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Geology of the Green Ridge Area, Whitewater River Quadrangle, Oregon

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Geology of the Green Ridge Area, Whitewater River Quadrangle, Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THETHESIS OF PETER OWEN HALES for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in GEOLOGY presentedonAvpq 3o 1s7 (Major Department) (Date) Title: GEOLOGY OF THE GREEN RIDGE AREA, WHITEWATER RIVER QUADRANGLE,OREGON Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy Dr. E. M. Tayl The study area is located on the boundary between the High Cascade Range and the western flank of the Deschutes Basin in west- central Oregon. The volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks within the area are calc-alkaline and range in composition from olivine basalt to rhyolite.The oldest dated lava flows yield a -K-Ar age of 9.2 .6 m.y,and the youngest flows are younger than 10,000 years.The most common lava flows are platy jointed, cliff-forming basaltic ande- sites and thin, rubbily, slope-forming vesicular basalts.Pyroclastic rocks make up about one-tenth of the study area, and include ash-fall tuffs, well-bedded basaltic hyaloclastic*tuffs and welded .and non- welded ash-flow tuffs with dacitic and andesitic components. Ash- flow tuffs are predominant and vary from 2 to 200 m thick. The lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Green Ridge dip approximately 3 degrees to the east.Sedimentary interbeds have internal structures which indi- cate an eastward flow direction. As these volcanic rocks are traced eastward into the Deschutes Basin, the lava flows get thinner and tongue out while the ash-flow tuffs reach their maximum thickness. A hornblende a,ndesite stratovolcano (8.1 * .6 m. y. ) in the northern part of the study area is composed of a sequence of lavas which reveal a progressive change in phenocryst content.The old- est flows have primary phenocrysts of hornblende, while in the pro- gressively younger lavas, pyroxene replaces hornblende. In late Miocene time the study area was situated on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range, and it contributed lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and fluvial sediments eastward into the Deschutes Basin.This contribution of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks ended between 4.5 ± .4 m.y. and 2.1 * .2 m.y. ago when the western part of the study area was downdropped a minimum of 300 m along the Metolius Fault. The fault was dated by determining the ages of flows truncated by the fault along the crest of Green Ridge, and flows which ponded up at the base of the escarpment. The attitudes and flow directions of the Green Ridge volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks indicate that the rocks on the east side of the fault remained relatively undisturbed by the faulting.The Metolius fault may be part of the eastern boundary of a graben which extended the entire length of the Oregon Cascade Range. The normal faulting within the area also marks a division between two different phases of volcanism.Lavas younger than the Metolius Fault have the same chemical trends as the rocks older than the Metolius Fault except for the iron which is less abundant in the younger rocks. A lower iron enrichment curve is characteristic of High Cascade lavas.The post-Metoliu.s Fault lavas within the study area are equivalent to High Cascade lavas on the basis of age, aerial distribution and lithology.Dated rocks which are truncated by the Metolius Fault range in age from 4.5 .4 to 9. ,6 m. y.They have similar age, lithology and chemical composition to the Sardine Formation of the Western Cascade Range.The pre-fault rocks are also equivalent to the rocks in the Deschutes Basin on the basis of age, lithology, chemistry and aerial distribution. Geology of the Green Ridge Area, Whitewater River Quadrangle, Oregon by Peter Owen Hales A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 1975 APPROVED: , Redacted for privacy Professor of Geology in charge of major Redacted for privacy chairman of the Department of Geology Redacted for privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented 3 Typed by lila W. Atwood for Peter Owen Hales ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to extend his appreciation to the Warm Springs Tribal Federation for their permission to conduct a geo- logic investigation on part of their land.The guidance of Dr. Ed Taylor, both in the field and in the laboratory has made the comple- tion of this study possible.Without his assistance and comradeship, the writer would never have learned how to love a diktytaxitic basalt. The access to ERTS photos and related assistance provided by Dr. R. A. Lawrence was very helpful.The assistance and patience shown by Dr. Dick Armstrong during the writer's visit to the Kline Geology Laboratory is greatly appreciated.I am grateful to Dr. R. A. Lawrence, Dr. A. Niern, and Dr. E. M. Taylor for reading the manuscript. Above all others, the writer extends his