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The History and Contributions of All-Black Governing Bodies in the Predecessor Denominations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)

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The History and Contributions of All-Black Governing Bodies in the Predecessor Denominations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) About the Cover: Goodwill Presbyterian Church Mayesville, South Carolina Officials of the Church 1934 Row 1 Mary Ann Ricks, Arthur Ricks, Harry Shaw, Fortune Davis Henry Jefferson, Jonas York, and Joshua Cooper Row 2 I.D. Cain, John Robinson, John Ivory Burgess, Mattie Burgess, Neptune Plowden, Celia Plowden, Boston Johnson, Junius Mitchell, and Johnnie Johnson Row 3 Johnson Lesane Sr., Alice Lesane, Elliot Burgess, Dr. West, Dr. John M. Gaston, Dr. Warren J. Nelson Sr., and Muldrow Hampton All-Black Governing Bodies The History and Contributions of All-Black Governing Bodies in the Predecessor Denominations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Published with the Approval of the 205th General Assembly (1993) Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Developed by the Special Committee to Document the History and Contributions of All-Black Governing Bodies of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Published by The Office of the General Assembly 100 Witherspoon Street Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396 Copyright © 1996 Scanned version © 2011 The Office of the General Assembly Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recording, or other- wise (brief quotations used in magazine or newspaper reviews excepted), without the prior permission of the publisher. The sessions, presbyteries, and synods of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) may use sections of this publication without receiving prior written permission of the publisher. All other rights are reserved. Printed in the United States of America. About the cover: Pictured are clergy and lay commissioners of Catawba Synod. PDS #OGA-96-002 2 January 1996 Dear Brothers and Sisters in Christ: Recent scholarship has devoted extensive attention to the loss of members, money, and meaning within the “mainline” Christian denominations. Even more tragic for Presbyterians is the decline in a sense of identity. Historically, Presbyterians have always valued the importance of their heritage. They have understood that as a people of God, we cannot know who we “are” until we have learned who we “were.” What does it “mean” to be a Presbyterian today as we approach the end of the twentieth century? A century ago, our denomination largely reflected the dominant demographic trends of the time. Within the course of this century, those same trends have considerably altered our American landscape. As we approach the year 2000 A.D., we celebrate the fact that our Reformed heritage has been enriched by the many contributions of racial ethnic peoples. This volume is testimony to our African American brothers and sisters whose own identity as a people of God is inextricably part of our Reformed heritage. On behalf of the Office of the General Assembly, I am proud to present this study that documents the spiritual journey of many of our African American brothers and sisters in Christ. It is my hope that it will encourage other racial ethnic peoples to preserve their history so that they may “tell to the coming generation[s] the glorious deeds of the Lord, and his might, and the wonders that he has done” (Ps. 78:4). Sincerely, James E. Andrews Stated Clerk iii Contents Foreword ......................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................... 1 Map of Missions for Colored People ................................... 8 Chapter I: Presbyterian Attitudes Toward Slavery, African American Slaves, and Free Persons .................... 9 The Slavery Dilemma and Presbyterian Leadership .... 11 Presbyterian Work Among Slaves .............................. 17 Chapter II: The Nature and Character of Black Presbyterian Churches After Emancipation .................. 23 Some Representative Beginnings ................................ 26 Conclusions .............................................................. 40 Chapter III: Race and the Determination of Presbyterian Church Structures ................................... 43 Cumberland Presbyterian Church .............................. 55 United Presbyterian Church of North America ............ 57 Presbyterian Church in the United States .................. 58 Chapter IV: The Development, Refinement, and Integration of the All-Black Governing Structures Within a Changing Church and Society ........................ 65 Church Growth ......................................................... 89 Missionaries .............................................................. 92 Mission Strategy and Structure ................................. 95 Financial Support .....................................................101 Programmatic Activities ............................................104 v Chapter V: Toward a Nonsegregated Church in a Nonsegregated Society .................................................113 Chapter VI: Facing Forward ...........................................141 Endnotes .......................................................................147 Appendix I .....................................................................161 Appendix II ....................................................................163 Appendix III ...................................................................175 Appendix IV ...................................................................180 Appendix V ....................................................................184 Appendix VI ...................................................................189 Bibliography ..................................................................193 Photographs ..................................................................203 vi FOREWORD The 201st General Assembly (1989), in response to Overture 89-2, directed Moderator Joan SalmonCampbell “… to appoint a task force of not more than six [persons] to document the history and contributions of all-black presbyteries of the South” (Minutes, 1989, Part I, p. 589). The task force, appointed by Moderator SalmonCampbell, was: James Foster Reese, chairperson (Kentucky); N. Joyce Punch, vice-chairperson (Texas); Nancy Arnez (Washington, D.C.); Lawrence W. Bottoms (Georgia); Robert T. Newbold Jr. (New Jersey); and Ferdinand 0. Pharr (South Carolina). Nancy Arnez resigned in 1991 for health reasons. Mattie Grigsby (North Carolina) was then appointed to the task force. The task force was staffed by Joyce E. Evans, specialist in the Office of the General Assembly, Louisville; and Kristin Gleeson, deputy director in the Department of History, Philadelphia. The task force recognized that its work would not be complete without the study of all-Black synods. It therefore expanded its work to include all-Black governing bodies. In August of 1991, Darius L. Swann, Ph.D., was engaged as researcher/writer. Dr. Swann, along with the committee members and the staff, entered actively into the collection of materials (published and unpublished), visited sites where primary sources were available, contacted persons who had significant historical information, recorded extensive oral interviews, and reviewed numerous articles, programs, and photographs. This published history documents how all-Black presbyteries and synods provided training grounds for Black leadership in the Presbyterian church and the large communities; developed innovative program models; vii sensitized the church to issues of justice, race, and inclusiveness; and made distinctive and far-reaching contributions. This is a history that had to be recorded. This publication only represents a beginning of a history that continually unfolds. Individuals, sessions, congregations, and governing bodies must continue to identify, gather, record, and deposit the work and witness of the persons, programs, and activities of the all-Black presbyteries and synods of the predecessor denominations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). As Blacks continue to pursue their history in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the church should also encourage in-depth histories and contributions of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans and other ethnic or racial groups who have enriched this communion. Lawrence W. Bottoms died in 1995. The task force affectionately dedicates this history to his memory and his contributions to the church of Jesus Christ. viii INTRODUCTION History is always written after the fact. Events that the historian records may, at the time of their occurrence, have seemed ordinary, unremarkable, even trivial. Seen from the vantage point of the present, however, past events are invested with new significance. Now we say, “Aha, that was what was going on!” or “Now I understand what was happening. I see, I see.” Present events throw into sharp relief the past, and the past illuminates the present. The main subject of this work is the history of the all-Black governing bodies of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and their predecessor bodies. These governing bo- dies had their origins and development in denominations that found themselves unable effectively to integrate Blacks into their structures for more than a century because of historical circumstances and prior judgments about African Americans. Historically, the relationship between the different Presbyterian churches (with the possible exception of the United Presbyterian Church of North America) has been characterized by ambiguity and ambivalence.1 The ambigui- ty is expressed in the Presbyterian churches’ attitudes and deliverances
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