Paul and the Ancient Celebrity Circuit

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber/Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) ∙ James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) ∙ Janet Spittler (Charlottesville, VA) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

430

James R. Harrison

Paul and the Ancient Celebrity Circuit

The Cross and Moral Transformation

Mohr Siebeck James R. Harrison, born 1952; 1976 BADipEd; 1989 MA; 1997 PhD (Macquarie Univer- sity); 2002–12 Head of the School of Theology, Wesley Institute, Sydney, Australia; currently Research Director, Sydney College of Divinity, Macquarie Park, Australia.

ISBN 978-3-16-154615-0 / eISBN 978-3-16-157019-3 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-157019-3 ISSN 0512-1604 / eISSN 2568-7476 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitt ed by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset and printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen. It was bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Preface

My interest in the “celebrity circuit,” ancient and modern, was first provoked as an undergraduate student at Macquarie University in 1973. In a striking lecture that formed part of an ancient history unit called The Roman Nobility, Edwin Judge, Professor of History, drew upon the documentary evidence to unveil the boasting culture of the republican nobiles (“nobles”).1 As I listened, I sensed that there was a collision of cultures occurring here between the humility espoused by the apostle Paul, who gloried in Christ and repudiated any self-elevation before God, and the self-advertisement of the Roman nobles, who sought not only to equal but also to surpass the glory of their famous consular ances- tors. The more I thought about Judge’s lecture in subsequent years, the more I realised that Paul’s critique of the Roman boasting tradition had important im- plications for the relentless quest for fame pursued by late twentieth and early twenty-first century media luminaries. I was also intrigued by the fact that some of the more reflective rock musi- cians of my generation aired ambivalence in their songs about the ephemeral nature of fame and the vacuousness of the Hollywood celebrity circuit. The Kinks’ superb song, Celluloid Heroes, underscored the tension existing between the allurement of the Hollywood star system and the vulnerability of its casualties (Greta Garbo, Bette Davis, Marilyn Monroe), while nevertheless acknowledging that we all secretly desire to live in an insulated “fantasy world of celluloid villains and heroes.”2 The case is relentlessly pressed to breaking point by Bob Dylan in his 1965 song Desolation Row.3 There Dylan, the 2016 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, reduces a cavalcade of celebrated figures from Western civilisation, fictional and historical, to absurdity in his desperate vision of a world gone awry. This “apocalyptic” song, ranking in quality and stature with T. S. Eliot’s magnum opus The Waste Land, posed intriguing questions for me in relation to the gospel of the apostle Paul.

1 For full details, see James R. Harrison, “Preface”, in E. A. Judge, The First Christians in the Roman World: Augustan and New Testament Essays, ed. James R. Harrison, WUNT 229 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008), ix–x. 2 For the lyrics of “Celluloid Heroes”, accessed 27/08/2019, see https://www.lyrics.com › lyric › The+Kinks › Celluloid+Heroes. 3 For the lyrics of “Desolation Row”, accessed 27/08/2019, see https://bobdylan.com › songs › desolation-row. For the lyrics of Dylan’s songs, see his official website above and Bob Dylan, The Lyrics 1961–2012 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016). VI Preface

Was the apostle Paul, in radically dismissing all human boasting, speaking directly to the spiritual heart of the Roman world in a manner similar to Dylan in the late twentieth century? And with what transformative purpose morally? How did the shame of the cross overturn the deeply entrenched Graeco-Roman culture of esteem and, in a surprising case of social levelling, establish humility as its crowning virtue for the great man and his dependents? Why did Paul’s leadership paradigm of “power in weakness” ultimately trump the famous “reluctance” of Augustus, who had consistently refused further powers when pressed upon him by an adoring Roman public? Should we speak about the “failure” of Augustus, as E. A. Judge has provocatively argued,4 and, by contrast, about the unexpected and unconventional triumph of the apostle Paul’s gospel in the Western intellectual tradition? And how did this cultural collision, still reverberating today, affect the civic ethics of Paul’s converts, their commu- nal ethos and paradigms of group identity, their pedagogical curriculum, and their understanding of honour and dishonour? It became clear that these questions could only be resolved by a detailed investigation of the phenomenon of celebrity culture in its modern and ancient context. The ethos of the Roman culture of self-advertisement had to be investigated from the republican perspective of the orations of Cicero, as much as from the paradoxical paradigm of Augustan leadership, which, in the intention of the Princeps, was designed to raise up a new generation of Roman leaders in his age of overflowing grace. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, three new studies (Chapters 2–3, 6) appear in this collection of essays. Five previous studies of mine (Chap- ters 4–5, 7–9) have also been updated for the contribution that they make to our understanding of how the cross effected moral transformation in the face of the self-assertive values espoused by the luminaries of the ancient celebrity circuit. Each study has been given copyright release by their publishers. I express my gratitude to each press, all noted below, in allowing the republication of these essays.5 I am also deeply grateful for the support of the Mohr Siebeck staff after I aired the possibility of a third monograph with the press. I am indebted to Pro-

4 E. A. Judge, The Failure of Augustus: Essays on the Interpretation of a Paradox (Newcas- tle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2019). 5 James R. Harrison, “Paul and the Athletic Ideal in Antiquity: A Case Study in Wrestling with Word and Image,” in Paul’s World. Pauline Studies: Volume IV, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 81–109; idem, “Paul and the Gymnasiarchs: Two Approaches to Pastoral Formation in Antiquity,” in Paul: Jew, Greek, and Roman. Pauline Studies: Volume V, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 141–78; idem, “The Imitation of the Great Man in Antiquity: Paul’s Inversion of a Cultural Icon,” in Christian Origins and Classical Culture: Social and Literary Contexts for the New Testament, ed. Stanley E. Porter and Andrew W. Pitts, TENTS 9 (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 213–54; idem, “Paul and Ancient Civic Ethics: Redefin- ing the Canon of Honour in the Graeco-Roman World,” in Paul’s Graeco-Roman Context, ed. Cilliers Breytenbach, BETL 227 (Leuven: Peeters, 2015), 75–118; idem, “Paul and the Cul- tic Associations,” Reformed Theological Review 58.1 (1999): 31–47. Preface VII fessor Jörg Frey, the managing editor of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, who has welcomed the book’s inclusion in the series. The help of Elena Müller, Programme Director Theology and Jewish Studies, and Tobias Stäbler, Editorial Assistant Theology and Jewish Studies, has been in valuable in finalising the script. The encouragement of Dr. Henning Zietbritzki, the Managing Director of Mohr Siebeck, has also been a constant feature in my dealings with the press since my first 2003 publication. I have always appreciat- ed Henning’s warm interest in my scholarship. Many thanks to the Associate Editors who gave helpful feedback on the initial book proposal and especially to Professor J. Ross Wagner who encouraged me to consider submitting a third monograph to Mohr Siebeck. The writing of the book has been enhanced by the many audiences that have heard elements of Chapters 2–9 delivered at various conferences around the world. By being asked penetrating questions after presentations and upon re- ceiving helpful feedback in such contexts, I have experienced the truth of Prov- erbs 27:17: “As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens another” (NIV). I am especially thankful to a wide range of Pauline and ancient history scholars, far too many to be named, who, through their personal friendship and deep famil- iarity with the Graeco-Roman world, have contributed to my thinking in rich and diverse ways. Above all, without the support, love and encouragement of my wife, Elisabeth, this book would not have reached its completion. This book is dedicated to Emeritus Professor Edwin Judge who, in his nine- ty-first year, has already published two books this year.6 He awaits the appearance in print of the “Corpus of Christian Papyri” project, his great labour of love conducted in partnership with his Macquarie University colleagues since 1972 in its various evolutions, now submitted to a press for consideration for publication.7

6 E. A. Judge, Paul and the Conflict of Cultures: The Legacy of His Thought Today, ed. James R. Harrison (Eugene: Cascade, 2019); idem, The Failure of Augustus. 7 The “Corpus of Christian Papyri” project, formerly called the Corpus Papyrorum Chris- tianarum (C.P.C.), was renamed “Papyri from the Rise of Christianity in Egypt” (P.C.E) from 1980 onwards. In private correspondence, Professor Judge summed up the results of the project thus: “‘Papyri from the Rise of Christianity in Egypt’, a long-term collective project of the Documentary Research Centre at Macquarie, reviewing 400 texts palaeographically, and re-editing 200 non-literary ones with extensive historical commentary and translation, is currently being considered by a press for publication.”

Table of Contents

Preface ...... V List of Abbreviations ...... XV

Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful”: Fame and Celebrity in Antiquity and the Modern World . . . 1 1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context . . . 3 1.1.1. Scholarship on the Modern Phenomenon of Celebrity . . 3 1.1.1.1. The So-Called “Origins” of Modern Celebrity from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century: A Survey of Representative Figures ...... 4 1.1.1.2. Celebrity in the Early Twenty-First Century 10 1.1.2. Scholarship on the Ancient Phenomenon of Celebrity: Robert Garland on “Media Tarts and Tabloid Queens” 16 1.2. The Commendation of the Ancient Elites and Their Families . . 19 1.2.1. Eulogies of the Graeco-Roman Elites from the Republic to the Imperial Period 19 1.2.2. The Heroic Virtue of the Well-Born: The Evidence of a Laodikeian Tombstone ...... 26 1.2.3. The Funeral of Germanicus: The Ticklish Question of Honouring or Dishonouring the Deceased and His Family Line ...... 27 1.3. The Ancient Celebrity Circuit and Processional Culture 30 1.3.1. Athletic Competitions: The Periodos and Circuits of Victory 30 1.3.2. The International Fame of the Ecumenical Synod of Dionysiac Artists 32 1.3.3. The Endowment of Vibius Salutaris at Ephesus . . . . . 33 1.3.4. The Circuit of Charioteers and the Arena of Gladiators . 35 1.3.5. Celebrity Entertainers in Antiquity 38 1.3.6. The Eastern Mediterranean Tours of the Roman Rulers and Their Family Members 41 1.3.7. What Differentiates Ancient and Modern Celebrity? . . . 42 1.4. The Cross, Celebrity and Moral Transformation: The Aim and Structure of the Book 43 X Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Romans and the Reconfiguration of Roman Society: Paul and Cicero Compared ...... 49 2.1. Cicero as Evidence for Roman Social Attitudes in the Imperial Age 49 2.2. The Social Ideology of Cicero 52 2.2.1. The gods and Roman Rule ...... 52 2.2.2. The Roman World of Honour and the Obligation of Gratitude ...... 53 2.2.3. Ancestral Virtue and Cicero’s Redefinition of Glory . . . 54 2.2.4. Imitatio 56 2.2.5. Misericordia, Clementia, and Humanitas 58 2.2.6. Ethnicity ...... 59 2.2.7. Enmity ...... 61 2.2.8. Cicero and the Cross ...... 62 2.2.9. Summing Up 63 2.3. Paul and the Reconfiguration of Roman Society in Romans 12–16 64 2.4. From Cicero’s Republic to Augustus’ Emergence as Pater Patriae: Evaluating the Social Challenge Posed by Paul’s Gospel . . . . 72

Chapter 3: The Paradox of Paul’s Apostolic Ministry (2 Cor 4:7–18) in Its Augustan and Apocalyptic Context . . . 79 3.1. The Paradoxical Augustus: The Interplay Between “Reluctance” and “Influence” in Shaping the Princeps ...... 84 3.2. The “Paradoxical” Paul: The Apocalyptic Interplay of Death, Life, and Glory in 2 Corinthians 4:7–18 ...... 90 3.2.1. The Polemical Context of the Pericope ...... 90 3.2.2. Paul’s Use of “Glory” and “Creation” Motifs as Theological Descriptors of Apostolic Ministry in 2 Corinthians 3:1–4:6 92 3.2.3. Redefining the Apocalyptic Contours of Ministry in Light of the Death and Resurrection of Christ ...... 95 3.3. The “Inadequate” Paul and the “Reluctant” Augustus: Comparing and Contrasting the Legacy of Two First-Century Leaders . . . 101 3.4. Conclusion 107

Chapter 4: Paul and the Athletic Ideal in Antiquity: A Case Study in Wrestling with Word and Image 109 4.1. The Interplay of Word and Image: Paul and the “Beat” Poets . . 109 4.2. Paul’s Running and Boxing Images: A “Visual Arts” Approach 119 4.2.1. Paul’s Image of the Runner (1 Corinthians 9:24–26a) . . . 119 4.2.2. Paul’s Image of the Boxer (1 Corinthians 9:26b–27) . . . 124 Table of Contents XI

4.3. Coronal awards and Paul’s redefinition of athletic honours . . . 130 4.3.1. 1 Corinthians 9:25 and the Visual Representations of Crowns ...... 130 4.3.2. Imperishable and Perishable Crowns (1 Cor 9:25): Paul’s Dialogue with Honorific Culture ...... 132 4.4. Conclusion 133

Chapter 5: Paul and the Gymnasiarchs: Two Approaches to Pastoral Formation in Antiquity . . . . 135 5.1. What Contact Would Paul Have Had With the Gymnasium? . . 140 5.2. Paul and the Ancient Ideals of Civic Leadership 146 5.2.1. Motivations of the Gymnasiarch 148 5.2.2. The Pastoral Attitude of the Gymnasiarch and His Role as Benefactor 149 5.2.3. The Ethics of the Gymnasiarch ...... 151 5.2.4. The Honours Accorded to the Gymnasiarch 153 5.2.5. The Exclusivist Ethos of Gymnasiarchal Law . . . . . 155 5.3. Paul and the Ethical Ideals of the Gymnasium 158 5.3.1. Methodological Problems in Comparing the Delphic Canon with Paul ...... 159 5.3.2. Differences between Paul and the Delphic canon . . . . 160 5.3.3. Commonplaces between Paul and the Delphic canon . . . 162 5.3.4. Case Study on the Reciprocity System: Paul and the Delphic Canon ...... 163 5.3.5. Case Study of the Ephesian Household Codes: Paul and the Delphic Canon ...... 166 5.4. Conclusion 170

Chapter 6: Paul, the Delphic Canon and the Ephebic Ethical Curriculum ...... 173 6.1. Delphi and the Philosophic Tradition of the Seven Sages 177 6.1.1. The Literary Tradition from Herodotus to Plutarch 177 6.1.2. Sosiades’ Collection ...... 182 6.1.2.1. Its Pedagogic Intentionality 182 6.1.2.2. Indications of Structure: Recurring Terminology, “Doublets” and “Triplets” ...... 183 6.1.3. The Eastern Mediterranean Documentary Evidence . . . 185 6.1.3.1. The Finds, Their Location and Significance . . . 185 6.1.3.2. Local Variations in Tradition 189 6.2. The Pedagogical Context of the Delphic Canon: The Honorific Inscriptions, Paideia and Virtue 190 XII Table of Contents

6.3. Case Studies in the Ethical Curriculum of the Delphic Canon . 197 6.3.1. Acknowledging the Gods and Providence ...... 197 6.3.2. Ruling the Household 198 6.3.3. Maintaining Indifference by the Cultivation of Self . . . 200 6.3.4. Engaging in Social Relations in the Polis ...... 201 6.3.5. Virtue as the Median Point between Behavioural Extremes 203 6.4. Paul’s Pedagogy of Ethical Transformation and the “Wisdom” of the Corinthian Elite ...... 205 6.4.1. R. S. Dutch and the Impact of Ephebic Culture on the Educated Corinthian Elite ...... 205 6.4.2. Paul, the Ephebic Curriculum, and the Educated Elite in 1 Corinthians ...... 207 6.4.2.1. Paul and the Gods ...... 207 6.4.2.2. Paul and Hierarchy in the Ancient Household and in the Household of God ...... 209 6.4.2.3. Paul and the Cult of the Self ...... 211 6.4.2.4. Paul, Elitism and the Inversion of Honour in Social Relations ...... 211 6.5. Conclusion 215

Chapter 7: The Imitation of the Great Man in Antiquity: Paul’s Inversion of a Cultural Icon 217 7.1. Introduction to the Scholarly Debate on the Motif of Imitation in Paul’s Letters ...... 217 7.2. The Imitation of the “Great Man” in Antiquity: A Survey of the Literary, Documentary and Visual Evidence . . 226 7.2.1. Introduction ...... 226 7.2.2. The Imitation of Ancestral Glory in the Roman Republic and in the Early Imperial Age ...... 227 7.2.3. The Forum Augustum and Julian Conceptions of Rule . . 232 7.2.4. The Honorific Inscriptions and the Imitation of the “Great Man” ...... 237 7.2.4.1. The Greek Public Inscriptions ...... 237 7.2.4.2. The Latin Public Inscriptions 239 7.2.5. The Literary Exempla and the Imitation of the Great Man . 240 7.2.5.1. The ΣΥΓΚΡΙΣΙΣ of Plutarch ...... 241 7.2.5.2. De Viris Illustribus 244 7. 2.5.3. Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 245 7.3. Paul’s Inversion of Contemporary Models of Exemplary Virtue . 247 7.4. Paul’s Language of “Imitation” and Civic Paradigms of Virtue . 250 Table of Contents XIII

Chapter 8: Paul and Ancient Civic Ethics: Redefining the Canon of Honour in the Graeco-Roman World 257 8.1. Prolegomena to Civic Virtue in the Greek East ...... 257 8.1.1. The Quest for Honour from the Late Hellenistic to the Early Imperial Age ...... 257 8.1.1.1. Paul’s Language of “Honour” and “Shame” . . . 257 8.1.1.2. The Concentration of Virtue and Honour in the Julio-Claudian Rulers 259 8.1.1.3. Alternative Paths of Honour: Upward Mobility and the Local Associations . . 262 8.1.2. Civic Ethics and the Quest for Honour: A Survey of Modern Scholarship ...... 264 8.1.2.1. Key Studies in Civic Ethics 264 8.1.2.2. Issues for Investigation ...... 267 8.2. Ancient Civic Ethics: Issues of “Honour” and “Dishonour” 268 8.2.1. The Eastern Mediterranean Inscriptions: A Profile of Civic Honour ...... 268 8.2.1.1. “Zeal” for Honour and the Inculcation of Civic Ethics ...... 268 8.2.1.2. “Surpassing” Honour ...... 269 8.2.1.3. The “Rivalry” Motif 270 8.2.1.4. The “Emulation” Motif ...... 271 8.2.1.5. The “Danger” Motif 272 8.2.1.6. The “Word-Deed” Conjunction ...... 273 8.2.1.7. The Enhancement of Ancestral Fame and the “Eternity” of Honour for Posterity . . . . . 273 8.2.2. The Visual Evidence of the Honorific Monuments and Statuary of the Greek East 275 8.2.2.1. The Mausolem of Zoilos of Aphrodisias 275 8.2.2.2. Civic Statuary: Honour at Ephesus and Isthmia . 277 8.2.2.3. The Eruption of Dishonour in a World of Honour 279 8.2.2.3.1. Handling Dishonour: The Evidence of the Inscriptions and Papyri 279 8.2.2.3.2. Dishonour in the Orations of Dio Chrysostom (AD 40–110) . . . . 282 8.3. The Apostle Paul and the Canon of Honour in the Greek East . 285 8.3.1. Paul’s Language of “Honour” and Its Engagement with the Graeco-Roman Honour System ...... 285 8.3.1.1. τιμή and Its Cognates ...... 285 8.3.1.2. δόξα and Its Cognates ...... 287 8.3.1.3. ἔπαινος, δόκιμος and Their Cognates 288 XIV Table of Contents