sincere appreciation to his persevering, unliberated wife who served as family provider, typist and morale booster throughout this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Location and Geologic Setting 1 Relief, Exposure and Access 3 Previous Work 3 Purpose and Procedure 5 U. DESCRIPTION OF ROCK UNITS 9 Brown Glassy Dacite 9 Unit Description 9 Petrography 12 Hornblende Ande site Volcano 13 Lava Flows 13 Pyroclastic Rocks 16 Intrusive Rocks 20 Mudflows 22 Green Ridge Lavas 22 Green Ridge Pyroclastic Rocks 29 Ash-Flow Tuffs 31 Ash-Fall Tuffs and Tuffaceous Sediments 35 Hyaloclastic Tuffs 38 Bald Peter Lavas 43 Unit Description 43 Petrography 44 Intracanyon Lava Flows 46 Unit Description 46 Petrography 48 Quaternary Deposits 50 Alluvium 50 Moraines 50 Colluviurn 50 Diatomite Si INTERPRETATIVE PETROLOGY 52 PROVENANCE OF DESCHUTES FORMATION 62 V. RELATIVE AND RADIOMETRIC AGES 64 STRUCTURE 69 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 73 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 APPENDIX 1 Chemical analyses of Ho rriblpnde Ande site Volcano and Brown Glassy Dacite. 82 APPENDIX 2 Chemical analyses of Green Ridge Lavas. 83 APPENDIX 3 Chemical analyses of Ignimbrites 88 APPENDIX 4 Chemical analyses of Bald Peter Lavas. 89 APPENDIX 5 Chemical analyses of Intracanyon Lavas. 90 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Index map showing location of study area and major physiographic points. 2 2 Aerial view looking north, along the Green Ridge escarpment. 6 3 Generalized columnar section of the rocks in the Green Ridge area. 8 4 Well bedded sandy units interlayered with dacite autobreccia. 11 5 Flow banding in hornblende andesite which resembles cross bedding. 17 6 Aerial view of the IVIetolius Valley looking south. 18 7 Castle Rock, a 200 m-thick unit of hornblende ande- site agglomerate. 18 Basaltic andesite flow. 24 9 Flow banded basaltic ande site. 24 10 Remnant of a late Miocene cinder cone exposed in the Green Ridge escarpment. 30 11 Welded lithic tuff. 34 12 A sedimentary interbed between two ash-flow tuffs on the Green Ridge escarpment. 34 13 Accretionary lapilli in an ash-falltuff. 37 14 Outcrop of hyaloclastic tuff. 39 15 Hyaloclastic tuff with plastic deformation structures and lenticular beds. 39 16 Cross section of a gully filled with hyaloclastic tuff. 41 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 17 Blocky Jefferson Creek intracanyon flow. 49 18 AFM plot of rocks from the Green Ridge area. 53 19 Harker variation diagram for rocks from the Green Ridge area, Al20/3 and MgO. 55 20 Harker variation diagram for rocks from the Green Ridge area, FeO and TiOz. 56 21 Harker variation diagram for rocks from the Green Ridge area, K20 + Na20 and CaO. 57 22 Peacock Index. 58 23 Iron enrichment and silica content. 61 LIST OF PLATES Plate Bedrock Geology of the Green Ridge Area, Whitewater River Quadrangle, Oregon. In pocket II Geologic cross section. In pocket LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 K-Ar Age determinations on rocks from the Green Ridge area. 65 GEOLOGY OF THE GREEN RIDGE AREA, WHITEWATER RIVER QUADRANGLE, OREGON INTRODUCTION Location and Geologic Setting The study area encloses 310 kna2 and is located within the 15- minute Whitewater River Quadrangle, in the west part of Jefferson County, Oregon (Fig. 1).It straddles a political boundary between the Warm Springs Indian Reservation to the north and Deschutes National Forest to the south, and a geologic boundary between the High Cascade Range on the west and the Deschutes Basin to the east. The area is chiefly underlain by lavas and volcaniclastic sedi- ments of Miocene to Quaternary age.The Miocene-Pliocene terrain, consisting of coalescing shield volcanoes and at least one strato- volcano, was a source area for clastic sediments which filled the adjacent Deschutes Basin. Major normal faulting and glaciation have modified the older topography, producing the north-south trending Green Ridge and Bald Peter escarpments, respectively (Fig. 1). Lava flows of Quaternary age are found in Jefferson Creek and Metolius River canyons.Those rocks older than the episode of normal faulting are part of the Deschutes Formation and those young- er are part of the High Cascade Range. 2 Jefferson N County Mitchell 0 100 km OREGON drAo.0 fjt, ,leff Br -wan c" -- e 4A, ;t os-4,,: ., ,:-,/ -r.1' *f .if ''r''.V-\ , ..1 . lii:a.ld ... '..! Peter --, "`, J 1 ' r / - ...\I..,c> cr> l' r`Des.chutes CC Basin 4 0) , r,.. = r .-- c .. CD c) 2 c.n ti 15140' f Figure 1.Index map showing location of study area and major physi- ographic points.The study area is outlined in black on the sketch map and physiographic points are indicated on the ERTSsatellite photograph(E-1041-18265-71). 3 Relief, Exposure and Access Major topographic features within the study area consist of escarpments and steep walled canyons cut into gently sloping volcanic terrain.Bald Peter Mountain is the highest point of elevation (2000 m), and the lowest point is in the Metolius River Canyon (600 m).
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