that Hungary moreonly, than halfof the gypsy cannotthe ethnic groups onlydenotes of malemembers the andfrom gypsy the a linguisticpopulations perspective a biologicaldiversity groups and stabilize these through marker. cultural homogenize their and diseases through simplify ethnic groups multi-layeredthese to of acategory attaching result the but intheseresearches ethnicities of gypsy the interests health is servethe intended to category Roma of understand thatthe itis to my view possible In fields of concepts. the of semantic the isthereduction in genetics terminology sociological state it useof the that isthe plausibleto Ithink analysis and Iprovidedphase acategory first the In levels. three on Hungary in populations Romani of studies genetic the analyzed I mainbody text of the Inthe bedrawn. material, limited conclusions some can I think level. biological on molecular perceive the to possible isatpresent which geneticdifference the created ethnicities gypsy of the otherness the on emphasis constant the and exclusion social the closeness, physical the of spite andcanbebetween gypsy In populations social the with majority the practices. explained in area. In inagivengeographical this case geneticdistance the between populations Hungary distance social of the is result the structures gene between difference the therefore constructed by-distance model by provided (2000).SocialCavalli-Sforza boundaries are performatively Conclusion Another important gender aspect was addressed in the second section of the analysis, the of section second in the addressed was aspect gender important Another The term of is perspective gender. from the The Roma alsoproblematic category Although in the research I had to rely on very small amount of empirically collected In my view the connecting point of performativity theory to genetics is the isolation- 47 CEU eTD Collection fragmented gypsy ethnicities on a molecular biological level. biological molecular a on ethnicities gypsy fragmented projects homogenizes andmarginalizes culturally,linguisticallythe and geographically mapping disease genetic The category. ethnic Roma the on centered are they principle: invented to serve their interests. was category this identity fact that of the Europeinspite across gypsies the towards attitude hostile present the reinforce can category ethnic Roma the and level DNA the on phenomena excluded from all almost spheres of society.the link mistaken The biological between unhealthy.exceptionally of labelingprocesscanthis be bounded through technological tools and diseases genetic as aconsequence homogenized as gypsy whichare populations different The genetic disorders. particular theirof through mapping the is created Roma, the citizenship, newof kind DNA, a the is to attached Roma category aretaken while overarching and the samples imply that peopledifferent together. these links which disease the of name the is category central important only the ethnicity, on citizens, themselves no In whoorganized emphasisis adisease. around definition this there biological of active as thecommunities defined are p. 174) (Rose,2007, Biosocialities structure within the state. traditional gender hierarchies in the studied communities and legitimized their ethnic social the reconstructed population geneticists Human sample collection. hierarchies intheir Therefore problem with forming biosocialities Roma is in the organizing primary fails This recognize isitself thattheirbadhealth they acultural process to are product: 1)can (Interviewee diseases” Roma through people meet “we primarily that The claim term. the of meaning primary the with contrast in is biosocialities Roma Creating 48 CEU eTD Collection Bucur, M.(2002). 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