8.3.1.4. ὑπερυφόω ...... 290 8.3.2. Paul’s Language of “Shame” and the Graeco-Roman Honour System ...... 291 8.3.2.1. ἀτιμία, ἐντρέπω, αἰσχύνομαι and κατασχύνω . . . 292 8.3.2.2. δειγματίζω ἐν παρρησίᾳ ...... 294 8.4. Conclusion 295

Chapter 9: Paul’s House Churches and the Cultic Associations 297 9.1. Modern Scholarship on the Local Associations ...... 297 9.2. The Corinthian House Churches as Charismatic Communities 304 9.3. Differences between Paul’s House Churches and the Cultic Associations 307 9.4. Similarities between Paul’s House Churches and the Cultic Associations 311 9.5. The Issue of Honorific Rituals and Social Relationships: Comparing the Cultic Associations and the House Churches . . 316 9.5.1. Paul, Friendship and the Cultic Associations 316 9.5.2. Paul, the World of Honour, and Social Concord in the Body of Christ ...... 321 9.6. Competing Paradigms of Group Identity at Corinth . . . . . 327

Chapter 10: Conclusion 331 10.1. Celebrity Culture, the “Great Man,” and the Apostle Paul 331 10.2. Summary of Argument 337 10.3. Future Research 345

Bibliography ...... 349 Index of References ...... 399 Modern Author Index 435 Subject Index 445 List of Abbreviations

ABR Australian Biblical Review AC L’antiquité classique AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJP American Journal of Philology Anc. Soc. Ancient Society AncW The Ancient World ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini ASSH Bulletin Australian Society for Sports History Bulletin Ath. Mitt. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung BA The Biblical Archaeologist BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Bib Biblica BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin CA Classical Antiquity CB Classical Bulletin CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, eds. A. Boekhio and I. Franzius CIJ Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum, ed. J. B. Frey CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, eds. T. Mommsen, W. Henzen, et al. CJ Classical Journal CPh Classical Philology CPJ Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, ed. V. Tcherikover CQ Classical Quarterly CTM Concordia Theological Monthly CurTM Currents in Theology and Mission DHA Dialogues d’histoire ancienne DocsAug Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, eds. V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones DocsGaius Documents Illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero, ed. E. M. Smallwood EvQ Evangelical Quarterly FD Fouilles de Delphes, ed. E. Bourget et al. G&R Greece & Rome GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HSCPh Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HTR Harvard Theological Review XVI List of Abbreviations

IAssos Die Inschriften von Assos, ed. R. Merkelbach ICreticae Inscriptiones Creticae, ed. M. Guarducci IDelos Inscriptions de Délos, ed. A. Plassart et al. IEph Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. H. Wankel et al. IG Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. F. H. von Gaertringen et al. IGLSyr Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, eds. L. Jalabert and R. Mouterde IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, R. Cagnat et al. IIasos Die Inschriften von Iasos, ed. W. Blümel IKyzikos Die Inschriften von Kyzikos und Umgebung, ed. E. Schwertheim ILaodikeia am Lykos Die Inschriften von Laodikeia am Lykos, ed. T. Corsten ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H. Dessau IMagnesia Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander, ed. O. Kern IMilet Milet. I.1–9, ed. A. Rehm IMylasa Die Inschriften von Mylasa. I. Inschriften der Stadt, ed. W. Blümel IPriene Die Inschriften von Priene, ed. F. Hiller von Gaertringen ISestos Die Inschriften von Sestos und des thrakischen Chersones, ed. J. Krauss IvO Olympia: die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung. V. Die Inschriften, eds. W. Dittenberger and K. Purgold JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JGRChJ Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism Jh. Österr Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JJMJS Journal of the Jesus Movement in Its Jewish Setting JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS Journal of Roman Studies JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTPHRP Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, ed. W. M. Calder et al. MH Museum Helveticum Michel Recueil d’inscriptions grecques, ed. C. Michel Neot Neotestamentica New Docs New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, eds. G. H. R. Horsley (vols. 1–5); S. R. Llewelyn (vols. 6–9), and S. R. Llewelyn and J. R. Harrison (vol. 10) NovT Novum Testamentum NTS New Testament Studies OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, ed. W. Dittenberger List of Abbreviations XVII

P. Univ. Athen. A. N. Oikonomides, “The Lost Delphic Inscription with the inv. 2782 Commandments of the Seven and P. Univ. Athen. 2782,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 37 (1980): 179–83 P. Brem. Die Bremer Papyri, ed. U. Wilcken PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society PGM The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, ed. H. D. Betz P. Kramer “… vor dem Papyrus sind alle gleich!” Papyrologische Beiträge zu Ehren von Bärbel Kramer, ed. R. Eberhard et al. P. Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum, ed. F. G. Kenyon et al. P. Mich. Michigan Papyri. I. Zenon Papyri, ed. C. C. Edgar PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America P. Oxy. Oxyrhynchus Papyri, eds. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt et al. RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum RE Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft REG Revue des études grecques REL Revue des études latines ResQ Restoration Quarterly RIC2 Royal Imperial Coinage RIDA Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité RTR Reformed Theological Review SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum SIG3 Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. W. Dittenberger SJT Scottish Journal of Theology SR Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris, ed. E. Kalinka et al. TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament TrGF The Context of Ancient Drama, eds. E. Csapo and W. J. Slater TynBul Tyndale Bulletin USQR Union Seminary Quarterly Review VC Vigiliae Christianae VEv Vox Evangelica VSpir La vie spirituelle WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament YCS Yale Classical Studies ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZWT Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie

Chapter 1

“The Bold and the Beautiful”: Fame and Celebrity in Antiquity and the Modern World

The idea that history may be explained by the study of the “great man” began in the modern era with a pioneering publication of Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) in 1840.1 Although Jean-Jacques Rousseau had been Carlyle’s immediate predeces- sor in reviving the long-lost interest in the classical ideal of heroic virtue,2 Car- lyle seized the popular imagination by producing not only a moral-philosophi- cal assessment of the heroic past but also by proposing an ethical interpretation of the role that political leaders, the modern inheritors of the heroic mantle, should now play in the world.3 Carlyle depicted the great man as a divinity, prophet, poet, priest, man of letters and king. For Carlyle, the “Man of Letters” was the ultimate hero.4 He endorsed Fichte’s estimate that the literary elites were a “perpetual priesthood” unfolding “the Godlike to men.”5 In so doing, Carlyle bypassed Napoleon, the kingly paradigm of heroic virtue,6 preferring instead to make his own quiet gambit for deflected glory as a Scottish “man of letters.” Carlyle also sought to endorse the divine right of the aristocratic elites to rule by promoting a society governed by the excellent, or, as he pompously

1 The phrase employed in the chapter’s title, “The Bold and the Beautiful”, alludes to the most-watched television soap opera in the world. The show premiered on CBS on March 23, 1987, and it depicts the celebrity family members connected with the fictional fashion house, Forrester Creations, based in Los Angeles. Regarding the “great man” in history, see T. Car- lyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History: Six Lectures (New York: Long- mans, Green, and Co., 1906; orig. London: Chapman and Hall, 1841). Carlyle (ibid., 28) sums up his thesis with these words: “No great man lives in vain. The History of the world is but the Biography of great men.” For discussion of Carlyle’s views, see E. Bentley, The Cult of the Superman: A Study of the Idea of Heroism in Carlyle and Nietzsche with Notes on Other Hero-Worshippers of Modern Times (London: R. Hale, 1947); D. Garofalo, “Communities in Mourning: Making Capital Out of Loss in Carlyle’s Past and Present and Heroes,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 45.3 (2003): 293–314. 2 See J.-J. Rousseau, “Discourse on the Virtue a Hero Most Needs or On Heroic Virtue,” in idem, The “Discourses” and Other Early Political Writings, ed. V. Gourevitch, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 3 L. Eriksonas, National Heroes and National Identities: Scotland, Norway and Lithua- nia, “Multiple Europes” 26 (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2005), 32. 4 Carlyle, On Heroes, 149–88 5 Carlyle, On Heroes, 189–235 6 Carlyle, On Heroes, 151. 2 Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful” categorised this spiritual elite, the “Able-man”.7 However, the “great man” model for understanding the evolution of history came under serious attack at the hands of Herbert Spencer, dislodging the approach from mainstream historical investigation of the past.8 In the view of Spencer, “great” men were simply the products of their social environment. While some monographs still attribute historical agency primarily to the actions of great men,9 researchers now situate historical figures within the complex and variegated currents of society at large, though there has been a recent explosion in “heroic” studies across many disciplines.10 Thus it should not surprise us that no satisfying history of celebrity has yet been written. The deep interconnectedness of celebrities with their social and historical context makes analysis difficult. Moreover, the fan base of celebrities must also be factored in as an actor on the historical stage of celebrity if the phenomenon is to be properly evaluated. However, writers in antiquity celebrate the rise, achievements, and virtues of the “great man”. Plutarch not only wrote contrasting biographies of Greek and Roman leaders, but also prefaced his parallel lives with a comparison (συγκρίσιϛ) of the figures whom he was discussing. The anonymous De Viris Illustribus (“Deeds of Famous Men”) provides seventy-seven biographical sketches of republican luminaries for its audience to consider as exempla. Last, Valerius Maximus’ Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (“Memorable Doings and Sayings”) also

7 Carlyle, On Heroes, 206–08. Note, ibid., 166: “Find in any country the Ablest Man that exists there; raise him to the supreme place, and loyally reverence him: you have a perfect government for that country; no ballot-box, parliamentary eloquence, voting, constitution- building, or other machinery whatsoever can improve it a whit. It is in the perfect state; an ideal country.” 8 H. Spencer (The Study of Sociology [New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1896], 31) writes: “If it may be a fact that the great man may modify his nation in its structure and actions, it is also a fact that there must have been those antecedent modifications constituting national progress before he could be evolved. Before he can re-make his society, his society must make him. So that all those changes of which he is the proximate initiator have their chief causes in the generations he descended from. If there is to be anything like a real explanation of these changes, it must be sought in that aggregate of conditions out of which he and they have arisen.” 9 For example, S. B. Ferrario (Historical Agency and the “Great Man” in Classical Greece [Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014]) argues that a development occurs from the agency of the polis displayed at the time of early Athenian democracy to the emergence of individual agency under the unprecedented conquests of Alexander the Great. In Ferrario’s view (ibid., 354), Alexander represents the “culmination” of the individualism that led to the emergence of the “great man” theory. On the great man in antiquity, see E. A. Judge, “The Changing Idea of the Great Man,” in Paul and the Conflict of Cultures: The Leg- acy of His Thought Today, ed. J. R. Harrison (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2019), 122–137. 10 See M. Jones, “What Should Historians Do with Heroes? Reflections on Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Britain,” History Compass 5.2 (2007): 493–54; J. Price, Everyday Heroism: Victorian Constructions of the Heroic Civilian (London and New York: Blooms- bury Academic, 2014). For bibliographic references to “heroism” across the disciplines, see “Heroism Science: Promoting the Transdisciplinary Study of Heroism in the 21st Century,” at https:// www.heroismscience.wordpress.com/, accessed 11.05.2017. 1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context 3 recounts exempla, Roman and foreign, for the consideration of posterity.11 Whereas modern scholars are reticent about speaking of the influence that indi- viduals can singehandedly impose upon history, there was no such reticence in antiquity. These virtuous figures, precisely because of their fame and accomplishments, were worthy of imitation. This book, collecting together previously published essays and new contributions on the topic of celebrity, is interested in the moral transformation that the ancients thought such figures offered to their contemporaries and posterity. The collision of this venerable moral tradition, indissoluably linked to the accomplishments of ancient luminaries, with the gospel of the apostle Paul represents a significant flashpoint in the western intellectual tradition and in the development of social relations in antiquity, the re- verberations of which continue to be felt in our culture today. What, then, is the nature of celebrity in its modern and ancient context?

1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context

1.1.1. Scholarship on the Modern Phenomenon of Celebrity Precisely when the phenomenon of “celebrity” began in the modern era remains a moot point in scholarship.12 No authoritative history of celebrity has been written, though, as we will see, R. Garland, not unreasonably, traces the begin- nings of the celebrity cult back to ancient times.13 But, in many respects, the

11 For full details, see Chapter 7. 12 For books from 2000 onwards discussing celebrity, see R. Shickel, Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000; orig. 1985); G. Turner et al., Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); C. Rojek, Celebrity (London: Reaktion, 2001); M. Orth, The Importance of Being Famous: Behind the Scenes of the Celebrity-Industrial Complex (New York: H. Holt, 2004); P. D. Marshall, The Celebrity Culture Reader (New York: Routledge, 2006); J. Gaffney and D. Holmes, Stardom in Postwar France (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007); D. A. Herwitz, The Star as Icon: Celebrity in the Age of Mass Con- sumption (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008); K. O. Ferris and S. R. Harris, Stargazing: Celebrity, Fame, and Social Interaction (New York and London: Routledge, 2011); R. van Krieken, Celebrity Society (New York and London: Routledge, 2012); K. Stern- heimer, Celebrity Culture and the American Dream: Stardom and Mobility, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2015). See also D. Beer and R. Penfold-Mounce, “Researching Glossy Top- ics: The Case of the Academic Study of Celebrity,” Celebrity Studies 1.3 (2010): 360–65. For a Marxist approach to celebrity, see P. D. Marshall, Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contempo- rary Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997). 13 See R. Garland, Celebrity in Antiquity: From Media Tarts to Tabloid Queens (London: Duckworth, 2006). Note also L. Braudy (The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History [New York: Vintage Books, 1997], 3–113), who traces the origins of celebrity back to Alexander the Great, followed hard on the heels by Cicero and Augustus. In sharp contrast, contrast F. Ing- lis (A Short History of Celebrity [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010]) who argues that the history of celebrity was set in motion by the Romantics during the eighteenth century. Because of the Romantic emphasis upon living for the passions, new ideologies about self- 4 Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful” answer to the question about the origins of modern celebrity is predetermined by the perspective (entertainment, politics, literature, philosophy, military?) with which the scholar, consciously unconsciously, approaches the question.14 Furthermore, consideration must also be given to the countries and continents (Europe? England? America?) from which the choice of the majority of celebrities has been made, including the urban sophistication and media penetration of the regions in which each celebrity operated.15 Once again, each of these factors will largely predetermine one’s answers regarding the origins and development of celebrity, either at a national or trans-national level. What follows, therefore, is in no way meant to be a history of the rise of the modern celebrity. Rather the selection, spanning the eighteenth to the early twenty-first century, is illustra- tive of the phenomenon of fame and is provided as a useful counterpoint to our ensuing discussion of ancient celebrity. Needless to say, the selection below is determined, to some extent, by my personal interests.

1.1.1.1. The So-Called “Origins” of Modern Celebrity from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century: A Survey of Representative Figures What candidates might be mooted as possibilities for being the originator of the modern celebrity cult? If one considers celebrity from a political perspective, then Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) looms large as a potential candidate for being the first modern celebrity. His numerous scandals, exotic war stories, ad- venturing spirit, and lofty idealism in spearheading the unification of Italy hood and individuality emerged. Outlining a complex interaction of diverse forces, Inglis (ibid., 5) posits the following pathway of development from the individualisation of the emo- tions towards the ultimate emergence of celebrity: “The rise of urban democracy, the two- hundred-year expansion of its media of communication, together with the radical individualisation of the modern sensibility made fame a much more transitory reward and changed public acclaim from an expression of devotion into one of celebrity.” 14 S. J. Morgan, in his review of Inglis, A Short History of Celebrity, correctly observes: “… the problem facing any student of celebrity is the sheer volume and bewildering variety of available subjects. Any choice of case studies will therefore be highly personal.” See http:// www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/994, accessed 19.04.2017. 15 S. J. Morgan (review of Inglis, A Short History of Celebrity) makes a telling point about the importance of locale in the development of celebrity: “… the eastern United States played a vibrant role in international fame culture after the opening up of the literary lecture circuit in the 1830s, not to mention the intercontinental promotional activities of Phineas Barnum, who among other triumphs introduced the ‘Swedish Nightingale’ Jenny Lind to enraptured audiences across America in the 1850s. However, it does draw out very neatly the importance of major urban centres in providing the necessary conditions for the first celebrity cultures to thrive, including places to see and be seen, proximity to the centres of political and/or finan- cial power, a thriving press and a large, literate audience. These are factors often ignored by contemporary theorists, who hold that the mass audiences and means of communication which enable the culture of celebrity to survive did not exist before the 20th century” (my emphasis). See http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/994, accessed 19.04.2017. 1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context 5 meant that he dominated the attention of the international printing presses.16 “Garibaldimania” even spread to Britain, but whether it permeated all the Eng- lish provinces, or was merely a locally contested event fought out between the radicals and conservatives, as a recent study of 1854–1861 Newcastle-upon-Tyne has argued,17 is beyond the scope of this work to determine. By contrast, if the origins of modern celebrity are explored from the perspective of literature, then “Byromania” is another equally viable option.18 The widespread international celebrity of Lord Byron (1788–1824), it has recently been argued,19 was less generated by the publication of his poetry volumes than by his widespread fame in periodicals, newspapers and magazines of the time. However, there are other candidates who emerge as genuine possibilities for being among the first celebrities in the modern era, at least in an American context. The American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892), for example, was famous for his volume of poems, the Leaves of Grass, rewritten and expanded over his career until the original 12 poems numbered over 400. But equally important for the promotion of Whitman’s fame was a photograph taken of the poet by a Philadelphian firm, operated by Samuel Broadbent and W. Curtis Taylor. The much celebrated “Butterfly” portrait of Walt Whitman was taken by Taylor in the spring of 1877. It shows Whitman, in smoking jacket and large felt hat, look- ing intently at his extended right index finger, upon which had alighted a deli- cate butterfly with expanded wings.20 As has been well observed of the photo graph,21 Whitman was a poseur of epic proportions who understood well “that photography was one of several cultural developments that would change the way in which literature was promoted and produced.” Each of these potential candidates for first modern celebrity understood the centrality of the print media and photography for a much wider dissemination of their fame than they could achieve political and literary careers alone. Irrespective of who might be thought to be the “first” celebrity from our three examples above, by the early twentieth century, famous literary elites (Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis) continued to create

16 L. Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007); idem, “Garibaldi: The First Celebrity,” History Today 57.8 (2007): 41– 47. 17 M. P. Sutcliffe, “Negotiating the ‘Garibaldi Moment’ in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1854– 1861),” Modern Italy, 15.2 (2010): 129–44. 18 On Byromania, see F. Wilson, ed., Byromania: Portraits of the Artist in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999); T. Mole, Byron’s Romantic Celebrity: Industrial Culture and the Hermeneutic of Intimacy (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007); G. McDayter, Byromania and the Birth of Celebrity Culture, Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century Literature (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009). 19 See McDayter, Byromania and the Birth of Celebrity Culture. 20 For the picture, see D. H. Blake, Walt Whitman and the Culture of American Celebrity (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), 2. 21 Blake, Walt Whitman, 4. 6 Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful” markets for their works and the establishment of their fame by networking, reviewing and editing their literary productions, even though they rejected the baseness of popular culture in preference for their own elite cultural products.22 Similar networks operated between the American novelists Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, the Beat Poets (Allen Ginsburg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, among others), and Bob Dylan in the late 1950’s and the early 1960’s. Media influences were again prominent in these interconnections of fame. Ginsburg’s photograph appeared on the album cover of Bringing It All Back Home, whereas in D. A. Pennebaker’s documentary film, Don’t Look Back, covering Dylan’s 1965 UK tour, Ginsberg made a cameo appearance in the clip for Dylan’s song Subterranean Homesick Blues.23 Thus, by the time of the early twentieth century, media and literary networking was clearly a crucial step for the famous to acquire the exalted status of celebrity. Also interesting for our purposes is how the mythology of celebrity was constructed and deconstructed in the twentieth century. Two examples from the American literary world will suffice. The American novelist Ernest Heming- way was often captured in iconic outdoor photographs, either fishing, hunting or attending bull fights. During the 1950’s he was involved in two plane crashes, won the Nobel Prize, and five films were made from his fiction. Consequently, the “Hemingway myth” became inextricably entwined with his masculinity and the perception that he was a literary genius. Hemingway’s quasi-mytholog- ical status as a male was reinforced at a popular cultural level by a host of articles titled “Hemingway, Rogue Male,” “Hemingway: America’s No 1 He-Man,” “Hemingway: War, Women, Wine, and Words,” and “Hemingway: King of the Vulgar Words and Seduction.” Surprisingly, these were published in the trashy men’s pulp magazines of the 1950’s as opposed to the more elite male publications of Esquire and Playboy. This lurid and misogynistic genre of popular pub- lishing enhanced Hemingways’ status as a literary giant with a new audience, while also establishing him as an American mid-century icon of machismo.24 By contrast, the famous American novelist Philip Roth – winner of the 1960 National Book Award in Fiction with his first novella Goodbye, Columbus (1959) and author of the controversial Portnoy’s Complaint (1969) – went on to win the Pulitzer Prize with his novel American Pastoral (1997). But, after this

22 See A. Jaffe, Modernism and the Culture of Celebrity (Cambridge and New York: Cam- bridge University Press, 2004). 23 See M. Jacobi, “Bob Dylan and Collaboration” and D. R. Schumway, “Dylan as Cultur- al Icon,” in The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan, ed. K. J. H. Dettmar (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), respectively, 69–79 and 110–21. 24 See D. M. Earle, All Man!: Hemingway, 1950s Men’s Magazines, and the Masculine Persona (Kent: Kent State University Press, 2009); T. Strychacz, “Masculinity,” in Ernest Hemingway in Context, ed. D. A. Moddelmog and S. Del Gizzo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 277–86. More generally, see J. Smith, The Thrill Makers: Celebrity, Masculinity, and Stunt Performance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012). 1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context 7 high-point of fame, Roth re-evaluated the celebrity he had acquired, while, ironically, his subsequent novels went on to win further plaudits. The paradox is potent. A late surge of creativity in his mid-sixties after the Pulitzer Prize resulted in a series of novels whose quality was hailed by literary critics across the world.25 However, as Roth explains in his valedictory interview with Alan Yentob for the BBC in 2014, summarised in The Guardian (May 17, 2004), he withdrew from the “celebrity game” while writing these new works: (Roth) reports that, in old age, “the last thing I wanted to do was to make myself more visible then I already was. The visibility unnerved me. And so I moved to the country.” Roth retreated to an isolated farmhouse in Connecticut. He describes, almost for the first time, the conditions under which he wrote the sequence of novels that followed American Pastoral. “I find it very congenial to live in the natural beauty of the place I have in Connecticut. I work during the day, do some exercise late in the day” – he swims regularly – “and so I haven’t lost contact with what I’ve been doing all day.”26 Roth’s abdication from the celebrity circuit finds its counterparts in other modern writers and entertainers who, while remaining in the public eye of their profession, nevertheless critiqued the shallowness of the celebrity industry.27

25 See I Married a Communist (1998), The Human Stain (2000), The Dying Animal (2001) and The Plot Against America (2004). For discussion, see M. Shipe, “The Twilight of the Superheroes: Philip Roth, Celebrity, and the End of Print Culture,” in Roth and Celebrity, ed. A. Pozorski (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013), 101–18. 26 See “Bye-bye … Philip Roth talks of fame, sex and growing old in last interview,” at https://www.theguardian.com › Arts › Books › Philip Roth, accessed 16.04.2017. For further discussion of Philip Roth and the phenomenon of celebrity, Pozorski, Roth and Celebrity, passim. 27 For example, Mark Twain, the American novelist, writes regarding the universal seduction of fame: “Celebrity is what a boy or a youth longs for more than for any other thing. He would be a clown in a circus; he would be a pirate, he would sell himself to Satan, in order to attract attention and be talked about and envied. True, it is the same with every grown-up person; I am not meaning to confine this trait to the boys.” Mark Twain, Autobiography of Mark Twain, Vol. 2, ed. H. E. Smith et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 232. Numerous pop and rock stars show strong ambivalence about fame in their songs: e. g. David Bowie (“Fame;” “The Stars [Are Out Tonight]”); Harry Chapin (“W.O.L.D.”); Counting Crows (“Have You Seen Me Lately”); Eagles (“After the Thrill is Gone”); Lady Gaga (“Pa- parazzi”); Billy Joel (“The Entertainer”); Josh Joplin (“Camera One”); Alanis Morissette (“Celebrity”); The Kinks (“Celluloid Heroes”); The Smashing Pumpkins (“Bullet with But- terfly Wings”); Peter Sarstedt (“Where Do You Go To My Lovely?”); Chris Rea (“Tennis”); Warren Zevon (“Splendid Isolation”). Supremely, Bob Dylan’s song, “Desolation Row” – an apocalyptic depiction of the demise of modernity ranking in quality with T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” – invokes famous figures from the Bible (Noah, Cain, Abel, Good Samaritan), history (Einstein, Nero), fiction (Ophelia, Romeo, Cinderella), and literature (Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot) as characters or allusions in the song. Dylan reduces these celebrated symbols of Western civilisation to absurdity in his desolate vision of the modern world. For an insightful discussion of the song, see C. H. Jones, Bob Dylan and the End of the (Modern) World (PhD diss., University of Texas, Dallas, 2013), 112–20. There is little doubt that the lyrical quality of songs like “Desolation Row” earned Dylan, controversially in the perspective of some, the Nobel Prize for Literature in October 2016. 8 Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful”

The withdrawal of Roth from celebrity and his continuing literary success in self-imposed exile is diametrically opposed to how the American novelist Scott Fitzgerald, along with his manic depressive wife Zelda, were eventually undone by their celebrity. With the success of Scott’s novel This Side of Paradise (1920), the Fizgeralds skilfully courted public fame by exploiting the (up till then) little ventured avenues of the popular press, magazines, theatre and cinema through the twenties and early thirties.28 Scott dubbed Zelda as “the first American Flapper” of the Jazz Age29 and portrayed himself as hedonistic and intellectual. But by 1935 their ascendant star had waned, plunging Scott into drunken deg- radation and a declining literary output until his eventual death in 1940,30 while Zelda was confined to specialist clinics until her death by an outbreak of fire in her hospital in 1948. The powerful role of the photojournalism in promoting celebrity in the first half of the twentieth century must not be underestimated.31 R. Linkof, in an excellent thesis, explores the democratising effect of tabloid celebrity. He argues that between 1890 and 1940 there was a dissolution of the Victorian aristocratic social system, resulting in the emergence of the “photojournalistic culture of celebrity.”32 The traditional social hierarchies were overcome by bridging the distance between the privileged elites and mass audiences through the photos taken of the elites, which were published for all to see in the popular tabloids (e. g. Picture Post, Tatler, Illustrated News, Daily Mirror).33 A radical change in conceptions of class and social difference occurred with the emergence of the press photographer as a social actor.34 The glamourous “debutante” balls of the aristocracy were widely photographed,35 and, with the gradual decline of the aristocracy, all their social events became an excuse for a torrent of self-advertisement in the tabloids.36 This was not by any means the preserve of the aristocracy: the “lighter side of the war” in 1916 was captured with pictures of smiling

28 See T. W. Galow, Writing Celebrity: Stein, Fitzgerald, and the Modern(ist) Art of Self- Fashioning (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); R. Prigozy, “Introduction: Scott, Zelda, and the Culture of Celebrity,” in The Cambridge Companion to Scott Fitzgerald, ed. R. Prigozy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002), 1–27. 29 The Jazz Age is brilliantly depicted in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) and in Baz Luhrmann’s 2013 film of the novel. See the interesting comparison between the book and the film provided by D. R. Shumway “Gatsby, the Jazz Age, and Luhrmann Land,” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 (2015): 132–37. On the Jazz Age, see F. Scott Fitz gerald’s essay, “Echoes of the Jazz Age,” Scribner’s Magazine 90.5 (1931): 459–65. 30 The Last Tycoon remained unfinished at Fitzgerald’s death and was published in 1941. 31 See R. Linkof, The Public Eye: Celebrity and Photojournalism in the Making of the Brit- ish Tabloids, 1904–1938 (PhD thesis, University of Southern California, 2011). 32 Linkof, The Public Eye, 33. 33 Linkof, The Public Eye, 41–47, 55–59. 34 Linkof, The Public Eye, 31–32, 53. 35 Linkof, The Public Eye, 301–22. 36 Linkof, The Public Eye, 320. 1.1. Research on Celebrity in Its Modern and Ancient Context 9 nurses and soldiers on the Western Front. 37 Thus the consolidation of Fleet Street in the first half of the twentieth century as the mainstay of the newspaper industry led inexorably to the rise of the paparazzi and the stalking of celebrities which are so much part of modern culture. Last, the famous book of D. J. Boorstin revealed with great clarity for his American readers the image-dominated celebrity culture that had begun to emerge in the USA by the early 1960’s.38 Boorstin argued that American culture was being increasingly infiltrated by “the menace of unreality”39 in the form of a media-constructed reality, which was orchestrated by “pseudo-events” (e. g. the ubiquitous television debate). These pseudo-events, Boorstin opined, tend- ed “to be more interesting and more attractive than spontaneous events,” because they were controlled and calculated, but, consequently, less “real.”40 In particular, the human pseudo-event increasingly dominated twentieth century society. Here untalented celebrities become media fabrications “known for (their) well-knownness” (e. g. Zsa Zsa Gabor) as opposed to any accomplish- ment of lasting social or cultural value.41 Boorstin’s analysis was prophetic. The rampantly narcissistic worlds of Paris Hilton, the Kardashians, and Donald Trump would inevitably appear at the beginning of the new century.42 But even before the self-absorption of banal celebrities, along with their adoring cohorts, had gripped popular culture, an increasing preoccupation with public fame is reflected in the shift in value priorities espoused in the top “tween” TV shows from 1967 to 2007.43 This change in value priorities is particularly telling. “Fame” was rated as the top value in 2007, followed hard on the heels by “Achievement” and “Popularity” in second and third place, whereas “Fame” had only been rated fifteenth (out of sixteen) in previous decades. By contrast, “Community Feeling” dropped to eleventh in 2007, whereas it had been first in 1967, 1977, and 1997, and second in 1987.44 But, by 2007, self-assertion and individualism had eclipsed the moral tradition of social consciousness in “tween”

37 Linkof, The Public Eye, 97–101. 38 D. J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America (New York: Athe- neum, 1961). For a helpful discussion of the significance of Boorstin’s book, see N. Gabler, “Toward a New Definition of Celebrity – the Norman Lear Center,” at https://learcenter. org/pdf/Gabler.pdf, accessed 07.09.2017. 39 Boorstin, The Image, 57. 40 Boorstin, The Image, 37. 41 Boorstin, The Image, 57; cf. “A sign of a celebrity is often that his name is worth more than his services” (ibid., 220). 42 On celebrity and Donald Trump, see P. Dreier, “Zsa Zsa, Donald, and America’s Celeb- rity Culture,” at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/zsa-zsa-and-donald_b_13716 396.html, accessed 07.09.2017. 43 See Y. T. Uhls and P. M. Greenfield, “The Rise of Fame: An Historical Content Analysis,” Cyberpsychology 5.1. (2011) at https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4243/3289, accessed 08.09.2017. 44 See Uhls and Greenfield, “The Rise of Fame,” Table 4. 10 Chapter 1: “The Bold and the Beautiful”

TV culture. Y. T. Uhls and P. M. Greenfield conclude regarding TV shows like Hannah Montana, which depict highly successful teenagers living out their “career dream” amidst their drab and dull peers: “it is likely that tweens observing teenage characters with high status jobs that emphasize public recognition and material success will aspire to be like these social models.”45 This slavish imitation of vacuous “show biz” icons will inevitably breed a superficial and self-ob- sessed set of “disciples” who will not sacrificially invest themselves for others beyond either their immediate circle or their own self-interest. Nor will they experience the radical moral transformation that occurs from the early Chris- tian understanding of our indebtedness to God and, consequently, our obligation to meet the needs of others (Rom 13:8–10), no matter who that might be (12:9–21; cf. Luke 6:27–36). What features of celebrity are prominent in the early years of the first quarter of the twenty-first century?

1.1.1.2. Celebrity in the Early Twenty-First Century In this section, the new trends in the international celebrity cult are briefly flagged and analysed. At the outset, perhaps the most important trend among the recent developments of international celebrity, departing from its largely elite focus, is the “decisive turn towards the ordinary.” 46 First, the advent of reality TV (e. g. Big Brother, Survivor, The Apprentice, The Bachelor, The X Factor, The Voice) and the Internet has spawned a “celebrity culture … increasingly populated by unexceptional people who have become famous and by stars who have been made ordinary.” 47 There is a distinct cycle of fame (or “six stages of celebrity”) for participants in these programmes.48 Even elite versions of these shows have been devised (Dancing with the Stars, Celebrity Survivor).49

45 Uhls and Greenfield, “The Rise of Fame.” 46 J. Gamson, “The Unwatched Life Is Not Worth Living: The Elevation of the Ordinary in Celebrity Culture,” PMLA 126.4 (2011): 1061–69, at 1061–62. See also P. D. Marshall, “The Promotion and Presentation of the Self: Celebrity as a Marker of Presentational Media,” Ce- lebrity Studies 1.1 (2010): 35–48. 47 Gamson, “The Unwatched Life,” 1062. Whereas in the old Hollywood studio system before the late 1940’s “celebrity was tightly controlled,” now “one often encounters photos that demonstrate simultaneously celebrities’ extraordinary glamour and awesome beauty on the red carpet and their just-like-us, unglamorous trips to the grocery store or a restaurant.” Further, from the 1970’s onwards the gossip columns and tabloids “puncture the public image of celebrities with the often sordid or ugly ‘truths’ of their private lives, their ordinary human foibles, their feet of clay” (ibid., 1063). 48 See R. A. Deller, “Star Image, Celebrity Reality Television and the Fame Cycle,” Celeb- rity Studies 7.3 (2016): 373–89. See also L. C. Hellmueller and N. Aeschbacher, “Media and Celebrity: Production and Consumption of ‘Well-Knownness’,” Communication and Re- search Trends 29.4 (2010): 3–35. 49 Gamson, “The Unwatched Life,” 1065, 1066. As Gamson explains (ibid., 1065), “The Internet drastically widens the pool of potential celebrities by lowering the entry barriers – a Index of References

Old Testament

Genesis 32:35 70 1–2 157 33:27 325 1:3 94 1:26–27 210, 322 1 Samuel 1:27 157, 210 15:29 325 1:28 94 2:18 210 2 Samuel 2:24 169 7:11–16 253 5:1 322 5:24 94 Psalms 21:33 325 2:1–12 253 31:1 100 16:11 325 45:13 100 21:6 325 89:19–37 253 Exodus 90:1–2 325 20:12 285 93:2 325 32:6 208 102:27–28 325 33:19 68 110:1–7 253 34 93, 94 115:5 208 116:1 288 Leviticus 116:10 99, 102, 339 15:24 157 119:89 325 18:22 156 136:2–3 208 19:9–18 67 136:16 208 19:18 67 139:16 325 19:32–36 67 19:34 67 Proverbs 20:13 156 10:12 71 20:21 157 20:22 71 24:29 71 Numbers 25:21 70 15:34–41 208 25:21–22 71 25:22 70, 71 Deuteronomy 6:4–9 208 Ecclesiastes 6:4 208 3:11 325 11:13–21 208 12:5 325 400 Index of References

Isaiah Jeremiah 8:7 100 1:5 148 9:2 94 9:22–23 212 26:4 325 10:5 208 44:9–20 208 31:33 93 45:18–23 291 45:23 105, 291 Ezekiel 46:5–7 208 36:27 93 46:7 208 47:7 325 Daniel 49:1–6 335 4:3 325 49:1 148 4:34 325 49:6 148, 335 49:8 99, 339 Habakkuk 2:18–19 208 3:6 325

Apocrypha

2 Esdras 2 Maccabees 3.19 94 4:7–14 144 8.21 94 8.49 94 Wisdom of Solomon 14:12 157 1 Maccabees 14:26–27 157 1:11–15 144

Pseudepigrapha

Apoc. Ab. 1 En. 19.4 94 27.5 94 25.4 94 36.4 94 45.3 94 Apoc. El. (H) 47.3 94 1.3 94 50.4 94 1.5 94 55.4 94 62.16 94 2 Bar. 63.6 94 21.19–25 95 75.3 94 51.16 94 81.3 94 54.16 94 103.9–15 98

3 Bar. 2 En. 4.16 336 63.1 (J) 95 16.4 94 66.1–2 96 Index of References 401

66.5 96 Ps-Phoc. 66.6–8 (J) 96, 97 3 157 66.6 98 8 157 66.7 99 67.1– 68.4 96 Sib. Or. 4.30 94 4 Ezra 2.15–32 95 T. Jac. 2.37 94 1.5 94 2.40 94 3.2–4 157 4.13–16 96 7.10 –28 95 4.26–32 95 7.20 157 8.29 94 7.25 94 9.37 94 T. Jos. Gk. Apoc. Ezra 1.1–7 97 6.9–10 94 1.3–7 96

Jub. T. Levi 20:6–8 157 18.5 94 22:22 157 18.6 94

Ps-Philo T. Naph. L.A.B. 208 3.2–4 157

Rabbinic Literature

‘Avodah Zarah m. Sanh. 18b 144 7b 208

Gen. Mid. t. Sotah 3.12 166 3.10 208

Genesis Rabbah 84:10 20

Qumran

4Q504 [4QDibHama VII Frag. 8 l. 7] 208, 336 402 Index of References

New Testament

Matthew 14:7–14 14 4:43–48 70 14:7–11 18, 154 5:3 319 14:11 319 5:27–30 162 15:1 319 5:38–48 163 18:10–14 319 5:44 214, 293 19:2 319 10:35–45 255 22:24–27 255 11:5 319 22:25 18 11:19 319 23:34 71, 214, 293 11:29 214, 252, 293 18:1–4 18 John 19:28–30 154 3:29 320, 344 19:30 18 5:20 319 20:16 18 11:1 320, 344 22:36–40 67, 321 11:3 319 23:12 319 11:36 319 12:25 319 Mark 13:1–17 255 2:14–17 319 15:12–17 320 8:34–38 255 15:13 320, 344 8:34 98 15:14 320, 344 9:31 98 15:15 320, 344 10:21 319 15:19 319 10:31 319 16:27 319 10:33 98 19:12 320, 344 10:35–45 169 20:2 319 12:28–34 321 21:15 319 12:41–44 151 21:17 319 14:18 98 14:21 98 Acts 14:36 249, 309 2:44 310 15:16–19 47 2:45 67 15:17 324 4:37 67 15:27–32 47 5:1–2 67 15:34 324 6:3 174 9:39 66 Luke 13:14–51 141 4:16–28 141 13:47 335 6:20 319 14:1–6 141 6:27–36 10, 71 14:14–50 222 6:27–31 70 16:14–15 221 6:27 214, 293 16:14 220, 221 6:35–36 286 16:16 198 7:22 319 17:1–9 141 7:34 319 17:10–15 141 14:7–23 18 17:17 141 Index of References 403

18:1–12 141 2:7 66, 67, 285, 287 18:3 221 2:9–11 66, 67 18:19 141 2:9 69 19:9–10 220 2:10–11 285 19:9 141 2:10 69, 287 19:29 251 2:11 152 19:38–40 263 2:16 161 20:4 251 2:17 19 21:39 346 2:23 19 21:40 117, 144 2:29 287, 289 22:2 117, 144 3:1–2 69, 148 22:3 117, 144 3:5–6 68 23:16 117, 144 3:7 287 26:4 117, 144 3:9–18 76 26:14 117, 144 3:9 69 28:16 141 3:10–18 68 28:30 141 3:19–20 285 3:23 67, 76, 287, 325 Romans 3:24–26 77 1:1–5 66, 335 3:24 253 1:2–6 76 3:25–26 68, 253 1:2–5 253 3:25 69 1:4 155 3:26 68, 253 1:5 65 3:27–4:6 105 1:11–12 306 3:27–31 156 1:11 306 3:27 19, 67, 287 1:14–15 69 3:28 247, 253 1:14 65, 69, 70, 77 3:29–30 285 1:16 69, 72, 77, 258 3:29 69 1:17 253 3:30 253 1:18–32 68, 258 4:1–25 66, 247 1:18–31 66 4:1–5 67, 149 1:18 157 4:2–3 247 1:19–23 65, 157 4:2 19 1:20 157 4:4–5 164 1:21–27 157 4:4 65 1:21–23 157 4:5 253 1:21 248, 287 4:11–12 69 1:23 287, 336 4:13–14 149 1:24–28 156 4:25 98, 253 1:24 157 5:1 253 1:25 157 5:2 19, 288 1:26 156, 157 5:3 19 1:27 156 5:5 71, 294 1:30 287 5:6–10 248 2:4 69, 162 5:6–8 70, 71, 76, 258, 309 2:5–16 253 5:6 161, 248 2:5–6 254, 285 5:8 70, 248 404 Index of References

5:9 253 8:31–39 160, 335 5:10 70, 71, 248 8:32 98 5:11 19 8:33–34 258 5:12–21 66, 68, 101, 248 8:33 253 5:12 76 8:35 287 5:13 76 8:36 98 5:14 76 9:1–11:36 66 5:15 76, 305 9:1–5 69, 247 5:16 76, 253, 305 9:4–5 148 5:17 76 9:4 67, 287, 306 5:18–19 258 9:5 149 5:18 76, 248, 253 9:6–18 148 5:19 76, 248 9:10 149, 247 5:20 76 9:14 68, 69 5:21 76 9:15–18 253 6:1–6 72 9:15–16 165 6:4 67, 258, 288 9:15 253 6:5 255 9:16 68, 253 6:6 72 9:18 68, 165, 253 6:7–11 72 9:21 285 6:15–23 72 9:23–26 253 6:15–19 77 9:23–24 68 6:23 305 9:23 67, 165, 253, 288 7:1–6 72 9:33 294 7:6 152, 249, 285, 289 10:2 148 8:3–7 285 10:3–4 148 8:4–5 152 10:4 76, 149, 248 8:4 289 10:11 294 8:11–13 285 10:12 69, 77, 170, 309 8:14 308 10:16–20 253 8:15–16 309 10:16 65 8:15 150, 249, 309 10:18 105 8:16 309 11:1–2 69 8:17–21 258 11:1 148 8:17 288, 309 11:5–6 164 8:18–25 249 11:16 69 8:18–21 247 11:17–18 310 8:18 67, 288 11:17 69 8:19–21 255 11:18–22 70 8:21 67 11:18–21 69 8:23 150 11:18 155 8:26–28 150 11:28 148 8:26–27 161 11:29 69, 306 8:28–30 152 11:30–33 69 8:28 68 11:30–32 165 8:29–30 258, 322 11:31–32 253 8:29 76, 150, 248, 255 11:31 253 8:30 67, 253, 309 11:32 253 Index of References 405

11:35 164 13:7 19, 67, 154, 250, 286, 11:36 288 302 12–15 160 13:8–19 71 12:1–16:25 52 13:8–10 10, 67, 70, 71, 77, 165, 12:1–2 63, 160 250, 321, 342 12:1 69, 165, 248, 253, 286 13:8 65, 67 12:2–3 286 13:9–10 160 12:2 255 13:11–14 65, 150 12:3–8 65 13:11–13 248, 287 12:3–7 63 13:11–12 254 12:3 67, 258, 285, 309 13:11 161 12:4–21 77 13:13 156 12:4–8 307 14:1–15:11 69, 70, 71 12:4–5 145, 286 14:3–4 155 12:6 286, 306 14:4 248 12:8–13:10 70, 71 14:6 248 12:8 69, 165, 248 14:7–14 70 12:9–21 10, 65 14:10–12 65 12:9 67, 70, 71, 152, 163, 14:10 155 196, 341 14:13 155 12:10 154, 163, 250, 258, 14:15 156 285, 309, 319, 342 14:16 341 12:12 71 14:17 285 12:13 66, 69, 71, 302 14:18–19 289 12:14–15 163 14:19 155, 289 12:14 70, 71 15:1–6 65 12:16 67, 70, 163, 285 15:1–3 341 12:17–21 70, 152, 342 15:1 65, 152 12:17 71, 152, 162 15:6 67 12:18 71 15:7–13 65, 341 12:19–21 163, 286 15:7–9 77, 154, 160 12:19 70, 71 15:7 67, 68, 69, 156, 255, 288 12:20 70, 71 15:8–9 69, 71 12:21 70, 71, 152, 163, 196, 15:8 67 341 15:9–12 67, 76 13:1–16:27 65 15:9 67, 165, 288 13:1–7 321, 334 15:11 288 13:1–2 66 15:12 253 13:1 286 15:15–17 335 13:2 286 15:17 19, 67 13:3–4 66 15:18 65 13:3 154, 289 15:19 63 13:4 67, 253, 287 15:24–28 63 13:5 66, 287 15:24 65, 222 13:6–10 164 15:27 65, 69 13:6–7 66 16:1–23 154 13:6 67, 287 16:1–16 63 13:7–10 258 16:1–2 220, 221, 302, 315 406 Index of References

16:2 65 1:23 72, 104, 154 16:3–16 68 1:24–25 313 16:3 65 1:25 99, 102, 130, 157 16:4 68 1:26–29 18, 19, 161, 296 16:5 68 1:26–27 247 16:6 68 1:26 205, 207, 211, 254, 293 16:7 65, 68 1:27–29 329 16:8 65 1:27–28 129, 212 16:9 65 1:27 102, 212, 293, 336 16:10 65, 68, 289 1:28–29 313, 337 16:11 65 1:28 212, 296, 336 16:12 65, 68 1:29 293, 313, 327 16:13 65, 68 1:30–31 247, 313 16:16 68 1:30 211 16:17 70 1:31 313, 327 16:19 65 2:1–7 212, 292 16:20 254, 342 2:1–5 252 16:21–23 63 2:3–5 161 16:22 65 2:6 254, 335 16:23 220, 221, 301 2:7–8 149 16:25–27 66, 76, 253 2:7 322, 335, 336 16:25 161 2:8 41, 94, 103, 105, 107, 16:27 67, 288 210, 254, 322, 335, 336 2:9–15 211 1 Corinthians 2:9 321 1–4 120 2:11 105 1:4–9 162 2:16 211 1:4 306 2:19 307 1:5 313 3:1–9 252 1:7 306 3:1–4 137 1:8–9 128 3:1–3 293 1:9 321 3:2–5 119 1:10–16 252 3:3–22 313 1:10–13 210 3:4–9 155, 212, 292 1:10 312 3:4 212, 312, 328 1:12–13 155 3:5–17 313 1:12 119, 212, 292, 312, 328 3:5–9 137, 206, 326, 334 1:17–31 212, 292 3:6 212 1:18–31 41, 72, 104, 258, 290, 3:7–10 161 334 3:10 145 1:18–29 134, 157 3:16–22 155 1:18–25 211, 248, 255 3:16–17 134, 156, 210, 252, 313 1:18–19 157, 307 3:18 293 1:18 104, 329 3:21 293, 313, 327 1:20 137, 161, 206, 252, 334 3:21–24 312 1:21 313 3:21–23 119, 212, 252, 292, 326 1:22–25 322 3:21–22 313, 328 1:22–23 254 4:1–7 313 Index of References 407

4:3 293 6:18 159 4:4–5 128 7:1–40 119 4:5 288 7:1–5 167, 170 4:6–7 212, 252, 292, 293 7:1 120, 209 4:6 119, 137, 155, 206, 212, 7:2–7 209 252, 312, 328 7:7–31 334 4:7 105, 164, 313, 327 7:7 209, 306, 309 4:8–18 313 7:8 209 4:8–13 212, 335 7:9 209 4:8 120, 212, 292 7:17–24 137, 206 4:9–13 71, 252, 258 7:17 334 4:9–11 213, 292 7:22–23 209 4:9 104, 213, 214, 292 7:22 156, 315 4:10–13 157 7:25 165, 253 4:10 102, 212, 214, 292, 293 7:26 210 4:11 104, 214, 293 7:27 209 4:11–12 214, 221, 293 7:28 209 4:12–13 293 7:29–31 210 4:12 92, 251 7:29 161 4:13 213, 292 7:31 104, 132, 254, 335 4:14–21 334 7:32–35 209 4:14–20 155 7:36 209 4:14–15 119 7:38 209 4:14 293, 321 8–10 329 4:15 206, 252 8:1–11:1 119, 253 4:16–18 249 8:1–13 155 4:16–17 252 8:1–3 120, 211 4:16 220, 252 8:1 120, 208, 312, 321 4:17 321 8:2 161 4:18–20 212, 292 8:3 321 4:18–19 334 8:4–5 208 4:20 161, 252 8:4 133, 207, 208, 312 4:21–23 334 8:5–6 133, 253, 322 4:21 137, 252, 321 8:5 208, 253, 312, 322 5:1–13 119, 155, 328 8:6 208, 210, 322 5:1–3 209 8:7 120, 208 5:1 314 8:8–13 254 5:6 327 8:9–13 119, 120 5:9 120 8:9–11 253 5:11 156, 208 8:9 120 6:1–11 119 8:10 120, 254, 312 6:1–8 49, 312, 328 8:11–13 120 6:9–11 155, 156, 209 8:11–12 156, 209 6:9 119, 156, 208 8:11 119, 134 6:10 156 9:1–23 119 6:12–26 314 9:1–22 211 6:12–20 119, 209, 314 9:1–18 120, 220, 314 6:12 156 9:1–11 334 408 Index of References

9:1–8 119 10:27 120 9:3–19 92 10:28–30 253 9:4–15 120 10:28–29 119 9:12 221, 334 10:31–11:1 254 9:15 221, 327 10:31–33 134, 253 9:15–18 120, 334 10:31–32 119 9:16 327 10:33–11:1 120, 160 9:19–23 119, 248, 253 10:33 152, 211 9:19–22 120, 341 11:1–16 313 9:19 340 11:1 120, 134, 154, 220, 247, 9:22 254, 340 253, 343 9:23–27 211 11:2–16 209, 328 9:23 128 11:3–17 210 9:24–27 41, 112, 113, 115, 116, 11:3 210 120, 129, 132, 133, 137, 11:4–5 210 145, 206, 340 11:4 328 9:24 117, 120, 121 11:5 211 9:25 116, 120, 123, 124, 128, 11:7–8 210 130–133, 145, 154, 323, 11:7 328, 336 324 11:11–12 167, 170, 210 9:26–29 154 11:12 210, 289 9:26–27 124 11:16 334 9:26 117, 121 11:17–34 312 9:27 116, 127, 128 11:17–32 134 10:1–22 120 11:17–22 155, 214 10:1–14 128 11:17 289 10:4 336 11:18–34 328 10:5 209 11:18 312 10:7–8 314 11:22 289, 293 10:7 120, 208, 209 11:23 98 10:10–11 326 11:25–26 309 10:11 132, 161, 335 11:26 309 10:13 128 12:1 306 10:14–22 120, 133, 155, 209, 253, 12:2 133, 208, 209, 312 254, 322 12:3 209 10:14 120, 159, 208, 312, 321 12:4–31 323 10:16 321 12:4–26 334 10:17 326 12:4–13 326 10:18 321 12:4–11 313 10:19–21 208 12:4–6 210, 306, 307 10:20 321 12:4 134, 286, 306 10:21–22 120 12:7–11 211, 308 10:23–11:1 155 12:7 286, 307 10:23–24 253 12:8 286, 306 10:24–27 120 12:9–10 247 10:24 120, 134, 152 12:9 286, 306 10:25 120 12:11 286, 306 10:27–29 120 12:12–27 307 Index of References 409

12:12–13 145, 210, 306, 307 14:29–39 312 12:13 134, 170, 209, 210, 286, 14:29–33 211 309, 313, 326, 329, 341 14:29 210 12:14–21 211, 307 14:32–38 334 12:14–17 286 14:33 326 12:15–16 130 14:33–36 312 12:18 130, 286 14:34–35 210 12:19 286 15:20–28 322 12:21–26 329 15:24–25 337 12:21 286 15:25 336 12:22–26 311 15:28 155, 210 12:22–25 214, 307, 309 15:29 328 12:22–24 129 15:30–31 98 12:22–23 286 15:30 104 12:23–24 250, 286 15:31 104, 335, 339 12:24–25 258 15:42–49 249 12:24 129, 134, 154, 286 15:45 94 12:25–26 307 15:49 94, 255, 323 12:25 130, 210, 286, 312 15:58 321 12:26 129, 130, 134, 211, 309 16:1–4 134, 214 12:27–30 308 16:10 154 12:28–29 334 16:14 321 12:28 211, 306 16:15–16 334 12:30–31 306 16:20 319, 342 12:31–14:1 306 16:22 319, 342 12:31 134 16:24 321 13:1–13 211, 312 13:1 321 2 Corinthians 13:2 321 1–4 101–102 13:3 134, 321, 327 1:3–9 102 13:4 321 1:3–7 99 13:8 321 1:3 253 13:13 321 1:4–7 102 14:1–39 312 1:5 102 14:1 321 1:7 321 14:3–5 307 1:8–10 102 14:3 134, 211, 334 1:8–9 98, 104 14:4–5 211 1:9–10 102 14:4 134 1:10–11 99 14:5 134, 334 1:11 102, 305 14:6 211 1:12 92, 102 14:12 307, 334 1:15–2:12 90 14:17 307 1:15–23 90, 293 14:22–26 211 1:15 102 14:24 134 1:16 90 14:25 161 1:17–33 163 14:26–33 210 1:17–20 152, 161 14:26 134, 307 1:17 92 410 Index of References

1:21–22 102 3:17–18 94, 95, 100, 106, 161, 1:22 106, 288 255 1:23 90, 102, 152, 161 3:17 93, 106 2:1 102 3:18 93, 94, 100, 145, 149, 2:2 321 150, 247, 258, 288, 322, 2:3–4 90, 91 336, 339 2:4 102, 321 4:1 92, 100, 102, 103, 106, 2:5–11 90, 156, 293 165, 253 2:7 309 4:2 92 2:8 94, 247 4:3 92 2:9–11 90, 91 4:4 93, 94, 97, 105, 106, 149, 2:9 102 322 2:10 309 4:5 93, 95, 99, 102, 103, 2:12–13 90 105, 334, 339, 340 2:12 102, 306 4:6 93, 94, 95, 97, 106, 149, 2:13–7:4 90 322, 336 2:13 91 4:7–6:10 97 2:14–7:4 91 4:7–18 83, 90, 96, 104, 107, 339 2:14–6:10 97 4:7–12 97, 98, 157, 161, 255, 2:14–4:6 97 258, 335 2:14–16 97 4:7–8 101 2:14–15 102 4:7 97, 102, 103, 105 2:14 102 4:8–12 97–98 2:16 100, 102 4:8–10 102 2:17 92, 102 4:8–9 98, 100 3:1–4:6 97 4:8 104 3:1–3 95, 334 4:9–13 104 3:1 91, 290, 293 4:9 104 3:3 93, 103 4:10 98, 100, 104, 339 3:4–18 92 4:11 98, 99, 100, 104, 339 3:5–6 92, 102, 103 4:12–13 214 3:5 102 4:12 92, 98, 99, 100, 102, 3:6–7 91 104, 339 3:6 93 4:13–14 99, 339 3:7 93, 288 4:13 102 3:7–4:6 90, 100 4:14 103, 339 3:7–18 105, 323 4:15 98, 100, 104, 106, 107, 3:7–16 93, 94 151, 288, 339 3:7–11 339 4:16–5:17 106 3:8 93, 288 4:16 92, 99, 100, 102, 103, 3:9 91, 288 105, 339 3:10 91, 288 4:17–18 93, 95, 247, 258, 339 3:11 91, 288 4:17 94, 100, 101, 103, 288, 3:12 92, 102 324 3:13 288 4:18 162 3:14 94 5:1–10 102 3:16–17 93 5:1–5 339 3:17–4:6 93 5:1 324 Index of References 411

5:5 100, 106 8:19 288 5:6 92 8:21 162 5:8 92, 161 8:22 91 5:9–10 95 8:23 149, 288, 321, 323 5:14–6:10 335 8:24 321 5:14–21 97 9:1–5 214 5:14 321 9:1–4 325 5:15 104 9:4 293 5:17 94, 105, 249, 327 9:7 321 5:21 258 9:10–11 151 6:1–10 335 9:13 321, 323 6:2 94, 99, 103, 161, 339 9:14 151, 326 6:3–10 97, 258 9:15 151 6:4–10 161, 293 10:1 214, 252, 255, 293 6:6 321 10:3–11 313 6:8–10 104, 157, 214 10:7–17 334 6:8–9 293 10:7–11 91 6:8 288, 293 10:8 293 6:9 100, 104, 294, 339 10:10–12 91 6:10 104, 154, 250, 292, 294, 10:10–11 161 341 10:10 92, 100, 155 6:14–7:1 155 10:12–18 91 6:14 321 10:12–17 95 6:16 151 10:12 91, 92 7:1 321 10:15–18 313 7:4 92, 293 10:17 105 7:4–16 91 10:18 247 7:5–16 90 11:1–6 290 7:6–17 90 11:3–5 91 7:6–7 91 11:6 92, 155, 161 7:9 162 11:7 157, 221, 285 7:10 162 11:11 321 7:12 90, 156, 293 11:12–15 91 7:14–15 91 11:12 91, 92 8:1–9:15 106 11:13–15 290 8:1–5 154, 252 11:16–12:10 20, 97, 105, 157, 258, 8:1–4 325, 341, 343 290, 335 8:1–3 151 11:16–32 313 8:7 321 11:16–30 249 8:8 321 11:16–18 290 8:9 104, 151, 154, 157, 216, 11:18–22 91 244, 250, 258, 294, 325, 11:18 92 336, 341, 343 11:20–21 243 8:14 321 11:21–12:10 161, 313 8:16–26 314 11:21–23 148, 290 8:16–24 154 11:21 92, 102, 290 8:17–18 91 11:22–12:10 149, 341 8:18 289 11:22–23 290 412 Index of References

11:22 117, 144 1:14 99, 117, 148, 247, 254 11:23 104, 290 1:15 148 11:26 104, 249, 290 2:5 291 11:27 104 2:6–10 334 11:28–29 98, 104, 339 2:6 291 11:29 341 2:7–8 291 11:30–33 152, 161 2:9 291 11:30–32 249 2:10–11 291 11:30 102, 247, 290 2:11–14 155 12:1–10 313 2:11 291 12:1 290 2:13 291 12:5–6 290 2:14 150 12:5 102 2:19–20 335 12:6 247 2:20 98, 148 12:9–10 102 3:1 162 12:9 290 3:6–14 247 12:11–18 290 3:10–14 248 12:11–13 334 3:13 154, 258, 333 12:11 91, 290 3:14 247, 248 12:13 309 3:15–18 149 12:14–16 92 3:28 155, 156, 167, 170, 309, 12:14–15 220 315 12:15 104, 321 4:4 161 12:16–18 314 4:5 309 12:18 91 4:6 249, 309 12:19 98, 290, 321 4:8 133 12:20–21 329 4:19 150 12:21 162, 285 5:14 160 13:3 99 5:16–26 247 13:4 97, 99, 102, 104, 120, 5:21 156 151, 154, 157, 161, 209, 5:22 289 211, 216, 255, 258, 290, 6:2 160, 321 313, 343 6:6 314 13:5–7 290 6:9 252 13:9 99 6:14–15 337 13:11 321, 329 6:14 98, 335 13:12 342 6:15 94, 155, 156, 249, 327 13:13 321 6:16 165 13:20 319 6:17 154, 335 16:5–7 90 Ephesians Galatians 1:3–14 288 1:1 334 1:3 289 1:4 99, 334 1:4 289 1:5 288 1:5 289 1:8–10 155 1:6 288, 289 1:8–9 334 1:7 289 1:14–24 341 1:9 289 Index of References 413

1:10 289 5:21–23 342 1:11–12 150 5:21 169 1:11 289 5:22 169, 170 1:12 288, 289 5:23–24 169 1:13 289 5:24 169 1:14 288, 289 5:25–27 169 1:18 161, 162, 288 5:25 164, 167, 169, 170 1:19–21 160 5:29 169 1:20–21 154 5:30 169 1:22–23 307 5:31 169 2:4 165, 253 5:32 169 2:6 150, 160 5:33 167, 169 2:8–10 150 6:2 285, 296 2:11–3:13 170 6:4 163, 198 2:11–22 155 6:18–19 150 2:12 346 2:14 162 Philippians 2:19 346 1:1 254 2:20–21 150 1:6 162 3:3 161 1:9–11 150 3:6 161 1:10–11 288 3:13 288 1:11 288 3:16 288 1:20 294 3:20 198 1:21 161 3:21 288 1:27 346 4:1–6 170 2:1–2 341 4:7 306 2:3–5 160 4:11–16 145 2:4–8 335 4:11–13 334 2:4–5 154 4:11–12 307 2:4 152 4:11 306 2:5–11 18, 243, 258, 281 4:12–13 307 2:5–8 151, 255, 267, 333 4:15–16 150 2:6–8 336 4:20 288 2:6 336 4:22–24 150 2:7–8 154, 290 4:23 322 2:7 157 4:28 152 2:8 72, 286, 290 4:29 152, 309 2:9–11 148, 155, 250, 294, 322 4:32–5:2 255 2:9 290 4:32 309 2:11 105, 288 5:1–2 154 2:12–13 162 5:1 220, 255 2:16 121, 247 5:12–13 161 2:19–24 254 5:16 161 2:25–30 254 5:18–33 170 2:25 285 5:18–20 169 2:27 165 5:18 156, 169 2:28 285 5:21–6:9 170 2:29 285 414 Index of References

2:30 285 3:13 255, 309 3:3 255 3:16–17 150 3:4–11 341 3:19 164, 167 3:4–8 254 3:21 198 3:4–6 148, 313 3:35 152 3:4 255 4:5–6 162 3:5 117, 144 4:5 161 3:7–11 148 4:6 309 3:8–10 150 4:7–17 154, 162 3:9–11 258 4:16 160 3:9 254 3:10–11 255 1 Thessalonians 3:10 161, 255, 335 1:3–7 150 3:12–14 117 1:6–7 154 3:13–14 121 1:6 220, 251 3:14 128, 346 2:1–12 220 3:17–21 258 2:5–9 220 3:17 154, 220, 254, 343 2:5 161 3:19–30 154 2:6 288 3:20–4:1 145 2:7 150 3:20–21 149, 150, 247 2:8 150 3:20 346 2:9 157, 221, 251 3:21 94, 255, 288, 323 2:11 150 4:1 128, 154, 323 2:12 288 4:8 152, 163, 290, 334 2:14 154, 220, 251 4:8–9 150 2:19 154, 323 4:10–20 319 2:20 149 4:12 286 4:4 285 4:18 254 4:9 319, 342 4:19 288 4:11–12 157 5:5–6 247 5:12–13 334 5:21 152, 163, 196, 341 Colossians 5:26 342 1:9–12 150 5:27 160 1:15 255 1:18–19 307 2 Thessalonians 1:24 98, 247, 335 1:9 288 1:27–28 150 1:12 288 2:6–8 150 2:16–17 150 2:13–15 295 3:6–13 257 2:13–14 248 3:6–7 150 2:15 294, 295 3:7–8 157, 220, 221 2:19 150, 307 3:7 154, 220, 251 3:1–2 150 3:8 251 3:4 94, 323 3:9–10 150 3:9–10 150 3:9 220, 251 3:10–11 255 3:12–13 252 3:10 100, 322 3:14–15 293 3:11 150, 155, 156, 170 3:14 293, 315 Index of References 415

1 Timothy 17 315 2:1–2 334 22 309 2:5 323 2:7 346 James 2:9–10 313 1:12 154, 323 4:7–8 145 4:7 137 1 Peter 4:8 137, 323 2:14–16 154 4:14 306 2:22–23 214, 293 5:3–4 296 3:13–14 19 5:17 314 3:17 19 5:4 154, 323, 324 2 Timothy 1:6 306 2 Peter 1:11 346 2:13 312 2:5 145, 154 2:25 162 Jude 4:7 121 12 312 4:8 128, 154, 324 Revelation Philemon 2:10 154, 323 2 315 3:11 154, 323 11–13 315 4–5 324 15–16 156 4:10 324 16 315 7 324 14 324

Ancient Literary Sources

Aen. 2.6.12–14 204 2.680 112 2.6.20 204 2.7.4 204 Agathias 2.7.7 214 Anth. Graec. 2.7.14 216 16.332 178 2.9.1 204 3.7.13 204 Alciphron 3.11.8 204 Ep. 4.1.1 204 3.17.4 304 4.1.12–13 199 4.1.13–19 199 Aristotle 4.1.24 204 Eth. nic. 4.2.13 214 1.4.4–5 201 4.3.17–20 214 1.9.1–3 197 4.3.17–18 201 1.10.12–13 197 4.3.19–20 197 1.12.3–4 198 4.3.24–25 202 2.2.7 204 4.3.26–28 204 416 Index of References

4.4.1–6 201 Aulus Gellius 4.4.4–5 204 Noc. Att. 4.5.1 204 10.11.10 233 4.5.15 204 4.6.9 215 Bacchylides 4.8.5 204 Isthmian Ode for Aglus of Athens 4.9.1–8 216 10 124 5.1.1–5.5.3 184 5.1.1–2 184 Isthmian Ode for Argeius of Ceos 5.2.10 193 I 127 5.2.11 193 II 127 5.3.1 204 5.3.12 204 Callicratidas 5.4.7 204 On the Felicity of Families 5.5.7 202 166 6.3.3 204 Cicero 6.11.7 205 Agr. 8.1.1–8.14.4 183 2.1.1 54 8.10.5–6 198 2.36.100 53 8.11.4 198 Amic. 8.13.7–9 202 7 176 8.14.4 198, 202 8.26–27 320 9.2.8–9 205 8.26 321 9.6.1–4 202 9.29 342 9.8.7 200 9.30–31 342 9.8.11 200 10.34–35 321 NE 17.63 – 64 320 2.2.1–2.9.9 203 19.69–70 320 8.1160b–1161a 166 20.71–73 320 Phys. 21.76–77 321 2.2.194a 218 22.85 321 2.2.199a 218 Arch. Poet. 7.15–16 55 6.1450a 218 14 229 9.1451b 218 Att. 23.1459a 218 1.8–1.10 154 24.1460b 218 Balb. 25.1461b 218 1.1 53 26.1461b–1462b 218 17.40 55 1449b 24–28 218 Cael. Pol. 14.34 55 7.17.1337a 218 17.39 55 1260a 9–14 166 30.72 229 Cat. Arius Didymus 1.5.11 52 Epit. Arist. 1.9.23 61 145.5–18 166 1.13.33 52 2.4.9 53 Index of References 417

2.13.29 52, 53 Mil. 3.8.18–3.9.22 43 13.33 61 Div. 52 Mur. De or. 14.31–32 55 2.2.1–2.2.7 52 29.61–31.66 58 2.2.3 51 31.65 58 2.2.5 51 31.66 56, 58 2.2.8 52 66 57 2.58.238–239 15 Nat. D. 52 3.137 176 Off. Deiot. 1.25.85 64 8 58 3.5.22 64 10.26 230 Parad. 10.28 230 1.8 176 33 58 Phil. 37 58 1.14.35 56 Div. Caec. 2.44.114 57 8.25 229 2.45.116 58 Fam. 3.4.8 56 4.2.3 320 3.6.15 60 12.7.2 228 5.8.23 53 Fin. 5.49–50 55 2.3.7 176 11.10 230 Flac. 12.8.19 61 7.17 60 12.12.30 61 8.19 60 13.14.29 56 11.24 59, 60 14.6.15 57 24.57 60 14.6.17 57 24.71 60 14.9.25 53 27.64 – 66 60 116 58 28.67 60 Planc. 28.68 60 28.68 54 Har. resp. 52 28.69 54 Leg. 29.71 59 16.47 53 30.74 53 Leg. All. 31.88 61 3.78 305 33.81 53 Leg. Man. Post. red. 16.48 54 1.2 53 Lig. Pro Flacco 5 58 28.69 70 10 58 Prov. cons. 13 58 5.10 59–60 14 58 10.24 61 16 58 13.32 54 Marc. 13.33 59 9 58 18.43 61 12 58 418 Index of References

Quint. 53.16.6–8 81 1.[I.1]16 59 53.27.2–4 103 1.[I.1]19 60 53.27.3 103 1.[I.1]27–28 59 55.10.10 81 Rab. Post. 56 209 1.2 57, 229 56.34–37 11 4.13 63, 295, 324 56.34.2 233 5.16 63, 295 57.18.7– 8 28 Red. Sen. 5.14 60 Dio Chrysostom 6.13–14 60 Or. Rosc. Amer. 1–4 139 25.69 55 3.148 282 Scaur. 8.9–12 117 3.2–3 57 28.5–6 129 Sest. 31 277, 282 47.101 229 31.8–9 282 64.136 230 31.12 282 68.143 229 31.27–31 282 Sull. 31.36–37 282 31.88–89 61 31.65 282 Vat. 31.161–162 282 3.8–9 61 32.60 231 21 58 33.36 117 Verr. 35.2 284 1.17.52 55 37–41 202 2.1.4 53 38–41 282 2.5.72 53 40.3–4 202 2.65 62 40.3 284 2.171 295 40.5 283 40.8–9 283 Crates 40.312–313 202 20.13 238 41.6 282 44.3–5 282 C.T. (Tabula of Cebes) 44.10 282 1.1–2.12 111 45.12–14 283 4.2 111 46.2–5 282, 283 30.3 111 46.3–4 283 46.6 283 Demosthenes 46.7 283 De Cor. 46.8 283 92–93 154 46.9–10 283 46.9 283 Dio Cassius 46.11 283 44.4.4 236 46.12–13 283 47.8.4 62 47.8 283 51.20.6–7 103 47.13–14 283 52.1.1 75, 83 46.14 282 53.11.4 75, 83 47.14 284 Index of References 419

47.15 283 1.50–51 178 47.16 283 1.92 178 47.17 283 47.19 –20 283 Hesiod 47.21 283 Theog. 47.22 284 937 168 47.23 –24 283 Op. 202 47.25 284 48.1–2 282 Hierocles 56 139 On Duties 62 139 4.22.21–24 166 68–72 202 4.502 169 78 202 Horace Diodorus Carm. 9.3.1–3 181 2.1.2.45 236 9.13.2 181 3.24.25–32 81 Ep. Diogenes Laertius 2.1.1–3 82 1.28–32 181 1.40–41 181 Isocrates 1.40 175, 178 Ad Demon. 206 1.41–42 177 1.41 178, 182 Josephus 1.42 177 AJ 1.99 178 1.12 219 14.4 238 1.19 219 9.26–28 178 1.68 219 4.154 219 Dionysius of Harlicarnassus 5.98 219 Ant. Rom. 5.129 219 9.22.2 209 6.143 219 13.1–2 62 6.341 219 14.9.6 132 6.347 219 7.126 219 De Viris Illustribus 2 8.193 219 4 244 8.196 219 7 244 8.251 219 27 244 8.300 219 77 245, 247 8.315 219 8.316 219 Florus 9.44 219 2.34.66 81 9.99 219 9.243 219 Herodotus 9.282 219 Hist. 12.203 219 1.23–24 181 13.5 219 1.29 178 15.271 219 1.30–32 178 17.109 219 420 Index of References

17.110 219 Origen 17.244 219 C. Cels. Ap. 1.1 297 1.22 187 8.17 297 2.130 219 2.170 219 Ovid 2.283 219 Carm. 2.199 156, 166 1.2 88 2.125 70 Fast. 2.273 156 1.560–562 81 2.273–275 157 1.589–590 81 2.127–128 81 Jubilees 5.563–566 88, 112, 233 20.6–8 157 5.569–578 233 22.22 157 Tr. Juvenal 2.574 81 Sat. 3.1.39–46 81 8 56, 104 8:1–275 339 Pausanias 8:1–38 231 Descr. 2.11.2 117 Lefkowitz and Fant, Women’s Life 6.7.1 126 in Greece and Rome § 44 167 Perictyone § 191–200 167 On the Harmony of a Woman § 428 167 166 § 429 167 § 432 167 Philo Abr. Lucillius 38 219 Anth. Graec. 133–136 156 11.192 46 Aet. 2 219 Minucius Felix 15 219 Oct. Decal. 9.5–6 66 111 219 114 219 Musonius Rufus Det. Or. 45 219 XIII.A 167 83 219 XIV 169 Heres. 112 219 Naevius 165 219 Gell. Hyp. 7.8.5 229 7.3.5 166 LA 1.45 219 Index of References 421

1.48 219 T. Naph. 2.4 219 3.3–4 156 Legat. Virt. 8.143–158 67 66 219 86–87 219 161 219 143 67 168 219 Migr. 40 219 Philostratos 133 219 On Gymnastics 149 219 34 125 164 219 Mos. Pindar 1.303 219 Olympian Ode 1.158 219 VII 126 2.11 219 4.173 219 Plato 4.188 219 Apol. Mut. 21b3–4 179 208 219 22b–c 218 Omn. Prob. Lib. Chrm. 26 117 164D–165A 179 Opif. 165A 158 25 219 Hipp. Maj. 133 219 281c 177 139 219 Hipparch. Post. 229A 158 135 219 Ion. 185 219 34b–e 218 Prob. 534a 218 94 219 Leg. QG 668a–b 218 1.64a 219 830a–c 126 Sac. 840a 127 30 219 Phaedr. 65 219 245a 218 Sib. Or. Prot. 2.54 305 343A–B 158 3.185–188 156 343A 177 3.595–600 156 343B 179 3.760–764 156 347c–e 218 Sir. Resp. 6.5–17 320 1.337–3.391 218 7.33 305 3.392d–398b 218 Spec. 3.395a–396d 218 2.2 219 10.595a 218 Spec. Leg. 10.596c–d 218 3.37–42 156 10.597d 218 3.169–171 166 10.597e 218 422 Index of References

10.598b 218 Comp. Arist. Cat. 10.603b 218 2.4 242 10.605c 218 3.1 242 10.607a 218 3.3 243 Soph. 3.5–6 243 236b 218 4.1 244 Tim. 4.5–6 244 20d 178 Comp. Cim. Luc. 47b–c 218 1.1–4 242 3.6 242 Pliny Comp. Dem. Cic. Ep. 2.1–2 242 4.19.17 166 3.2 242 8.13 239 Comp. Dion. Brut. 9.8 297 1.3 242 10.33–34 263 Comp. Lyc. Num. 10.93–94 263 1.2 242 96.6–8 297 4.8 242 Nat. Comp. Lys. Sull. 22.7.13 233 3.1–2 242 34.20 20 Comp. Nic. Crass. 35.3.7 246 2.3–5 242 36.111 233 5.1 242 Comp. Sol. Publ. Plutarch 1.1 242 Aem. 2.3 243 33.3–34.4 294 Comp. Thes. Rom. Alex. 2.1–2 242 4.3 241 3.1 242 Ant. Dem. 17.4 241 14.2 241 Arat. Demetr. 1.5 241 1.4–6 219 38.9 241 1.6 241 Cat. Maj. 11.2 241 9.4 241 22.1 241 19.7 241 52.6 241 Cat. Min. Dio. 65.10 241 21.6 241 73.6 241 Mor. Comp. Ag. Cleom Ti. Gracch. 140D 166 5.3 242 146B–164D 169 Comp. Ages. Pomp. 146D 181 3.3–4 242 147A–D 181 4.4 242 150D–155E 181 Comp. Alc. Cor. 151E–152C 181 1.4 242 154B 181 3.1–2 242 154C–F 181 Index of References 423

154F–160B 181 Pseudo-Phocylides 158F–159A 181 3 157 159e–160a 181 8 157 161e–d 181 161d–f 181 Quintilian 163e 181 1.7.12 20 385C 179 12.2.29–30 229 385E–F 180 385F–386A 180 Sallust 386A–B 180 Bell. Jug. 386B–D 180 4 246 386D–387D 180 386E–F 179 Seneca 387F–391D 180 Clem. 391E–392A 180 1.1 232 408C 211 1.4.1–1.5.2 64, 286 520c 15 2.2.1 231–232, 254 585D–E 158 2.4–5 203 621e 15 2.7.1–3 68 675D–676F 133 2.7.1 203 785e 180 2.7.3 203 792f 180 Ep. Per. 81 320 1.4 241 101.11 47 2.4 241 112 320 Pomp. 60.4 241 Publ. Servius 10.2 241 ad Georg. Soc. 3.29 20 28.10 219 Sol. Silius Italicus 3.4 175 Pun. 4.1–4 181 6.663–669 20 31.4 241 Ti. C. Gracch Soranus 7.1 241 Gynecology 157

Polybius Sosiades 6.53.1–6.54.4 246 1–3 184 18.46 127 3 153, 206 22.20 169 4 196, 198, 203, 206 5 184, 196 Pseudo-Aristotle 6 184 Problemata 157 7 184, 203 8 200 Pseudo-Isocrates 10 184, 204 Demon. 11 205 9–15 239 12 200 424 Index of References

13 183, 193, 201 65 153, 183, 193, 201 14 200 66 204 15 183 67 199 16 200, 204 68 184 17 200, 204 69 201 18 183, 184, 193, 201 70 193, 212 19 203 71 193 20 183 72 200, 204 21 193, 201, 205 73 200 22 183, 196, 201 74 197, 204 23 196, 200, 204 75 183, 202 24–26 184 76 184, 185 24 193 77 184, 185 26 183, 196, 204 78 203 27 184, 196, 204 79 196 28 183 80 202, 204 29 200, 204 81 185 30 193 82 185 31 196 83 184, 197, 204 32 203, 204 84 184, 196, 204 33 184, 201 85 204 34 184 88 200 35 203 89 200 37 183, 202 90 200 38 196, 200 91 193, 212 39 184, 185, 203 92–117 190 40 185 93 183, 193 41 184, 197, 204 94 185, 198, 204 42 203 95 185, 198 43 203 96 200 44 205 97 203 45 183, 202 98 184 46 204 99 201 47 193, 212 101 204 48 201, 205 102 200 50 200 103 184, 204 51 200, 204 104 204 52 198 105 183 53 193, 200, 204 106 203, 204 54 200, 204 107 202 55 202 108 200 56 200, 204 109 200 58 185, 202 110 201 59 153, 183, 185, 193, 201 111 184, 200 60 200, 204 112 204 61 201 116 204 62 200, 204 118 183, 196, 201 63 204 119 196 64 184, 196, 204 120 197 Index of References 425

121 205 3.5 28 124 198 3.55 231 125 204 12.43 251 126 185, 196, 201, 203 14.44 66 127 185, 201, 203 Hist. 129 196 2.68 229, 331 130 184, 197, 204 5.5 66 131 201 132 201 Tertullian 133 200 Apol. 134 201 38.1 297 137 200, 204 136 183, 202, 214 Theano 138 193 Letter to Nicostrate 139 202 166 142 184 143–147 188 Theognis 145 184, 196 Works and Days 199

Stobaeus Valerius Maximus Ecl. Facta et Dicta Memorabilia III 1.173 153, 158, 165 25 III 1.175 165 1. praef. 245 2.7.6 246 Suetonius 3.2.4 246 Aug. 3.3 ext. 3 246 7.2 81 3.2.19 245 21.8 81 4.3.5a 246 28.1 75 4.6.5 246 28.3 80 5.4.4 246 29.2 233 5.8.3 246 31.1 235 8.14 246 31.5 234 34 209 Velleius Paterculus 52 103 2.89.2 80 58 236 2.89.3–4 75 58.1–2 81 2.91.1 81 101.4 234 2.124.2 89 Cal. 2.126.4 231 3 28 Jul. Vitruvius 85 236 On Architecture 1.1–3 80 Tacitus Ann. Xenophon 1.1–5 75 Oec. 1.2 85 7.17–19 166 2.73 28 7.18–19 169 2.83 29 7.22 169 426 Index of References

Inscriptions

Aï-Khanum stele Austin, The Hellenistic World 2 205, 211 § 32 280 § 88 272 Ascough, Harland, and Kloppenborg, § 98 273 Associations § 136 153 § 5 323 § 137 155 § 8 317 § 138–139 141 § 9 323 § 139 152 § 12 323 § 144 272 § 14 323 § 204 168 § 16 323, 325 § 242 141 § 17 325 § 18 271, 326 Bagnall and Derow, The Hellenistic § 20 268, 323, 325 Period § 25 302 § 75 280 § 26 302 § 32 321 Broneer, Hesperia 28.4 (1989) § 52 325 § 5 278 § 58 272, 323, 324 § 64 321, 324 Brooten, Women Leaders § 67 321 § 57 308 § 71 321 § 60 308 § 72 321, 323 § 61 308 § 74 274, 323, 325 § 92 309 Burstein, The Hellenistic Age § 99 317 § 55 275 § 108 263 § 59 238 § 114 263 § 111 279 § 124 263, 269 § 160 263 Brunet, Greek Athletes in the Roman § 178 289 World § 183 292 § 28 31 § 184 264 § 190 263 CIG § 199 292 1713 180 § 208 263 II 2059 206 § 212 264, 279 § 219 317 CIJ § 223 264 II 772 168 § 224 264 § 242 317 CIL § 306 264 I.2.7 38 § 327 317 I.2.10 25 I.2.11 25 Ath. Mitt. I.2.652 20 xxxiii 150 I.2.626 20 Index of References 427

I.2.638 21 Fernoux, Notables et élites des cités I.2.834 21 de Bithynie I.2.903 21 § 18 25 I.2.1529 21 I.2.1578 21 FD III I.2.1632 21 1.551 40 I.2.2510 21 4.59 191–192, 193, 194 I.2.2662 22 IV 4342 38 FD IV IV 4345 38 59 192 IV 4353 38 V 509 280 Hands, Charities V.3466 37 §D4 269 VI 10201 37 §D13 150, 168, 170 VI 10261–63 297 §D14 237 X 8375 208 §D19 269 XII 5837 37 §D39 168, 274 XIV 2408 41 §D46 148, 239, 269 XIV.2884 35 §D54 143, 149, 271, 274 §D55–57 144 Csapo and Slater, The Context of Ancient §D55 143 Drama §D56 153 § 7 41 §D57 143 § 26 40 §D58 143 § 33A 41 §D69 239, 269, 274 § 33B 41 §D71 274

Danker, Benefactor § 12 275, 276 Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece § 17 143, 148, 149, 151, 153, § 102 155 269, 274 § 19 239, 269, 289 § 20 311 IAssos § 21 311 8 154 § 22 291, 303, 311, 313 § 24 239 ICreticae § 41 237 IV 222A 40

DocsAug IDelos § 72 80 IV 1521 310 § 88 80 IEph. DocsGaius I.6 151 § 64 42 Ia 22 32, 132 § 135 80 Ia 25 282 Ia 27 34, 261, 277 Edson, Inscriptiones Graecae. Pars II: Ia 6 149, 153, 193, 194–196, Fasciculus I 239, 268, 273 § 4 268 Ia 18a 57, 272 428 Index of References

Ia 27 271 XII[3] 120 158 II 202 238 XII 3.1020 159, 160, 161, 185, 186, II 213 289 189, 190, 193, 200, 201 II 215 263 XII 5 653 293 III 672 269 XII 9 143 III 683A 168 XIII 8[561] 281 III 730 273 XIV 747 117 IV 1133 31 XIV 2342 40 IV 1200 289 XIX 1102 117 IV 1288 289 V 1500 274 IGLSyr V 1539 168 III 2 [1183] 293 V 1606 41 V 1613 31 IGR V 1618 141, 143 III 739 261, 269, 289 VI.2070+1071 40 IV 114 254 VII 1.3072 24, 273, 274 IV 249 254 VII 5108 277 IV 1094 254 VII 5109 277 VII 5110 277 IIasos VII 5111 277 98 191 VII 5113 278 IKyzikos IG II 2 Col. 1 158, 185 I3 61 288 no. 1 163 II2 883 288 no. 2 194, 200, 204 II2 1275 316, 317 no. 3 160, 167, 189, 196 II2 2311 30 no. 4 160, 189 II2 10998 288 no. 5 160, 189, 198, 200 II2 13040 288 no. 6 160, 189, 192 II2 11309/12 288 no. 7 160, 192, 193 II 32 10051 26 no. 8 161, 203 IV 207 302 no. 9 163, 164 IV2 1.618 129 no. 10 163, 193, 205 V 1.1208 274 no. 11 161, 196 V 2(268) 237 no. 12 163, 196 V 1145 269 no. 13 196, 204 VII 106 213 no. 14 165, 189, 202 VII 4130 293 no. 15 163, 164 VII 4131 293 no. 16 162, 200, 204 X 2.1 268, 274 no. 18 163 XI 3 176 no. 19 203, 204 XII 1 288 no. 20 159, 201 XII 2 288 no. 21 163, 165, 189 XII 5(653) 293 no. 22 163, 189, 197, 204 XII 9 288 no. 23 161, 189 XII 156 288 no. 24 164, 203 XII 100 288 no. 25 159, 163, 205 Index of References 429

II 2 Col. 2 185 7212 303, 311, 314, 315 no. 1 161 8884 282 no. 2 166 no. 3 163, 198 IMagnesia no. 4 159 32 293 no. 5 161 192 fr. A, B 40 no. 6 162 no. 7 161 IMilet no. 8 162, 204 I. 7 144 no. 9 162 156 289 no. 10 163 no. 11 161, 204 IMylasa no. 12 161, 204 71 293 no. 13 163, 204 no. 14 161, 202 IPriene no. 15 189, 204 112 149, 152, 191 no. 16 161, 200 114 153 no. 17 161, 200 no. 18 160, 205 ISestos no. 19 160, 161, 189 1 191 no. 20 153, 160, 189, 193 no. 21 161, 201 IvO no. 22 162, 204 160 35 no. 23 161 no. 24 161 Jh. Österr. no. 25 201 I (1898) 150 no. 26 161 no. 27 189, 200 Johnson, Ancient Roman Statutes no. 28 159, 204 § 185 141 no. 29 162, 189, 202 § 199 141 no. 30 161, 196 § 238 141 no. 31 163, 189 no. 141 205 Jones, Seating and Spectacle in the nos. 143–147 205 Graeco-Roman World § 58 23 ILaodikeia am Lykos § 59 23 § 81 26, 38 § 60 23 § 61 23 ILS Jones and Milns, The Use of 50 335 Documentary Evidence 51 336 § 74 153 53 336 § 91 41 54 335 56 236 Kent, Corinth Vol. VIII Part III 59 335 (=IKorinthKent) 2558 239 § 3 312 5186 41 § 46 303 5193 41 § 62 302, 303, 312 430 Index of References

§ 149–164 259 § 126 142, 143, 152, 155 § 150 259 § 150 117 § 151 259 § 153 259 New Docs § 154 260 3 (1983) § 155 123, 259 § 11 168 § 157 259 7 (1994) § 158 259 § 10 324 § 223 130 9 (2002) § 226 212 § 1 89 § 264 212 § 4 89 § 268 213 § 5 198 § 272 117 § 9 148, 274 § 306–307 303 10 (2012) § 307 213 § 7 24 § 308 303 § 10 82 § 309–310 303 § 12 74

Kloppenborg, Harland, and Ascough, OGIS Greco-Roman Associations 39 279 § 8 316 308 169 339 143, 238, 269, 274, 275 MAMA 383 237 6 List 149 438 269 VI 6 (2) 291 445 275 162 213 583 153

Meritt, ed., Corinth Vol VIII. Part I Oliver, Greek Constitutions §§ 1–10 303 § 96A–C 32 §§ 14–19 30 § 97 32 § 15 30 § 98–104 32 § 71 30 § 106 30 Pilhofer, Philippi. Band II § 109b 30 001/L027 270 § 150 30 002/L028 270 § 153 30 004/L030 270 031/L121 270 Michel 164/L001 263 Recueil 213/L347 263 235 271 202/L313 270 327 143, 148 226/L334 270 984 310 Suppl. Pouilloux, Choix d’inscriptions Grecques 1553 310 § 3 143, 152 § 4 272 Miller, Arete § 21 271 § 15 129 § 34 272 § 98b 35 § 51 281 Index of References 431

Res Gestae 22.3 86 1–7 84 23 86 1.1–2 53 24 235 1.1 86, 235 24.1–2 53 1.58 59 24.1 86 3 86 24.2 86, 88, 103 4 86 25–33 84, 104 4.1 86, 103 25 86 4.2 86 25.1 86 4.15 104 25.3 86 5.1–3 101 26–33 86 5.1 87, 89, 101, 103 26.2 86 5.2 86, 89, 104 26.4 85 5.3 87, 89, 101, 103 26.5 86 6.1 88 27.1 57 6.2 76 27.2 86 6.13 76 28.1–2 86 7.2 86 28.2 86 7.3 53, 235 29.2 235 8 86 30.1 85, 86 8.1 53 30.2 86, 236 8.5 57, 232, 234 31.1 85, 86 9–13 84 31.2 86 9–12 235 31.5 57 10.1 86 32.3 85, 86 10.2 85, 103 34–35 84 11 236 34.1 73, 83, 84, 87, 234 12.1 85 34.2–35 85 13 72, 85, 86 34.2 85 14 84 34.2 25, 81, 85 15–24 84, 89, 101, 335 34.3 85, 234 15 86, 235 35 85, 236 15.1 86 35.1 75, 235 16.1 72, 85, 86 17 86 Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome 17.1 86 § 28 89, 272 17.2 86 § 30 89, 272 18 86 § 31 89, 272 19 235 19.1 76, 88 Robert, Les gladiateurs 19.2 76 § 34 38 20.1 53, 86, 88 20.4 76, 86 SEG 20.3–4 53 I 366 143 21.1 86, 233 XI 948 292 22 86 XII 348 106 22.1 86 XXI 419 271 22.2 85, 86 XXIII 206 271 432 Index of References

XXVII 261 142, 143 867 290 XXXI 1288 130 976 280 XXXII 177 130 985 303, 307, 309, 314 XXXII 1243 288 1073 132, 275 XXXIII 696 288 1109 262–263, 303, 308, XXXIV 1233 288 309, 310, 311, 313 XXXV 1233 26 1268 290 XXXVII 479 290 XXXVIII 1550 188 Smallwood, Documents XL 83 130 § 336 239 XLI 481 130 XLIV 412 130 Stroud, Corinth Volume XVIII.6 L 572 290 § 127 208 LVII 332 208 TAM II Sherk 905 288 The Roman Empire § 5 276 TrGF § 7 273 1, p. 344 ad 14a 39 § 18 271 § 36 29 Warmington, Remains of Old Latin § 71 42, 291 ‘Epitaphs’ § 86 30 § 1–10 227 Rome and the Greek East § 1 20 § 5 275 § 5 228 § 24 282 § 6 228 § 41 144 § 7 229 § 58 269 § 8 228 § 65 275 Welles, Royal Correspondence SIG § 14 239 310 280 § 32 239 317 280, 281 495 269 West, Corinth VIII Part II 528 272 (=IKorinthWest) 577 141, 144 § 68 269 578 141, 144 613A 272 Williams, The Jews among the Greeks 672 141 and Romans 714 143 V.1 117, 144 736 303, 309, 311, 313, 314, V.2 117, 144 315 V.3 117 798 254, 260 V.21–23 117, 144 814 165 V.24 117, 144 Index of References 433

Papyri

Althoff and Zeller, ‘Antike Textzeugnisse’ P.Kramer No. 24 189 14 185, 186

Bagnall and Derow, The Hellenistic Period P. Lond. § 88 280 2710 303, 312 3.1178.84 30 CPJ 153 Col III 117 P. Mich. I 23 280 Miller, Arete § 86 30 P.Oxy. II.222 30 P. Athen. Univ. inv. 2782 VII 1070 91 158, 186 61.4099 185, 186, 189 no. 2 189, 193 2435 41 no. 5 196, 198, 203 no. 8 196 Sweet, Sport and Recreation 28, no. 4 128 P. Bremer 83, no. 29 127 14 189 151, no. 8 127

PGM Williams, The Jews among the Greeks VII. 390–93 36 and Romans V.3 144

Coins

Amandry, Le monnayage Gaius Type IV 133 § 15 58 Type V 133 § 23 58 Type XXI 133 § 31 58 Nero Edwards, Corinth: Coins §§ 6–7 58 §§ 83–84 126 §§ 8–43 58 § 85 123 Tiberius § 87 123 § 47 58 § 49 57, 58 RIC 12 § 77–83 57 Claudius § 101 58 Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic § 926 295 434 Index of References

Ostraca

Pintaudi and Sijpesteijn, ZPE 76 (1989) No. 5 138, 139, 186 No. 6 138, 139, 186 Modern Author Index

Abrams, D. M. 37 Baban, O. D. 217, 218, 225 Achtemeier, P. J. 150 Badian, E. 19 Adams, E. 64 Badiou, A. 105 Adcock, F. E. 84 Bagnall, R. S. 280 Adler, A. 303 Balch, D. L. 45, 64, 166, 169, 170 Aeschbacher, N. 10 Baldry, H. C. 202 Afoldi, A. 83 Baldwin, B. 46 Agamben, G. 105 Balla, P. 99 Aitken, E. B. 27 Banks, R. 305 Akurgal, E. 213, 292 Barclay, J. M. G. 136, 165, 301, 305 Alcoff, L. M. 105 Barclay, W. 140 Alewell, K. 225, 230, 241, 243, 245 Barentson, J. 135 Alexander, C. 116, 121, 122, 126 Barkowski, O. 174 Alexander, P. H. 48 Barnes, T. D. 17 Allo, E.-B. 124 Barnett, P. 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 322, Almén, B. 332 323 Althoff, J. 174, 176, 185, 189 Barrett, A. A. 81 Amandry, M. 114, 133 Barrett, C. K. 92, 334 Anderson, J. C. 232, 235 Bartchy, S. S. 252 Andrews, S. B. 243 Barton, C. A. 15, 36, 37 Andronicus, M. 121, 122 Barton, S. C. 45, 120, 298, 303 Arapoyianni, X. 122 Bash, A. 346 Armstrong, A. J. 27 Bassler, J. M. 253 Arnaoutoglou, I. 263 Bates, W. N. 180 Arzt-Grabner, P. 91 Baudelaire, C. 111 Ascough, R. S. 24, 64, 67, 136, 262, 263, Bauman, R. 59 264, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274, 279, 289, Baumert, N. 305 292, 294, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, Beale, G. K. 99, 100, 120 308, 310, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, Beard, M. 87, 254, 260 323, 324, 325, 326, 327 Beazley, J. D. 125, 129 Asper, M. 178 Beer, D. 3 Atkinson, P. 164 Beker, J. C. 46 Auerbach, E. 218 Belfiore, E. 217 Aune, D. E. 174, 181, 182 Bell, S. 35 Austin, M. M. 141, 152, 155, 168, 272, Belleville, L. L. 93, 224 273, 280 Bentley, E. 1 Axtell, H. 232 Berenson McLean, J. K. 27 Berenson, E. 16 Berman, K. 180 436 Modern Author Index

Bernard, P. 186 Canavan, R. 114 Best, E. R. 166, 169, 224 Capdetrey, L. 17 Betz, H. D. 220, 224 Capes, D. B. 93, 105 Bevere, A. R. 166, 168 Caputo, J. D. 105 Bitner, B. J. 114, 115, 346 Carlyle, T. 1–2, 331 Black, D. A. 335 Carr, W. 335 Blake, D. H. 5 Carter, M. 36 Blanton, T. R. 136 Casanova, A. 180 Bleiken, J. 83 Case, S. J. 310 Bloomer, W. M. 140 Castelli, E. A. 135, 222, 223, 250 Blumenfeld, B. 139, 221 Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. 17 Boak, A. E. R. 298 Cerfaux, L. 224, 306 Bockmuehl, M. 95 Chadwick, H. 209 Bollansée, J. 174, 178 Champlin, E. 81 Bonner, S. F. 140 Chankowski, A. S. 142 Boorstin, D. J. 9 Chapple, A. L. 135 Booth, A. 311 Charlesworth, M. P. 103 Borgen, P. 118, 144 Cheung, A. T. 120 Bosworth, B. 87 Chiasson, C. C. 178 Bowman, A. K. 80 Chilton, B. 319 Bradley, M. 233 Chiusi Tiziana, T. J. 16 Bragues, G. 50, 53 Chow, J. K. 136, 328, 329 Brändl, M. 113, 115, 118, 145 Ciampa, R. E. 208, 210, 212, 213, 292, Branick, V. 298 328, 335 Braudy, L. 3 Clark, A. C. 206 Braund, D. C. 253, 254 Clark, W. P. 206 Briones, D. E. 49 Clarke, A. D. 136, 224, 307, 313, 327 Brockhaus, U. 304, 305 Clarke, J. R. 176 Broneer, O. 117, 126, 132, 278, 279 Clarke, M. L. 140 Brookins, T. A. 138, 142 Coad, D. 13 Brooten, B. J. 308 Coarelli, F. 232 Brown, A. R. 45, 336 Coffee, N. 342 Bruce, F. F. 91 Collange, J.-F. 94, 322 Brunet, S. A. 30 Collins, J. J. 93, 96 Brunt, P. A. 80, 89 Collins, J. N. 136 Bultmann, R. 98 Collins, R. F. 113, 118, 124 Burrell, B. 277 Concannon, C. W. 36 Burridge, R. A. 223, 224 Connolly, J. 64 Burstein, S. M. 238, 275, 279 Conzelmann, H. 304, 305, 314, 335 Burtchaell, J. T. 136 Cook, J. G. 46, 62, 63, 291 Busine, A. 174, 175, 177, 178, 181 Cooley, A. E. 57, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 Cadwallader, A. 36, 113 Copan, V. A. 220, 222, 223 Caird, G. B. 45, 335 Cordiano, G. 146 Cairns, D. L. 258 Corso, G. 109, 110, 112 Cameron, A. 35 Cosby, M. R. 225 Campbell, C. R. 289 Countryman, L. W. 298 Campbell, R. A. 136 Cousar, C. B. 45, 72 Modern Author Index 437

Couslan, J. R. C. 113 Du Toit, A. B. 65 Crenshaw, J. L. 140 Duchesne, R. 332 Crielard, J. P. 113 Dudley, D. R. 28, 232 Crook, J. A. 83, 136 Dumbrell, W. J. 93 Crouch, J. E. 166 Dunn, J. D. G. 169, 224, 305, 306, 307, Crouzel, H. 223 319, 336 Crowther, N. B. 31, 38, 129 Dupont, D. J. 45 Croy, N. C. 113, 118, 145 Dutch, R. S. 116, 120, 123, 126, 137, 145, Csapo, E. 39, 40, 41 146, 205–207, 215, 264, 343 Cueto, B. 202, 276 Cullmann, O. 150 Eagles, D. 13 Cullyer, H. 56 Earl, D. C. 17, 80, 106, 228 Currid-Halkett, E. 15 Earle, B. 217 Curty, O. 142, 146 Earle, D. M. 6 Eck, W. 57, 80, 83, 105 D’Hautcourt, A. 261 Eckhardt, B. 303 D’Hoine, P. 197 Edsall, R. 49 Damon, C. 81 Edson, C. 268 Danker, F. W. 21, 85, 89, 98, 143, 149, 151, Edwards, C. 87, 123, 126 153, 193, 196, 221, 226, 237, 238, 239, Ehrensperger, K. 107, 135, 224, 329, 334 242, 261, 262, 263, 266–267, 269, 272, Eisenbaum, P. M. 225 273, 275, 289, 291, 298, 303, 308, 309, Elliott, N. 63, 253 310, 311, 313, 314, 345 Ellis, E. E. 298 Dasen, V. 15 Else, G. 217 Davies, P. J. E. 46, 233 Engberg-Pederson, T. 51, 264 de Boer, W. P. 56, 220, 221, 222, 223 Engels, J. 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181 de Gruyter, W. 137 Epstein, D. F. 70 De Witt, N. W. 49 Eriksonas, L. 1 Deal, G. 12 Erim, K. T. 213, 292 Delatte, L. 139 Esler, P. F. 113, 115–116, 118, 124, 126, Deller, R. A. 10 135, 157 Delorme, J. 142, 205 Evangelos, A. 146 Derow, P. 280 Evans, C. A. 113 deSilva, D. A. 145, 258 Everitt, A. 87 Dibelius, M. 166 Eyben, E. 225, 230 Diels, H. 179 Dixon, S. 199 Fant, M. B. 153, 167, 199 Dodd, B. J. 224 Fantin, J. D. 208, 322 Dodge, H. 36 Favro, D. 232 Dodson, J. R. 49 Fears, J. R. 225, 232, 260 Dodwell, P. 182 Fee, G. D. 93, 120, 127, 327 Donnelly, P. 129 Fehling, D. 174 Doohan, H. 135 Feldman, L. H. 118, 144 Dover, K. J. 156 Ferlinghetti, L. 109, 110, 112 Dowling, M. B. 58 Fernoux, H. 17, 25 Downing, F. C. 220–221 Ferrario, S. B. 2 Downs, D. J. 69, 302 Ferris, K. O. 3 Dreier, P. 9 Finney, M. T. 53, 66, 135, 258 438 Modern Author Index

Fiore, B. 220, 264 Gelzer, M. 17, 339 Fisher, N. R. E. 197 Georgi, D. 91, 135 Fisk, P. 197 Gerlach, J. 196, 264 Fitzgerald, F. S. 8 Getty, M. A. 224 Fitzgerald, J. T. 98, 111, 264, 319, 327 Giblin, C. H. 93 Flower, H. I. 17, 178 Gibson, M. 12 Forbes, C. A. 143, 146, 150, 298 Gignilliat, M. 99, 335 Forbis, E. 21–22, 265–266, 345 Gildenhard, I. 51, 55, 58 Ford, D. F. 91, 99 Gill, D. W. J. 114, 210, 328 Ford, J. M. 320 Giloi, E. 16 Fotopoulos, J. 120 Gingras, M. T. 28–29 Foucart, P. 298 Ginsburg, M. 298 Foucault, M. 223 Glad, C. E. 49, 119, 136, 147, 215 Fountoulakis, A. 38, 39 Goesler, L. 169, 170 Fowl, S. E. 224, 225, 336 Golden, L. 217 Foxhall, L. 166 Gooch, P. D. 120 France, R. T. 254 Goodenough, E. R. 139 Fredricksen, P. 113, 133 Goodrich, J. K. 135, 346 Freyne, S. 112, 113 Gorman, M. J. 45, 71, 72, 335 Friesen, S. J. 69 Gosbell, L. A. 15 Frölich, P. 299 Grabbe, L. L. 144 Frye, N. 332 Grant, F. C. 208 Fung, R. Y. K. 305 Grant, M. 114, 232 Furnish, V. P. 91, 98 Gray, B. D. 190, 191, 203, 204 Furnish, W. 224 Greenfield, P. M. 9, 10 Futrell, A. 35, 37, 38 Grennel, K. 11, 14 Griffin, M. T. 81 Gabler, N. 9 Gruen, E. S. 17 Gabriel, M. 331 Guthrie, K. S. 166 Gaffney, J. 3 Gutierrez, P. 224 Gagé, J. 84 Güttgemanns, E. 224 Gager, J. G. 60 Gaines, R. N. 49 Habinek, T. 81 Galinsky, K. 43, 76, 79, 81, 82, 105, 106 Hadas-Lebel, M. 67 Galow, T. W. 8 Hafemann, S. J. 92, 93, 94, 97, 102 Gamson, J. 10, 11 Hall, E. 39 Garde-Hanson, J. 11, 12 Halliwell, S. 217 Gardiner, E. N. 116, 121, 122, 125, 126, Hammerton-Kelly, R. G. 224 127, 131 Hammond, M. 83 Garland, D. E. 91, 96, 98, 99, 113, 120, Hamon, P. 299 123, 325, 328, 335 Han, C.-S. 46 Garland, R. 3, 16, 17–18, 43, 333 Hanchey, D. P. 56 Garofalo, D. 1 Hands, A. R. 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 153, Garrison, R. 113, 145 168, 170, 237, 239, 269, 271, 274 Gauthier, P. 142, 146 Hanges, J. C. 298 Gaventa, B. R. 225 Hanson, A. T. 135 Gebhard, E. R. 117 Hardie, P. 16 Gehring, R. W. 64, 136, 166, 167, 169, 170 Hardin, J. K. 221 Modern Author Index 439

Hardison, O. B. 217 Herwitz, D. A. 3 Hargreaves, J. 13 Hillard, T. 82, 83, 88, 89, 90, 106 Harland, P. A. 136, 260, 262, 263, 264, Hock, R. F. 157, 221, 285 268, 269, 271, 272, 274, 279, 289, 292, Hodge, A. T. 180 294, 300, 301, 308, 316, 317, 327 Hoehner, H. W. 166, 168, 169, 170 Harries, J. 55 Holmberg, B. 135, 334 Harris, B. F. 165 Holmén, T. 319 Harris, H. A. 118, 145 Holmes, D. 3 Harris, M. J. 91, 93 Holt, F. L. 187, 188 Harris, S. R. 3 Hooker, M. D. 258 Harrison, J. R. 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, Hornblower, S. 48 31, 38, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 57, 58, 61, Horrell, D. G. 120, 329 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81, Horsley, G. H. R. 48, 168, 176, 261, 298, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 101, 102, 103, 303 104, 106, 114, 120, 130, 131, 136, 137, Hoskins Walbank, M. E. 114 139, 140, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 158, Howe, P. D. 14 162, 165, 173–174, 191, 198, 201, 202, Hubbard, T. K. 155, 156 203, 206, 207, 210, 214, 218, 221, 222, Hughes, P. E. 93, 98 223, 227, 231, 232, 236, 238, 240, 247, Humphrey, J. H. 35 248, 249, 250, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, Hurtado, L. W. 63, 93, 224, 291 260, 262, 264, 268, 271, 274, 276, 279, Husband, T. J. 56 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 294, Huys, M. 139, 158, 186 307, 314, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 336 Hartin, P. J. 212, 252 Inglis, F. 3 Harvey, A. E. 98, 335 Ismard, P. 299 Harwood, G. 110–111, 112 Hasluck, F. W. 176, 185 Jacob, E. 325 Hatch, E. 297–298 Jacobi, M. 6 Hatzopoulos, M. B. 146 Jaeger, W. 140 Hauge, M. R. 140 Jaffe, A. 6 Hawhee, D. 142 Jennings, M. A. 284 Hawley, R. 167 Jervell, J. 223 Hawthorne, G. F. 336 Jewett, R. 63, 64, 258, 259 Hay, D. M. 167 Johnson, A. C. 141 Head, B. V. 181, 182 Jones, A. H. M. 74, 80, 82, 105 Hegel, G. 331 Jones, B. W. 41 Heinrichi, G. 297, 298 Jones, C. H. 7 Hellegouarc’h, J. 245, 320 Jones, C. P. 282, 313 Hellerman, J. H. 18, 23, 135, 258, 263, Jones, M. 2 267, 281, 291 Jones, T. 23, 213 Hellmueller, L. C. 10 Joubert, S. J. 136 Henderson, J. 231, 339 Judge, E. A. 2, 25–26, 32, 45, 57, 64, 73, Henderson, W. E. 113 74, 75, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 139, Hendrix, H. L. 251, 258, 268, 288 140, 151, 153, 154, 157, 159, 160, 163, Hengel, M. 63, 291 165, 166, 173, 220, 221, 223, 226, 232, Hense, O. 173 233, 234, 240, 255, 262, 267, 285, 298, Herbert, Z. 109 301, 306, 307, 310, 318, 319, 334, 347 Hersch, K. K. 199 440 Modern Author Index

Kah, D. 205 Legras, B. 142 Kahl, R. 114 Leithart, P. J. 136 Kajava, M. 117 Lendon, J. E. 53, 66, 219, 221, 222, 231, Kearsley, R. A. 153 239, 257 Keats, J. 111 Leneghan, J. O. 52 Keck, L. E. 65 Leppin, H. 35 Keel, O. 113–114 Lerner, J. 187 Keeline, T. J. 50 Levick, B. 28, 81 Keener, C. S. 118, 319, 320 Lewis, N. 303 Kennell, N. M. 142, 147, 205 Lieb, K. J. 14 Kent, J. H. 117, 212, 259, 302, 303, 312 Lim, D. S. 305 Kerkeslager, A. 145 Linkof, R. 8, 9 Kierkegaard, S. 331 Litchfield, H. W. 225, 230 Kim, S. 92, 224 Litfin, A. D. 49, 137, 212, 252, 312 Kittel, G. 307 Littler, J. 15 Klassen, W. 167 Llewelyn, S. R. 198 Kloppenborg, J. S. 262, 263, 264, 268, Lloyd, G. E. R. 175 269, 271, 272, 274, 279, 289, 292, 294, Lombard, H. A. 305 298, 300, 301, 316, 327 Lopez, D. C. 59, 70, 114 Knibbe, D. 34 Losada, L. A. 180 Knoll, M. 331 Lotz, J. P. 202, 271 Koenig, J. 215 Louw, J. P. 258 Koester, H. 131 Luce, J. 79 Koller, H. 217 Lumpe, A. 225 Kondratieff, E. 20 Lyons, G. 224 Konstan, D. 58, 165, 201, 203, 319 Köstenberger, A. J. 320 MacDowell, D. W. 186 Kranz, W. 179 MacGillivray, E. D. 136 Kreitzer, L. J. 87, 114, 115, 254 MacMullen, R. 104 Krentz, E. 113 Maier, H. O. 297 Kurke, L. 174, 175, 178 Mairs, R. 187 Kurz, W. S. 224, 225 Malan, F. S. 305 Kyle, D. G. 36 Malcolm, M. R. 329 Malherbe, A. J. 141, 147, 166, 167, 169, Lada-Richards, I. 38 219, 220, 225, 239, 297, 307 Lafond, Y. 17 Mallock, W. H. 331–332 Lamberton, R. 180 Mann, C. 36 Lambrecht, J. 92, 95, 98 Mantel, H. 11 Lamoine, L. 17 Mardersteig, G. 185 Lampe, P. 328 Marrou, H.-I. 140 Last, R. 69, 136, 301, 302, 303, 327, 328 Marshall, P. 327 Lattimore, R. 168 Marshall, P. D. 3, 10 Lau, T. P. 271 Martin, D. B. 146, 156, 157, 202 Lee, J. A. L. 48 Martin, F. 280 Lee, M. V. 49 Martin, R. P. 46, 94, 99, 174, 175, 178 Lee-Stectum, P. 35 Martyn, J. L. 96 Leeman, A. D. 55 Maslakov, G. 225, 245 Lefkowitz, M. R. 153, 167, 199 Masson, C. 289 Modern Author Index 441

Mattingly, H. 260 Nachmanson, E. 265 McCant, J. W. 334 Nardoni, E. 305, 306 McCurdy, P. 12 Nehamas, A. 217 McDayter, G. 5 Neraudau, J.-P. 16 McDonald, B. 13 Newman, C. C. 91 McDonnell, M. 264 Newman, J. H. 198 McFarland, O. 136, 165, 305 Newton, M. 307 McLean, B. H. 298 Neyrey, J. H. 258 McRae, R. 258 Ng, D. Y. 33 Measham, T. 117, 121, 122–123, 125, 127, Nicorgski, W. J. 50 129, 131 Nida, E. A. 258 Meeks, W. A. 145, 146, 212, 221, 292, 299, Nietzsche, F. 331, 337 327 Nigdelis, P. M. 299 Meier, H. O. 114 Nightingale, A. W. 174, 175 Meijer, F. 35 Nock, A. D. 299, 303, 312 Mellor, R. 80 Nongbri, B. 346 Mendel, G. 185 Noreña, C. F. 260 Mendelson, A. 144 Nutton, V. 282 Meritt, B. D. 30, 303 Merkelbach, R. 24 O’Gorman, E. 29 Meyer, M. W. 303 Oakes, P. E. 49, 231 Michaelis, W. 220 Oates, J. F. 48 Migeotte, L. 299 Oehler, J. 142, 146 Mihaila, C. 137, 212, 252 Ogereau, J. M. 136, 300, 321 Miles, R. 260 Oikonomides, A. N. 158, 174, 176, 182, Millar, F. 83 185, 186 Miller, J. F. 182 Økland, J. 209 Miller, S. G. 30, 117, 121, 122, 125, 127, Oliver, J. H. 32 128, 129, 131, 142, 143, 147, 152, 155, Onwu, N. 224 156 Oostendorp, D. W. 91 Milns, R. D. 41 Orth, M. 3 Mitchell, A. C. 328 Oster, R. 114, 328 Mitchell, M. M. 225, 240, 326 Mitchell, S. 26 Packer, G. 15 Mohr, J. W. 51 Paglia, C. 116 Mole, T. 5 Panaggio, M. J. 37 Mommsen, T. 50, 72, 84 Panagopoulos, C. 191, 265, 345 Moo, D. 69, 72 Panikulam, G. 321 Moore, J. M. 89 Pao, D. W. 136 Moretti, L. 132 Papahatzis, N. 117, 133 Morgan, S. J. 4, 44 Papathomas, A. 113, 139, 158, 186 Morgan, T. 136, 137, 138, 202, 276, 347 Pappas, N. 219 Morris, L. 45 Park, Y.-H. 346 Morrison, K. F. 217, 218, 219, 224, 255 Parke, H. W. 178 Mosshammer, A. 174, 177 Parker, A. 14 Mossman, J. 181 Pate, C. M. 94, 99 Murphy-O’Connor, J. 112, 131, 314, 328 Patrick, J. 49 Paul, G. 311 442 Modern Author Index

Payne, M. J. 196, 265 Rehak, P. 43 Pelling, C. 178 Reinhartz, A. 224 Penfold-Mounce, R. 3 Reinhold, M. 303 Penna, R. 72, 329 Reis, D. M. 223 Perlman, S. 225 Remer, G. 51 Peterlin, D. L. 150 Renkin, C. 114 Peterson, B. K. 137, 212, 252 Reumann, J. 319 Petzl, G. 32 Reydams-Schils, G. 65 Pfitzner, V. C. 113, 118, 145 Reynolds, J. 89, 272 Pickett, R. 45, 329 Riall, L. 5 Piepkorn, A. C. 304 Rice, J. 136 Piérart, M. 142 Rich, A. N. M. 307 Pietsch, W. 36 Rich, J. 83 Pilhofer, P. 263 Richter, G. M. A. 38 Pintaudi, R. 138, 139, 158, 186 Ridderbos, H. 46 Pitts, A. W. 140 Ridley, R. 73, 82, 86 Plank, K. A. 335 Rilinger, R. 17 Plant, I. M. 166, 168 Rimbaud, A. 111 Plass, P. 36 Risser, J. 217 Plummer, A. 98 Ritti, T. 36 Plummer, R. L. 224 Robbins, V. K. 114 Pogoloff, S. M. 137, 312, 313 Robert, L. 36, 38, 158, 176, 186, 187 Poliakov, M. B. 113, 116, 125, 127, 132 Roberts, C. H. 299, 303, 312 Porter, S. E. 113, 166, 222 Robinson, B. A. 131 Postman, N. 116 Rogers, G. M. 33, 35, 271, 277 Potolsky, M. 217 Rogers, T. A. 120 Potter, D. S. 35, 36 Rojek, C. 3 Pouilloux, J. 143, 271, 272, 281 Rolland, H. 275 Powell, J. G. F. 51 Romanelli, P. 232 Prévert, J. 111, 112 Rosner, B. S. 208, 210, 212, 213, 292, 328, Price, J. 2 335 Price, S. R. F. 80, 81 Ross, W. D. 174, 175 Prigozy, R. 8 Rousseau, J.-J. 1 Proskynitopoulou, R. 129 Rowe, H. T. 232 Provence, T. E. 102 Rowland, C. 94, 95 Pulleyn, S. 198 Russell, D. S. 94, 95, 100

Quet, M.-H. 191, 265, 345 Saller, R. P. 80 Salmeri, G. 282 Raaflaub, K. A. 199 Sampley, J. P. 334 Radice, B. 185 Samuelson, G. 63, 291 Ramage, E. S. 85 Sanders, B. 224 Ramelli, I. 174, 175 Sansone, D. 116, 131 Ramsaran, R. A. 177 Sant, D. 332 Rand, A. 340 Saunders, R. 139, 238, 267 Ravid, G. 15 Sauron, G. 232 Reasoner, M. 65 Savage, T. B. 45, 98, 100, 335 Reed, D. A. 209 Schäfer, D. 61, 70 Modern Author Index 443

Scheid, J. 80, 81, 82, 84 Stevenson, W. B. 217 Scherrer, P. 213, 276, 277, 292 Steyne, G. J. 225 Schickel, R. 3 Stockhausen, C. K. 92 Schiesaro, A. 81 Stowers, S. K. 157, 298 Schlier, H. 294 Strocka, V. M. 277 Schmithals, W. 327 Stroud, R. S. 208 Schnelle, U. 46 Strunk, T. 28 Scholer, D. M. 264 Strychacz, T. 6 Scholz, P. 205 Sumi, G. S. 260 Schrage, W. 224 Sumney, J. L. 119 Schulz, A. 223 Sutcliffe, M. P. 5 Schütz, J. H. 135, 224, 334 Swaddling, J. 117, 122, 123, 125, 128, 131 Schwertheim, E. 32 Sweet, W. E. 117, 127, 128 Scroggs, R. 94 Sydenham, E. A. 295 Seifrid, M. A. 46, 70 Syme, R. 28, 73, 82 Sevenster, J. N. 49 Shaw, G. 334 Tadashi, I. 71 Sheppard, A. R. R. 202 Taddei, M. 186 Sherk, R. K. 29, 144, 269, 271, 273, 275, Tannehill, R. C. 45, 72, 97, 335 276, 282, 291 Tate, J. 217 Shi, W. 63 Taylor, L. R. 254 Shipe, M. 7 Tell, H. 175 Short, R. G. 52 Theissen, G. 93, 97, 135, 253, 307 Shotter, D. 80 Theophilos, M. 114, 115 Shreiner, T. R. 46 Thériault, G. 202 Shumway, D. R. 6, 8 Thiselton, A. C. 113, 126, 327, 328, 335 Sijpesteijn, P. J. 138, 139, 146, 158, 186 Thompson, C. L. 114, 210, 328 Skeat, T. C. 299, 303, 312 Thompson, M. 65, 160 Skidmore, C. 225, 230, 245 Thonemann, P. 188 Slater, W. J. 39, 40, 41, 201 Thorsteinsson, R. M. 65 Smallwood, E. M. 239 Thrall, M. E. 91, 97, 98, 99, 102 Smethurst, S. E. 50 Tinsley, E. J. 220 Smith, C. S. 137, 145 Tod, M. N. 299 Smith, J. 6 Tomson, P. J. 120 Smith, R. E. 227, 229 Toney, C. N. 65 Smith, R. R. R. 275, 276, 277 Toussaint, C. 117–118, 145 Snell, B. 174 Townsend, J. T. 140 Spannagel, M. 57, 79 Troncoso, V. A. 142 Spawforth, A. J. S. 48, 146 Tsitsiridis, S. 217 Spencer, A. C. 29 Tsouvala, G. 143 Spencer, H. 2, 332–333 Turner, G. 3 Spengler, O. 332 Turner, M. 305 Spicq, C. 164, 285, 291 Twain, M. 7 Stanley, D. M. 223, 224, 251 Tzachou-Alexandri, O. 116, 122, 123, Stem, R. 51 126, 128, 131, 142, 205 Stephens, M. B. 12 Sterling, G. 198 Uhls, Y. T. 9, 10 Sternheimer, K. 3 Unwin, J. R. 213 444 Modern Author Index

Valavanis, P. 117, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, Wiles, G. P. 150 131, 133 Wilken, R. L. 297 van der Horst, P. W. 198 Wilkens, E. G. 179, 207 van Groningen, B. A. 146 Williams, D. J. 113 van Krieken, R. 3 Williams, D. M. 224 van Nijf, O. 299 Williams, J. H. C. 83 Van Riel, G. 197 Williams, M. H. 118, 144 van Tilborg, S. 260, 263 Williams, W. C. 109, 110, 112 Vanhove, D. 116, 123, 126, 131, 142, 156, Williamson, C. G. 203 205 Willis, W. L. 120, 299, 311, 314 Verboven, K. 262, 263 Wilson, F. 5 Verdenius, W. J. 217 Wilson, S. G. 262, 298 Verner, D. C. 166, 169 Wilson, W. T. 65 Versnel, H. S. 198 Windsor, L. J. 99, 251, 335 Volkmann, H. 84 Winter, B. W. 66, 120, 136, 137, 154, 167, von Campenhausen, H. 334 208, 210, 212, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, Vriezen, T. C. 325 286, 312, 322, 328 Wiseman, T. P. 64 Walbank, M. E. 115 Witherington III, B. 63, 91, 92, 98, 120, Wallace-Hadrill, A. 81, 83, 199, 209, 232, 154, 211, 225, 291, 307, 327, 328 260 Wobbe, J. 304, 305 Walters, J. C. 61 Wolter, M. 46 Waltzing, J.-P. 299 Wood, N. 51 Warmington, E. H. 20, 227, 228 Woodruff, P. 217 Webb, R. 39 Woolf, R. 52 Weber, H.-R. 45, 63 Wright, N. T. 67, 336 Weir, R. 117 Wyles, R. 39 Welborn, L. L. 38, 45, 63, 90, 91, 105, 114, 135, 205, 212, 213, 218, 221, 249, 252, Yavetz, Z. 16 291, 292, 328, 329 Yilmaz, S. 36 Welles, C. B. 239 Young, F. 91, 99 Wells, K. B. 165 West, A. B. 269 Zamfir, K. 166 Wetter, G. P. 304 Zanker, P. 43, 79, 80, 81, 112, 114, 232, White, A. G. 135, 137, 147, 205, 346 233, 234 White, J. L. 114 Zeller, D. 136, 174, 176, 185, 189, 197, White, J. R. 79 305, 306 White, L. M. 111, 311 Zetzel, J. 50 Wiedemann, T. E. J. 36, 81 Zhmud, L. 190 Wiefel, W. 60 Zuiderhoeck, A. 199, 261, 265, 271 Wiersma, W. 174, 181 Subject Index

Acquisition of honour through the course – Pater Patriae 75, 81, 249 of offices from the republic to the – portrait of power and influence in Res Julio-Claudian period (cursus honorum) Gestae 81–83 17, 19, 22, 23, 56, 74, 80, 88, 89, 228, – pre-eminence of 86–87 250, 260–261, 269–270, 295 – preservation of mos maiorum 74–75 Ancient elites 19–30 – refusal of extraordinary powers – Corinthian 205–209 (27, 23 BC) 87–88 – funerals and honour 27–30 – restriction of military triumphs to – republican and early imperial 19–26 Julian family (19 BC) 260 – virtue of the “well-born” 26–27 – Ronald Syme’s estimate of 72–77 Aristotelian ethical “mean” 140–146, 187, – Syme’s “façade” theory 73–74 201, 204, 215 – continuities and discontinuities with Associations 297–329 the republican past in Augustan rule – alternative paths of honour 262–264 74–77 – modern scholarship on 297–303 – Seneca’s dismissal of Augustus and – similarities and differences to house Tiberius as exemplars in contrast to churches 307–315 Nero n. 62 232 Augustus – significance of new fragment of Res – and Apollo 29 Gestae 34.1 for our understanding of – and Roman gods 53 the Augustan principate 84–85 – arrival of “Golden Age” of Saturn 81 – sincerity of 83 – as “benefactor of the world” 80 – Virgilian “reluctance” of and its – as culmination of republican history outworking in Augustan leadership 79, 248 88–90 – as “endangered” benefactor 89 – as “good king” in Hellenistic kingship Beat poets theory 88–89 – interplay between visual images of – as “new Aeneas”, caricature of n. 8 painters and word imagery 109–110 111–112 Bannus, mentor of Josephus 142 – auctoritas of 80–82, 86, 89 – clients as philosebastoi (“lovers of Celebrity Augustus”) – Beat poets, American 6 – commitment of the Julio-Claudian – Bob Dylan 6, 7 house to imitatio 57–58 – fame: – forum Augustum and the Julian – ephemeral nature of 13 conception of rule 232–236 – intrusiveness of 13 – funeral 11 – and people with disabilities 13–14 – honorific accolades 81 – social interconnections of 15–16 – paradoxical leadership of 84–90 – funerals 11–13 446 Subject Index

– Lady Gaga 14–15 – significance of republican and imperial – modern scholarly discussion of 3–4, “body” metaphors for the epistle to the 16–19 Romans 63–64 – novelists, American 6, 7 Civic virtue 257–296 – origins of modern celebrity cult: – concentration of virtue and honour in – Giuseppe Garibaldi 4–5; the Julio-Claudian rulers 79, 259–262 – Lord Byron 5; – eruptions of dishonour: – Walt Whitman 5 – inscriptions, papyri, Dio Chrysos- – 20 th century British literary elites tom 279–284 5–6 – important studies in civic ethics 264– – photojournalism 8 267 – Fleet Street and the rise of the – profiles of civic honour: key motifs paparazzi 8–9 268–274 – “pseudo-events” 9 – visual evidence of: – “reality” TV 10–11 – mausoleum of Zoilos of Aphrodisias – TV shows (1967–2007) 9–10 275–276; – comparison of ancient and modern – civic statuary at Ephesus and celebrity 42–43 Isthmia 277–278 Covenanters of Qumran 141 Cicero Crucifixion and gallows humour 46–47, – as exemplum of humanitas 58 n. 85 157 – as philosopher: Mommsen’s damning assessment of 50–51 Delphic canon 158–170, 173–216 – views on: – Croesus of Sardis 177–178 – Roman social attitudes 49–52 – Epsilon (E) 180–181 – social ideology 52–64 – ethical tradition 179–182 – ancestral virtue 54–55 – maxims 179 – glory 55 – pedagogical context of 190–197 – clementia of Caesar 58–59 – ethical tradition of: – crucifixion 62–63 – gods and providence 197–198; – ethnicity 59–60 – ruling the household 198–200; – gods and Roman rule 52–53 – maintaining indifference by – imitatio 56–58 cultivating the self 200–201; – honour and the obligation of – engaging in social relations in the gratitude 53–54 polis 201–203; – excesses of misericordia 58 – virtue as the behavioural point – misericordia, clementia, and between two extremes 203–25 humanitas 58–59 – Plutarch as Delphic priest 180 – enmity 61–62 – Plutarch’s treatise Dinner of the Seven – continuity and discontinuity between Wise Men 181 the Ciceronian and Julio-Claudian conceptions of rule 56 Ephebic culture – Roman ethnic superiority: – education of Jews n. 27 117–118 – arising from humanitas 59 – impact of Ephebic culture upon the – superiority of Roman religio and educated Corinthian elite 205–209 mos maiorum (ancestral custom) to the customs of the Jews 69–70 Germanicus – and the epistle to the Romans 60 – funeral 27–30 Subject Index 447

– tour of in the East 41–42 – neoi 146, 201, 151, 177, 191, 198, 340, – unofficial apotheosis of n. 37 87 342 “Great Man” in history 331–334 – people with disabilities in n. 78 155 – ancient evidence for the imitation of the “great man” 217–255: John the Baptist 142 – republican epitaphs and literature and the imitation of the Roman Library of Celsus at Ephesus 277–278 nobiles (“nobles”) 227–232; – forum Augustum and Julian Nikias of Isthmia 278–279 conceptions of rule 232–236; – Greek and Latin honorific inscrip- Paideia (cultural education) 140–146, 177 tions 237–240; Paul – syncrisis of Plutarch 2, 241–244; – and ancient athletic ideal: – De Viris Illustribus 2, 244–245; – context of 1 Cor 9:24–27 119–121 – Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta – image of the runner (1 Cor 9:24–26a) Memorabilia 2–3, 245–247 in visual context 124–130; – modern writers on “great man” thesis: – image of the boxer (1 Cor 9:26b-27) – Thomas Carlyle 1–2, 331; in visual context 124–130; – Georg Hegel 331; – 1 Cor 9:25 and redefinition of – William H. Mallock 331–332; coronal awards in visual context – Friedrich Nietzsche 331, 337; 130–133; – Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1; – 1 Cor 9:25 and the redefinition of – Herbert Spencer 2, 332–333; honour 132–133; – Oswald Spengler 332 – critique of 128, 129–130, 132–133, Gymnasiarchs 133–134 – in antiquity 135–171 – and ancient discussions of poverty in – ethics 151–152 relation to 2 Cor 8:9 242–244 – exclusivist ethos 155–157 – and ancient ideals of civic leadership – honours accorded to 153–155 146–157 – motivations 148–149 – and apotheosis of Augustus and – pastoral attitude and benefactions Claudius 253–254 149–151 – and Augustan legislation on marriage Gymnasium and procreation 209–210 – development and paideia (“education”) – and Christ’s cursus pudorum (“course of 140–146 of shame”) 18, 267, 281, 291, 333 – educational leadership of ancient – and civic paradigms of imitation 18, gymnasium 137–140 250–55, 281, 285–286, 291, 294 307, – NT scholarship on 135–137 323, 333 – epheboi 33, 143, n. 36 144–145, 147, 152, – and divine transformation of the body 153, 158, 183, 185, 193, 195, 340, 342 of Christ and its social relations 10, – ethical ideals of the Delphic canon 43–48, 63, 64, 92, 99, 100, 105, 106, 134, 158–170 139–140, 145, 150, 152, 156, 160, 162, – gymnasiarchoi 148–157 163, 170, 171, 205–214, 225, 242–243, – Herod the Great, builder of gymnasia 247, 249, 250–251, n. 124 252, 255, 285, 144–145 286, 288, 309, 322–323, 337, 338, 339, – idolatry of, in Jewish perspective n. 34 341, 342, 343 144 – and ethos of friendship in the cultic associations 316–321 448 Subject Index

– and “honour” and “shame” / “dis – athletic competitions and the periodos honour” language 257–258, 285–295 30–31 – and opinion on same sex relationships – celebrity entertainers 38–41 in the context of the gymnasiarchal law – charioteers and gladiators 35–38 at Verroia n. 84 156–157; cf. n. 83 156 – eastern tours of Roman rulers 41–42 – and paradoxical understanding of – Ecumenical Synod of Dionysiac leadership and power (2 Cor 4:7–18): Artists 32 – polemical context of pericope – endowment of Vibius Salutaris 33–35 93–95; – apocalyptic understanding of Scipionic funeral elogia 24–25, 227–229, 95–101; 247 – resolving the tension between the Seven sages 174–176, 177–182 “inadequate” Paul and the “reluctant” – original five sophists 180 Augustus 101–107 Site of Isthmian games n. 25 117 – and reconfiguration of Roman society Sosiades’ collection of the sayings of the (Rom 12–16) 64–72 seven wise men 173, 182–185 – and Roman triumphal imagery 294– – Aï-Khanum stele on the Oxus 295 (Afghanistan) 158, 186–189 – commonplaces and differences between – Clearchus (of Soli?) n. 87 158, 186–188, Paul and the Delphic canon 160–163 215 – ephebic curriculum and the Corinthian – doublets and triplets 183–184 educated elite 207–214 – eastern Mediterranean documentary – honour and social concord in the Body evidence for Sosiades’ collection 158, of Christ and in the local associations 185–189 321–327 – local variations in tradition 189–190 – house churches as charismatic – pedagogic intentionality 182–183 communities 304–307 – recurring terminology 183–184 – household codes and the Delphic Spirit and transformation 44, 71, 92, 93, canon 166–170 94, 100, 102–103, 105–106, 134, 150, 152, – reciprocity and the Delphic canon 156, 161, 169, 171, 209, 210, 211, 247, 163–165 248–249, 251, 255, 286, 288, 289, 296, – scholarly debate on the motif of 306, n. 51 309, 322, 323, 338, 339, 341 “imitation” in Paul’s letters 217–226 – theology of the cross and the rejection Therapeutae of Egypt 141 of the values associated with the “great man” paradigm 18–19, 45, 46, 47, 48, Vincent Van Gogh 70, 71, 76–77, 72, 97, 98, 99, 104, 107, – Gwen Harwood on 110–111 140, 156, n. 85 157, 161, 162, 163, 169, – Jacques Prévert on 111 211–212, 248–249, 254, 255, 295, 313, 322, 324, 329, 333–338 Western intellectual tradition – unhelpful paradigms of group identity – collision between early Christianity in the Corinthian house churches and the Graeco-Roman world 44–45 290–291: – conflict between Pauline and Augustan – perspectives from the local associa- understandings of leadership 83 tions 327–329 – the triumph in the West of Paul’s Pharisaic table fellowships 142 paradigm of “power in weakness” over Philo’s exaltation of Augustus 67 the Augustan paradigm of “reluctance” Processional culture in antiquity 30–42 104–107 Subject Index 449

– the triumph of humility and modesty – word-based hermeneutic of northern as “virtues” 216 European Protestantism versus image- Word and image based hermeneutic of the counter- – intersection of 109–113 Reformation in southern Europe 116 – scholarship on in biblical studies Warren Zevon 340 112–118 Zoilos of Aphrodisias 275–276